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International audience ; Public libraries in the outlying suburbs of French cities, which are called banlieues, face many conflicts, occasionally violent. These conflicts take place within the context of important social, cultural, and political transformations that have accelerated during the last fifteen years. Librarians, faced with several competing conceptions of the political role of libraries, seem to waver among démocratie (democracy), République (French Republic), and aspects of libraries that feature in social conflicts in which the classes populaires (roughly translated as " working classes ") are protagonists. The author of this paper shifts from French (his usual language) to English to highlight the place of libraries in the political sphere of contemporary French society. We hear and say that libraries are very important institutions for freedom and democracies. In France, both librarians and the authorities frequently acknowledge that libraries are political institutions, and they are. But what kind of political institution is a library? What is the nature of this political actor within its specific context? I will try to answer these questions from the point of view of French libraries. How do libraries fit into French political traditions? How do they project themselves into the future? What is the role that these libraries play in the current political situation, and how do they cope with the social conflicts that are found across French society? I refer in general to European libraries, but will focus principally on the French situation. This paper is not written in French (as I do most of the time), but in English. It is beneficial to write about French libraries in En-glish for an English-reading audience because if I think about this situation of the library as political institution in French, certain words and

This study explores, from a practitioner's perspective, strategic leadership challenges in establishing interagency public sector organisations. A review of public sector management literature reveals that Western governments around the world are increasingly creating interagency organisations to address complex policy issues where traditional bureaucratic structures have been unable to do so effectively. This trend has been particularly evident in the Australian national security sector, with the formation of Border Protection Command, the Australian Civilian Corps, the National Security College, and the Australian Civil-Military Centre. A survey of the relevant literature that new interagency organisations can struggle to achieve the authority, capacity and legitimacy they require. The focus of this dissertation is a case study that examines the establishment of the Australian Civil-Military Centre, an interagency organisation established by the former Rudd Government in 2008, in which issues related to organisational authority, capacity and legitimacy are examined. Semi-structured, indepth interviews were conducted with three leaders of the Australian Civil-Military Centre. Analysis of key documentation was undertaken in order to contrast the observations of respondents with documentary evidence and to enhance the validity of the case study. A further interview was undertaken with a former leader of a different interagency organisation in order to provide supplementary insights into the challenges of interagency leadership. Additionally, as a participant-observer, the author was able to bring a personal understanding of events into the frame in order to draw lessons from hers and her colleagues' experiences. This study, in its analysis of the literature and the case study, finds that without significant political and senior bureaucratic patronage, interagency organisations can struggle to attain the authority, capacity and legitimacy they require to be effective. This dissertation concludes with a practical ...

RESUMEN El indianismo de Reinaga ha sido muy influyente aunque poco estudiado. En él se pueden identificar ideas que han marcado no solo a los movimientos indianistas. Básicamente se trata de cinco elementos que dan coherencia a los planteamientos indianistas de este autor: 1) Sociedades yuxtapuestas o Dos Bolivias, la que es su modelo básico de análisis; 2) Sujeto racializado o indio, quien es pensado como sujeto político; 3) Imperativo histórico como partido indio, condición básica para que el sujeto político se realice como tal, 4) Epopeya india o contra-historia indianista, revisión crítica de la historia oficial que es fundamental en la fonación de una conciencia política en el sujeto racializado; y 5) Revolución del Tercer Mundo, la ubicación internacional del proceso que el indio debe realizar en Bolivia y su proyección. Palabras Clave: Indianismo, sujeto racializado y racialización. ABSTRACT Indianismo of Reinaga has been very influential but not studied in depth. In his theory ideas that have marked not only the indianistas movements can be identified. It's essentially five elements that give coherence to this author indianistas approaches : 1 ) Two juxtaposed societies or Bolivias , which is the basic model of analysis; 2) Racialized subject or Indian , who is thought of as a political subject ; 3) Historical Imperative as an Indian party, a basic condition for the political subject to be made as such , 4 ) Epic Indian or counter-history indianista, critical review of the official story that is essential in phonation of political consciousness in the racialized subject ; and 5) Revolution in the Third World, the international location of the process that the Indian should perform in Bolivia and its projection . Keywords: Indianism, racialized subject, racialism.

This paper summarizes some Aristotle's teachings for contemporary economics. It starts clarifying that he uses the term oikonomikè in an enlarged way in order to extract these contributions. The author considers four analogical meanings of oikonomikè, as a human action (of using what is necessary for the life and the Good Life), as a capacity, as a habit and as a practical science. Concerning ethical teachings, the paper enumerates the virtues that mostly assist the economic actions and avoids the practice of a "censured chrematistics". Then, the paper stresses the political character of oikonomikè and the relevance of institutions for the economy. It tackles the issue of incommensurability and suggests to recall the need of using a "practical comparability" to decide about social ends. Finally, the paper analyses the consequences of economics being a practical science. ; Este artículo resume algunas enseñanzas aristotélicas para la economía contemporánea. Comienza aclarando que para extraer esas contribuciones se utilizará el término oikonomikè en un sentido amplio. Considera cuatro significados de oikonomikè: como una acción humana (del uso de lo necesario para la vida y para la vida buena); como una capacidad; como un hábito y como una ciencia práctica. En cuanto a las enseñanzas éticas, se enumeran las virtudes que ayudan a las acciones económicas y evitan la práctica de la "censurada crematística". A continuación el artículo subraya el carácter político de oikonomikè y la relevancia de las instituciones para la economía. Aborda la cuestión de la inconmensurabilidad y sugiere la necesidad de utilizar la "comparabilidad práctica" para decidir sobre los fines sociales. Por último, analiza las consecuencias de que la economía sea una ciencia práctica

American environmentalists have long held Edward Abbey in high regard for his provocative and polemic writing. His unapologetic style and prominent position in the canon of American nature writers has been heralded as a leading response to institutionalized exploitation of the natural world.Yet Abbey's abrasive disposition and radical politics have earned him many detractors and critics. While his writing was often intentionally confrontational, his views on immigration reform proved too inflammatory for many when they first appeared to a mass audience in his 1988 book One Life at a Time, Please. For Abbey, the human consumption of natural resources was exacerbated by overpopulation. Unchecked immigration led to a higher percentage of people settling in the Borderlands region of the American Southwest that Abbey revered and thus led to the overconsumption he wished to avoid. In Desert Solitaire, one of his most popular works, the author advocates against further development of national parks so that they may be kept remote and pristine.While I intend to show how his anti-immigration viewpoint is faulty on its own, when read with his earlier work on conservation it becomes even more problematic. The proposed Secure Our Borders First Act (HR399) that is moving through the U.S. House of Representatives highlights why the problems and contradictions running throughout Abbey's work are still at the forefront of conservation and border issues. HR399 proposes massive "improvements" to national parks within 100 miles of the U.S./Mexico border in the hopes that will curb immigration through these wilderness spaces. This paper will seek out why conservation has changed from a democratic ideal into a process that actively works to exclude populations seen as undeserving.

Abstract. Social and political changes bring the interest to academic writing into life, however, educational realia specify the content of academic writing that is relevant for Russia. Teaching predominantly non-academic students could be distinguished as the first factor that determines specific content in native tradition. The second factor deals with the structuring of the educational process: teaching academic writing is a two-staged process abroad while in Russia we miss one of the stages (generally the initial one). Practical teaching experience enables to single out an additional factor, i.e. a leading approach to teaching academic writing. In case with the genre-based approach, a number of genres of academic texts are on the focus. If one tends to a process-oriented writing, then some rhetorical elements could be included into the content. In the article the author specifies and systematizes both genres and rhetorical elements relevant for Russian educational needs. They overlap if we pay attention to sociocultural peculiarities of the genres and their rhetorical structure in English. Introduction of the sociocultural aspect reflects the needs of person oriented approach as it motivates students to academic writing learning. ; Аннотация. Социально-политические процессы и образовательные традиции определяют специфику преподавания англоязычной академической речи в России. В статье сделана попытка систематизировать и конкретизировать содержание обучения английскому академическому письму для лингвистов на ступени бакалавриата. На отбор содержания влияет ряд факторов. В частности, автор выделяет такие отличительные особенности в отечественной практике преподавания академического письма, как обучение студентов без предварительной базы (non-academic students) и отсутствие двухэтапной системы подготовки специалистов в иноязычном письменном профессиональном общении, а именно отсутствие двух учебных дисциплин на первом и последнем курсах. Дополнительно как фактор, влияющий на отбор содержания, рассматриваются ...

Active growth of trade volume between India and Africa which has increased in twenty times since the beginning of the twenty-first century or in seventy times since 1991, certainly actualized a question of features of the modern Indo-African relations. In this regard the purpose of article is consideration of features of policy of India to the African countries. The author does the short historical review of the Indo-African relations, and considers key spheres of realization of modern regional strategy of India on the African continent humanitarian projects, foreign trade and investments. The main methods of research are the comparative-historical approach and the statistical analysis, being used for identification of positive or negative dynamics of development of the Indo-African cooperation. Now the African region takes strategic significance for India. Rapid economic development of the African countries and increase in a standard of living of the population turn the continent into a perspective sales market of the Indian goods and services. Besides, India actively develops humanitarian projects and renders the financial help to many African countries. However, India faces set of problems and factors geographical remoteness, the discrimination and racism, instability of political systems of many African countries and the African policy of China. The active economic policy of China on the African continent has compelled India to develop cooperation with the countries of Africa more actively. In recent years India also as well as China tries to make active and modernize the economic and humanitarian policy in Africa. Struggle for commodity markets of the goods and services in Africa makes Africa by strategic region not only in the Indo-Chinese relations, but in foreign policy of India as a whole.

American environmentalists have long held Edward Abbey in high regard for his provocative and polemic writing. His unapologetic style and prominent position in the canon of American nature writers has been heralded as a leading response to institutionalized exploitation of the natural world.Yet Abbey's abrasive disposition and radical politics have earned him many detractors and critics. While his writing was often intentionally confrontational, his views on immigration reform proved too inflammatory for many when they first appeared to a mass audience in his 1988 book One Life at a Time, Please. For Abbey, the human consumption of natural resources was exacerbated by overpopulation. Unchecked immigration led to a higher percentage of people settling in the Borderlands region of the American Southwest that Abbey revered and thus led to the overconsumption he wished to avoid. In Desert Solitaire, one of his most popular works, the author advocates against further development of national parks so that they may be kept remote and pristine.While I intend to show how his anti-immigration viewpoint is faulty on its own, when read with his earlier work on conservation it becomes even more problematic. The proposed Secure Our Borders First Act (HR399) that is moving through the U.S. House of Representatives highlights why the problems and contradictions running throughout Abbey's work are still at the forefront of conservation and border issues. HR399 proposes massive "improvements†to national parks within 100 miles of the U.S./Mexico border in the hopes that will curb immigration through these wilderness spaces. This paper will seek out why conservation has changed from a democratic ideal into a process that actively works to exclude populations seen as undeserving.

Ribbons are long narrow strips possessing three distinct material length scales (thickness, width, and length) which allow them to produce unique shapes unobtainable by wires or filaments. For example when a ribbon has half a twist and is bent into a circle it produces a M\"obius strip. Significant effort has gone into determining the structural shapes of ribbons but less is know about their behavior in viscous fluids. In this paper we determine, asymptotically, the leading-order hydrodynamic behavior of a slender ribbon in Stokes flows. The derivation, reminiscent of slender-body theory for filaments, assumes that the length of the ribbon is much larger than its width, which itself is much larger than its thickness. The final result is an integral equation for the force density on a mathematical ruled surface, termed the ribbon plane, located inside the ribbon. A numerical implementation of our derivation shows good agreement with the known hydrodynamics of long flat ellipsoids, and successfully captures the swimming behavior of artificial microscopic swimmers recently explored experimentally. We also study the asymptotic behavior of a ribbon bent into a helix, that of a twisted ellipsoid, and we investigate how accurately the hydrodynamics of a ribbon can be effectively captured by that of a slender filament. Our asymptotic results provide the fundamental framework necessary to predict the behavior of slender ribbons at low Reynolds numbers in a variety of biological and engineering problems. ; This research was funded in part by the European Union through a Marie Curie CIG Grant and the Cambridge Trusts. ; This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from American Institute of Physics via http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4938566

Contemporary authors often overstate the differences within the human rights regimes in the Russian Federation and the United States. This article is meant to provide insight into why the two systems, although taking markedly different developmental paths, have come to be far more similar than is often realized. The first question raised is, how did the two human rights systems develop historically? The next question is, how did the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and its subsequent split into two separate Covenants affect the rights within each system? The third question raised is, what modern advancements have taken place within each system? And finally, what failures within each system are also demonstrative of similarities within the two systems? Thus, the article begins by tracing historical developments within the two systems in order to elucidate regional variances that exist, and to explain how such variance materialized. Next, the article will provide concrete examples by comparing specific rights such as the right to a public education, the right to social security, the right to participate in political life, and the right to privately own land in order to provide some insight into why the author believes the differences in the two systems are often overstated by commentators. Finally, the article will explore some shortcomings that also share marked similarities within both systems. The article concludes that while the human rights regimes within Russia and the United States took markedly different paths during their development, and have relied on vastly different political and social situations during their evolution, they have ultimately reached a much greater level of maturity and protection under the law than is often given credit.

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.010 ; The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has often asserted that its programs encourage aid by signaling policy credibility, commonly referred to as aid catalysis. Our study investigates this claim for sector-specific aid and for bilateral and multilateral donors using data on 136 recipient countries for the 1986–2009 period. We employ a two-part quantitative model to match the donor decision-making process, consisting of a first-stage recipient selection equation and a second-stage allocation equation on selected recipients. We find strong support that IMF programs catalyze aid on aggregate, but the evidence varies across different types of aid. Aid catalysis is stronger and more robust in sectors linked to the IMF's core competency areas, namely debt-related relief and general budget support, but weaker and less robust for infrastructure, production, multisector, and humanitarian aid, and non-existent for health and education. Across donors, IMF programs are associated with increases in aid by countries with larger voting shares in the IMF, such as the United States and Japan, but less so by countries with few votes or for multilateral agencies. This finding is consistent with research in international political economy arguing that the IMF's powerful stakeholders drive the organization's decisions and policies. Taken together, our findings emphasize the IMF's multi-dimensional impact on the global development agenda—an erstwhile overlooked factor in studies of aid allocation—while refuting the purported positive effects of IMF programs on aid for social policy. ; The authors acknowledge funding by the Institute for New Economic Thinking (INET Grant INO13-00020: "The Political Economy of Structural Adjustment").

This paper presents a detailed analysis of legal self-defense as a complex legal category and is in demand not only at the modern stage of existence of state-organized civilizations but also in the past. Essential parameters of self-defense are studied due to which self-defense is characterized as scientific construction, subjective right, legal activity, form of protection of violated right, special legal measure, and complex legal institution. Such multi aspect characteristics of self-defense require close attention in order to increase efficiency of further application (from theory to normative consolidation and practical implementation). Tendencies in normative regulation of self-defense beginning from savagery (Talion principles) through the Middle Ages, in bourgeois states and up the present time are depicted. The author compares the limits of self-defense that were established during various historical epochs. For example, primitive self-defense is acknowledged as the most inhuman and violent. It is associated with group interests of a tribal community. In the Middle Ages the limits were established considering self-defense application by sole discretion of the subject, that was why the state began to ask for help third parties and official mediators to act between the person and the state. Moreover the sphere of self-defense here is getting narrow here to prevent unrestrained arbitrary actions. During bourgeois epoch legal regulation of self-defense was much politicized. Its implementation was connected for example with the right to participate in public manifestation, submit a petition etc. Today to some extent the international documents and the Russian legislation regulate it. However, regulation of self-defense is fragmented, so it is necessary to adopt a special act concerning self-defense. ; peer-reviewed

This work presents a comprehensive study of the cloak for bending waves theoretically proposed by Farhat et al. [see Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 024301 (2009)] and later on experimentally realized by Stenger et al. [see Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 014301 (2012)]. This study uses a semi-analytical approach, the multilayer scattering method, which is based in the Kirchoff-Love wave equation for flexural waves in thin plates. Our approach was unable to reproduce the predicted behavior of the theoretically proposed cloak. This disagreement is here explained in terms of the simplified wave equation employed in the cloak design, which employed unusual boundary conditions for the cloaking shell. However, our approach reproduces fairly well the measured displacement maps for the fabricated cloak, indicating the validity of our approach. Also, the cloak quality has been here analyzed using the so called averaged visibility and the scattering cross section. The results obtained from both analysis let us to conclude that there is room for further improvements of this type of flexural wave cloak by using better design procedures. (C) 2016 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). ; This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad and the European Union Fondo Europeo para el Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) under Grant with Ref. TEC2014-53088-C3-1-R. We gratefully acknowledge Nicolas Stenger for providing us the parameters listed in Table I. ; Climente Alarcón, A.; Torrent Martí, D.; Sánchez-Dehesa Moreno-Cid, J. (2016). Analysis of flexural wave cloaks. AIP Advances. 6(12):121704-1-121705-16. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4968611 ; S ; 121704-1 ; 121705-16 ; 6 ; 12

British policy towards Albanians, at this time, was inspired by the writings of Miss Edith Durham, Margaret Hasluck and other figures who had lived in Albania during the regime of Ahmet Zogu. These were fueled sympathy for Albanians, concluded that Albania's political fate was determined more by North highlanders, who with their organization had more opportunities to act organized at war. Thus the key to organizing a resistance against Italy in Albania, by British policy, thought to be found in the north, planning activities driven here from Yugoslavia. This policy proved unsuccessful because not valued the role of Kosovo and Albanian nationalism, as a crucial weight factor in promoting war against the Italians and in establishing fair relations between Albania and Yugoslavia, to correct the injustices of the past. Trying to issue as worthless the mountainous terrain factor in the development of guerrilla warfare in Albania, linked this with "more backward political development of the Albanians", was unfounded, prejudicial and an unrealistic look. As a consequence of introducing the game of interests greek-Yugoslav and prejudices of the most senior officials of the Foreign Office, efforts to promote fighting irregular as through agents M.I (R) as well as by S.I.S through section D, this service, proved unsuccessful. The failure of British attempts to act in Northern Albania was associated with the British mentality in the perception of Albania and the Albanian issue. By British author Reginald Hibbert noted that "In the early years of the war was underestimated Albanian nationalism and its significance in relation to its neighbors." Great Britain was not worried about the invasion of Albanian lands from Greece after seeing Albania from a new angle of interest, in view of the connections with Greece.Keywords: Albania, Great Britain, Resistance, "Albania question", Revolt in northern Albania.

В статье приведены взгляды ученых-процессуалистов относительно целей введения правового института «сделка о сотрудничестве» в российское законодательство. В отечественной процессуальной литературе институт досудебного соглашения о сотрудничестве нередко именуется сделкой с правосудием. Однако распространенное среди процессуалистов название не соответствует сущности применяемой в России модели сотрудничества со следствием, а процедура не аналогична процедуре, предусмотренной в США. Рассмотрены сходства и различия норм уголовно-правового института досудебного соглашения о сотрудничестве в России и нормы правового института «сделка с правосудием» в США. Сходства и различия сведены в сравнительную таблицу, демонстрирующую сущность аналогичных правовых институтов в различных правовых системах. По сравнительным критериям можно сделать вывод о схожих аспектах, а также о различиях, на основании которых подводятся итоги оптимального функционирования рассматриваемого правового института. ; The article presents the views of the researchers who deal with legal procedure on the objectives of introducing the "deal of cooperation" legal institution in the Russian legislation. In the domestic procedural literature the institute of pre-trial agreement with collaboration is often referred to as plea bargaining. However, this term widespread among those who deal with legal procedure does not correspond to the essence of cooperation with the investigation used in Russia and the procedure itself is dissimilar to the procedure used in the United States. We consider the similarities and differences of criminal legal institution of pre-trial agreement on cooperation in Russia and the norms of the legal institute of "plea bargaining" in the United States. Similarities and differences are summarized in a comparative table demonstrating the essence of analog legal institutions in different legal systems. By benchmarking one may conclude that similar aspects exist as well as differences, on the basis of which the author summarizes the results of best-functioning of the considered legal institution.