Suchergebnisse

Since the earlier studies about the voting behavior of the United Nations members during the 1950s, there is no agreement among voting analysts on the best methodology to detect states aggregations & blocs in the General Assembly. Almost every author involved in this topic proposed a new method -- or at least a new application of a previous method -- to better show the map of UN members vote. The aim of this paper is to find some common patterns in the wide universe of voting behavior studies in order to turn out the methodological diversity in cumulative knowledge, & to provide practical paths of analysis for future researches. The first paragraph classifies the researches on voting behavior in the General Assembly by the goals, the object & the method of research. The following paragraph shows the main methods used in the last fifty years & their evolution. Finally, the Conclusion underlines the common aspects of voting behavior analysis in the General Assembly & suggests strategies of researches. Adapted from the source document.

While facing the subject of history and politics in books published in Italian for the celebration of 150 years of National Unity, the Author provides an overview of dozens of Italian and foreign authors' texts, primarily dealing with the different interpretations concerning the historiographical debate on "pros" and "cons" the reasons that have characterized the period of the so-called "Risorgimento", and that still fuel an ideological-political debate, often very harsh. But the largest part of this essay, a mainly bibliographical one, examines the various texts devoted to the role played by the nineteenth century's Italian protagonists, beginning with the "big ones" as Cavour, Mazzini, Garibaldi and Cattaneo, followed by information regarding the contributions of "minor" but important ones, as Mameli and Nievo, while there are appropriate references to the "Feminine Risorgimento", like some recent Anita Garibaldi's, or Jessie White Mario's, works. The end does not lack of appropriate references to political satire texts, which, through an original sense of humor, are often able to captivate and persuade better than, sometimes, pages of detailed historical re-enactments can do. Adapted from the source document.

The article deals with Jenny Griziotti Kretschmann, born in Wishni-Wolostchok (Russia) on 22 June 1884 in a middleclass family of German origin & died on 4 December 1980 in Pavia (Italy). In October 1905 she moved from Moscow to Lausanne in order to enroll at the Faculty of Social Sciences where she attended Vilfredo Pareto's courses in Economics. Here she met Benvenuto Griziotti, also in Lausanne for a postgraduate specializing course; in Pavia he would become one of the major Italian scholars in Finance. In 1908 she followed him to Rome where she enrolled at the Faculty of Law, & attended courses held by Antonio De Viti De Marco, Rodolfo Benini & Maffeo Pantaloni, who was carrying out innovative analysis on system dynamics factors. Under Pantaleoni's supervision, she got her full degree in December 1912. From 1930 until her retirement in 1954 she taught as a Lecturer in Economics at the University of Pavia (1930-1933), was assigned the course of Financial Law & Finance at the University of Parma (1935-1940) & of History of Economic Doctrines at the University of Pavia (1940-1954); since 1948 she was also assigned the course of Finance & Economic Policy. She never had the possibility to hold any academic chair; those who knew her acknowledged that her political creed & her status as an academic's wife did not favor her career at all. Some prevailing paths of interest can be discerned in her numerous articles, essays & monographs on issues in Economy & Economic Theory. Initially (1915-1929) she carried out pioneer systematic analysis of the peculiar features of Russian economy. Another area of interest of hers was the analysis of long-term price movements. A third research area she addressed included issues in economic & financial policies, & a fourth area of interest was the history of economic thought, in which regard her handbook is of primary importance; it is based on an interdisciplinary approach, as systems can be fully understood only if analyzed in the context of the social & ideological milieus in which they constitute & evolve in time. Part of her fecund activity is reflected in textbooks on economic policy & finance (1950-1954) & her commitment, also to the diffusion of economic thought, is testified by her transla-tions into Italian of works by Wagemann (1932), Wicks ell, von Mises & Hayek (1935) & the fifth Italian edition of Economics by P. Samuelson (1964). Partly inventoried biographical material & the collection of her writings are available in the Griziotti Family Archive in Pavia (Italy). The most significant recognition of her status has only recently been awarded by those few -- not Italian -- authors who came in contact with her scientific work. References. Adapted from the source document.

The essay examines the historical and political events that led to the overcoming of the bitter clash between the Church and the State in Italy in the 2nd half of the 19th century mainly due to the occupation of Rome carried out by the Italian troops in 1870 and to the annexation of the town to Italy (the so called 'Roman Question'). The thesis of the author is that after the taking of Rome the Papacy and the Holy See immediately realized that coming back to the previous situation was nearly impossible. They could only hope to get a particular position of 'favour' for the Catholic Church in the economic and socio-legal field (Ecclesiastical authority, matrimony, school system) and guarantees of autonomy for the Pope and the Holy See. This purpose is reached in 1929 thanks to the Lateran Pacts which set up a new little State, whose sovereign is the Pope: the Vatican City. It has the main purpose of granting the independence of the Pope from the Italian State. In turn the fascist State obtained prestige and legitimation worldwide. The consequences of the Italian Concordat as regards the confessionalism of the State will be evident after the fall of the fascist dictatorship and the rule of the leaders of the Democrazia Cristiana after the 1st half of the 20th century. Afterwards great historical events, such as the Vatican Council and the student protest, will produce a favourable atmosphere for the reform and the revision of the Concordat. They will reach agreements upon the revision in 1984 of the Concordat in force. The scheme of the Concordat is also adopted in the relations with non Catholic Churches with which agreements in accordance with the article n. 8 of the Italian Constitution are stipulated. At the present time the system of agreements between the State and the Church is one of the main features of the Italian political and constitutional system even if for some religions, and in particular as regards Islam, the achievement of such agreements seem very difficult because of several complicated reasons. Adapted from the source document.

Through the critical & interpretative analysis of a wide group of essays & texts, which, especially during the last decade, have been dedicated to Europe & to the complex shaping & development of the European Union, the Author borrows an original image, suggested by Jose Ortega y Gasset since 1949 -- "Europe is like a swarm: lots of bees & one single flight" -- in order to point out how the unification is still a "work in progress," still open to different, or even alternative, solutions. As a matter of fact, someone -- like Jeremy Rikfin, for example -- privileges the role of the so-called "European dream," while someone, instead, blames with increasing concern "the eclipse of Europe," even identifying it as a "crisis & decadence of a civilization" phenomenon. But there is also someone who, even though worried for the incapacity, or impossibility, of present Europe to be a real "power" -- beside the five presently operating powers in the world: United States, China, Russia, India & Japan -- insists on the need, & urgency, to establish a "strong Europe," like Christian Saint-Etienne requires, as finally geared with a real federal-style supranational political system. Therefore, the issue is the re-launch of the brave project-program, which, already during the first part of the Forties in the XX century, had defined the Ernesto Rossi & Altiero Spinelli's "free & unite Europe manifesto" (better known as "Ventotene manifesto"), now recovered also by Guy Verhofstadt, just marking a "new Europe," doomed to form the "United States of Europe." Of course, the recent "widening," which required the transit from the Europe of 15 to the Europe of 25 & then of 27 (with even wider enlargement hypothesis, as requested, for example, by Turkey) presents again the eventuality -- or better still the opportunity, according to some thinkers -- of committing one selves to the "bedrock research" of Europe -- like Karl Lamers claims -- which means setting against the present, & frail, "intergovernmental Europe," the strategy of a "variable geometry" Europe, also indicated as a "two-speed" Europe. Adapted from the source document.