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In contrast to comparative economic studies concentrating on gross national & per capita income, a new approach is presented stressing per capita consumption. Personal expenditures are classified as primary (food, clothing, & shelter), secondary (education, transportation), & luxury. Data from Brazil, El Salvador, the Ivory Coast, Italy, the Netherlands, the Philippines, Portugal, Sierra Leone, South Korea, Tanzania, & the US are used to derive an index of consumption inequality, the validity of which is established by a cross-sectional design. 3 Tables, 3 Figures, 2 Appendixes, 22 References. M. Meeks

Van 11 tot en met 13 mei 2005 vond in Utrecht de elfde Qualitative Health Research-conferentie plaats. Deze conferentie is een van de initiatieven van professor Janice Morse, verpleegkundige en antropologe, verbonden aan de Universiteit van Alberta (Canada) en hartstochtelijk voorstandster van kwalitatief onderzoek. Zij is onder meer hoofdredacteur van het tijdschrift Qualitative Health Research en hoofd van het IIQM, het International Institute of Qualitative Methodology, een multidisciplinair internationaal instituut, dat zich ten doel stelt de kwalitatieve methoden binnen academische disciplines te bevorderen (zie website IIQM). De divisie Verplegingswetenschap van de Universiteit Utrecht maakt sinds 2001 deel uit van de IIQM en had het als taak op zich genomen om de jaarlijkse conferentie in Europa te organiseren. Dit jaar was het thema 'Qualitative Evidence in Health Care'. Uit 22 landen waren deelnemers afkomstig om een paper of poster te presenteren.

The number of preference votes for the candidates running in the October 2006 local elections in the thirteen main cities of Flanders is largely determined by the position on the list & the previous political mandate. A multivariate analysis shows that an executive function on the local level yields a comparable electoral bonus as a national mandate. The campaign expenditures also have a significant effect. There is a spending limit, but the candidates on average spend only 22% of what they are allowed to. Christian-democratic candidates generally spend the most, with the liberals ranked second. The gender, age & professional status of the candidates have at most a very marginal effect on their electoral score, controlling for the other relevant variables. Candidates with a foreign name obtain a somewhat better result on average, but this is particularly the case with candidates running for the socialist party. Tables, Graphs. Adapted from the source document.

Op verzoek van de minister van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap heeft de Werkgroep Opdrachtonderzoek van de KNAW een advies uitgebracht over de omgang tussen wetenschappelijke onderzoekers en hun opdrachtgevers (Wetenschap op bestelling. Over de omgang tussen wetenschappelijk onderzoekers en hun opdrachtgevers). Zoals eerder in KWALON en elders aan de orde is gekomen (Evers, 1998, 2001, 2003; Evers & Wiersma, 1999; De Jong & Bouchier, 2000; De Jong, 2001), wil die omgang nog wel eens moeizaam zijn. Uit dit KNAW-advies komt naar voren dat vooral de Nederlandse overheid er een handje van heeft bij het verlenen van onderzoekopdrachten onevenredig veel invloed te willen hebben op de methoden of de resultaten. Het advies legt een verband met de veranderde financiering van universiteiten, die hen te zeer afhankelijk maakt van derde-geldstroomonderzoek. Het advies is tot stand gekomen door modelcontracten uit binnen- en buitenland te verzamelen en onderzoekers en directeuren van onderzoeksinstellingen te interviewen. Sinds 2005 hanteren de universiteiten de VSNU-gedragscode De Nederlandse Gedragscode Wetenschapsbeoefening, maar in de praktijk blijkt de werkvloer nog niet erg bekend te zijn met het bestaan van centrale regels of richtlijnen en er ook niet altijd even blij mee te zijn (22).

Every social problem is hierarchically structured. To elucidate the importance of this hierarchical aspect for solving social problems, the concepts of problem domain & context are introduced. For each problem, its defining instance, its definition, & its experience may be individual or collective. Subjective & objective components of problems can be distinguished. Each problem situation leads to the formation of a field of power involving various problem-defining instances, each with its particular problem definition & problem experience. Problems cannot be solved without taking into account each of the forces in this field of power. 1 Table, 2 Figures. Modified Author Summary.

The author introduces the article by describing why the term Jihad-terrorism shouldn't be used (it's not an ideology, but a method; the term hammers on an intrinsic link between Islam and violence). The Belgian international attitude stresses that a wrong perception within European policy will actually lead to an anti-Western radicalization, and that terminology is part of that. The article continues with four EU anti-terror strategies: proactive: prevention and protection; reactive: prosecution and response. Regarding suppression of radicalization and recruitment, three factors are mentioned: facilitating factors within a globalized world (travel and communication, money operations, internet availability); an anti-western enemy perception; structural environmental factors, the so-called root causes (social circumstances, democratic imperfection, modernization badly directed, economic and political perspectives, unsolved conflicts, lack of education). Two additional principles for Belgium: 1) fundamental rights and freedoms; 2) suppression of Jihad-terrorism in cooperation with Muslim countries. References. O. van Zijl

Internal dispute, the crisis surrounding the war in Iraq, arguments concerning the financial perspectives for 2007-2013 and a double negative result of the referenda (in France and the Netherlands) concerning the European Constitution, mean a crisis for the EU. In the year and a half which have expired between 2005 and 2007, many plans have progressed slightly, but little have been concretized. In defense of Prime Minister Verhofstadt's "The United States of Europe", on socioeconomic policies, technological cooperation, unified justice, security policies, diplomacy, and a European army -- a plan that has not found its way to either the public or high political discussions. It is suggested to take it up with a limited number of member states, so that other countries will follow later. In general, the author reproaches European politicians lack of emotion: more open conflicts of Left against Right, large against small, swiftly and non-too-soft -- therein lies the nature of democracy, and therefore also the future of European politics. Figures, References. O. van Zijl