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Our age has confronted no greater ethical, political and institutional challenge than ensuring the protection of civilians, as victims of both war and of mass atrocity crimes. Awareness of the problem of civilian protection is growing and has been accompanied by a much greater evident willingness -- at least in principle -- to do something about it. New paradigms for a new century Two normative advances in this area are, first, the dramatically upgraded attention given since 1999 to the law and practice relating to the protection of civilians (POC) in armed conflict; and, second, the emergence in 2001, and far-reaching global embrace since 2005, of the concept of the responsibility to protect (R2P). There is now more or less universal acceptance of the principles that state sovereignty is not a licence to kill but entails a responsibility not to do or allow grievous harm to one's own people. The international community also bears a responsibility to assist those states that need and want help in meeting that obligation, and a responsibility to take timely and decisive collective action in accordance with the UN Charter. Libya and its aftermath UN Security Council Resolution 1973, authorizing military intervention in Libya to halt what was seen as an imminent massacre, was a resounding demonstration of these principles at work, and seemed to set a new benchmark against which all future arguments for such intervention might be measured. However, the subsequent implementation of that mandate led to the reappearance of significant geopolitical divisions. The Security Council's paralysis over Syria during the course of 2011, culminating in the veto by Russia and China of a cautiously drafted condemnatory resolution, has raised the question, in relation to the sharp-end implementation of R2P, of whether Resolution 1973 would prove to be the high-water mark from which the tide will now retreat. The future for civilian protection The crucial question is whether the new geopolitics of intervention that appeared to have emerged with Resolution 1973 is in fact sustainable, or whether, as suggested by the subsequent response to the situation in Syria, a more familiar, and more cynical, geopolitics will in fact reassert itself. This author takes the optimistic view that the new normative commitment to civilian protection is alive and well, and that, in the aftermath of the intervention in Libya, the world has been witnessing not so much a major setback for a new cooperative approach as the inevitable teething troubles associated with the evolution of any major new international norm. The Brazilian 'responsibility while protecting' initiative, focusing on clearer criteria for and more effective monitoring of the use of force, offers a constructive way forward. Adapted from the source document.

The article discusses the problem that was recently raised in Lithuanian historical literature and public discourse by G. Beresnevicius, A. Bumblauskas, S.C. Rowell: was the medieval Lithuanian state (Grand Duchy of Lithuania; GDL) an empire? Traditional historiography did not use concepts of "empire" and "imperialism" in the work on GDL. For Non-Marxist Russian historians, GDL was simply another Russian state, so there could not be Russian imperialism against Russians. For Marxist historians, imperialism was a phase in the "capitalist formation," immediately preceding the socialist revolution and bound to the specific period of world history, so the research on precapitalist empires and imperialism was suspect of anachronism. For the opposite reason, deriving from the hermeneutic methodology, the talk about how the medieval Lithuanian empire and imperialism was an anachronism for Non-Marxist Polish and German historians too, because they considered as Empires only polities that claimed to be successors to Roman Empire. However, the Lithuanian political elite never raised such claims, although theory of the Lithuanian descent from Romans (Legend of Palemon) could be used for this goal. Using the recent work in comparative historical sociology of empires by S.N. Eisenstadt, I. Wallerstein, A. Motyl, B. Buzan, R. Little, A. Watson, M. Beissinger, Ch. Tilly, Th.J. Barfield and M. Doyle, the author argues that GDL was an empire because it was (1) the greatest state in Europe in the late 14-early 15th century, (2) militarily expansive in all directions if not held in check by superior military power, (3) displayed the territorial structure characteristic for empires, consisting of metropole and periphery, (4) had an informal empire and sphere of hegemony, (5) established imperial "Pax Lituanica" on broad territories securing long-distance trade roads. Typologically, it was a patrimonial empire, typologically distinct from the "barbarian kingdoms" created by ancient Germans and Vikings. After the internal crisis in 1432-1440 that is interpreted as "Augustan threshold" (in M. Doyle's sense), the Lithuanian empire evolved into a federal state by the early 16th century. Drawing on the distinction between "primary empires" and "shadow empires" proposed by Th.J. Barfield, GDL is classified as subtype of "shadow empires," called "vulture empires." GDL started as a "vulture empire," using for its expansion a geopolitical situation created by the decline of the Mongol empire and aspiring to unite under its power all lands of the former Kiev Russia. The most important outcome of the failure of the Lithuanian imperial project is the emergence of the three different Eastern Slave peoples (Belorussian, Ukrainian, Great Russian), while the probable outcome of its success would be the continuation of the undivided old Russian ethnicity. Adapted from the source document.

A review essay on books by (1) Korwa Gombe Adar & Rok Ajulu (Eds), Globalization and Emerging Trends in African States' Foreign Policymaking Processes: A Comparative Perspective of Southern Africa (London: Ashgate, 2002); (2) Patrick Bond, Against Global Apartheid: South Africa Meets the World Bank, IMF and International Finance (Cape Town, South Africa: U Cape Town Press, 2001); (3) Greg Mills, The Wired World: South Africa, Foreign Policy and Globalization (Cape Town, South Africa: Tafelberg for the South African Institute for International Affairs, 2000); (4) Philip Nel, Ian Taylor, & Janis Van Der Westhuizen (Eds), South Africa's Multilateral Diplomacy and Global Change: The Limits of Reformism (London: Ashgate, 2001); & (5) Ian Taylor, Stuck in Middle GEAR: South Africa's Post-Apartheid Foreign Relations (London: Praeger, 2001). The author makes the point that much writing about South Africa is still couched in an outdated theoretical framework, as reflected in these books, & the point that a single "homogenizing idea can set the limits of scholarly imagination" -- in this case, globalization. Mills, who is decidedly pro-globalization, is said to use a narrow conceptual range in discussing South Africa within that context. Further, his book is said to be little more than an updating of his "earlier polemic." Bond has an opposite perspective, as he believes that the dispossessed are agents for social change, & that globalization "brazenly contradicts society's strong motivation for more equitable development to redress the massive disparities of apartheid." Adair & Ajulu's book explores the creation of foreign policy, in different African states, in the context of the effects of globalization. The coverage is reportedly uneven, & there is no chapter on Tanzania, which was so active in the liberation movement. The essays edited by Nel et al explore multilateralism as the focus of foreign policy in post-apartheid South Africa. The editors make the point that South Africa has used its high profile to affect multilateral institutions on behalf of more vulnerable countries in areas such as environmental diplomacy, human rights, debt relief, the reform of international trade, & the global campaign to ban land mines. Taylor explains why the new South Africa has embraced globalization but focuses particularly on why multilateralism is embraced so enthusiastically. He demonstrates the emergence of a neoliberal policy, GEAR (for Growth & Economic Recovery Programme), & asks who is benefiting from South Africa's foreign policy, in a work of "genuine contemporary scholarship." These books are said to represent South Africa's unhappy past, & the reviewer also offers comments about works by Rodney Davenport & Christopher Saunders, Jacqueline A. Kalley, Steven D. Gish, Thomas Koelbe, & A. J. Christopher, which are said to represent more conceptual daring. M. S. Northcutt

There is substantive interest in politics and public life. People are well informed but they receive their information in most cases from the electronic mass media, state televison and local radio stations. The positive level of interest is not translated into their political efficacy. A strong majority of the people think that they have no influence on the local or national government. Elections are the major form of collective political participation. In Croatia they had additional importance as the instrument of democratic change. In general electoral participation the turnout is getting smaller. Citizens prefer to observe and vote and are not willing to take part in party campaign activities. Croatian citizens see their problems in the economic area, income, standard of living, unemployment, etc. Political issues are not their priorities. They see the strength of the countr in the people and natural resources, combined with the national values and the independent state. + The author presents the basic findings of the survey on political participation in Croatia. Data presented indicate that Croatian citizens still have rather satisfactory level of political interest and that they do follow the political information in the mass media, specifically on television. On the other hand, they express low levels of political efficacy and believe that there is very little that can be changed by political participation and activism. The formal forms of political participation, like voting, also show the declining rates. Levels of non-satisfaction with the quality of democratic life are high. Major problems in the country are perceived as economic and major strengths are seen in the natural resources and potential of the people. + The areas of possible intervention by strengthening participation and community efforts are human rights and local democracy in general. In these areas there are basic positive conditions for improvement and change in the desired direction. One of the major obstacles to participation is seen by the people in the lack of resources, skills, information, time, and money. Investment in democratic capacity and potential will influence those areas in which citizens today see a limited space for influence (the areas under the strong state regulation). Participation is not only the instrument of democratic change but also has value in itself, and this can have many other positive and unexpected consequences. As an additional form of conclusion I have created the "public participation index" from four data sets: general interest, perception of influence, perception of possible change by political participation and motivation to participate in election campaigns. Used in future surveys it can show the basic trends in the Croatian democratic life. (SOI : PM: S. 10; 22f.)

The quinquennial Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Review Conference represents a highly important event from the perspective of the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). Though not a party to the treaty itself, the EU has made a consistent effort since the 1990s to coordinate the positions of its member states and achieve higher visibility in the NPT review process. The aim of this article is to examine the role of the EU in the 2015 NPT Review Conference deliberations. Drawing on on-site observations, statements and in-depth research interviews, it argues that the recent institutional changes notwithstanding, the influence of the EU as a distinct actor in the NPT context remains very limited, and the EU's common position is in bigger disarray than ever before. This year's Review Conference demonstrated the widening rift between the member states, in particular in the area of nuclear disarmament and the related issues. The inability to maintain a coherent common position limits the EU 'actorness' and impedes its striving for relevance in the NPT forums. The dynamics outlined in this article further highlight the limits of the EU CFSP in security matters in which the national positions of individual member states are as divergent as in the case of nuclear disarmament. (International Affairs (Oxford) / SWP)

Although the Iraq crisis and the flood disaster largely determined the political agenda at the end of the 2002 federal election campaign, the economic situation was, once again, one of the most important themes in the context of the election itself. This article examines for the period of 1994 to 2002 whether, and in what measure, the electorate's perception of economic conditions played a role in voters' decisions. Empirical results show that judgements of the economic situation in 2002 were noticeably worse than prior to the last two national elections. Few East-West differences are recognisable in perceptions of current general and individual economic conditions. Differences in retrospective or prospective assessments of the economic situation have also fallen. Regarding the attribution of economic problem solving ability, considerable gains are noted for the CDU/CSU, while the trust in the economic competence of the SPD has decreased. Multivariate analyses show that in 2002 the influence of economic variables on individual voting behaviour was not very strong. Significant effects only occurred in West Germany. Besides the evaluation of the general economic situation, perceived economic competence had the most clearly visible electoral impact. (German Politics / FUB)

"To date, every scholarly book on the history of medicine and slavery has a single author. Each is thus beholden to the practical limitations of single-authored texts. "Medicine and Healing in the Age of Slavery," by contrast, brings together scholars of diverse places and empires around the Atlantic to make a novel intervention into these histories by including diverse actors, wide-ranging periodization, and spanning across multiple empires. Contributors provide perspectives on sites in Africa, Europe, and the Americas. They examine the historical constructions of health and medicine among indigenous Americans, enslaved and free Africans and their descendants, and Europeans and Euro-Americans. The collection serves as a state-of-the-field picture of the history of slavery and medicine. Contributors include several award-winning historians, such as Lauren Robin Derby, Sharla Fett, and Leslie Schwalm; authors of important, recent monographs on slavery and medicine, such as Deirdre Cooper Owens and Rana Hogarth; and emerging scholars in the field of slavery and medicine. The variety of contributors in terms of rank, expertise, and experience allows the volume to take stock of the past, present, and future of a field of inquiry whose development has accelerated in the last decade. "Medicine and Healing in the Age of Slavery" illuminates the everyday practices of dealing with disease and illness that were fundamental to the order of slavery and the construction of race. The history of medicine and healing is a core facet of the early Atlantic World: bodies both sick and well were specific sites for contests of power, cultural exchange, and identity-making. The volume demonstrates how larger cosmologies of the Atlantic World-such as Enlightenment rationalism, Taino Zemis (stone idols), and various Afro-Atlantic spiritual traditions from Haitian Voodoo to Yoruba-constructed medicine and healing. Not only are the chapters in the collection topically diverse, they collectively cover the temporal breadth of Atlantic slavery. Essays span from the early enslavement of indigenous people in the Caribbean to the emancipation of slaves in the United States. Likewise, contributors consider the British, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Dutch empires. By breaking down traditional temporal and geographical borders, the contributors ask to what degree the spaces of enslavement around the Atlantic shared the experienced disease, healing, and medicine, and to what degree they were historically specific and contingent. The volume complicates Western biomedicine's assumptions as a unique healing tradition, revealing how its modern instantiation depended to a significant extent on the bodies and expertise of enslaved and free people of color in colonial spaces. Ultimately, the collection uses this comprehensiveness to argue that medical and healing traditions framed the Atlantic slave system's lived experience. Its essays' foundational nature positions the volume to provoke future studies in both medical and Atlantic history"--

About the author -- Overview -- Introduction -- Identifying the need -- Purpose of this resource -- How young people learn about sex and relationships -- Sex, porn and the law -- Guidelines for teaching sre that includes pornography -- Continuing professional development -- Keeping parents and carers informed -- Partnership agencies and involving the wider community -- Guide to using this resource -- Facilitating group learning -- Supporting different learning needs -- Creating a safe learning environment -- Key vocabulary -- Overview of each chapter -- 1. what is porn? -- Activity 1: what is pornography? -- Activity 2: pictures not porn, please -- Activity 3: legal attitudes -- Activity 4: the great porn debate -- Activity 5: porn stereotypes -- Activity 6: viewing numbers -- Activity 7: who is responsible? -- Activity 8: porn as sex education -- Activity 9: pornography and the curriculum -- Activity 10: where is the danger? -- Activity 11: is that even legal? -- Activity 12: revenge porn and the law -- Shopping, music and the media -- Activity 1: where do you stand? -- Activity 2: sex on the high street -- Activity 3: shops and marketing -- Activity 4: what did you say? -- Activity 5: mug messages -- Activity 6: selling the song -- Activity 7: cartoon messages -- Activity 8: create your own superhero -- Activity 9: the only way is reality -- Activity 10: reality sex -- Activity 11: guess the product -- Activity 12: advertising : facts and opinions -- Porn and body image -- Activity 1: porn statements -- Activity 2: perfect people -- Activity 3: industry influences -- Activity 4: under the knife -- Activity 5: 100 years of glamour -- Activity 6: curvy bottles -- Activity 7: body image game -- Activity 8: the muff march -- Activity 9: changing body image through art -- Activity 10: behind the mask -- Activity 11: sexual stereotypes -- Activity 12: body image pot shots -- Porn v. real life relationships -- Activity 1: four words -- Activity 2: porn v. reality -- Activity 3: why do people have sex? -- Activity 4: fantasy or truth? -- Activity 5: at what age are you ready? -- Activity 6: backwards fairy tales -- Activity 7: gossip, rumours and lies -- Activity 8: relationship bullying -- Activity 9: powers of persuasion -- Activity 10: flirting or sexual harassment? -- Activity 11: personal boundaries -- Activity 12: ground rules in relationships -- Activity 13: how to say what you want to say -- Activity 14: identifying relationship boundaries -- Activity 15: someone to trust -- Sexting, revenge porn and online sexual bullying -- Activity 1: please share -- Activity 2: sexting and the law -- Activity 3: using social media -- Activity 4: truth or lie? -- Activity 5: social media quiz -- Activity 6: please forward -- Activity 7: photo stories -- Activity 8: taking risks -- Activity 9: social media profile review -- Activity 10: online dating -- Additional information and support -- Appendix 1. example letter for parents/carers : schools -- Appendix 2. example letter for parents/carers : youth services -- Appendix 3. example invitation to a parental information workshop -- Appendix 4. quick guide to staying safe online and social media for parents -- Appendix 5. evaluation form

Machine generated contents note: About the author Preface Acknowledgements Chapter 1 Introduction Structure of the book Chapter 2 Theoretical Context Management context Project transitions Project management as practice Systems theory and networks Transient relationships Dyadic contractual relationships and structure Permanent and temporary organising Structure and networks Information classification Nodes and linkages Summary Chapter 3 Networks and Projects Network definition Origins and history Problems with projects Actor role classification and ritualistic behaviour Routines Are networks a response to uncertainty in projects? Temporary project systems and their replication# Beyond the iron triangle Why networks? Individuals and firms Problems associated with the use of SNA in project research Summary Chapter 4 Why Networks? Definition Why choose social network analysis? Problems associated with the use of SNA inn project research Concepts and terminology Defining the population What is a network? Actor characteristics Some final thoughts Conclusion Chapter 5 Self-organising networks in projects What do project clients want? Dangerous assumptions Implications if these assumptions are incorrect Networks and uncertainty Does it matter how we conceptualise the project? Procurement through markets and hierarchies; project design and delivery through networks Summary and conclusions Chapter 6 Game Theory and Networks Some history to start Game theory applied to construction projects What is a game? Key assumptions Benefits of applying game theory to project networks Other considerations Choices about actions and co-players: The Prisoner's Dilemma Nash equilibrium Anti-coordination behaviour: Hawk-Dove and Chicken Game theory and information exchange network formation Game theory and five dangerous assumptions Summary and conclusions Chapter 7 Network roles and personality types Network roles: prominent disseminators, gatekeeper hoarders, isolates, dyads and triads, boundary spanners and bridges Personality traits Humour and behaviour in networks Profiling and ideal project network actor Specific personality traits Network roles and personality traits Summarising on actor traits and project networks Chapter 8 Network enabling What do we mean by network enabling? Trust Empathy Reciprocity, favours and psychological contracts Implications for violations of psychological contracts in networks Generosity Characteristics of individual that are destructive for networks Narcissism Egotism Summary Chapter 9 Project Networks and BIM BIM origins BIM and information management Information management and organisation structure The BIM model as an artefact Self-organising networks in the context of design BIM and networks, a research agenda Chapter 10 Introduction to the Case Studies Technical overview Researcxh funding Summary Chapter 11: Case Study No.1- Communities in Self-Organising Projects Networks Data collection Data analysis Findings Communities in self-organising project networks Summary Chapter 12: Case Study No.2 -- Dysfunctional Prominence in Self-Organising Project Networks Data collection Data analysis Actor prominence measures Summary Chapter 13: Case Study No.3 -- Costing Networks Conceptual framework Network costs Data analysis Summary Chapter 14: Summary and Conclusions Brief summary of each chapter Theoretical Issues What might industry learn from the content of this book? Appendix References Index