Suchergebnisse

Questionnaire data derived from the 1995 module of the International Social Survey Program are drawn on to examine two dimensions of nationalist attitudes -- chauvinism & patriotism -- in 22 countries. Patriotism is the feeling of pride in one's people & country but with a critical understanding that can allow for other viewpoints & other peoples. Chauvinism, on the other hand, denotes blind acceptance of one's country & people as unique & superior. This latter, negative form of nationalism is likely to promote rejection of ethnic outgroups. Varying degrees of these two nationalist attitudes were found among the 22 countries, theorized to be mediated by ethnic competition, localistic orientation, contextual characteristics, & perceived ethnic threat. Cross-national analyses indicate a distinction between a country's patriotic vs chauvinistic nationalist attitudes in determining acceptance of ethnic outgroups. Tables, Figures. J. Stanton

This chapter considers whether strong positive attitudes toward the ethnic ingroup of a given nation are related to strong exclusionist reactions to ethnic outgroups, a phenomenon defined as ethnocentrism or chauvinistic nationalism. The presence of this relation is comparatively examined among 22 countries, based on 1990s survey data. The primary aim is to discern whether the extent to which various dimensions of nationalist attitudes were related to various dimensions of exclusionist reactions differed systematically by socioeconomic population group & country, or whether these interrelations were universal & invariant, both within & across countries. The findings indicate a relatively strong relation between chauvinistic nationalism & resistance to immigrants, & this relation appears to be universal. Tables. J. Stanton

Massive waves of migrants fleeing poverty & refugees fleeing war have had a considerable effect on receiving countries. Focus here is on the emergence of latent resistance in 22 countries (based on 1995 survey data) to the influx of migrants, manifested in the negative attitudes & exclusionist reactions of their citizens toward the foreigners: the more citizens with negative attitudes, the greater the public support for immigration restriction. In a cross-country examination of this situation, a distinction is drawn between economic immigrants & refugees in search of safety. Various theories, especially those of ethnic competition or threat & localist orientation, support the findings that ethnic majority individuals who were less educated, self-employed, poorly employed (manual labor), unemployed, & poor were more likely to feel negatively toward immigrants in general, though attitudes were far less negative toward refugees than economic migrants. Tables, Figures. J. Stanton

The author considers Jurgen Habermas's conceptualization of & concern about the "pressure of the street." In the realm of the street, force or violence often overwhelm reason. In Habermas's theory, both civil society & the state hover precariously above an abyss symbolized by the street. 22 References. A. Funderburg

The author considers Jurgen Habermas's conceptualization of & concern about the "pressure of the street." In the realm of the street, force or violence often overwhelm reason. In Habermas's theory, both civil society & the state hover precariously above an abyss symbolized by the street. 22 References. A. Funderburg

The relationship between women's education & employment in GB & the dramatic changes in British family formation in recent decades are examined based on data drawn from the British General Household Survey. Increased cohabitation, reduced marriage, & delay in childbearing are found. Education is contended to be a powerful influence on the transition to marriage & parenthood among women. It is concluded that the current directions of economic & social change in GB predict a movement toward later & more varied patterns of family formation. 9 Tables, 5 Figures, 22 References. M. Wagner

The author refutes the contention that women candidate are disadvantaged in fund raising. First, current research suggesting women's disadvantage is examined. Second, the author turns to an exploration of the diversity among women candidates, the type of funding women candidates depend on, & the advantages women have in their communities. The author concludes with a proposal for additional research in the following areas: state level politics, elections for executive offices, gender & racial differences in campaign spending, & research examining the role of women's Political Action Committees (PACs). J. Harwell

In this case study, the author explores how public concern about vaccinations has affected vaccination development & use throughout history. The author shows how perceptions about vaccinations are inaccurate, & identifies how these distortions are shaped. Figures, References. D. Miller

In this chapter of Life after Reform: When Bipartisan Campaign Reform Meets Politics, the author examines how House elections have become stagnant, & what impacts the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) will have on the competition & change in House elections. The author agrees with previous research that incumbency advantage is the result of electoral stagnation & is the result of campaign spending. A causal model of campaign spending that advantages the status quo is supported by analysis of campaign spending disparities. The author argues that BCRA will adversely impact electoral competition to further solidify incumbency advantage through their pre-existing hard money support, the limits on soft money, & restrictions on electioneering for new candidates. The author argues that BCRA is inadequate in that it does not change the system that allows incumbents to buy the elections. 4 Tables, 2 Figures. J. Harwell

The author provides an analysis of Russian foreign policy & U.S. engagement in post-Soviet Eurasia & Russia during the Putin administration. Arguing that Russian foreign policy is rooted in Russia's economic interests, the author declares that to understand Russian foreign policy, one must first understand the developing Russian economy & Russia's changing position in the global market place. Next, the author explores how U.S. policy has worked in practice. Remnants of the U.S./Russian Cold War relationship, Russian integration into the west & its role in NATO, & Putin's counterterrorism strategy are explored. J. Harwell

To address Pakistan's economic ills & enact positive reforms, Pakistan's leadership must recognize that politics, economics, & social change are intertwined & interdependent. It is impossible to ignore one of these factors without risking the progress of the others. Pakistan's history of turbulence & unrest proves that until a true vision is established for the economic components of political power, Pakistan will continue to flounder. It will remain in social flux, clear leadership will fail to emerge, & true economic reforms will not be instituted. Until essential political elements are incorporated, the transition to democracy is virtually impossible. 22 References. K. Larsen

Presenting a social-constructionist model of political culture in which objective & subjective realities are interlinked, the chapter examines mainland Chinese attitudes, perceptions, & awareness toward Hong Kong, along with the role of media & official views in shaping them. The 1999 hand-over of Hong Kong by the UK served a dual ideological function for the public, promoting nationalism while potentially contrasting Hong Kong's prosperity with economic conditions on the mainland. Conclusions are based on 1995 survey responses from citizens in four major Chinese cities. 8 Tables, 2 Figures, 1 Appendix, 22 References. K. Coddon

To address Pakistan's economic ills & enact positive reforms, Pakistan's leadership must recognize that politics, economics, & social change are intertwined & interdependent. It is impossible to ignore one of these factors without risking the progress of the others. Pakistan's history of turbulence & unrest proves that until a true vision is established for the economic components of political power, Pakistan will continue to flounder. It will remain in social flux, clear leadership will fail to emerge, & true economic reforms will not be instituted. Until essential political elements are incorporated, the transition to democracy is virtually impossible. 22 References. K. Larsen

The role of status in the study of religious elite is examined through analysis of the Anglican clergy. Such study has been dominated by a one-dimensional model of occupational prestige that emphasizes status inconsistency & places researchers in a deferential relationship with their Ss, often impeding gaining access & establishing rapport. Reconceptualization of prestige in a more fluid way -- one that emphasizes the commonalities of values, objectives, occupational culture, & professional competence among social scientists & the clergy -- facilitates the establishment of equal status between research & S & results in more open communication & collection of more accurate ethnographic information. 22 References. D. Generoli

The author explores the political values that ought to shape policy making & risk regulation. The values that provide an alternative to the traditional principles of utilitarianism & democratic elitism are democratic legitimacy, scientific integrity, & international responsibility. The author also argues for increased citizen participation. References. D. Miller