Suchergebnisse

Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The superpowers today - the problem of global leadership

Differences between countries are the immanent feature of social growth but these days that situation had been complicated by globalization. The benefits of globalization are not so obvious because the new opportunities like: faster growth, higher living standards, promotion of democratic values aren't equally distributed and the global market is not yet underpinned by rules based on shared social objectives. That realities cause serious consequences for safety and peace in world. Those issues are the main challenge for international community. They determinate live standard of people and future of our planet. For that reasons author analyse what United Nations are making to find a solution to that problems and where are both - the main difficulties and weaknesses of international act system. Only that kind of Organizations have a legitimation to create an international forum which is necessary to find a solution for international issue. That is why autor is indicated those problems of inequality as a priority over national interests.

The year 1989 was both in Poland and in many other European countries, which were in the sphere of the Soviet influences, the beginning of revolutionary changes: political, economie, social and cultural ones. They also influenced the Polish language of politics which has changed radically for the last 20 years. An important reason for a variety of styles and registers is the instability of the Polish political scene, the abundance of political parties, constantly forming new parliamentary groups and government coalitions, and the disappearance of the others. In the language of the contemporary politics the lexis is particularly extensive and includes thousands of words referring to the public life of the Poles. The major point of the article is the claim that the language of contemporary politics is getting poorer, loses its elegance and becomes more and more primitive. The author sees the reasons for this pauperization in the trends of contemporary culture. He shows the main features of the phenomenon: a turn towards commonness and informality, an emotionality of expressions, a hermetic vision of the world, an impossibility of a dialogue and an increase in populist attitudes.

Prezentowany tekst dotyczy zagadnień metodologicznych związanych z pracą doktorską pt. Wpływ członkostwa Polski i Szwecji w Unii Europejskiej na charakter i rozwój ich wzajemnych stosunków. Zaprezentowano następujące zagadnienia: tezę rozprawy i pytania badawcze, metody badawcze, strukturę i treść pracy, źródła i stan badań, wyniki badań oraz prognozę. ; The first part of the paper aims to justify the selection of this particular subject as a research area and consequently, a doctoral thesis: The impact of Polish and Swedish EU membership on the nature of the relationship between the two states. The key argument the thesis puts forward is that by joining the EU the two countries tightened their relationship. In the second part, the paper presents the research methods – empirical observation, consisting of the study documents, official publications, the media, inteviews and statistical data and the method of statistical measurement, as well as methods applied in theoretical studies. The author highlights the status of research on this subject and supplies information on the sources used in her work: primary sources, Polish language and foreign books and academic periodicals, web pages of Polish and Swedish government institutions and international organizations. The last part provides the findings of her research and final conclusions coupled with a forecast on the development of Polish-Swedish relations. ; Małgorzata Mizerska-Wrotkowska

'Prescriptive Nature of Th e Code of the Sworn Translator', proclaimed in the 2005 Resolution of the Supreme Board of the Polish Society of Sworn and Specialised Translators 'TEPIS', is described in this article as seen from the perspective of the international and Polish laws and the practice of contemporary translation studies. As recommended by the "Grotius" and the "AGIS" projects, the Code has been prepared in cooperation with representatives of the Minister of Justice. Hence, it constitutes an authoritative reference for the 2004 legislative Act on the profession of the sworn translator.A comparison of the status of the newly established profession of the sworn translator and those of the advocate and the notary in Poland gives the author the grounds to claim that Th e Code of the Sworn Translator constitutes a truly independent and authoritative source of rules of professional ethics and practice. Such status is a natural consequence of its being developed in compliance both with the Polish law and the legislative customs enabling the professional environment to decide about its ethics and good practice itself, based on the long traditions of professional organizations in Poland. ; Wieloletnie starania polskich tłumaczy przysięgłych doprowadziły po raz pierwszy w dziejach tego zawodu do ich skutecznej współpracy z przedstawicielami Ministra Sprawiedliwości. Owocem wspólnych działań było opracowanie zbioru zasad etyki i praktyki zawodowej pt. Kodeks tłumacza przysięgłego. W artykule omówiono przesłanki zawarte w konwencjach międzynarodowych i przepisach prawa polskiego do tworzenia i stosowania takich ujednoliconych zasad wykonywania zawodu oraz genezę, strukturę, treść i preskryptywny charakter Kodeksu.

'Prescriptive Nature of Th e Code of the Sworn Translator', proclaimed in the 2005 Resolution of the Supreme Board of the Polish Society of Sworn and Specialised Translators 'TEPIS', is described in this article as seen from the perspective of the international and Polish laws and the practice of contemporary translation studies. As recommended by the "Grotius" and the "AGIS" projects, the Code has been prepared in cooperation with representatives of the Minister of Justice. Hence, it constitutes an authoritative reference for the 2004 legislative Act on the profession of the sworn translator.A comparison of the status of the newly established profession of the sworn translator and those of the advocate and the notary in Poland gives the author the grounds to claim that Th e Code of the Sworn Translator constitutes a truly independent and authoritative source of rules of professional ethics and practice. Such status is a natural consequence of its being developed in compliance both with the Polish law and the legislative customs enabling the professional environment to decide about its ethics and good practice itself, based on the long traditions of professional organizations in Poland. ; Wieloletnie starania polskich tłumaczy przysięgłych doprowadziły po raz pierwszy w dziejach tego zawodu do ich skutecznej współpracy z przedstawicielami Ministra Sprawiedliwości. Owocem wspólnych działań było opracowanie zbioru zasad etyki i praktyki zawodowej pt. Kodeks tłumacza przysięgłego. W artykule omówiono przesłanki zawarte w konwencjach międzynarodowych i przepisach prawa polskiego do tworzenia i stosowania takich ujednoliconych zasad wykonywania zawodu oraz genezę, strukturę, treść i preskryptywny charakter Kodeksu.

Jakub of Szadek is one of the many people from this small town (now in Central Poland), who in XV century came to Cracow to study, and played a significant role in the life of both the Jagiellonian University and the country. He is chiefly known for his diplomatic activity – being an eminent lawyer, he took part in many diplomatic missions during the 13-year war with the Teutonic Knights. He had a major part in the preparation of foundations for the signing of the peace treaty in Toru in 1466. In the years 1474–1476 he performed the function of Rector of Cracow Academy, contributing greatly to the extension of Collegium Minor. In 1476 he was appointed to the high position of vicar general in Cracow diocese. Jakub of Szadek is the co-author of a new approach to the theory of the rights of nations, and human rights, with reference to natural rights, the Gospel and the teachings of Popes and oecumenical councils. He is also one of Polish creators of international law, whose intensive development falls in Poland on XV century. In addition, he deserves the credit for invoking the nationality principle in international negotiations (the principle acknowledging the fact that particular regions are inhabited by people of Polish origin and speaking Polish language, who gave Polish names to cities, mountains, rivers and settlements). At least two texts of his speeches has been preserved until today thanks to J. Długosz, who was his friend. Jakub of Szadek died in 1487.