Suchergebnisse

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to contribute for the special number Protest and Activism With(out) Organisation.


Design/methodology/approach
Elisée Reclus (1830-1905) wrote in 1851 that "anarchy is the highest expression of order". This statement, clashing with the bourgeois commonplaces on anarchy as chaos, anticipated the theories, elaborated collectively by the anarchist geographers Reclus, Pëtr Kropotkin (1842-1921), and Léon Metchnikoff (1838-1888), on mutual aid and cooperation as the bases of a society more rationally organised than the State and capitalist one. If a (minority) part of the anarchist movement, in the following decades, assumed this sort of "natural order" to argue that there was no necessity of a political organisation, many militants stated on the contrary the necessity of a formal anarchist (or anarcho-syndicalist) organisation to prepare the revolution and to put in practice the principle of an horizontal and federalist society starting from daily life.


Findings
The author's main argument is that the idea of a public and formalized anarchist organisation has been consistent with the claims of the anarchist geographers for the possibility of an ordered anarchist society and that it was a very geographical conception, as the spatial and territorial activity patterns of anarchist individuals, groups, and federations was a central issue among anarchist organisers.


Originality/value
Drawing on present literature on geography and anarchism and on the multidisciplinary transnational turn of anarchist studies, the author addresses, through primary sources, the contentions and openings of the organisational question in anarchism from Reclus, Kropotkin, and Metchnikoff to the anarchist federations of present day, and its links with the issue of constructive anarchism and with the problem of violence.

Undoubtedly, no country as America is the host and influenced of pressure groups, and because of the existence of the interests and valuation system in America, this issue has made decision making in foreign policy of this country difficult. Among pressure groups in America, Zionist lobbies seem to have the most influence in America's foreign policy. Based on this, it can be approximately said that America and Israel have had special ties after the World War II and AIPAC Group has always guaranteed the continuation of this relationship. A set of factors play role in forming foreign policy of each country internally, nationally and internationally that the outcome of these factors' action and reactions will is presented as the outcome and "foreign policy". The United Sates of America's foreign policy is also the same process, based on this according to the international relationships ideas which of the important levels in analyzing foreign policy of the United States of America is internal level whose one of its components is investigating the role of pressure groups in forming the foreign policy of this country, practically the activity of any groups isn't as prominent and highlighted as Zionist lobby in this subject.Therefore the author of this research is sought to investigate the effect of different shapes of Zionist lobby and the position and performance of this regime in America's foreign policy towards Iran, hence the arrow of lobbying activities in the area of Iran is also evaluated; consequently in the process of the research, stating that influential element in the system of decision making in The United States of America about the role of stakeholder groups with a focus on Zionist lobby and the unwavering support of the United States from this lobby is undeniable.

In recent times, some concerned linguists, lovers of the Igbo language and indeed, owners of the language have been asking questions about possible strategies to be adopted in resuscitating the Igbo language and culture which critics and observers have warned are depreciating in value and usage. The Igbo of South East Nigeria, as well as various governments in the Igbo region have in their own various ways jumped into action to revive and save the situation through the organisation of cultural activities and forums for the promotion of Igbo language and culture and legislations. Commendable as these attempts may be, the issue which does not yet appear properly addressed is the need to identify the factors responsible for the present state of Igbo language and culture and the possibilities of workable strategies to remedy the situation. This paper therefore, is an attempt to interrogate the receding utilization of Igbo language and culture using UNESCO's 2002 and 2003 nine-point criteria of the Ad Hoc Expert Group on Endangered Languages as bases for our study and recommendations. The study has attempted to get at the root of what the author considers the crux of the matter through the study of the philosophy of the Igbo man towards himself, his environment and his personal effects, and has discovered that the bane of Igbo language and culture is the Igbo man's attitude towards that which is his, and his easy enchantment with foreign cultures. The paper then recommends a total reorientation of the Igbo man's core philosophy as a panacea to the problem, among others. The revelations of this paper will benefit linguists, the Igbo, and indeed scholars.

This paper focuses on the image of the political system of the first Czechoslovak Republic in the political discourse connected with the preparation of the Czech Constitution in 1992. It works mainly with records of parliamentary debates between July and December 1992 and considers three types of actors: members of committees working on the constitution, constitutional lawyers and political figures with a significant informal influence, such as Václav Havel. The author asks three interrelated research questions: How was the first Czechoslovak Republic portrayed in the debates on the Czech Constitution? In what context of the discussions and argumentations did the First republic reappear? And what role did the image of the Czechoslovak Republic play in the debates? As I argue, the system of the first Czechoslovak Republic was presented almost always positively, framed by concepts of tradition, democracy, sovereignty, and stability. Conversely, the Senate was portrayed more negatively, as a symbol of inefficiency, futility and expensiveness. The political system of the First Republic and the Constitution of 1920 represented an issue that could not be ignored and had to emerge through discourse. Some speakers did not always portray it properly and rarely spoke about the problematic aspects of the functioning of the political system of the First Republic. However, it was always alluded to as a symbol whose meaning was often more important than its actual content, as it could confirm the legitimacy of power relationships and express identification with a given political line. The fact that the actors chose only certain images of the First Republic, mostly the positive ones, illustrates that they sought to use the power of the symbol of the First Republic.

Attempting to approach the sacred through film as exemplified by the analysis and interpretation of the way of a yurodivy in The Lonely Voice of Man by Alexander SokurovThe author emphasises the relation between content and form in the film The Lonely Voice of Man by Alexander Sokurov, and makes a point to place the film within an interpretation space which takes into account basic anthropological categories, such as those of space, time and the human (the protagonist). The artistic devices applied in the film lead to a degradation of the image, while the symbolism present in this debut work refers to the theme of the journey of the soul. All these elements allow us to see in The Lonely Voice of Man certain aspects shared with the Orthodox icon. In this context, the story of the main character can be perceived as the way of a yurodivy ("fool-for-Christ"), who has to refrain from temptations and practice asceticism in order to attain spiritual perfection and reach the sacred. Próba zbliżenia się do sacrum poprzez kino na przykładzie analizy i interpretacji drogi jurodiwego w filmie Aleksandra Sokurowa Samotny głos człowiekaW artykule szczególną uwagę zwrócono na ukazanie związku między treścią i formą filmu Samotny głos człowieka w reżyserii Aleksandra Sokurowa oraz na umieszczenie go na płaszczyźnie interpretacyjnej uwzględniającej podstawowe kategorie antropologiczne, takie jak: przestrzeń, czas i człowiek (bohater). Stosowane w filmie środki wyrazu powodują, że obraz ulega degradacji. Symbolika obecna w filmie nawiązuje do motywu wędrówki dusz. Wszystkie elementy stanowią podstawę do tego, by odnaleźć w debiucie Sokurowa cechy nawiązujące do prawosławnej ikony. W tym kontekście historia głównego bohatera jawi się jako droga jurodiwego, który musi pokonywać pokusy i zachowywać ascezę, by osiągnąć duchową doskonałość i dotrzeć do sacrum.

AbstractAdults with Down syndrome are at increased risk of dementia at a significantly younger age and remain under‐represented as participants in dementia‐related research. Because little is known about their personal experiences either immediately postdiagnosis or as dementia progresses, there is little opportunity that shared individual experiences can shape future policy and practice. To remedy this omission, the author examined methodological and ethical challenges identified as part of a research study that included people with Down syndrome affected by dementia. It has been contended that traditional qualitative approaches are less effective when participants are affected by changing cognitive functioning and reduced verbal communication. To counteract this contention overt participant observation and an adapted narrative research method were used as part of a three‐year longitudinal study to help better understand the lived experiences of three adults with Down syndrome affected by dementia. Methodological and ethical challenges were shown to collide, and factors contributing to this effect included identifying process consent, accurate representation of participants, the role of and relationship with the researcher, participants, lack of awareness of their diagnosis of dementia, and need to recognize the importance of social interaction while maintaining academic rigor. Reflections are proffered on two conceptual and practice issues, with a call for both to be recognized and addressed in terms of future policy and practice. First is a lack of awareness of a sense of "self" or identity, resulting in individuals with Down syndrome and dementia being defined by their situation rather than individual preference or need. Second is the lack of information postdiagnosis about dementia being shared with people who have Down syndrome.

Abstract
The fact that much of what the Japanese regard as part of their culture originally came to Japan from the Asian continent in ancient and medieval times is well known and has been extensively researched. For the period after 1868, however, the attention of scholars has tended to concentrate on Japan's comprehensive importation of Western civilization. This exploratory article suggests a different perspective. Taking music in modern Japan as an example and based in part on the author's research for her recent book Not by Love Alone: The Violin in Japan, 1850-2010, the author will argue that music is a particularly rewarding fi eld for examining transnational fl ows. Research on music in modern Japan has tended to privilege the introduction of European art music from the West and this was undoubtedly one of the most important developments in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. There are, however, aspects to this development that merit more attention than they have received so far, including the relationship between Western music and other musics practised in Japan in the nineteenth century and the interactions between Japan and non-Western countries and in particular its East Asian neighbours. In this article, four general themes for further enquiry are introduced: 1. The possible relation between Meiji statesmen's and intellectuals' kangaku education and their views on the role of music in the modern state. 2. The Chinese origins and the place of minshingaku (Ming and Qing music) in the musical culture of nineteenthcentury Japan. 3. Japan's role in the dissemination of Western Music in East Asia. 4. The role of the East Asian continent (particularly the cities of Shanghai and Harbin) as a place of encounter between Asia and Europe.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To analyze Web Based Recruitment for people with disabilities. Originality/gap/relevance/implications: Few studies in the world have looked at the usability and accessibility of job recruitment websites for people with disabilities: none of which reviewed Web ads. In Brazil, no e-Recruitment for people with disabilities was found. Key methodological aspects: This is a descriptive and qualitative study. The author sought to analyze ads available on websites exclusively aimed at the recruitment of persons with disabilities. The categories of analysis were: the content of the ads, and their accessibility and usability of them. The analysis was done by means of automatic validation testing of the accessibility using a tool (Hera). Summary of key results: All the sites have errors that hinder the accessibility and usability of the page. The large number of registered CVs and job vacancies available on the websites indicate that online recruitment is reaching the goal of attracting candidates and companies. Regarding the content, there are particular issues related to this specific audience, besides the ones regarding each and every job, such as the availability of accessibility in the company, devices allowed by the contractor, using filters for the candidate's disability and special needs required by the company. Key considerations/conclusions: Companies which specialize in this type of recruitment need to be familiar with the Web experiences of people with various types of disabilities seeking employment. Although the ads put forth various forms of information relating to the jobs, there is clear evidence that they are not prepared to receive disabled workers. Also, they need better guidance with respect to the elimination of discriminatory practices.

A strong assumption in Swedish family law that shared parenting and parental cooperation post-separation or divorce are preferred creates, as in many other jurisdictions, problems for mothers who try to protect themselves and their children from violent fathers. Changes in law during the last decade have, however, weakened the assumption that joint custody and extensive contact with violent fathers are the normal legal outcomes. This article analyzes how fathers' rights discourses since 2006 have been visible in, and influenced by, Swedish law reform processes on child custody and related issues, taking particular account of the context of fathers' violence against mothers. In the analysis, fathers' violence against mothers is situated within a Swedish gender equality context, and four domains of law and policy that are related to fathers' violence against mothers are delineated as an analytical framework in order to understand the dynamics of fathers' rights discourses in relation to the law reforms. The study shows that fathers' rights groups have been active and that their discourses are visible in the legislative documents but that the space for fathers' rights discourses has been somewhat restricted in law reforms since 2006. However, the author argues that the four law and policy domains seem to lack the ability to counteract fathers' rights discourses regarding economic issues. Moreover, discourses on children's rights, interests, protection, and well-being that are present within all domains have been more influential on the outcomes of the reforms than gendered discourses on fathers' violence against mothers. Even though gendered discourses on violence seem to have played a role in counteracting fathers' rights discourses, gendered discourses have struggled at the same time to influence several domains related to fathers' violence against mothers.

This article presents the application of a theatrical technique—Playback Theatre, which was developed in the United States during the 1970s—to social intervention, as a narrative and listening space that confers value and dignity upon the person and the unique and distinct individual experiences that facilitate their social and relational integration. This art of being oneself, as the author states, uses the oral tradition and spontaneous and creative communication of psychodrama and combines them with theatrical expression. This technique has been shown to be pertinent to both community social work and support groups for persons in problematic situations. The aim of this is to celebrate some specific moment of their lives, as individuals or as a community, and to define strategies for improving living conditions or resolving or alleviating conflicts. It is also used to assess the achievements of the proposed objectives, to strengthen the motivation to change and to transform existing relationships into collaborative ones. This is possible not only owing to the participation of persons, but also to the assumption of different roles that can permit the overcoming of certain traumatic events.In addition to support groups, it is used for the training and supervision of social work professionals. The theatrical technique in question allows them to assume roles as diverse as narrator, audience or actor, whether simultaneously or successively. Taking the role of «performer» or guide to the theatrical action requires prior preparation in order for the group of participants to be able to pool their individualities and their emotions and reflect on them. The participatory methodology that Playback Theatre proposes is important in community social work and is posed in a new and transformative key.

The self-propulsion of a spherical squirmer – a model swimming organism that achieves locomotion via steady tangential movement of its surface – is quantified across the transition from viscously to inertially dominated flow. Specifically, the flow around a squirmer is computed for Reynolds numbers ($Re$) between 0.01 and 1000 by numerical solution of the Navier–Stokes equations. A squirmer with a fixed swimming stroke and fixed swimming direction is considered. We find that fluid inertia leads to profound differences in the locomotion of pusher (propelled from the rear) versus puller (propelled from the front) squirmers. Specifically, pushers have a swimming speed that increases monotonically with $Re$, and efficient convection of vorticity past their surface leads to steady axisymmetric flow that remains stable up to at least $Re=1000$. In contrast, pullers have a swimming speed that is non-monotonic with $Re$. Moreover, they trap vorticity within their wake, which leads to flow instabilities that cause a decrease in the time-averaged swimming speed at large $Re$. The power expenditure and swimming efficiency are also computed. We show that pushers are more efficient at large $Re$, mainly because the flow around them can remain stable to much greater $Re$ than is the case for pullers. Interestingly, if unstable axisymmetric flows at large $Re$ are considered, pullers are more efficient due to the development of a Hill's vortex-like wake structure. ; This work was funded in part by the European Union through a CIG grant to EL. NGC acknowledges partial support from the John and Claire Bertucci Fellowship in Engineering. ; This is the author accepted manuscript. It is currently under an indefinite embargo pending publication by Cambridge University Press.

The authors analyse a book on the concept of democracy by A. V. Magun, a specialist in political philosophy. In this book, the author traces the history of democracy as a key concept of the European political tradition, paying special attention to paradoxes in the Western understanding of democracy. Magun stresses the tension between the stability of liberal democracy in the modern era and the revolutionary, 'demonic' potential of democracy. According to the reviewers, the book could serve as a starting point for a deeper study of democracy as an integral concept of Russian political culture. However, such an analysis would require a shift in the focus from the Western canon (Aristotle – J. Locke – J. Rawls) to the works of Russian authors (from A. N. Radishchev to V. I. Lenin) who contributed to the emergence of intellectual paradigms of democracy in the 19th and 20th centuries. In addition, the reviewers point out the problematic methodology behind the history of concepts. ; Рассмотрена работа специалиста в области политической философии А. В. Магуна, посвященная понятию «демократия». Автор книги прослеживает историю демократии как одного из важнейших понятий европейской политической традиции, обращая внимание на ряд парадоксов, характерных для его западного понимания. А. В. Магун отмечает напряжение между стабильностью либерального демократизма Новейшего времени и революционным, «демоническим» потенциалом, исторически присущим демократии. По мнению рецензентов, книга может послужить отправной точкой для более глубокого анализа бытования демократии как важного концепта российской политической культуры, однако для этого следует перенести центр внимания с западного канона (Аристотель – Дж. Локк – Дж. Роулз) на творчество российских авторов (от А. Н. Радищева до В. И. Ленина), внесших вклад в формирование интеллектуальных парадигм демократии в XIX–XX вв. При этом рецензенты поднимают ряд методологических проблем, связанных с созданием исследования в духе истории понятий.

My wish, in this text, is to study and observe the concept of authority and power in the work of Christine de Pizan (1364/1365-ca. 1430?), as well as editing ideas of mediation and consensus in the works of the author. I will analyze these political conceptions in L'epistreàla ReineIsabeau (1405); Le Livre de la Mutation de Fortune; The City of Ladies; The Rose and the Prince; La Vita e ibuonicostumi del saggio re Carlo V; in Librodella Pace and the Poema di Giovanna d'Arco. Christine was a woman of privileged culture, she had received since childhood a refined education in the Court, and she had had access to the Royal Library, as per her social situation. From a young age she was ableto devote herself to the arts and culture, i.e., to move in an area that was considered in her time above all to be a male domain, at least for lay people, although this was not the case for the religious, because some nuns, canonesses and medieval beguines were also highly educated women. The ideas of authority and power, as well as the policy of mediation and consensus are present in the work of Christine de Pizan, because these ideas have as basic element the practice of relationship, or rather of relationships, and it is this that allows us to understand feudalism, because this system was conjoined in a network of relationships ; This text forms part of the framework of the project HAR2001-28773-C02-02, La política de lo simbólico en la historia y en la historia del arte. Creadoras de lenguaje histórico en dos períodos de transición: Ss. XIV-XXI of the Ministry of Economy and Competition. Dedicated a Concepción Varela-Rodríguez

В статье рассматриваются милитаристские устремления Японии накануне Второй мировой войны, направленные на захват колоний стран США и Великобритании, на оккупацию Северо–Восточного Китая и Монголии и использование Маньчжурии как плацдарма для нападения на СССР. Поэтому предметом исследования тематики данной статьи является выявление причин японской агрессии на Дальнем Востоке; объектом исследования является выявление последствий милитаристских устремлений Японии. Методологическую основу составляют принципы историзма и научной объективности. В процессе работы над статьей автор подсчитала возможным использование наряду с общенаучными методами, использование специальных методов, применяемых как в истории, так и в других смежных науках (общественных и социальных): исследовательский метод, метод реконструкции, метод социологического опроса, критический подход. При написании статьи автор опиралась как на архивные источники, так и на работы отечественных исследователей — новые работы и литературу советского периода. Автор находит, что значимость данной статьи состоит в актуальности тематики исследования, так как раны, полученные в результате Второй Мировой войны на Дальнем Востоке еще не затянулись, еще живы как жертвы японской агрессии, так и их мучители, живы и бывшие японские военнопленные и, возможно, участники боев, а также свидетели и очевидцы этого пленения. This article discusses the militarist aspirations of Japan before the second world war, aimed at capturing the countries United States and British colonies, the occupation of Northeastern China and Mongolia and Manchuria to use as a springboard for an attack on the USSR. For this reason, the subject of the research theme of this article is to identify the causes of Japanese aggression in the far East; the object of the study is to identify the effects of Japan's militarist ambition. Methodological principles based on Historicism and scientific objectivity. While working on the article author has calculated the possible use along with knowledge of general ...

The aim of the article is to analyze the role of multicultural education programs in moral development of schoolchildren in the USA. It is noted that one of the top priority tasks of school is the development of such traditional American values as freedom, democracy, racial and national tolerance and others. For this purpose some changes in educational programs are being made. It is highlighted that implementation of courses and programs of multicultural education has become an important part of the educational process. These programs are of interdisciplinary character and they are integrated into educational programs of moral and social disciplines. According to their aims and priorities all courses and programs of multicultural education are divided into three groups: content-oriented, person-oriented, and socially-oriented. The analysis of the results of their implementation makes it possible for the author to conclude that integration of the programs of multicultural education into the educational process makes great contribution to the moral development of American schoolchildren. ; Проаналізовано роль програм полікультурного виховання в моральному розвитку школярів у США. Зазначено, що одним із першочергових завдань школи є прищеплення традиційних американських цінностей: свобода, демократія, расова та національна толерантність тощо; з цією метою вносяться зміни до навчальних програм. Наголошено, що важливим елементом навчально-виховного процесу стало впровадження спецкурсів і програм полікультурного виховання, які мають міждисциплінарний характер і впроваджуються в навчальні програми дисциплін духовно-морального та суспільного циклу. Відповідно до цілей та пріоритетів всі спецкурси і програми полікультурного виховання розподілені на три групи: орієнтовані на зміст навчальних програм курси, особистісно орієнтовані програми та соціально орієнтовані програми. Вказано, що інтеграція програм полікультурного виховання в навчальний процес відіграє важливу роль у моральному становленні американських школярів.