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Volltext // 2011 digitalisiert von: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München. Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- Per. 61 k-22,1

Volltext // 2011 digitalisiert von: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München. Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- Per. 61 k-22,2

Volltext // 2011 digitalisiert von: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München. Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- Per. 61 k-22,3

Volltext // 2011 digitalisiert von: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München. Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- Per. 61 k-22,4

This work was supported by the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC grant agreement no. 609819, SOMICS and Templeton World Charity Foundation, grant ID: TWCF0314. ; Almost all animals navigate their environment to find food, shelter, and mates. Spatial cognition of nonhuman primates in large-scale environments is notoriously difficult to study. Field research is ecologically valid but controlling confounding variables can be difficult. Captive research enables experimental control, but space restrictions can limit generalizability. Virtual reality technology combines the best of both worlds by creating large-scale, controllable environments. We presented six chimpanzees with a semi naturalistic virtual environment, using a custom touch screen application. The chimpanzees exhibited signature behaviors reminiscent of real-life navigation: they learned to approach a landmark associated with the presence of fruit, improving efficiency over time; they located this landmark from novel starting locations, and approached a different landmark when necessary. We conclude that virtual environments can allow for standardized testing with higher ecological validity than traditional tests in captivity, and harbor great potential to contribute to longstanding questions in primate navigation, e.g., the use of landmarks, Euclidean maps, or spatial frames of reference. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

This research was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013)/ERC Grant 609819 (SOMICS). Manuel Bohn was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 749229. ; Great apes are able to request objects from humans by pointing. It is unclear, however, whether this is an associated response to a certain set of cues (e.g. the presence and attention of a human addressee) or a communicative signal which can be adjusted to relevant aspects of the spatial and social context. In three experiments, we tested captive great apes' flexible use of pointing gestures. We manipulated the communicative context so that the default pointing response of apes would have indicated an undesired object, either due to 1) the spatial arrangements of the target objects, 2) the perspective of the addressee or 3) the knowledge of the addressee about the target objects' location. The results of the three experiments indicate that great apes can successfully adjust their pointing to the spatial configuration of the referent environment such as distance and location of food. However, we found no evidence that they take the perspective or the knowledge of the addressee into account when doing so. This implies that pointing in great apes is a context-sensitive, but maybe less versatile, communicative signal compared to human pointing. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

During study design and data collection, the research of CT was supported by a grant from the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) (ES/K008625/1). At the time of writing, CT was supported by a grant from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement n° 714658; STONECULT project). During his work on the Dean et al. (2012) study, LGD was supported by the CULTAPTATION project (European Commission contract FP6-2004-NESTPATH-043434) and a European Research Council Advanced Grant (EVOCULTURE, 232823) awarded to Kevin Laland. ; The breakthrough study of Dean et al. (Science 335:1114–1118, 2012) claimed that imitation, teaching, and prosociality were crucial for cumulative cultural learning. None of their child participants solved the final stage of their puzzlebox without social support, but it was not directly tested whether the solution was beyond the reach of individual children. We provide this missing asocial control condition, showing that children can reach the final stage of the puzzlebox without social support. We interpret these findings in the light of current understanding of cumulative culture: there are currently conflicting definitions of cumulative culture, which we argue can lead to drastically different interpretations of (these) experimental results. We conclude that the Dean et al. (Science 335:1114–1118, 2012) puzzlebox fulfils a process-focused definition, but does not fulfil the (frequently used) product-focused definition. Accordingly, the precise role of social support for the apparent taxonomic distribution of cumulative culture and its ontogeny warrants further testing. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

The study was funded by the Leverhulme Trust, the British Academy, the Max Planck Society, the Leakey Foundation, and the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement nos. 679787 and 283871) ; Adjusting communication to take into account information available to one's audience is routine in humans but is assumed absent in other animals, representing a recent development on the lineage leading to humans. This assumption may be premature. Recent studies show changes in primate alarm signaling to threats according to the receivers' risk. However, a classic problem in these and other perspective-taking studies is discerning whether signalers understand the receivers' mental states or simply are responding to their behavior. We designed experiments to exclude concurrent reading of the receivers' behavior by simulating receivers using prerecorded calls of other group members. Specifically, we tested whether wild chimpanzees emitted differing signals in response to a snake model when simulated receivers previously emitted either snake-related calls (indicating knowledge) or acoustically similar non-snake-related calls (indicating ignorance). Signalers showed more vocal and nonvocal signaling and receiver-directed monitoring when simulated receivers had emitted non-snake-related calls. Results were not explained by signaler arousal nor by receiver identity. We conclude that chimpanzees are aware enough of another's perspective to target information toward ignorant group members, suggesting that the integration of signaling and social cognition systems was already emerging in early hominoid lineages before the advent of more language-specific features, such as syntax. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Routledge via the DOI in this record ; This commentary reflects on what has been learnt from government and public health responses to COVID-19, suggesting a tension between 'business as usual' forms of public health in the face of crisis, and the possibilities for a step-change towards a 'healthy publics' approach. We set out a range of ways that diverse, multiple publics have been implicated or brought into being during the COVID-19 pandemic, and we argue that these have generally been ignored or erased by agents or agencies of public health, keen to preserve certainty in their messaging and public confidence in their authority. We conclude with five principles for re-organising pandemic responses around a richer, more context-dependent and diverse account of 'the public'.

Mit der Werkmonographie werden realisierte Projekte des Büros seit der Gründung im Jahr 1990 dokumentiert. Zugleich ist damit eine Selbstauskunft des Architekten Ulf Zimmermann über sein architektonisches Schaffen im Zeitraum 1963 -1990 verbunden. Das Buch zeigt somit Objekte, die von den unterschiedlichen materiellen, technischen und technologischen Möglichkeiten in zwei politisch divergierenden Systemen geprägt sind. Erfolgte unter den wirtschaftlichen Bedingungen der DDR eine Orientierung auf den Einsatz einfacher natürlicher Materialien, so bestimmten in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten hochwertige Industrieprodukte die äußere und innenräumliche Gestaltung der Gebäude. Sie werden in der zeitlichen Abfolge ihrer Realisierung vorgestellt, schließen Veränderungen und Entwicklungen des gestalterischen Vokabulars, als Ergebnis der Auseinandersetzung mit der Spezifik der jeweiligen Bauaufgabe und den örtlichen Gegebenheiten, ebenso ein, wie sie Überzeugungen und Orientierungen widerspiegeln, die als inhaltliches Konzept den einzelnen Projekten zugrunde liegen.

This book chapter describes a part of the results of the research "Diagnosis of open access from the web to the official publications of the public administration of Bogotá, Colombia", which aimed to strengthen transparency and confidence in public management from the identification of the main factors and difficulties that are presented when searching and access in an open way from the web to the official publications produced by the governmental institutions of Bogotá. Therefore, the research applied a qualitative methodology of exploratory scope; Compiled and produced information that allowed to analyze and explain what is an official publication, its production, edition, publication and bibliographic control during the Public Administration of Bogota from 2008 to 2012. The research concludes that the city government lacks a regulated definition which establishes the characteristics of form and content of official publications. This definition would allow to the different public administrations to base their planning, execution, monitoring, evaluation and accountability processes in a documentary format with adequate editorial and bibliographic standardization characteristics that guarantee the authenticity, integrity and validity of the content. Bogotá's official publishing system is centralized, focuses its publishing processes on generating publications mainly on paper, it does not have strategic objectives oriented to the publication in web environments and is not part of an open access policy.

This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy through EXC 2025/1 "Matters of Activity (MoA)" and by the "The Sound of Meaning (SOM)", Pu 97/22-1,"Brain Signatures of Communication (BraSiCo)", Pu 97/23-1, and "Phonological Networks (PhoNet)", Pu 97/25-1. K.M. was supported by the Berlin School of Mind and Brain and by the Onassis foundation. M.A was supported by the "SOMICS" ERC Synergy grant (nr.609819). M.B was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 749229. ; Theories on the evolution of language highlight iconicity as one of the unique features of human language. One important manifestation of iconicity is sound symbolism, the intrinsic relationship between meaningless speech sounds and visual shapes, as exemplified by the famous correspondences between the pseudowords 'maluma' vs. 'takete' and abstract curved and angular shapes. Although sound symbolism has been studied extensively in humans including young children and infants, it has never been investigated in non-human primates lacking language. In the present study, we administered the classic "takete-maluma" paradigm in both humans (N = 24 and N = 31) and great apes (N = 8). In a forced choice matching task, humans but not great apes, showed crossmodal sound symbolic congruency effects, whereby effects were more pronounced for shape selections following round-sounding primes than following edgy-sounding primes. These results suggest that the ability to detect sound symbolic correspondences is the outcome of a phylogenetic process, whose underlying emerging mechanism may be relevant to symbolic ability more generally. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

This research was supported by the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) / ERC grant agreement n° [609819], SOMICS. ; Recent years have seen a growing interest in the question of whether and how groups of nonhuman primates coordinate their behaviors for mutual benefit. On the one hand, it has been shown that chimpanzees in the wild and in captivity can solve various coordination problems. On the other hand, evidence of communication in the context of coordination problems is scarce. Here, we investigated how pairs of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) solved a problem of dynamically coordinating their actions for achieving a joint goal. We presented five pairs of chimpanzees with a turn-taking coordination game, where the task was to send a virtual target from one computer display to another using two touch-screens. During the joint practice of the game some subjects exhibited spontaneous gesturing. To address the question whether these gestures were produced to sustain coordination, we introduced a joint test condition in which we simulated a coordination break-down scenario: subjects appeared either unwilling or unable to return the target to their partner. The frequency of gesturing was significantly higher in these test trials than in the regular trials. Our results suggest that at least in some contexts chimpanzees can exhibit communicative behaviors to sustain coordination in joint action. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

A.R.L. was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 702137. ; Active voicing – voluntary control over vocal fold oscillation – is essential for speech. Nonhuman great apes can learn new consonant- and vowel-like calls, but active voicing by our closest relatives has historically been the hardest evidence to concede to. To resolve this controversy, a diagnostic test for active voicing is reached here through the use of a membranophone: a musical instrument where a player's voice flares a membrane's vibration through oscillating air pressure. We gave the opportunity to use a membranophone to six orangutans (with no effective training), three of whom produced a priori novel (species-atypical) individual-specific vocalizations. After 11 and 34 min, two subjects were successful by producing their novel vocalizations into the instrument, hence, confirming active voicing. Beyond expectation, however, within <1 hour, both subjects found opposite strategies to significantly alter their voice duration and frequency to better activate the membranophone, further demonstrating plastic voice control as a result of experience with the instrument. Results highlight how individual differences in vocal proficiency between great apes may affect performance in experimental tests. Failing to adjust a test's difficulty level to individuals' vocal skill may lead to false negatives, which may have largely been the case in past studies now used as "textbook fact" for great ape "missing" vocal capacities. Results qualitatively differ from small changes that can be caused in innate monkey calls by intensive months-long conditional training. Our findings verify that active voicing beyond the typical range of the species' repertoire, which in our species underpins the acquisition of new voiced speech sounds, is not uniquely human among great apes. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

Purchase of the sales data was funded by the Scottish Government as part of the wider Monitoring and Evaluating Scotland's Alcohol Strategy portfolio of studies. Funding to pay the Open Access publication charges for this article was provided by NHS Health Scotland. ; Aims: To highlight the importance of monitoring biases when using retail sales data to estimate population alcohol consumption. Methods: Previously, we identified and where possible quantified sources of bias that may lead to under- or overestimation of alcohol consumption in Scotland. Here, we update findings by using more recent data and by quantifying emergent biases. Results: Underestimation resulting from the net effect of biases on population consumption in Scotland increased from -4% in 2010 to -7% in 2013. Conclusion: Biases that might impact on the validity and reliability of sales data when estimating population consumption should be routinely monitored and updated. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed