Suchergebnisse

This article considers the impact that Transforming Rehabilitation has had upon Approved Premises (APs) since the process began following the publication of the National Probation Service Review Paper, E3 Blueprint (the three Es being Effectiveness, Efficiency and Excellence), in November 2015. This paper outlines what service delivery across the organisation will look like in the near future. At the time of writing we are in the consultation phase, which has yet to be concluded. I have drawn upon quality assurance information from a number of National Probation Service (NPS) North West Region Approved Premises documents published between 2009 and the dissolving of Probation Trusts in 2014. This has enabled some analysis of the efficacy of existing group work programmes and purposeful activities in place at each AP. The paper reflects the personal experiences of the author, including experiences from a previous change process, and how the initial transfer from Trusts to the NPS altered the practice and political landscape for an innovative and creative AP team. The paper concludes by considering the potential consequences for APs as their rehabilitative regimes will inevitably change. It considers how this could be a constructive process as each hostel is measured against quality improvement and assurance measures determined by an external body – the Royal College of Psychiatry (RCP). This is as a consequence of each hostel working towards or having achieved the RCP Enabling Environment Award (EEA) status, involving full team training in the Knowledge and Understanding Framework to better understand and respond to residents who have emerging or diagnosed personality disorders. Reaching and then retaining this EEA standard is likely to be an ongoing challenge. Refreshingly, creating an enabling environment demands high levels of engagement, coupled with the development of understanding, nurturing and caring relationships for residents and staff alike.

The article describes the system of historic preservation care provided to the architectural complex of outstanding historical value located on the Wawel Hill. The historic preservation supervision is organised in a very particular way, i.e. responsibilities of the Regional Historic Preservation Officer are delegated to the Head of the Wawel Royal Castle acting as Historic Preservation Officer of the Wawel Hill. His area of competence covers the entire Wawel Hill within the boundaries set forth in the register of historic monuments and sites (A-7), i.e. not only the museum premises and the land on which it is located (owned by the State Treasury) but also church facilities (including Wawel Cathedral) and hill slopes for which Cracow Municipality is responsible. It seems that there are sound reasons behind the scope of historic preservation supervision covering both movable (exhibit items) and immovable (architecture) properties. With regard to Wawel, it is also particularly important to keep this ensemble of great historical significance under joint historic preservation supervision. It is therefore not recommended for three separate bodies, i.e. the museum, the church, and the municipality, to be responsible for this group of historic monuments. This results from the fact that a standardised and uniform concept needs to be defined for this ensemble and a great number of problems pertaining to technical and conservation issues need to be solved comprehensively. Furthermore, this article details duties carried out by Historic Preservation Officer of the Wawel Hill and explores matters for which Regional Conservation Officer is responsible. The author is of the opinion that the organisation of the discussed historic preservation supervision may be a role model for other residences of great historical value and other protected ensembles used as museums.

Inviting questions about our emotional entanglement in relationship to childhood opens new space to think about how and why we construct the child in the way we do. I propose that the figure of the child stands in for our wishes, regrets and anxieties. And perhaps, one of the reasons we phantasize about childhood is because it can be used as a revolt against actual experience. Children, according to Steedman, are the most temporary of all social subjects and so are by their very nature impossible to capture. I suggest that the fascination with the inner world of the child acts as an antidote for lost memories and our inability to consciously access the emotional experiences of the past. To introduce these ideas, I begin with Maurice Sendak, author of Where the Wild Things Are, as provocation for thinking about the figure of the child. To explore this further, I have created a dialogue between Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein and Carolyn Steedman's discussion of the elusive history of child acrobats in Strange Dislocations. The narrative of Frankenstein's monster is considered in contrast to Shelley's ideas about childhood, hoping to animate tensions in her mythology. I also see the monster as a representation of the child, who then comes to represent childhood and exists as a figure beyond the page. Steedman's work acts as a tool to support the complicated process of thinking about a child figure, its manifestation and its purpose. Lear's ideas about loss and enigmatic objects find their way into the conversation as I attempt to build an understanding of how a timeless figure, and one without distinctions, can somehow help us when the concepts we use to function in the world have stopped making sense. Paradoxically, the child is both the concept we have lost and the enigmatic object that mobilizes our capacity to dream and search for the lost child.

Abstract
In the late nineteenth century European powers jockeyed for global prestige and lucrative colonies. Long-unclaimed tracts of Africa become imperial dependencies, Asian empires ceded ever more privileges and ports to foreigners who clamoured for free trade and special legal status, and German rule spread as far as the antipodes. But while the Kaiser harangued listeners about the threat posed by the 'gelbe Gefahr' (yellow peril), colonists in the far Pacific soon came to see the Germans themselves, and a motley cast of would-be European exploiters, as a far greater and more immediate danger to white settler dreams. Testimony to concerns raised by the European Other exists in the pages of neglected colonial newspapers, as well as in popular contemporary tales, like those published by the Sydney Bulletin. Two of these, 'Castro's Last Sacrament' and 'Dr Ludwig Schwalbe, South Sea Savant', are the focus of this study and they afford, in miniature, veritable voyages to a heart of darkness on the colonists' doorstep, and one decidedly generated by fertile European imaginations. A century before Edward Said, Albert Dorrington reveals through the antics of Castro and his peers the local operation of Orientalism, and the ways it masks and camouflages a peculiarly European heritage of imperial carnage and unbridled vengefulness. In the figure of Schwalbe, author Louis Becke provides a complementary dissection of the 'white man's burden' and the much-vaunted trappings of scientific knowledge. The allegedly philanthropic white man is shown to be deeply self-interested and insatiable. He not only abets the horrors he claims to abhor, but he arguably surpasses them. Together these tales afford a damning revelation of unpalatable European motives as well as a bleak vision of humankind, irrespective of race or clime, as scarcely removed from a cannibalistic, and thoroughly barbaric state.

This article presented as a review to the textbook of the Doctor of History Shakhalilov Shamansur, The History of International Relations: Driving Forces, Global Tendencies. Moscow State University Press, 2015. The author focuses readers attention on the regularities of formation, development and peculiarities of legal regulation of international relations, considers these relations as an ongoing, highly controversial and multidirectional developing process of the formation of the world system of States and international relations, explores the driving forces, events and phenomena, who had in his time, and many still have a decisive influence on international policy the leading powers of the world in the framework of nonlinear processes of globalization and the current, seriously flawed by today's standards, world order and system of international law. The article draws readers attention to everything presented in the tutorial main substantial characteristics and patterns of international relations in their historical context. Emphasizes the inadmissibility of violations of principles and norms of functioning of the traditional system of international law; analyses the factors of influence on the world trends of globalization processes is the gradual destruction of the boundaries between national and international levels of government and governance, the increasing role of supranational political actors. Attention is drawn to the increasing importance in international Affairs information and communication technologies and social networks, expanding the access of citizens to discuss government decisions on international issues. Article will help not only students, but all interested in the patterns, principles and features of international practices in different historical periods and in different civilization. Will foster in the reader a holistic view of the system of international relations and diplomatic activities, to learn, to understand the origins, motivations and basic principles of foreign policy in different historical and structural conditions, a deeper understanding of the relevant definitions, concepts, norms and traditions of international relations and the professional culture in diplomacy.

Belarusian drama and theatre in search of a cultural identity.In the present article an attempt to present the most important issues concerning identity discourse within Belarusian cultural and literary space has been made. The author of the article is particularly interested in Belarusian dramaturgic texts, which undoubtedly played an important role in forming cultural peculiarity of the Belarusian nation and, simultaneously, which account for an important voice in the discussion on Belarusians' national autonomy. Belarusian drama, so varied in its forms and language material, realising so many different themes and ideas and tackling such a wide range of problems, is not only helpful in searching for answers to a question where the roots of the Belarusian nation are, but it allows us to observe numerous conditionings not only cultural, but political and religious as well of the process of Belarusians' identity formation. Белорусские драматургия и театр в поисках культурной идентичности. Современные белорусские драматургия и театр формируются под влиянием исключительно непростой культурной ситуации. Гетерогенность белорусской культуры, слабая позиция белорусского языка, сложные принципы финансирования и управления культурой, а также тяжелая политическая реальность не создают благоприятных условий для формирования национальных ценностей, усложняя тем самым процесс национальной самоидентификации белорусов. Значительные изменения, произошедшие в пространстве белорусского театра и драматической литературы после 1991 года возникновение театров-студий, создание Республиканского театра белорусской драматургии «Свободная сцена», обращение к западноевропейской и белорусской экспериментальной драматургии, продвижение белорусской драматической литературы предыдущих эпох, к сожалению, оказались краткосрочными. Новая, постимперская действительность Белоруссии оказалась слишком сложной, полной идентичностных дилемм и не способствующей развитию оригинальных белорусских ценностей. В настоящее время тексты белорусскоязычных драматургов Алесь Петрашкевич, Сергей Ковалев, Алексей Дударев, Лявон Вашко, Игорь Сидарук все реже ставятся на белорусской сцене, на которой доминирует молодое поколение русскоязычных литераторов Павел Пряжко, Николай Халезин, Андрей Курейчик, Сергей Гиргель, Анатолий Шурпин, Константин Стешик, Андрей Карелин, Николай Рудковский, которые добиваются успехов также за пределами Белоруссии, прежде всего в России и Польше.

Purpose
There is almost a consensus amongst Muslim scholars that the most crucial problem faced by the Muslim world is in the prevailing ideas (including sanctification, archaism, the common paradigm, the absence of the role of the intellectual, etc.) which formulate people's thoughts and determine their options. There will not be a genuine renaissance of Islam without updating these ideas and emerging from the cocoon of the past. This can be done through a modern approach which would respond to the changes by looking towards the future rather than towards the past. This study aims to identify the intellectual aspects of this crisis and how this crisis has formed and influenced Islamic banking.


Design/methodology/approach
To analyse this crisis, the methodology called causal layered analysis (CLA) is used, which is drawn from the field of strategic foresight and designed by Inayatullah (2002). CLA is designed on the basis that the way to understand the nature of the problem will determine the proposed solutions, by diving through the surface phenomena of the problem to the depth of the "motors" of the crisis.


Findings
The author finds that Islamic banking is the offspring of its incubator ideas and reform, and the change and progress of Islamic banking can only deal with a critical approach of these ideas; Islamic banking promotes itself as an alternative to conventional banking, but this has not been achieved except on the level of form rather than substance; Islamic banking is a movement within a variable reality, and inertia in specific form and context will keep it in a state of crisis and may lead to its demise.


Originality/value
To the author's knowledge, this is the first study showing the roots of the ideas making up the fabric of banking in the Muslim world and the repercussions of intellectual crisis on Islamic banking.

Purpose. To characterize the financial condition of Regional Tourism Organizations (ROT) in Poland, including comparative analyzes of disparities in the level of funding for these organizations, and also to make the author attempt to identify the catalog of conditions of a financial nature surrounded by ROTs having impact on the level of the effective of their functioning. Method. Methods of research included desk research of written resources, together with ROT status (analysis of the structure of their aims) and in-depth analysis of data acquired during the author's own questionnaire research. The conclusions were made with the use of the deductive method, comparative analysis, and – to simplify the presentation of problems – the reduction method, as well as the authors' own observations. Findings. The study revealed strong differentiation and large disparities in the level and character of funding sources of ROTs which could be crucial in assessing the effectiveness of the organization. Research limitations and conclusions. The study involved 16 ROTs from a historical perspective, and survey research data were obtained from 15 organizations from 2013. Due to the difficulty of obtaining financial data, studies on sources of ROT financing in the period 2014- 2015 were not considered, which resulted in limited capacity to formulate opinions. The analysis allowed, however, to distinguish and outline patterns in the characteristics of financing ROTs and the conditions of financial nature in their environment affecting effective functioning. Practical implications. The research diagnoses the level and character of funding sources of ROTs, and allows for a practical comparison of the activities and operations of each organization. Originality. Thy analysis and identification of sources of financing conditions in the ROT environment directory , in the context of tourism policy issues, system of organization of tourism, the behaviors of organizations focused on obtaining sources of functioning. A specific ranking of the ROTs. Type of paper. The article presents the results of empirical research.

This article studies the influence of religion on political and social processes in Israel. Modern Israel is a complicated multi-ethnic and multi-religious society. Israel is home to over 8 million people and approximately a quarter of its citizens are non-Jews (Muslim Arabs and Christian Arabs, Druze, Bedouins, Circassians and etc.). In spite of the fact that the Israeli system of law provides "the complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex", many Arabs and other non-Jews citizens of the State are not really integrated into Israeli society and do not feel themselves full citizens of the State that seeks to position itself exclusively as a «Jewish State».In addition the tension between Israel's Middle Eastern and European identities is personified in the contradictions between Ashkenazim and Sephardim. There are also religious differences between Jews who identify themselves with the ultra-Orthodox, religious nationalists (so called "Hardelim" - an acronym of two words in Hebrew – "Hared" (ultra-orthodox) and "Leumi" (nationalist)), traditionalists and secular Jews. The article notes that the current «Likud» government supported by the religious parties actually strengthens the tendency to clericalization of Israeli political and social life.The author also makes an attempt to understand and analyze the basic historical, philosophical and religious aspects of the National-Religious trend in Israeli politics. This trend turned into a powerful force after a Jewish religious fanatic Yigal Amir had killed Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in 1995.The research reveals the forms and methods, aims and objectives of the Israeli official settlement policy, determines the attitude of the religious parties and groups towards the settlement movement and indicates a negative influence of the settlement factor on the Israeli-Palestinian negotiating process and political situation in the Middle East as well.

Article 57(1) of the Fiscal Criminal Code penalises a fiscal misdemeanour that consists in a taxpayer's persistent failure to pay tax on time. The element of 'persistence' is subject to assessment, giving rise to many doubts and controversies. As regards the offences described in Articles 209(1), 218(1a) and 190a(1) of the Criminal Code, an objective-subjective understanding of that element is prevalent, which takes into account the prolonged nature and repeatability of conduct in question, as well as the perpetrator's special, negative attitude to his obligation. It is emphasised, at the same time, that the persistence element is only established when the perpetrator has an objective possibility to fulfil his obligations. However, in its order of 28 November 2013, the Supreme Court adopted a partly different interpretation of 'persistence', according to which it may be indicated not only by the cyclic nature of the conduct, but also by a onetime, but prolonged, omission to pay a tax that is payable on a one-time basis. That interpretation has been criticised by many legal scholars. It is, nevertheless, frequently applied in the practice of the justice system. Following amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure, introduced by the Act of 27 September 2013 on amending the Code of Criminal Procedure and certain other acts, which came into force on 1 July 2015, evidence is taken, on principle, by the parties, after it is allowed by the division president or the court. The court may allow and take evidence exofficio only in exceptional cases justified by special circumstances. Currently, it is, therefore, the trial parties that are required to prove whether the 'persistence' element is present or absent. The amendment of the provisions concerned and the existing case law have induced the author to take up the issue in question.

My lecture is about the study of transforming peasantries, in two senses: both as the subjects, as well as the agents of societal transformation. The differential development performance of rural India and China is explained through stylised micro-comparisons drawn from longitudinal village, and synthetic field studies conducted by the author in both countries since the 1970s, highlighting the salience of contrasting rural institutional factors, using a string of binary contrasting features displayed by the Indian village vis-a-vis the collectives of rural China. The micro-cosmic comparison poses a puzzling paradox: Chinese rural development performance easily outstripped Indian achievements in the first three decades of its collectivist path, from 1949–1978, despite the upheavals associated with the Great Leap Forward and the large-scale famines of the time. But, if the initial conditions of the two countries were remarkably equivalent, and if the external factors, state macro and inter-sectoral policies were no more, and in some respects, considerably less favourable in China than in India, how can one explain the superior Chinese performance in the countryside virtually across the board for this early high-collectvism period that laid the foundations for the subsequent high-growth trajectory at the national level? Why did rural China pull ahead, why did India lag behind? The micro-cosmic comparisons of rural institutions are used to resolve this paradox. The answer lies in the crucial differentiated role of the institutional dimension in the two countries. Chinese advantage originates not in the market reforms era, but in the socialist period when the countryside was organised in rural collectives. In India, rural institutions were generally obstructive, sticky, and posed a constraint to policies of rapid transformation; in China, the institutional profile, far from setting a constraint, was itself converted into a policy instrumental variable, where institutional features were designed and periodically redesigned primarily using the criteria of their functional appropriateness for generating rural accumulation and growth.

A work of art – a link between the present and the past. History and patriotism in non-professional art In her article, the author discusses art of non-professional artists who shape the national identity in an original way. In the former professional art, the works which illustrated and uplifted history were very popular. This phenomenon is still present among folk, naive, intuitive artists, generally speaking – non-professionals. The work of their hands and imagination is a tool serving the purpose of national values and ideas, and is sometimes the basis for broader considerations on the human condition. They balance between historical facts and ahistorical generalities. The martyrdom of the Polish nation with emphasis on the events of WWII has been inspiring artists, stimulating their imagination and artistic creation. Therefore numerous 'monuments of patriotic art' can be found in the wood sculpture, ceramics, painting, and glass painting works from the art collection of the Toruń Maria Znamierowska-Prüfferowa Ethnographic Museum. Dzieło sztuki na granicy przeszłości i przyszłości. Historia i patriotyzm w sztuce nieprofesjonalnejW swoim artykule autorka prezentuje sztukę twórców nieprofesjonalnych, którzy w sposób oryginalny kształtują tożsamość narodową. W dawnej sztuce profesjonalnej dzieła, które ilustrowały i uwznioślały historię były bardzo popularne. To zjawisko jest nadal aktualne wśród twórców ludowych, naiwnych, intuicyjnych, ogólnie nazywając – nieprofesjonalnych. Dzieło ich rąk i wyobraźni jest narzędziem w służbie wartości i idei narodowych, a niekiedy stanowi podstawę do szerszych rozważań nad kondycją człowieka. Balansują oni między konkretem historycznym a ahistoryczną ogólnością. Martyrologia narodu polskiego z naciskiem na wydarzenia II wojny światowej inspirowała i inspiruje twórców, pobudza ich wyobraźnię i zmusza do twórczej kreacji. Stąd też zarówno w rzeźbie w drewnie, w ceramice, na obrazach, w malarstwie na szkle, w zbiorach sztuki toruńskiego Muzeum Etnograficznego im. Marii Znamierowskiej-Prűfferowej możemy odnaleźć bogatą reprezentację "pomników sztuki patriotyzmu".

The article presents a study of the EU energy policy regarding the exploration and production of shale gas and other unconventional fossil fuels using high-volume hydraulic fracturing, which the European Commission has developed since 2011. The author gives answers to the following questions: what are the factors making it inevitable for the EU to work out special energy policy in this sphere, and what is the essence of this policy; what the European Commission considers to be positive results of the EU energy development; what is the energy-related sore point of the EU economy? The European Commission activity for constructing the basis of the EU energy policy in the above-mentioned sphere was provoked and stimulated by the shale gas revolution – spectacular success of the USA and a number of countries, which followed them, in enhancing their national energy security due to the implementation of advanced technologies in shale gas exploration and extraction. In 2012–2013, the European Commission hold an online public consultation "Unconventional Fossil Fuels (e.g. Shale Gas) in Europe" which addressed relevant stakeholders representing oil and gas industry, national and local authorities, environmentalists, geologists, scientists, experts in industrial risks, and was aimed at taking account of their concerns and views on the shale gas production in the EU Member States in its upcoming work. According to the consultation results, a large majority of all respondents share the view that «the EU should take some action: "doing nothing" was the least favored option, ... and… there are important information needs associated with unconventional fossil fuels exploration and extraction, and… potential challenges should be addressed with appropriate measures». In 2014, the European Commission, stimulated by the support of public at large, activated its efforts and presented initiatives laying down the foundations of the EU energy policy in the sphere of shale gas and other unconventional fossil fuels exploration and production in the EU Member States.

1. Introduction / Erik S. Reinert, Rainer Kattel and Jayati Ghosh -- Part I development thinking across history and geography -- 2. Giovanni Botero (1588) and Antonio Serra (1613): Italy and the birth of development economics / Erik S. Reinert -- 3. Economic emulation and the politics of international trade in early modern Europe / Sophus A. Reinert -- 4. Cameralism and the German tradition of development economics / Erik S. Reinert and Philipp R. Rössner -- 5. Friedrich List: from "spiritual" and competitive power to collaboration / Arno Mong Daastøl -- 6. Kathedersozialismus and the German historical school / Wolfgang Drechsler -- 7. Chinese development thinking / Ting Xu -- 8. The economic cycle of imperial China and its development / Xuan Zhao -- 9. The Islamic world and capitalism / Ali Kadri -- 10. Unity and diversity in the Ottoman school of national economy: a reappraisal of Ziya Gökalp and Ethem Nejat / Eyüp Özveren, Mehmet Salih Erkek and Hüseyin Safa Ünal -- 11. Development thinking in India / Goddanti Omkarnath -- 12. Latin american structuralism: the co-evolution of technology, structural change and economic growth / Mario Cimoli and Gabriel Porcile -- 13. Revisiting the debate on national autonomous development in Africa / Issa G. Shivji -- 14. Development as the struggle for liberation from hegemonic structure of domination and control / Yash Tandon -- 15. The League of Nations and alternative economic perspectives / Carolyn N. Biltoft -- 16. The Havana charter: when state and market shake hands / Jean-Christophe Graz -- 17. The UNCTAD system of political economy / Ricardo Bielschowsky and Antonio Carlos Macedo E Silva -- Part II approaches to understanding development -- 18. Marxist theory and the "underdeveloped economies" / Prabhat Patnaik -- 19. Economic development as an evolutionary process / Richard B. Nelson -- 20. Classical development economists of the mid-20th century / Rainer Kattel, Jan A. Kregel and Erik S. Reinert -- 21. Development and régulation theory / Robert Boyer -- 22. The "dependency school" and its aftermath: why Latin America's critical thinking switched from one type of "absolute certainties" to another / José Palma -- 23. Feminist approaches to development / Maria Sangrario Floro -- 24. Reading Freeman when ladders for development are gone / Rodrigo Arocena and Judith Sutz -- 25. Albert O. Hirschman / Michele Alacevich -- 26. Michal Kalecki / Jayati Ghosh -- Part III issues in development -- 27. The agrarian question and trajectories of economic transformation: a perspective from agrarian south / Sam Moyo, Praveen Jha and Paris Yeros -- 28. The effective demand approach to economic development / Jan A. Kregel -- 29. Development planning / C.p. Chandrasekhar -- 30. The Nordic route to development / Lars Mjøset -- 31. Competitiveness and development: a Schumpeterian approach / Mehdi Shafaeddin -- 32. Innovation systems and development: history, theory and challenges / Bengt-Åke Lundvall -- 33. Latecomer industrialisation / John A. Mathews -- 34. The developmental state in the late 20th century / Elizabeth Thurbon and Linda Weiss -- 35. Development, ecology and the environment / Edward B. Barbier and Jacob P. Hochard -- 36. Competition, competition policy, competitiveness, globalisation and development / Ajit Singh -- 37. Knowledge governance: intellectual property management for development and the public interest / Leonardo Burlamaqui -- 38. Legal structures and economic development / Jürgen G. Backhaus -- 39. Deindustrialisation and premature deindustrialisation / Fiona Tregenna -- 40. The post-Soviet industrial extinctions and the rise of jihadi terrorism in the north Caucasus / Georgi Derluguian -- 41. Epilogue: the future of economic development between utopias and dystopias / Sylvi Endresen, Ioan Ianos, Erik S. Reinert and Andrea Saltelli.

This book examines modern Iran through an interdisciplinary cultural analysis in order to study the nature of the national economic system, the institutional environment, and the political and power structure of the country. The goal is to underline strengths and weaknesses of Iranian society as a whole, using an approach based on the critical theory of society. This enables us to confront-and live up to-what Iran's history and culture have taught us. The book is divided into eight chapters beginning with the introductory chapter that offers an overview of the core arguments developed. The second chapter covers Iranian national character attributes, determining what constitutes an Iranian Mind-set and how they have been affected by both historical events in Iran. This chapter also highlights the lack of cohesiveness in Iranian society, namely, the absence of togetherness in relation to nation-state building and emphasizes the essential role of Islam in revealing the national consciousness of Iranians. The third chapter discusses the claim that Iranians have failed to learn from past events and hardships and continue to endure same flaws, and also concludes that Iran has repeatedly borrowed notions and ideas from the West that are unrelated to local conditions. These ideas may have worked in other areas of the world, but do not necessarily apply to the culture and environment of Iran. Finally, the chapter discusses the importance of education and literacy among the general Iranian population. Chapter four provides an analysis of the Iranian Cultural Identity from an historical perspective. In the fifth chapter, the author offers a historical analysis of the Persian resistance to the Arab Invasion, and conversely, the impact of Persian language and culture on Islamic civilization. The chapter also emphasizes the importance of language as a resistance tool, particularly as a resistance to the Arab Invasion. Chapter six commences with a detailed discussion on the Qajar period, followed by the Constitutional Revolution from a historical point of view. The final chapter contains an overview of contemporary Iranian economy, and it describes the nature of the Iranian economy in terms of already recognized economic system categorizations, a market and planned economic system