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This study discusses about digital era marked by the advancement of knowledge and innovation in the field of Technology, Information and Communication (ICT) which has provided major changes to all aspects of life, especially in economy. ASEAN as a regional cooperation in the Southeast Asia region, currently as an emerging market in e-commerce competition, especially for Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam (ASEAN-6). Based on this phenomenon, my research question is, how are ASEAN-6's efforts in facing of e-commerce liberalization in the digital era in line with the ASEAN framework (AEC Blueprint 2015 & 2025, ASEAN ICT Masterplan and ASEAN Digital Integration). This research use the theory of trade liberalization, the concept of economic integration and the concept of digital economics to be able to examine the phenomenon of e-commerce liberalization in ASEAN-6. The various literature reviewed by the author shows that the growth of e-commerce is influenced by four factors, namely: 1) internet infrastructure; 2) electronic payment system; 3) shipping services that has a wide coverage; 4) government policy framework in each ASEAN-6 country. In addition, there are several obstacles found including: 1) the geographical location of each ASEAN-6 country that affects the process of developing the internet infrastructure; 2) issues of personal data protection and cyber security related to electronic payment systems; 3) effectiveness and efficiency of the existence of shipping services, especially shipping between countries; and 4) policy discrepancies between countries. This study concludes that as a regional organization in Southeast Asia, ASEAN continues to strive to harmonize regulations among member countries, form a framework of cooperation and other agendas to be able to harmonize the development of ICT, especially the growth of e-commerce. The fundamental difference from this study with previous studies is that there have been no studies that examine e-commerce liberalization ...

In this essay I argue that Guaman Poma de Ayala strategically used demonology-related discourses to negatively represent the consumption of coca in the Andean world. Said this, the native chronicler also claimed that the use of this plant did not hinder the orderly development of the viceroyalty. I propose that Guaman Poma's strategy intends to confrm that coca did not prevent the Incas to govern the viceroyalty of Peru along with the Spaniards. By means of demonology-related discourses, the author most likely gained the sympathy of his Christian readers. At the same time, however, he started a way to look at Inca society andits use and consumption of coca in a positive light when talking about economic and civil matters. This strategy allowed him to defend the idea that the incas were able to use political power along with the Spaniards without any conflict with European theological principles. ; En este ensayo, argumento que Guaman Poma de Ayala utilizó estratégicamente discursos demonológicos para representar de manera peyorativa la utilización de la coca en el mundo andino. No obstante, en algunos pasajes de su obra, el cronista andino arguye que un empleo regulado de este arbusto no impide que el virreinato se desarrolle ordenadamente. Propongo que la estrategia guamanpomiana consiste en afirmar que esta planta no impide que los incas gobiernen el virreinato de Perú mano a mano con los españoles. Al utilizar discursos demonológicos, el cronista atrae hacia sí la simpatía de sus lectores cristianos; sin embargo, simultáneamente pone en marcha procedimientos que retratan positivamente la sociedad inca y su uso regulado de la coca en contextos económicos y civiles. Dicha estrategia le permitió defender la idea deque los incas tenían la capacidad de ejercer el poder político junto con los españoles, sin entrar en conflicto directo con los presupuestos teológicos europeos.

In the "Good Government", the second part of his chronicle, Guaman Poma presents some of the most detailed and vivid descriptions of colonial power in the Andes. This essay looks at such descriptions from two points of view: (i) the great gap between what should have been (good behavior) and the frequent social action of authorities related to this, and (ii) the condemnation of violence against the Indians, violence manifested in physicial punishment, theft, labor abuses, rape, verbal threats, among others. The author refers to two vices to explain violence as a consequence of colonial power: greed and lust. Departing from the social problems that Guaman Poma reveals in his chronicle, this essay pays attention to the representation of the Indian body as a place for the execution of colonial power and the ambivalent role of sexuality. ; En la segunda sección de su obra, denominada "Buen gobierno", Guaman Poma nos ofrece algunas de las más detalladas y vívidas descripciones del funcionamiento del poder colonial. Este ensayo revisa dichas interacciones a partir de dos perspectivas complementarias: (i) la inmensa brecha entre el "deber ser" y la acción social frecuente de esas autoridades; (ii) la condena a la violencia ejercida contra los indios, la cual adoptaba las fguras del castigo físico, el robo, la explotación laboral, la violación sexual, la amenaza verbal, entre otras. La explicación de esta violencia como ejercicio del poder colonial se solía representar con dos vicios: codicia y lujuria. A partir de la problemática social que la obra de Guaman Poma revela, me interesadestacar la función que desempeñó la representación del cuerpo de los indios como un espacio en el que se materializaba el poder colonial, así como el ambivalente rol de la sexualidad en dicha dinámica.

The concept of ecocracy in the legal system in Indonesia is contained in the constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, particularly in Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. With this concept nature is protected, citizens obtain the right to the environment and sustainable development is realized. But in practice, the concept is not easy to realize because environmental problems in Indonesia are alarming. One concern related to the environment is forest and land fires that are difficult to control. The government as the organizer of the state, especially in the context of ensuring the protection, enforcement and fulfillment of the right to the environment, fails to realize that concept. The existence of a citizen lawsuit with a citizen lawsuit mechanism in the case of forest and land fires in Central Kalimantan is a form of concern, concern and demands of citizens so that their rights to the environment are guaranteed, protected and enforced. In this paper the authors analyze the Putusan MA Nomor 3555K PDT 2018. The purpose of this study was to determine the position of citizen lawsuit in legal arrangements in Indonesia, how to enforce environmental law, specifically handling forest fires in the presence of citizen claims through citizen lawsuit mechanisms and how to embody the concept of natural sovereignty ecocracy after citizen lawsuits through citizen lawsuit mechanisms from the issuance of Putusan MA Nomor 3555 K PDT 2018. The method used in this study is research with socio legal methods. In accordance with that method, the authors conducted an analysis with legal hermeneutics. The author found the decision of the Putusan MA Nomor 3555 K PDT 2018 showing that the law is in favor of the environment, the acceptance of citizens' claims through a citizen lawsuit mechanism and efforts to uphold the concept of an ecocracy.

Under study here is punishment according to criminal legislation of West Germany. Custodial sentence exists in three forms: short period ( from one to six months), periodic ( from six months to fifteen years) and life sentence. Mulctary punishment is prescribed daily and the amount of the fine depends on and is calculated according to a pure income ( varies from 2 to 10 000 DM). The author focuses on the examination of one of the kinds of criminal punishment such as property fine that was included into the Criminal Code of West Germany in 1992. ; Аналіз кримінального законодавства будь-якої країни, у тому числі й законодавства про покарання, слід починати з оцінки загальної концепції цього законодавства та правових ідей, що лежать в його основі. При цьому важливо виділити три ознаки. Перша — відповідність норм та інститутів конкретного законодавства принципам законності, котрі за своєю суттю повинні захищати загальнолюдські, гуманістичні цінності. Такі, наприклад, "nullum crimen sine lege" — "немає злочину без вказівки на те в законі", "nullum crimen sine culpa" — "немає злочину без вини", "cogitationis poenam nemo partitur" — "думки не караються", "ne bis in idem" — "не можна карати двічі за одне й те ж", презумпція невинності, покладання тягара доведення на органи звинувачення та ін. Друга ознака: ступінь реалізації кримінальним законодавством конституційних принципів, пов'язаних з дотриманням прав особистості. Третя — відповідності кримінальних законів конкретної країни міждержавним угодам та міжнародно-правовим актам. Четверта ознака: ступінь відповідності законодавства, його судового та доктринального тлумачення найбільш прогресивним вченням кримінального права. П'ята — ступінь логічної непротирічності всередині кримінально-правових систем, узгодженості їх Загальної та Особливої частин, а також всередині цих частин. У необхідних випадках необхідно застосовувати і порівняльний метод, який допомагає не лише виявити проблеми в конкретному законодавстві, а й краще розуміти характерні особливості свого законодавства — (1). Саме з урахуванням всіх цих ознак будуть проаналізовані вказані питання німецького кримінального покарання.

This research paper offers a critical analysis about schooling strategies and procedures of systematization of experiences, one of the most commonly quoted social intervention proposals in Latin American popular education today. The revision of reports of systematization written or managed by people who promote it in Colombia pursued the objective of clarifying what has been understood by experience, which experience has been systematized and the effects this practice has had in marginalized population whom has been guided from last decades of twenty century. Furthermore, the interest of the researcher is depicting the features this social intervention comprises in terms of transnational government, modern subject ideal and the epistemological difficulties of trying to recover and to produce alternative knowledge from enlightened thoughts. In this sense, and since this research opens a problematization field of social interventions that proceed from both the academy and the Others, the author highlights the need of contributing to the modernity/coloniality debate by inquiring this and similar practices. ; El artículo de investigación ofrece un análisis crítico de las estrategias y procedimientos de escolarización de la sistematización de experiencias, una de las propuestas de intervención social más citadas de la educación popular en América Latina hoy. A partir de la revisión de informes de sistematización escritos y/o dirigidos por quienes han hablado de dicha propuesta y la promueven en Colombia, y con el objetivo de aclarar qué se ha entendido por experiencia, cuál se ha sistematizado y qué efectos ha tenido dicha práctica en la población marginada a la que se ha dirigido desde finales del siglo XX, interesa describir el tipo de gobierno transnacional que comporta, el ideal de sujeto moderno al que apela y las dificultades epistemológicas que comprende el intento de asir conocimientos alternativos desde plataformas ilustradas. En este sentido, y dado que esta investigación inaugura un campo de ...

One of the most innovative traits of Hannah Arendt's thought is her original conception of political power. In opposition to the Western philosophical-political tradition, the author develops a positive notion of power, as the result of collective action, while she dissociates power from violence. This article aims to present an analysis of the Arendtian concept of power and a detailed reconstruction of its genesis. In particular, I will examine the link between the elaboration of the concept of power, the critique of Plato's Political Philosophy and the interpretation of the classical Greek world. In this way, I will demonstrate how the polis works in her thought as a conceptual laboratory for the renewal of the modern political categories. ; Uno de los rasgos más innovadores del pensamiento de Hannah Arendt se halla en su original concepción del poder político. En oposición a la tradición filosófico-política occidental, la autora rescata una noción positiva de poder, como resultado de la acción colectiva, mientras que desvincula poder y violencia. Este artículo presenta un análisis del concepto arendtiano de poder y una reconstrucción detallada de su génesis en el pensamiento de Arendt. En particular, se examina el vinculo entre la elaboración alrededor del poder, la crítica de la filosofía platónica y la interpretación del mundo griego clásico. De esta manera, se procura demostrar como la polis representa, en la obra arendtiana, un laboratorio conceptual para la renovación las categorías políticas modernas.* * El presente trabajo ha sido llevado a cabo gracias a la obtención de una Ayuda Juan de la Cierva-formación (2017) concedida por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades y la consecuente incorporación en el Grupo de investigación "Historia y ontología del presente: la perspectiva hispana" de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, dirigido por el Prof. José Luis Villacañas. Agradezco a Víctor Caleya su atenta revisión del texto.

The paper was presented at the German Historical Institute Moscow on 17 October 2019. The author summarizes the development and key results of recent official history on German public authorities. It shows, that over the past about ten years, historians in Germany have focused intensively on the history of the origins of federal ministries and agencies after the Second World War. Relevant research projects have already been initiated for more than 20 government authorities. Their focus is, on the one hand, to provide confirmed knowledge about personal and conceptual continuities with authorities before 1945. On the other hand, they examine the effects of such continuity on official duties in post-war years. Most recently, in a comparative perspective GDR-ministries were also included in this field of research. The paper gives an overview of these main research perspectives and summarizes key findings. The second part of the paper is dedicated to the research project concerning the history of the Federal Intelligence Service (BND), presents the project genesis and first results. It unveils the approaches that have been applied in order to get insights into the cryptic structure, the personnel networks and the clandestine action of the intelligence agency. For this purposes, previously inaccessible intelligence records were disclosed and examined for the first time. Regarding this completely new information basis, the paper concludes by presenting a cultural-historical approach to write a modern official history of the BND. It shows that actions and organisational change can be explored by a combined perspective that reflects internal beliefs and interests as well as the political goal of securing a position for the BND in the emerging West German state. This approach allows to contextualize different recent research results and to classify the manifold continuities of the early BND to its past. ; Der Vortrag wurde am 17. Oktober 2019 am Deutschen Historischen Institut Moskau präsentiert. Darin fasst der Autor die ...

Macedonian kings kept close bonds with the divine sphere. They considered themselves as Heraklids (and, in consequence, they traced back their lineage to Zeus himself) and the kingship kept noteworthy religious functions. Philip II made wide use of this religious side and it became a key element of his public image and propaganda, both inside and outside the kingdom of Macedonia. It was especially important the relation Philip established with Panhellenic shrines, like Delphi and Olympia, in close connection with his aspiration for hegemony all over Greece. Philip also regarded his coinage as useful political tools and the religious motives engraved are very telling about the king's claims and objectives. Originally published in Ancient Macedonia / Archaia Makedonia VI (Papers Read at the Sixth International Symposium held in Thessaloniki by the Institute of Balkan Studies (Greece): Le Bohec 2002a. Published in Karanos by kind permission of the author and the Institute for Balkan Studies. ; Los reyes macedonios mantuvieron estrechos vínculos con la esfera divina. Se consideraban a sí mismos como Heraclidas (y, en consecuencia, remontaban su linaje al mismo Zeus) y la realeza mantuvo funciones religiosas notables. Filipo II hizo un amplio uso de esta vertiente religiosa y se convirtió en un elemento clave de su imagen pública y propaganda, tanto dentro como fuera del reino de Macedonia. Fue especialmente importante la relación que estableció Filipo con los santuarios panhelénicos, como Delfos y Olimpia, en estrecha conexión con su aspiración de hegemonía en toda Grecia. Filipo también consideró sus monedas como herramientas políticas útiles y los motivos religiosos grabados son muy reveladores sobre las pretensiones y objetivos del rey. Originalmente publicado en Ancient Macedonia / Archaia Makedonia VI (Papers Read at the Sixth International Symposium held in Thessaloniki by the Institute of Balkan Studies (Greece). Publicado por Karanos gracias al periso de la autora y del Institute for Balkan Studies.

© The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Semper, S., Pickart, R. S., Vage, K., Larsen, K. M. H., Hatun, H., & Hansen, B. The Iceland-Faroe slope jet: a conduit for dense water toward the Faroe Bank Channel overflow. Nature Communications, 11(1), (2020): 5390, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19049-5. ; Dense water from the Nordic Seas passes through the Faroe Bank Channel and supplies the lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, a critical component of the climate system. Yet, the upstream pathways of this water are not fully known. Here we present evidence of a previously unrecognised deep current following the slope from Iceland toward the Faroe Bank Channel using high-resolution, synoptic shipboard observations and long-term measurements north of the Faroe Islands. The bulk of the volume transport of the current, named the Iceland-Faroe Slope Jet (IFSJ), is relatively uniform in hydrographic properties, very similar to the North Icelandic Jet flowing westward along the slope north of Iceland toward Denmark Strait. This suggests a common source for the two major overflows across the Greenland-Scotland Ridge. The IFSJ can account for approximately half of the total overflow transport through the Faroe Bank Channel, thus constituting a significant component of the overturning circulation in the Nordic Seas. ; Support for this work was provided by the Bergen Research Foundation Grant BFS2016REK01 (S.S. and K.V.), the U.S. National Science Foundation Grants OCE-1558742 and OCE-1259618 (R.S.P.), the Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities (K.M.H.L., H.H., and B.H.) and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement 727852 (Blue-Action) (K.M.H.L., H.H., and B.H.).

Walking West centres on a dérive by the author along Denver's Colfax Ave, the "longest , wickedest street in America", with this paper an account of that dérive and its resulting artwork. Walking West comprised walking the length of Colfax in a single continuous movement while drawing a line on the sidewalk, tracing the route with a GPS device, while a satellite photograph captured the entire length of the street in a single image during the performance. The project additionally involved an outdoor screening of a film documenting the performance on prairie lands near Denver, and a gallery exhibition of a large-scale print (33x2m) of the satellite photograph and a film of the event. The very act of walking has become marginalized in many American cities, yet by walking we can experience the city itself, at a human pace, as a space of discovery and encounter. The symbolic act of walking Colfax acted both as a lens to focus discussion on the role of the street in the cultural, social and political life of Denver, and as psychogeographic exposition of the urban ambiance, whilst acknowledging the interlocking multi-scalar hybrid nature of digitally mediated urban space, from embodied street-level action to the technological assemblages of surveillance satellites. Walking West is rooted in a Situationist understanding of the dérive as research method; a exposition of the city's psychogeography. However, this was not a pure drift, as it set itself strict parameters that owe more to a tradition of durational performance art whilst maintaining an awareness of the psychogeographic contours of the street. The paper suggests this hybridity asserts the continued validity of the dérive as research method within artistic research, through reflecting on the practice of the walk, its art outcomes, and the future directions it suggests.

The present reading of The Crystal Orchestra (1976) focuses on characterizing the poetics of the abigarrated and its resources. The hyperrethoric, the kitsch and the conceptual humor are textual strategies that show the transgressive and exploratory character of the trilogy of novels that Enrique Lihn dedicated to the rhetoric of power. The narrative voice of Lihn exhibits a sensitivity characterized by the piled up and inharmonic, a multiplicity of colors and heterogeneous materials united without concert. Lihn builds a speech marked by political violence, censorship and self-censorship. In the novel, the author parodies not only politicians and authority figures, but also the cultural field of the moment and its pseudo art. This work exposes an experimental and polyphonic narrative, capable of generating atmospheres in which the detritus appears as the maximum realization of the Latin American intellect once this was dominated by the dictatorship and a public trained by monuments to bad taste. ; La presente lectura de La orquesta de cristal (1976) se enfoca en caracterizar la poética de lo abigarrado y sus recursos. La hiperretórica, el kitsch y el humor conceptual son estrategias textuales que dan cuenta del carácter transgresor y exploratorio de la trilogía de novelas que Enrique Lihn dedicó a la retórica del poder. La voz narrativa del chileno expone una sensibilidad caracterizada por lo amontonado e inarmónico, una multiplicidad de colores y materiales heterogéneos unidos sin concierto. Lihn construye un habla marcada por la violencia política, la censura y autocensura. En la novela, el autor parodia no sólo a políticos y figuras de autoridad, sino también al campo cultural del momento y su seudo arte. Este trabajo expone una narrativa experimental y polifónica, capaz de generar atmósferas en que el detritus aparece como la máxima realización del intelecto latinoamericano, al ser sometido por la dictadura y un público adiestrado por monumentos al mal gusto.

Historical development of cyber warfare follows three major historical periods: first period follows the technological advances of information technology during the 1980s until the end of the Cold War in 1990, second period is from the end of the Cold War to the terrorist attacks in United States during 11-th september 2001 year and the third period is from the terrorist attacks in United States during 11-th september 2001 year onwards. Each of the mentioned historical periods follows a specific doctrine and strategy of dealing with the national security threats from cyberspace. The world super powers and the world states, introduce appropriate strategies and national policies to deal with the consequences of this kind of warfare. Expression of cyberspace is linked to a short story titled "Burning Chrome" in the 1982 year written by American author William Gibson. In the following years, this word turned out to be conspicuously related to online PC systems. According to NATO, people are part of cyberspace. According to this, NATO defines that cyberspace is more than just internet, including not only hardware, software and information systems, but also peoples and social interaction with these networks. The first cyber warfare weapon ever known in history was Stuxnet. Stuxnet's objective was to physically annihilate a military target. Stuxnet has contaminated more than 60,000 PCs around the world, mostly in Iran. While international cooperation is essential, each nation should in near future develop a National foundation, its own national cyber security strategy, authorities and capabilities. Every nation state, should require effective coordination and cooperation among governmental entities at the national and sub-national levels as well as the private sector and civil society. The main hypothesis of this paper is to present the historical development and perspectives of cyber warfare and accordingly propose the best legal concepts, national doctrines and strategies for dealing with this modern type of warfare.

The article makes a theoretical review of the evolution of the problem of democratic institutions in recent democracies, presenting the standard approaches to study the relationship between political regime and public policy. It is argued that academics have stopped treating democracy from a perspective focused on the components of the political regime to concentrate on the functioning of political institutions in relation to state management. The essay examines three aspects of this new wave of research: mainstream political economy, the approach of informal institutions, and the perspective of political agreements. The review pays particular attention to the place that these three approaches give organizations as political actors. The author concludes by presenting the implications of his theoretical evolution for an empirical research agenda that can be developed from the confluence between political economy and organizational studies. ; El artículo hace una revisión teórica de la evolución del problema de las instituciones democráticas en las democracias recientes, con el objetivo de presentar al lector los enfoques estándar para estudiar la relación entre régimen político y política pública. Se argumenta que los académicos han dejado de tratar a la democracia desde una perspectiva centrada en los componentes del régimen político, para enfocarse en el funcionamiento de las instituciones políticas con relación a la gestión estatal. El ensayo examina tres vertientes de esa nueva ola de investigaciones: la economía política mainstream, el enfoque de las instituciones informales y la perspectiva de los acuerdos políticos. El examen pone particular atención al lugar que los tres enfoques otorgan a las organizaciones como actores políticos. El autor concluye presentando las implicaciones de esa evolución teórica para una agenda de investigación empírica que podría desarrollarse a partir de la confluencia entre la economía política y los estudios organizacionales. ; O artigo faz uma revisão teórica da evolução do ...

ABSTRACT: The eminent representative of the modern Japanese literature, writer and translator, famous face of postmodernism, Haruki Murakami has started to play an important role in the national literature with his works since the begging of 1990s. The works of Haruki Murakami reflects a large period of Japanese way of thinking in the age of globalization. With his own specific direction of writing, he is one of the writers who have directly contributed to the development of the world postmodern literature, along with the Japanese literature. Introduced to the readers in 1982, the novel of "A Wild Sheep Chase" has laid the foundation of the postmodern style of Murakami. Combining the main characteristics of postmodernism such as chaos, synthesis, montage, collage, meta-story and etc., the novel links the alienation of an individual in the Japanese society to the nature of consumer culture and authoritarian-totalitarian regimes. Alienation, which is a characteristic for political ideology regimes aims at alienating individuals from the society, nature and from even themselves, their own true essence. The author has written down the process of a human turning into a post-human as a result of not tolerating to the pressures aiming to fit them into standardizing molds and depriving them from their differentiating characteristics. The unnamed hero of the novel, Boku looks for the meaning of the existence in his world that is full of questions. This search takes him back to the times before his birth. In order to find an answer, Boku looks for something to help him to leave the reality behind. As a result, he falls into a chaos, where people move in the directions that they have not chosen and do things that they do not desire, as well where the free will does not have any meaning.