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Th e article is devoted to the systematization of modern theoretical views on the role of institutions in social development. Th e relevance of the topic is determined by the need for a thorough analysis of modern views on the role and place of institutions in social development in the conceptualization of diff erent approaches to the development of institutional theory. Th e novelty of the work lies in the substantiation of the directions of use in domestic science and practice of modern approaches to institutionalism in general and various institutions in particular in order to improve the economic and social development of the country, its regions and communities. Th e purpose of the article is to summarize the main latest theoretical views on institutional theory and the practical use of its components in the formation of state development policy in various spheres of public life. Іn the process of preparing the article, such basic research methods as systematic and multidisciplinary, as well as comparative analysis were used, the joint application of which allowed to fully explore and generalize the multifaceted and complex nature of the components of institutional theory and its use. Scientifi c approaches to key components of institutional theory are considered. Th e main characteristics of the concept of institutions as a common phenomenon in the social, political and economic spheres are highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the coordinating role of institutions, the importance of studying the impact on public policy-making of both formal and informal institutions. Th e approach to the analysis of institutions from the point of view of rational and sociological behavioral models is systematized. Various scientifi c interpretations of institutional theory on an interdisciplinary basis — from the point of view of organizational institutionalism, institutional economics and comparative institutionalism — are characterized and analyzed. Th e author identifi ed provisions of these theoretical approaches, which seem relevant and are of greatest interest to scientists, politicians, practitioners in the framework of institutional analysis. In particular, the importance of socially responsible investment in the development of person, separate territory, country as a whole, as interconnected and interdependent processes that characterize the development of self-regulation of the business environment as a form of informal institutions. It is found that from the point of view of formation and implementation of public policy by authorities of diff erent territorial levels, it is important to use the ideas of comparative institutionalism, in particular on the mutual conditionality and interdependence of institutions in diff erent spheres of public life. Th e generalization of research on the implementation by countries of various institutional forms for the improvement of development policy is out, on the basis of which the importance of complementarity of institutions, dialectically interconnected, is determined. In this context, the key functions of institutions that are critical for the formation and implementation of development policy are described. Th e introduction of such an approach to evaluating the eff ectiveness of institutions as "institutional distance" is analyzed.

Актуальность статьи обусловлена тем, что на современном этапе стоит проблема трансформации процессов профессиональной социализации и межличностного взаимодействия в контексте развития ценностно-смысловых образований личности, обусловливающих поиск технологий, способных кардинально изменить положение дел в современном образовании в направлении его гуманизации. Цель статьи - раскрыть человекоориентированные приоритеты образования под когнитивным углом зрения, в котором гуманистическая когниция предстает как система метарегулятивов, обеспечивающих подготовку высококвалифицированных кадров в сочетании с их интеллектуальным и культурным развитием. В качестве методологической основы исследования рассматривается социо-когнитивный подход как теоретико-методологическая стратегия, детерминирующая и развивающая смысловые образования и ценностные преобразования личности с целью формирования ее человекообразующих и социальных качеств в процессе социокультурного взаимодействия. В статье приводятся авторские определения концепта как универсалии, проявляющейся в культуре, образующей систему личностных ценностей обучающихся; личностной концептосферы как человекоориентированного ядра, составляющего сущность личностно-профессиональной картины образа мира. Автор раскрывает значимость когнитивно-ориентированных технологий, способствующих развитию личностной концептосферы, формированию когнитивных способностей и развивающих воображение и ассоциативное мышление обучающихся в их единстве. В качестве инструментария, обеспечивающего ценностное осознание и смысловую регуляцию на основе интеграции когниций и эмоций субъектов образования, рассматривается эмоциональный интеллект как связующее звено развития гуманистических смыслов, ценностного осознания, понимания и регуляции когниций и эмоций субъектов образования, влияющий на успешность их социокультурного взаимодействия.
The relevance of the article is due to the fact that at the present stage there is a problem of transformation of the processes of professional socialization and interpersonal interaction in the context Of the development of value-semantic formations of the personality, which determine the search for technologies that can radically change the state of affairs in modern education in terms of its humanization. The purpose of the article is to reveal the human-oriented priorities of education from a cognitive angle of view, in which humanistic cognition appears as a system of metaregulatives that provide training for highly qualified personnel in combination with their intellectual and cultural development. As a methodological basis of the study, the socio-cognitive approach is considered as a theoretical and methodological strategy that determines and develops semantic formations and value transformations of the personality with the aim of formation of its humanistic and social qualities in the process of socio-cultural interaction. The article provides the author's definitions of the concept as a universal manifested in a culture that forms a system of personal values of students; the personal conceptosphere as a human-oriented core that makes up the essence of the personal-professional picture of the image of the world. The author reveals the importance of cognitive-oriented technologies that contribute to the development of the personal conceptual sphere, the formation of cognitive abilities and develop students' imagination and associative thinking in their unity. Emotional intelligence is considered as a tool for ensuring value awareness and semantic regulation based on the integration of cognitions and emotions of subjects of education, as a link in the development of humanistic meanings, value awareness, understanding and regulation of cognitions and emotions of subjects of education, affecting the success of their sociocultural interaction.

Introduction. In Russian historiography, the issue of the reasons for the beginning of the U.S. special operations in Nicaragua is a complex problem that requires careful development due to its importance as one of the elements of the confrontation during the Cold War. The scientific relevance of this issue is determined by the insufficient degree of its study. The socio-political relevance is related to the current military-political situation in the world in general and the actions of the United States in particular, which, as part of ensuring their national security, use special operations to achieve certain goals and objectives. An example of this is the U.S.-led special operation to destroy Osama bin Laden, during which the sovereignty of Pakistan was violated. Another example of U.S. special operations at the present stage is Washington's support of the "proxy" forces loyal to it in Syria. Special operations conducted by the United States in Nicaragua during the first half of the 80s were in many ways the main tool for achieving U.S. state interests in this country. In this regard, it seems that a detailed consideration of the first attempt in the history of the United States to conduct a global special operation, which began with the program of supporting the anti-Communist forces "Contras" in Nicaragua, which was later funded by the illegal supply of American weapons to Iran, would be useful for the domestic scientific doctrine.

Methods and materials. In the course of the research, the historical-comparative method, the method of analysis and synthesis, as well as the system approach are applied. The study uses: 1) a set of unpublished materials on the special activities of the United States in Nicaragua, declassified in connection with the "Iran-Contra" scandal, and contained on the electronic website of the National Security Archive at the George Washington University; 2) published sources related to the Cold War; 3) scientific literature on the problems of U.S. special operations during the cold war; 4) memoir literature.

Analysis. This article analyzes the reasons that influenced the decision of the U.S. political leadership to authorize special operations in Nicaragua based on the documents and materials studied in the Iran-Contra Affair.

Results. The scientific development of the problems of the U.S. special policy in Nicaragua was observed back in the 80s in the USSR. However, it was conducted in hot pursuit, it was biased, considered a complex set of processes taking place in Central America from the perspective of the Marxist-Leninist doctrine, and did not take into account the American position, which made the scientific assessment of these events less complete and justified. New studies of this period take this factor into account, are based on new methods and previously unknown to the scientific community documents and materials that were declassified after the end of the Cold War. Results. In the course of the study, an attempt was made to highlight the mechanism for the development and implementation of U.S. special operations in Nicaragua. The author concludes that the use of the National Security Council personnel for special operations was conditioned by the need to avoid legislative restrictions of the U.S. Congress when implementing U.S. foreign policy in Nicaragua.

The prerequisites for the formation of the theory of post-structuralism within the framework of sociological theory are set out in the article. The problems of the development of neo-functionalism as the first direction of post-structural sociological theory as an alternative theory to structural functionalism have been identified. The prospects for further research in the formulation and implementation of career strategies and scenarios within post-structuralism have been explored. The influence of postmodern sociological and socio-philosophical ideas on the structure of societies by post-structural type is evaluated. The patterns of post-structural transformations in the countries of Western and Eastern Europe are characterized. The mechanisms of post-structural transformation of social structures of the countries of Western Europe and the state support of these processes on the example of economic reforms by M. Thatcher are considered in the text. The problems of transformation of the structures of the societies of the countries of Eastern Europe have been clarified and compared with the social and socio-economic features of the parade of sovereignty of the Soviet republics and the countries party to the Warsaw Pact. The peculiarities of the transformation of the structures of society by post-structural type in different parts of Europe are compared. The impact of the liberal transformation of public institutions in the second half of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century on the formation and implementation of career strategies of Europeans was evaluated. The peculiarities of the formation of career strategies within societies with transformed public institutions by post-structural type are determined. An outline of the development of further career strategies and scenarios in the short and medium term perspectives for the formation and implementation of career strategies in Europe is provided. The article deals with the peculiarities of planning career strategies in the framework of post-structuralism and the peculiarities of the influence of neo-functionalism on. The concept of career strategy in the context of the achievements of the sociology of post-structuralism is considered. Examples of career strategies developed within a post-structural society are examined and ways of their evolution are explored. The peculiarities of the formation of career strategies at different stages of the evolution of a post-structural society are analyzed and forecasts of their further development are given.The author emphasized that poststructuralism was the answer to the crisis of structural functionalism, whose methodology could no longer satisfy most sociologists and the scientific community in providing valid research and interpretations of social relations in the societies of Western Europe and North America. It has been suggested that in the future, post-structuralist society will be modernized into a society that will have a more stable structure through differentiation of society by individual value orientations, which will allow to function within individual social structures, which will be massive and will not intersect at one another, but will not intersect at one another. only massive public structures. This will allow the implementation of offline career strategies within a separate public structure.

RESUMEN: Este trabajo tiene como finalidad destacar la contribución específica de H.L.A. Hart sobre el problema del positivismo jurídico. A juicio del autor, el tratamiento que Hart dio a la polémica entre positivismo jurídico y Derecho Natural estuvo marcada por dos extremos aparentemente contradictorios. Por una parte, se abocó a clarificar las diversas tesis que anidan tras la etiqueta "positivismo jurídico", así como las posiciones que suelen referirse como tales. Al hacerlo abrió el camino para mostrar en qué sentido no resulta ilógico defender algunas tesis asociadas al mismo o negar otras. Por otra parte, y si bien no asumió una posición que afirmase la conexión necesaria entre Derecho y moral, se ocupó también de mostrar en qué sentido tal conexión existe y es importante. Con dicho objetivo, en el primer apartado se ofrece una reconstrucción detallada sobre el tratamiento que Hart hizo sobre el problema del positivismo jurídico. En el segundo se expone el tratamiento del autor sobre el iusnaturalismo, con la intención de comprender el lugar preciso e implicaciones de su conocida tesis del "contenido mínimo Derecho Natural". En la tercera parte se aborda la teoría elaborada por Hart sobre el positivismo jurídico, esto es, el "positivismo jurídico hartiano" y las tesis por él defendidas. Importante aquí será su posición respecto a la posibilidad de que la regla de reconocimiento pueda incorporar criterios materiales para la identificación jurídica que nos introduce en una nueva etapa de la nunca acabada polémica. ABSTRACT: The aim of this work is to address H.L.A. Hart's contribution to the problem of legal positivism. According to the author, Hart's approach to the controversy of Natural Law/Legal Positivism was characterized by two apparently opposing ends. On the one hand, he clarified the label "Legal Positivism" as well as other approaches that are usually referred as such. In doing so, he paved the way to show in which sense it is not illogical to defend some theses associated with it and in which sense it is not. On the other hand, despite he did not take a stand for the necessary connection between Law and Morals, he did show in what sense such connection may exist and why it is important. To this end, section one offers a detailed reconstruction of Hart's approach to the problem of legal positivism. In section two the author's approach to Natural Law is explained so that his well-known thesis of "The Minimum Content of Natural Law", and what it implies, is properly understood. Section three is devoted to Hart's theory of Legal Positivism that is "Hartian Legal Positivism", where his main claims are presented. Hart's claim on the possibility for the rule of recognition to incorporate material criteria for legal identification or legal validity is particular relevant because it introduces us to a new stage of the never-ending controversy. PALABRAS CLAVE: H.L.A. Hart, positivismo jurídico, teorías de derecho natural, positivismo jurídico incluyenteKEYWORDS: H.L.A. Hart, legal positivism, natural law theories, inclusive legal positivism.

Introduction. Red Soviet Cossacks were little studied by Soviet historical science, because their presence and number did not always correspond to the theory of class struggle. Most Cossacks opposed the Bolsheviks during the Civil War, but the Bolsheviks always tried to create their red Cossack military units. At first they tried to revive the old Cossack regiments of the tsarist army, but under the command of Soviet power supporters. Then they tried to mobilize the Cossacks in the Red army, but the mobilization did not give the expected result.

Materials. The source used materials from the Cossack Department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the State Archive of the Russian Federation; funds of the Red Cossack units in the Red Army (23rd Infantry Division) – Russian State Military Archive; information material on the Cossack parts of the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History; similar documentation stored in the funds of the Center for Documentation of Contemporary History of Rostov Region. The author used publications of Bolshevist and anti-Bolshevist periodicals, which show how the Don Cossacks and their Bolsheviks and their opponents characterized the Red Don Cossacks.

Analysis. In summer 1918, the interest of Cossacks in economic relations with the cities of Central Russia played an important role, and some Cossack settlements supported the Bolsheviks in order not to break these economic contacts. Nevertheless, Cossack Soviet regiments were created by September–October, 1918. They consisted of volunteers, and their quantity was limited. In the documents of the Cossack Department of the Central Executive Committee we find refers to 4 Soviet Cossack regiments created in the first year after the October revolution. In fact, there were more Cossack units, but not all of them reached the number of a regiment. At the end of 1918, when the Red army launched the offensive, the number of Soviet Cossack regiments increased.

Results. When forming Soviet Cossack regiments, the Bolsheviks tried to use old organizational forms – to revive the Don Cossack regiments of the tsarist army, but under new leadership. It succeeded partially. The attempts to mobilize the Cossacks in the Red Army did not give the expected result. In the event of sharp changes in the situation at the front in favor of the enemy, the mobilized either switched to his side or went home. The basis of forming Soviet Cossack units in 1918 formed the principle of voluntariness. Soviet Cossack units were formed primarily under general democratic slogans and where there was no obvious conflict between Cossack and non- Cossack population. In 1918, while the Bolsheviks did not pursue the policy of food dictatorship and did not curtail trade, a significant role for the Red Cossacks was played by the factor of their economic ties with large Russian economic centers. Cossack regiments of the Red Army inherited the high fighting qualities of the Cossack units from the old tsarist army, maneuverability and stamina inherent to the Cossacks, as evidenced by the high score they were given by the representatives of the hostile camp.

The convocation of the Local Council in 1917, the first Council in over two centuries, had a great significance for the internal life of the Orthodox Church of Russia. But in a period when the World War was still ongoing and there were pressing issues to resolve in the sphere of cooperation of Russian Orthodoxy with other orthodox and non-orthodox churches, the Local Council could not but touch upon the international and inter-church issues. For the first time in the history of Russian Church the official ecclesiastical forum was attended by official elected delegates who served abroad and who could bring the opinion of the foreign part of the Russian Church to its «maternal» part and to provide the mutually beneficial exchange of practices and opinions. Moreover, in a situation when the church was liberated from the tutelage of the state, it became possible to engage with foreign religious organizations not through social organizations or the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, but directly. This opened a way for creating the Church's own structures which would be responsible for contacts with other confessions, including Old-Catholics and Anglicans, with whom there had already been lengthy unofficial dialogue. The efforts of some historians and publicists shaping contemporary discourse in Russia depict the restoration of the Patriarchate in the Russian Church as the only important act of the Council are challenged by the material presented in this article, which shows how the Council constructed the future position of Russian Orthodoxy in dialogue with the non-Orthodox churches, in its presence abroad and its missions in non-Christian countries. The word of the Council in this sphere was completely new and never before told. The Council was ahead of its time in the issues of international connections (like in many other spheres of its work). Many issues at the Council were expressed for the first time or in a completely new way. How to manage the missions abroad (in Japan, China, Korea, Urmia, and Palestine)? The Council, occupied with the internal problems in the situation of the beginning of persecution against it, could not abandon these missions. How was it possible to unite Russian emigrants abroad? The idea of Paris as a centre of their unification was expressed for the first time at the Council. The scholars who touched upon these issues before analyzed them through the concept of ecumenism (following the participation of the Russian Church in the ecumenical movement). But it seems more appropriate to research them in the context of the time of the Council itself, since it was a time that preceded the emergence of the Ecumenical Movement proper. The author of the article draws a conclusion that during the year of the Council (August 1917 – September 1918) the issues of international and inter-church relationships transformed in its agenda from being of secondary to primary importance. This conclusion allows us to challenge the dismissive perspective that the Moscow Council 1917-1918 was ineffective. Although it did not have time to complete its agenda, the Council was ahead of its time and contributed much for the future mission of the Russian Church in the modern world.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential of participant-created comics as a research method through a project to investigate the life stories of British–Bangladeshi women.


Design/methodology/approach
The author worked with a group of ten women through a series of workshops exploring their personal and community histories. Each of the women produced a digital comic that represented her story using text in any languages, photographs and drawings.


Findings
The experiences of the Graphic Lives project suggest there is considerable unexplored potential for the use of comics creation as a research method when working with community groups that may be considered "hard-to-reach". A crucial difference between the comics created for the Graphic Lives project when compared to many other visual methods is that they do not seek or attempt to represent a verifiable truth. The project acknowledged and accepted the presence of fictional elements of autobiography and the difficulty in drawing boundaries between fiction and non-fiction. Indeed, this was seen as a strength of the stories as the use of imaginary elements offered participants a way to express emotional truths that they may otherwise have found difficult to convey.


Research limitations/implications
Whilst interviewing participants could be one way to analyse participant-created comics in certain circumstances, this should not simply be the default. In the Graphic Lives project, it was important to accept that participants had already voiced their story in a certain way – using words and images – during the creative process. The project needed to accept and respect their voices as they had chosen to present them and not expect the participants to transform this into something that was more aligned with what the researcher might want to hear. A limitation of this method is the time and resourcing required to undertake such a programme of in-depth work, in addition to the need for close collaboration with community partners.


Practical implications
The paper questions the appropriateness of research interviews when working with many "marginalised" groups. It suggests that alternative methods, such as the comics creation method described, may be a more effective way to engage "hard-to-reach" groups in research.


Social implications
This research has implications for the involvement of groups who, for a variety of reasons, are often excluded from research. It outlines a method that may be more socially acceptable than more established methods such as interviewing for some groups.


Originality/value
To date, exploration of the potential of comics as method of participatory knowledge construction has been limited. In addition, the use of comics to engage communities in research, especially adult groups who may be more reluctant to participate via traditional research methods, has received relatively little attention. This paper addresses these issues through a discussion of the use of comics creation as the research method adopted in a project working with a group of British–Bangladeshi women in the UK.

Welcome to the second issue of volume 43 of the IASSIST Quarterly (IQ 43:2, 2019).
With joy and pride the many people behind each issue of the IQ are here presenting a special issue. IASSIST has several interest groups of members committed to selected important areas under the umbrella of IASSIST. Be aware that you could become a member of an interest group (see: https://iassistdata.org/about/committees.html#interest). If an interest area that you find important is not presently on this list, you are invited to start campaigning for the formation of a new interest group. The interest groups discuss and document their area and often arrange sessions at the IASSIST conferences. More formalization and continued documentation of the group's work are presented in conference papers and papers published here in the IQ.
This issue of the IQ is dedicated to papers on qualitative data presented by members of the group named 'Qualitative Social Science & Humanities Data Interest Group' (QSSHDIG) and related practitioners. Lynda Kellam from the Cornell Institute for Social & Economic Research and Mandy Swygart-Hobaugh of George State University end their leadership of the group with this special issue. Lynda Kellam and Celia Emmelhainz (qualitative research librarian at the University of California Berkeley) are guest editors of this issue and their introduction to the issue is following this page. I want to express my great thanks from the IQ to Lynda and Celia for taking the job of compiling a special issue. Support for qualitative data is important and a growing area. I trust you as readers will find valuable information and excellent advice in the papers of the many authors that are committed to improving the use and value of qualitative data.
Submissions of papers for the IASSIST Quarterly are always very welcome. We welcome input from IASSIST conferences or other conferences and workshops, from local presentations or papers especially written for the IQ. When you are preparing such a presentation, give a thought to turning your one-time presentation into a lasting contribution. Doing that after the event also gives you the opportunity of improving your work after feedback. We encourage you to login or create an author login to https://www.iassistquarterly.com (our Open Journal System application). We permit authors 'deep links' into the IQ as well as deposition of the paper in your local repository. Chairing a conference session with the purpose of aggregating and integrating papers for a special issue IQ is also much appreciated as the information reaches many more people than the limited number of session participants and will be readily available on the IASSIST Quarterly website at https://www.iassistquarterly.com. Authors are very welcome to take a look at the instructions and layout:
https://www.iassistquarterly.com/index.php/iassist/about/submissions
Authors can also contact me directly via e-mail: kbr@sam.sdu.dk. Should you be interested in compiling a special issue for the IQ as guest editor(s) I will also be delighted to hear from you.
Karsten Boye Rasmussen - June 2019

"Poetry is the expression of the beautiful, through words elaborately woven with each other", according to the Argentine writer Borges Jorge-Luis. Poetic process, the complicated art of creating poetry becomes perceived in different ways by every author. Thus, for others, it consists a sacramental route where the creator-poet exposes his internal world, his thoughts, his personal experiences, through verses, being in a situation of daydreaming or vision. Certainly, this clearly individual element in poetry is inevitably influenced from external factors, such as the common ideology of the times, the socio-political status and the moral perception of society. This emotive experience is especially arduous and suppressive and for the person who tastes it. However, this traumatic experience is simultaneously a curative treatment for the poet. For most poets, writhing poems reflects a situation of liberty, autonomy, promotion of ego and personal feelings, which are suppressed by the conservative look of the society whereas they, finally, find outlet through creation. French Surrealists move towards this spirit, and, generally, creators. For the beginning of this ceremony of poetic action, the boost, the stimulus, the spark that will penetrate the spirit of the poet enabling him to create poetry are necessary. And surely, the conception of many poems takes place during the evolution of a dream, where the poet's spirit is free to express as it wishes itself. A basic resource of inspiration for the majority of poets is the past, pleasant or traumatic, a stone corner of the past, however, and a guide towards the uncertain future. The concept of "Creative Writing" is placed on the same wavelength with the poetic process. In reality, it is integrated into it. All these who adopt and get involved with creative writing, are possessed with the same feelings and worries. The pleasure of creation, the new. The individual expression, the mental amalgamation with the receiver-reader are diffused. Furthermore, the person discovers new, until then, possibilities of himself. In parallel, there is an extroversion in the whole procedure. Positive experience creates the will for further continuation of this attempt. Regarding the cultivation and promotion of the trainees' abilities of creative writing, the role of the teacher is extremely important. The analyses of the texts of respected creators from the teacher function in a helpful way , as well as the perceptions related to writing of the writers themselves. What is more, this is intensified when common points of writers' assembly (Greeks and foreigners) about poetic creation are located. Teachers should present the positive elements of creative writing if they wish to reach its desired result and cultivation. After all this analysis and contact of trainees with the thoughts and way of writing of known writers, the need and desire for an attempt of trying this experience will, gradually, take place. This attempt of trial functions as a basic lever for the launch of creative writing. Besides, "writing is nothing else but a guided dream" (Borges Jorge- Luis). A "dream" that we all of us should live.

The given article deals with the problem of comparison of literary and political works of Ivan Bahrіanyі and George Orwell, as well as with an objective to prove that these two writers make up a far from random parallel for comparison.
On the basis of scientific works it proves that one can trace a genetic similarity in the main ideas highlighted in a number of works by these two writers. Both of them had a kind of indirect dialogue on the topics of freedom, equality and struggle against anti-humane regimes.
The article also highlights the face that there is more to the indirect dialogue of Ivan Bahrіanyі and George Orwell than it seems. Biographical insight used for the research proves that both men faced similar struggles in their lives, their political views were really close and their interpretation of the ongoing events serves as evidence. Consequently the article brings to attention the fact that biographies of the writers might become a key for understanding their works and positions. Another fact to support the above-given idea is that both writers use their own lives and personal experience as a basis for literary interpretation; this was proved by the researches of both George Orwell and Ivan Bahrіanyі literary heritage. As a result we can research their works from the point of comparative typology in synchrony on the double grounds: the indirect dialogue about crucial human problems (mainly a solitary personal struggle against totalitarian regime) as well as usage of a similar artistic method to bring it to their audience.
The article deals with the problem of freedom as a core problem highlighted in literary and political works of Ivan Bahrіanyі and George Orwell. It traces similarities and differences in the authors' perception of the notion and ways it changes in various circumstances. It proves that the Ukrainian author pays more attention to the national aspect of freedom than his British counterpart does, which might be explained both by the differences in the worldviews (Ivan Bahrіanyі always defined himself as a socialistic patriot, while George Orwell often was perceived as a generalist and the citizen of the world) and by the political conditions of the nations the writers represent. In terms of personal freedom both authors claim it to be a crucial value for every person as it is closely connected with notions of dignity, self-respect, dreams realization etc. and defines the very existence of humankind.
Generally the article emphasizes the role and place of the writers in the anti-totalitarian discourse of the XX century. It draws attention to the fact that Ivan Bahrіanyі and George Orwell devoted all their lives and literary efforts to the struggle for a free personality, who is not to be oppressed by any political regime.
Keywords: Ivan Bahrіanyі, George Orwell, typological approach, genetic similarity, indirect dialogue, freedom, liberty, anti-totalitarian discourse, dignity, biographical approach.

DOI 10.24917/20837275.9.4.4Celem artykułu jest ukazanie problematyki wizualizacji danych w kontekście komunikacyjnym. Infografika staje się dziś za sprawą dziennikarstwa danych i popularności mediów wizualnych narzędziem powszechnie stosowanym; nie do końca rozpoznane są jednak właściwości manipulacyjne projektowania graficznego, które przedstawiane jest odbiorcom jako ilustrujące, tłumaczące i wyjaśniające treści statystyczne oraz tekstowe w sposób systemowy, uporządkowany i wizualny, co konotuje prostotę i uniwersalność oraz obiektywizm. Autorka stara się wykazać, jak idealistyczne teorie z zakresu projektowania informacji rzutują na proces nadawczo-odbiorczy (z jednej strony dając przestrzeń na manipulację danymi, z drugiej – tworząc idealny obraz projektanta jako strażnika obiektywizmu i posiadacza kompetencji interpretatora, wyzwalają tym samym bezbronność odbiorców w dekodowaniu języka wizualizacji danych i pozbawiają ich czujności, należnej przekazom perswazyjnym). Tymczasem, przekaz graficzny ma charakter nie tylko edukacyjny, ale też często polityczny czy szerzej – ideologiczny. Analiza przekazów graficznych zamieszczonych w portalu Visualizing Palestine (wybranego ze względu na globalny zasięg i popularność, polaryzację polityczną odbiorców oraz nowatorski, partycypacyjny i społecznościowy charakter procesu projektowego), służy tu przedstawieniu technik wizualizacji jako interpretacji i manipulacji danymi, a także potwierdza moc dyskursywną infografiki jako narzędzi komunikacyjnych. Artykuł ma na celu zwrócenie uwagi na problem powszechnego braku kompetencji w zakresie dekodowania znaczeń zawartych w wizualizacjach danych (datavis) oraz celowej (lub nie) nonszalancji projektantów w kwestii podejścia do danych.The Dataspace: Between Information Design and Data Manipulation. The Analysis of Specificity of Infographic Messages Based on Case Study of Visualising PalestineThe goal of the paper is to present the issues concerning data visualisation in communication context. Infographics nowadays becomes – due to data journalism and popularity of visual media – a commonly used tool; but still little recognition is given towards manipulatory features of graphic design which is presented to its recipients as illustrating, translating and explaining statistical and textual content in systemic, ordered and visual way that connotes simplicity, universality and objectivity. The author tries to prove that idealistic information design theories impact the communication process (on one hand giving the space for data manipulation, on the other – creating an ideal image of a designer seen as a guard of objectivism and an owner of an interpreter's competences, thus they evoke recipients' vulnerability in decoding the language of data visualisation and deprive them of awareness, which they should devote to persuasive messages). Whereas graphic message is not only of an educational nature but also often of a political or – widely speaking – an ideological one. The goal of the analysis of infographics published at the Visualizing Palestine website (chosen for its global range and popularity, as well as for the political polarisation of its recipients and for innovative, participative and grassroot character of the design process) is to indicate the technics of visualisation as interpretation and also data manipulation, as well as to prove the discoursive potential of infographics as a communication tool. The paper aims at drawing attention to the common lack of competences in the range of decoding meanings of datavis and the nonchalance (whether conscious or not) of designers in their usage of data.

The article deals with Vasyl Gorlenko, one of the most prominent Ukrainian culturologists of the late nineteenth century – beginning of the XX century. Whose name on the one hand did not belong to the forgotten names: it is fixed in all professional encyclopedias, many articles have been written about it, it is mentioned in the memoirs of contemporaries, there are even three monographs, on the other hand all this is very small, going out from what was done by Vasily Petrovich. There are a lot of problems raised in the writings of V. Gorlenko. There are some that are extremely important. It was established that studying at the famous Sorbonne, he passed the beautiful school of the French theoretician of literature and art critic Ivan T., French classical literature and art, thus receiving a high level of education, education of the best spiritual traits of behavior, possessed at least 5 foreign languages. It was discovered that when V.Gorlenko returned to his homeland, he first met in St. Petersburg with many prominent figures who came from his native land. One of these places of acquaintances is "Tuesdays" by M. Kostomarov. It was on them that V. Gorlenko was a true school of Ukrainian studies. And when Ukraine appeared periodicals that were in line with its patriotic interests, V. Gorlenko began to work with them. In the newspaper Trud, after twenty years of actual silence about T. Shevchenko, the first in Ukraine is a fragment of Russian tales of Taras Shevchenko "A walk with pleasure and not without morality" and the story "The Musician" with some reproach to everyone else who hadn't done it already. It was found out that the Ukrainian elite rallied around the magazine "Kievan old woman" (1882-1906): V. Antonovich, D. Bagaliy, M. Belyashivsky, P. Golubovsky, V. Domanytsky, P. Efimenko, P. Zhitetsky, O. Lazarevsky, O. Levitsky, M. Sumtsov, V. Tarnovsky and many others. Here were M. Drahomanov, M. Kostomarov, V. Vynnychenko, Panas Mirnyi, I. Franko, M. Staritsky and dozens of other Ukrainian scholars and writers. Among them Vasyl Horlenko. Currently, 114-th of his publications, contained in this publication, are known. Articles, reviews, reviews of publications, information, folk records - each of these publications is an example of scientific conscientiousness and responsibility of the author. It was here that his multifaceted talent of journalist, literary critic and historian, ethnographer and folklorist, art historian, expert in Ukrainian antiquity was revealed. Quite often, V.n Gorlenko was the first, who write about the works of P. Mirny, I. Franko, I. Karpenko-Karyi, M. Kropivnitsky, I. Manzhuro and many others. Invaluable source in the study of both the personality of V. Gorlenko and his environment is his correspondence. Currently, there are about 40 recipients and more than 700 letters to him and partly to him. He corresponded with many Ukrainian and foreign writers, scholars, and cultural figures. He loved Ukraine most of all and was afraid of those revolutions that were devastated, death, spiritual impoverishment, barbarism; advocated the steadfast development of society, feeling as an integral part of its people, small and great Nature. Therefore, it remained for us a bright star of the unimpeded space of culture.

[Full article is in English]English:
This article analyzes the role of school education as a medium
for indoctrinating young minds through school textbooks within the
framework of India–Pakistan relations. This fact is more pronounced in
Pakistan, but even in the case of India, eff orts are not undertaken to objectively
teach subjects in a way that helps sensitize students about the
India–Pakistan relationship. The author argues that the young generations
in India and Pakistan largely lack a shared understanding until they
undergo a process of de-learning and re-learning. Hence, the borders between
India and Pakistan remained intact and militarized but defi nite
types of borders are also created in young minds. Unless the psychological
borders melt, it is diffi cult to imagine a porous physical border
between India and Pakistan. This article att empts to understand how
pedagogically the image of an enemy is created in young minds serving
the purpose of the state.Spanish:
Este artículo analiza el papel de la educación escolar como un medio para
adoctrinar mentes jóvenes a través de libros de texto en el marco de las relaciones
India–Pakistán. Esta situación es más pronunciada en Pakistán,
pero incluso en la India, no se llevan a cabo esfuerzos para enseñar objetivamente
temas que apoyen la sensibilización de los estudiantes sobre
la relación India–Pakistán. El autor argumenta que jóvenes generaciones
en India y Pakistán comparten la falta de un conocimiento compartido
hasta que pasen por un proceso de des-aprendizaje y re-aprendizaje. En consecuencia, las fronteras entre India y Pakistán permanecen intactas
y militarizadas, pero también otros tipos de definición de fronteras son
creados en las mentes jóvenes. A menos que las fronteras psicológicas
se derritan, es difícil imaginar una frontera física porosa entre la India
y Pakistán. Este artículo busca entender cómo la imagen del enemigo es
pedagógicamente creada en las mentes jóvenes sirviendo el propósito del
Estado. Los casos de los libros de texto en India y Pakistán son presentados
para comprender los diferentes tipos de fronteras prevalecientes en
el sur de Asia.French:
Cet article analyse le rôle de l'éducation scolaire comme un moyen
d'endoctrinement de jeunes esprits à travers les livres scolaires dans
le contexte des relations entre l'Inde et le Pakistan. Cette situation est
particulièrement marquée au Pakistan mais y compris en Inde, aucun
effort n'est mené pour enseigner objectivement des thèmes qui sensibilisent
les élèves sur les relations Inde-Pakistan. L'auteur argumente que
les jeunes générations indiennes et pakistanaises manquent de connaissances
partagées jusqu'à ce qu'elles transitent par un processus de désapprentissage
et de ré-apprentissage. En conséquence, les frontières entre
l'Inde et le Pakistan continuent à être intactes et militarisées et d'autres
types de frontières claires son créées dans les esprits de la jeunesse. À
moins que les frontières psychologiques ne disparaissent, il reste difficile
d'imaginer une frontière physique poreuse entre l'Inde et le Pakistan.
Cet article cherche à comprendre comment l'image de l'ennemi est créée
pédagogiquement dans les jeunes esprits et sert les intérêts de l'Etat.