Three alternatives for calculating Cronbach's alpha were used. These were: by the variance of the items using MS Excel, using SPSS (22) and using the statistical software package free distribution Factor (9.3). These three variants were applied to validate the internal consistency of a questionnaire, with two possible Likert scales, one of five points and another with seven. This questionnaire was designed for the analysis of the criteria for students specializing in Business Administration at the Universidad Central del Ecuador; in connection with the performance of the teacher, the course syllabus, assessment and recommended readings. It is argued that for an effective application of Cronbach alpha should be keep in mind that this coefficient must be considered within the broader problematic of reliability analysis and considerations regarding its application for the use ordinal response scales or Likert scales. The Factor (9.3) package was appropriate to explore relatively simple alternatives such as exclusion of variables or the option to use a polychoric correlation matrix The results confirm that it is insufficient an ordinary calculation of Cronbach's alpha to validate a scale, which was the case for the five-point Likert scale. Based on the results obtained may recommend the use of a Likert scale of 7 points.
In advanced capitalism, science & technology are at the forefront of production. Nevertheless, traditional forms of reasoning (eg, fuzzy logic), or what Marx called 'general intellect,' far from being simply subordinated, are being fundamentally reconstituted in line with post-Fordist thinking. The departure from Marx's view of science is due to the synergy between traditional scientific reasoning on the one hand, &, on the other hand, forms of knowledge production which are diffuse, social, commercial & co-operative. This latter form of knowledge production sustains the circulation of goods in the market. We need to point out that this is not uniformly 'high tech'; it is more like a heterogenous, neo- or post-Fordist mixture of applied, commercialized science, on the one hand, & insecure conditions of employment on the other. Barcelona's 'City of Knowledge' ('ciutat de coneixment') project, which is supposed to involve, & be supported by, 'citizens,' claims to embody these conceptions through a number of initiatives (22@, Parc de Reserca Biomedica, Campus Mediterrani de Castelldefels....). Nevertheless, megalomaniac enthusiasm aside, the upshot of this messy project has been a city & metropolitan area configured as a 'living factory', a banana state with more or less complex technology, & a profusion of salaried executives.
The central objective of this text is to identify the constitutive elements of methodological knowledge and the changes that have occurred in this field during postmodern times. The author highlights social pluralism, the coexistence ofparadigms and the critique ofprogressive linearity as three traits that point to methodology as a social construct. The article concludes with the description of nevo rules for methodological knowledge based upon paradigmatic and technical non-neutrality.
In this article the Colombian peace process is analyzed in light of the influence exerted by diverse international factors. The author takes into account the postures adopted by the United States, Europe and neighboring countries, while elaborating a series of foreign policy directives designed to create a more positive insertion of Colombia into the international context. Subsequently, possible future scenarios for the peace process are proposed, based upon other regional experiences.
Este trabajo analiza el impacto de la Directiva 2010/75/UE del Parlamento
Europeo y del Consejo, de 24 de noviembre de 2010, sobre las emisiones
industriales en el régimen jurídico de la inspección ambiental. Con este fin, tras
realizar una aproximación general a esta Directiva y señalar sus aspectos más destacables,
se centra en el examen de la regulación de la inspección ambiental en
ella contenida, aspecto muy novedoso por ser la primera vez que se incluye una
regulación mínima de la inspección ambiental, que hasta ahora únicamente había
sido objeto ¿a nivel comunitario¿ de una recomendación sin valor normativo, en
una Directiva. Concretamente, se analizan las obligaciones establecidas para los
Estados miembros en esta materia, que se traducen principalmente en la obligación
de establecer un sistema de inspección medioambiental de las instalaciones
y de formular planes de inspección a partir de los cuales se elaborarán programas
de inspección medioambiental prefijada, que incluyan la frecuencia de las visitas a
los emplazamientos para los distintos tipos de instalaciones. También se realizan
algunos apuntes sobre la transposición de esta Directiva en España, teniendo en
cuenta que recientemente se ha aprobado la Ley 5/2013, de 11 de junio, por la que
se modifican la Ley 16/2002, de 1 de julio, de prevención y control integrados de
la contaminación y la Ley 22/2011, de 28 de julio, de residuos y suelos contaminados,
que, junto con su reglamento de desarrollo ¿actualmente en trámite¿, garantizará
la transposición de la Directiva. Lan honetan, Europako Parlamentuaren eta Kontseiluaren
2010/75/EB Zuzentarauaren eragina aztertzen da. Horretarako, lehenik eta behin,
Zuzentarauaren inguruabarrak eta alderdi azpimarragarrienak adierazten dira,
eta, ondoren, ingurumen-ikuskaritzaren araubidean murgiltzen da. Oso gai berria
da, ingurumen-ikuskaritzari buruzko gutxieneko araudi bat sortu den lehenengo
aldia baita; orain arte, arau-baliorik gabeko Europako gomendio bat besterik ez
zegoen. Hain zuzen ere, Estatu kideei gai horretan ezarritako betebeharrak aztertzen
dira lanean; instalazioen gaineko ingurumen-ikuskaritzako sistema bat ezartzekoa,
eta aurrezarritako ingurumen ikuskaritzako programen oinarrian egongo
diren ikuskaritza planak osatzekoa, instalazioak bisitatzeko maiztasuna instalazioaren
beraren motaren arabera finkatuta. Era berean, Zuzentaraua Espainiara
egokitzeari buruzko oharrak egiten dira, aintzat hartuta orain dela gutxi ekainaren
11ko 5/2013 Legea onartu dela, kutsaduraren prebentzio eta kontrol integratuari
buruzko uztailaren 1eko 16/2002 Legea eta hondakinen eta lurzoru kutsatuen gaineko
uztailaren 28ko 22/2011 Legea aldatzen dituena. Lege berri horren eta egun
izapidetzen ari diren garapen-erregelamenduen bidez, bermatuta geldituko da
Zuzentarauaren egokitzea. This study analyses the impact of Directive 2010/75/EU of the
European Parliament and the Council, of 24 November 2010, on industrial
emissions on the legislation governing environmental inspection. To this end,
after providing a general discussion of the Directive and pointing out its most
outstanding features, we focus on the regulation of environmental inspection
that it contains. This is its most novel feature because it is the first time that a
minimal regulation of environmental inspection has been included in a directive
(to date, within the community, it had only been the object of a recommendation
of no normative value). In particular, our study focuses on the obligations of
the member states in this area, which are largely to set up a system by which
installations can be environmentally inspected and inspection plans drafted on the
basis of which programmes for routine environmental inspection will be drawn
up that include the frequency of site visits for different types of installations. Also
discussed is the transposition of the Directive in Spain, bearing in mind that Law
5/2013, of 11 June, has recently been passed to modify Law 16/2002, of 1 July,
on the integrated prevention and control of pollution, and Law 22/2011, of 28
July on waste and polluted soil which, in conjunction with their regulation for
implementation, guarantee the transposition of the Directive.
This article is based on notes that the author took during the seminar series that Rhoda Unger gave as part of the Social Psychology Doctoral Program at the UAB. She gave five talks on the history of feminist psychology, and of psychology in general, in the USA. She gave an overview of the current state of play, and speculated on likely future developments. This article provides a resource for those interested in the work of a feminist within our discipline.
El objetivo de esta investigación consiste en identificar la relación que tienen los factores laborales y motivacionales con la creatividad y la desidia para conocer de qué manera impactan en la conclusión de proyectos y la aplicación de buenas ideas en los lugares de trabajo. Es una investigación mixta: en la parte cualitativa se realizaron 22 entevistas semi-estructuradas y en la cuantitativa se diseñó un cuestionario con 57 reactivos que fueron aplicados en una muestra a conveniencia de 244 personas. Los resultados del análisis factorial exploratorio muestran niveles de confiabilidad estadísticamente satisfactorios para cada uno de los aspectos, es decir, factores laborales (a= 0.7716), para los factores de desidia (a= 0.7206), para los de creatividad y desarrollo (a= 0.6228) y para motivación y satisfacción (a= 0.8284). Los resultados obtenidos indican relaciones positivas entre los factores laborales con los factores de creatividad y desarrollo: r(244) = 0.4142, p < 0.001, mientras que entre los factores laborales y los factores de desidia se muestran relaciones negativas: r(244) = -0.1714, p < 0.01. Este trabajo apoya la idea para que las empresas puedan enfocar sus esfuerzos en mejorar los procesos en la identificación de talento, que se trabaje en mejorar el ambiente laboral para mantener a sus empleados satisfechos y motivados para que generen procesos innovadores.
Existen diversos tipos de desalinización y se diferencian por costos, impacto ambiental, calidad del producto y energía consumida. Mediante comparación entre procesos térmicos y de membranas, se encontraron las diferentes tecnologías existentes para desalar agua de mar, número de plantas instaladas, tecnología utilizada, fuentes de abastecimiento, y uso del agua desalinizada. La factibilidad técnica se determinó comparando costos de producción en USD/m3 y consumo energético en kWh/ m3. La fuente de abastecimiento más utilizada es agua de mar con 60%, agua salobre 22%. Los sectores benefi ciados con agua desalinizada son municipal con 66% e industrial con 23%. El tipo de tecnología que requiere menor consumo energético esOI, de 2 a 2.8 kWh/m3 y costo de 0.6 USD/m3, la tecnología MED y MSF consume de 3.4 a 4 kWh/m3 y de 5 a 8 kWh/m3 respectivamente, con un costo de producción de 1.5 USD/m3 y 1.10 USD/m3. Es evidente, consumo energético y costo de producción de OI presenta ventajas signifi cativas que el resto, debido a que no requiere cambios de estado, como en MED y MSF, que utilizan mayor consumo de hidrocarburos lo que incrementa la emisión de CO2. La OI es el proceso más viable en producción, energía consumida y costo.
The author provides an overview about the field of international political economy (IPE) along metatheoretical lines. The IPE communities in the United States and Western Europe exhibit more differences than commonalities in their ontological, epistemological and methodological assumptions. While the U.S. perspective is solidly based on a materialist ontology, methodological individualism, and neopositivism as its epistemological foundation, the European IPE community is considerably more heterogeneous in its theoretical, epistemological and methodological approaches. The article ends with a view towards the future introducing three possible scenarios for the IPE sub-discipline.
In this article the author evaluates the achievements of the Group of Three (G-3) in four distinct periods. The first period was characterized by a dynamic of political concertation that sought to reestablish political stability in Central America. Starting in 1990, a second stage of institutionalization was begun. The third period was characterized by thefailure of the G-3 to consolídate itself and the non-signing of previous commercial agreements. In consequence, the fourth stage, corresponding to 2000, has been characterized by efforts to reactívate the organization and to incorpórate policies of political concertation, international cooperation and economic exchange.
This article analyzes the ways in which current integration processes within the European Union influence the formation ofidentities in Germany, Great Britain and Trance. Following a histórica! discussion of identity formation processes in each country, the author argües that European integration exercises distinct types of influences upon collective identities in the three nations, in the sense that "Europeaness" is absorbed and interiorized in different ways. Although the article condudes that supranational and national identities can coexist,given that strong linkages are apparent between the two, competition between distinct levéis of identity also constitutes a challenge to thefurther deepening of regional integration.
This essay seeks to make a historic approximation of the life and work of Antonio Maria Valencia Zamorano, conducting a parallel with the life and work of Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, who have similarities in their private lives. It is those similarities that will allow us to discover the value, both intellectual and artistic Colombian author who without a shadow of a doubt we can match the distances while keeping temporary contextual and magnitude of the works of both artists. This approach should take place in the points that resemble and describes as a parallel and juxtaposition of facts that mark for life.
This paper considers the emergence of objects as something economic, in terms of their exchange value, & investigates the processes that have made this economization of society possible. The author draws on the thinking of Michel Foucault (1978) to consider the apprehension, anxiety, & tension that have accompanied this economization as a part of the process of the constitution of the (post)modern society. With the adoption of economics as the driving force of life, the lives of people have suffered. Work is valued only for its remuneration. True quality of life has been replaced by economic enhancement & the acquisition of objects.
Analyses of Colombia's internal conflict have focused upon armed actors, the state, the political and economic implications ofthe war, and its international projection, while prívate actors and non-combatants have received scant attention. This article not only refers to the behavior ofthe prívate sector and the ways in which it has been affected by the conflict, but also discusses this sector as a definitive agent of conflict resolution. However, the author also highlights the heterogeneity of both the prívate sector and its reactions to conflict, leading her to discuss the dijficulties of conceptualizing il as a unitary, proactive participant in the construction of peace.
From a longue duree perspective the third Gulf War is examined as the confrontation between tuvo states in a struggle for power. The , nicle utilizes a historical framework to present the conflict between the United States and Iraq, not as a simple exercise of U.S. imperialism, but rather as process with unique dynamics and common interests in the región that build upon the logic of territorial expansión characterizing earlier periods. The author adopts an analytical posture regarding the conflict characterizedby a dual argument in which official versions ofthe war are contrasted with critical ones in order to then analy zethe feasibility ofa democratic order in the región.
