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Levosimendan was first approved for clinical use in 2000, when authorization was granted by Swedish regulatory authorities for the hemodynamic stabilization of patients with acutely decompensated chronic heart failure (HF). In the ensuing 20 years, this distinctive inodilator, which enhances cardiac contractility through calcium sensitization and promotes vasodilatation through the opening of adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channels on vascular smooth muscle cells, has been approved in more than 60 jurisdictions, including most of the countries of the European Union and Latin America. Areas of clinical application have expanded considerably and now include cardiogenic shock, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, advanced HF, right ventricular failure, pulmonary hypertension, cardiac surgery, critical care, and emergency medicine. Levosimendan is currently in active clinical evaluation in the United States. Levosimendan in IV formulation is being used as a research tool in the exploration of a wide range of cardiac and noncardiac disease states. A levosimendan oral form is at present under evaluation in the management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. To mark the 20 years since the advent of levosimendan in clinical use, 51 experts from 23 European countries (Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and Ukraine) contributed to this essay, which evaluates one of the relatively few drugs to have been successfully introduced into the acute HF arena in recent times and charts a possible development trajectory for the next 20 years.

The First International Conference in Systems and Network Medicine gathered together 200 global thought leaders, scientists, clinicians, academicians, industry and government experts, medical and graduate students, postdoctoral scholars and policymakers. Held at Georgetown University Conference Center in Washington D.C. on September 11-13, 2019, the event featured a day of pre-conference lectures and hands-on bioinformatic computational workshops followed by two days of deep and diverse scientific talks, panel discussions with eminent thought leaders, and scientific poster presentations. Topics ranged from: Systems and Network Medicine in Clinical Practice; the role of -omics technologies in Health Care; the role of Education and Ethics in Clinical Practice, Systems Thinking, and Rare Diseases; and the role of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. The conference served as a unique nexus for interdisciplinary discovery and dialogue and fostered formation of new insights and possibilities for health care systems advances.

Part 1. Challenges of the Modern Economy as Barriers to Sustainable Development -- 1. Statistic Indicators for Assessing the Measuring Efficiency to Counter Economic Sanctions -- 2. The Innovative and Sustainable Development of Energetics Under the Conditions of the Post-pandemic Recovery of the Economy -- 3. Scenario Analysis of the Development of the Russian Digital Economy Until 2025 -- 4. The Post-pandemic Analysis of the Specifics of Industrial Economies' Development from the Positions of Innovativeness and Sustainability -- 5. The Post-Pandemic Model of the Sectoral Development of Emerging Economies' Industry -- 6. Perspective Role of Digitalization in the Well-Balanced Development of the Global Economic System of the Future -- 7. The Role of Digital Security for the Stable Development of the Global Economic System of the Future -- 8. Sustainable Development of the World Economy of the Future on the Basis of Digitalization: the 2030 Perspective -- 9. Dialectics of Systems Development -- 10. Problems of Consideration of Environmental Factors in Urban Planning as a Mechanism for Sustainable Development -- 11. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Agri-Food Policy as a Component of the Economic Security of the Region -- 12. Employment of Workers in Green Jobs: Industry, Product and Skill Approaches -- 13. Problems and Implementation Prospects of Experimental Legal Regimes in Russia -- 14. Globalization as a Factor of Influence on Russian Federation's Foreign Economic Activity: Engineering Exports -- 15. Import Substitution: the Main Directions of Import Substitution, the Pros and Cons of the Implemented State Program, Some Success Stories of Import Substitution and its Prospects -- 16. Problems and Prospects for the Development of Import Substitution in the Agro-Industrial Complex of the Russian Federation -- 17. Cooperation, Humanism, Tolerance: Realities of History and Modernity -- 18. Features of the Sustainable Development of the Tourism Economy in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic -- 19. Development of the Cooperative Movement in the Republic of Bashkortostan: Problems and Prospects -- 20. Supervision and Control over the Investigation of Crimes in the Field of Entrepreneurial Activity -- 21. Countering Aggressive Tax Planning -- 22. Problems of Economic Security of Special Economic Zones -- 23. Conceptual Approach to the System of Controlling in the Public Sector -- 24. Sustainable Development Based on Knowledge Sharing: An International Aspect (a review of the problem) -- 25. New Functional Product as a Result of International Interaction -- 26. Anti-Corruption Strategies: Forms and Mechanisms of Participation of Civil Society Institutions -- 27. Methods of Acquisition and Termination of Subjective Rights to Immovable Property as an Element of Social Security of Citizens -- 28. Problems of Practical Application of Legal Norms Containing Accessory Obligations in the Legislation of the Russian Federation in the Conditions of the COVID-19 Pandemic -- 29. Uncertainty and Risk as Factors in the Development of Insurance -- 30. School and University Cooperation in the Aspect of Studying Linguistic and Cultural Literacy of Migrant Children -- Part 2. Economic and Legal Foundations and Cooperative Mechanisms for Sustainable Development -- 31. Program-Targeted Approach to the Innovative Development of Industrial Economies under the Modern Post-COVID Conditions -- 32. State and Corporate Management of Industrial Economies for Their Sustainable Development and Recovery after the Pandemic -- 33. Credit Cooperation in Russia: Problems and Possible Solutions -- 34. Leasing as an Effective Tool for the Implementation of Investment Projects in Different Countries -- 35. Optimization of the Use of the Potential of Specially Protected Natural Areas within the Framework of the Sustainable Development of Domestic Tourism in the Russian Federation -- 36. Changes in Cooperative Legislation in the Context of Solving Socio-economic Problems -- 37. Development of Legislation on Cooperation in Ukraine in 1992-2014 -- 38. Assessment of the Socio-economic Sphere of the Countries of the European Union in the Context of the Implementation of Joint Strategies and Programs -- 39. Role of Consumer Cooperatives in Overcoming Unemployment in Contemporary Russian Society -- 40. Development of Cooperation Legislation in Germany -- 41. Agricultural Cooperatives in France: Toward Environmental Neutrality and Sustainability -- 42. A National Model of Cooperation as a Track of Sustainable Development of New Zealand -- 43. Development of the Cooperative Sector in Canada: Features of the National Model -- 44. Infrastructural Factors of the Digital Economy Development and Their Management in the Interests of Accelerating Its Growth -- 45. New Opportunities for Human Potential Development in the Digital Economy and Their Implementation in Developed and Developing Countries -- 46. Integration Mechanisms of Development of the Digital Economy and the Prospects for Their Activation in Russia -- 47. Designed Innovative and Investment Development of the Region in the Conditions of Digital Economy to Ensure Economic Security -- 48. State Regulation of the Development of Cooperative Formations in Agriculture of the Republic of Bashkortostan -- 49. Regional Features of Digital Transformation During the Pandemic -- 50. Formation of a Conceptual Tourist Product for the Effective Development of Territories Without a Pronounced Tourist and Recreational Potential -- 51. Sustainable and Advanced Development of Region's Economy Based on Digital Competitiveness -- 52. Regional Aspects of the Development of the Consumer Lending Sector in Russia during the Pandemic -- 53. Methodological Aspects for Assessing the Financial Stability of Regions in the Context of the Coronavirus COVID-19 in 2021 -- 54. Development of the Nuclear Icebreaker Fleet as a Strategic Priority of the Arctic Region -- 55. Sustainable Development Capital of Rural Territories: The Role and Significance of Cooperation -- 56. Methods for Quality Control of Products of the Kamchatka Territory -- 57. Improving the Competitiveness of the Regional Fishery Complex by Strengthening Foreign Economic Relations of the Region -- Part 3. Advanced Digital Technologies and Their Contribution to Sustainable Development -- 58. Current Vectors of Investment Security of the Krasnodar Territory -- 59. Social Orientation of the Regional Economic Cluster of Consumer Cooperation -- 60. Prospects for the Development of the Cooperative Movement in Public Catering Enterprises of Almetyevsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan -- 61. Cluster Cooperation as a Factor in Ensuring Sustainable Development of the Region -- 62. Development of Agricultural Cooperation in the Republic of Tatarstan -- 63. Industrial Cooperation in Chuvashia in the Post-war Years: Historical and Legal Aspect -- 64. Role of Agricultural Cooperation in the Development of Regional Food Markets -- 65. Formation of the Model of the Social-Oriented Cluster as Method of Cooperation of the Subjects of SMEs of the Smolensk Region -- 66. Methods of Organizing the Design of Construction Works -- 67. Corporate Social Responsibility in Industrial Economies as the Basis of their Innovative and Sustainable Development in the Post-COVID Period -- 68. Digital Mechanisms of the Future Development of Social Entrepreneurship and Humanisation of Economic Growth -- 69. Formation of Experimentation Skills in Children 5–6 Years Old through Visual Modeling -- 70. Project Technology in Education as a Promising Form of University and Business Cooperation -- 71. Innovative Corporate Strategies as Sources of Sustainable Development -- 72. Strategic Guidelines for the Development of Non-profit Corporate Structures in the Context of the Transformation of the Regional Information -- 73. Standard for the Development of Competition in the Subjects of the Russian Federation as a Tool for the Development of Entrepreneurship in Regional Commodity Markets -- 74. Innovations in Corporate Relations and their Contribution to the Development of Cooperation -- 75. Cooperative Strategy in Sociosystems -- 76. Strategic Management, Analysis, and Control: General Provisions -- 77. Development of Professional and Qualification Potential of an Employee -- 78. Efficiency of the Organization's Performance as a Factor of Sustainable Development and Economic Security -- 79. Controlling as an Accounting and Analytical System of Personnel Management -- 80. Foreign Language Training of Specialists in the Economic Sphere as a Factor of Sustainable Development: Historical and Pedagogical Aspect -- 81. Entrepreneurship Development as the Basis for a Competitive Environment After the Pandemic -- 82. Service System and Service Targeting as a Key Aspect of the Company's Competitiveness -- Part 4. Prospects for the Sustainable Development of Countries: Review of International Experience -- 83. Formation of Responsible Cooperative Entrepreneurship Based on Socially-Oriented Cluster -- 84. Efficiency of Biopreparation Treatment of Wheat Grain; Baking Properties of Flour and Quality of Baked Bread in Consumer Cooperative Enterprises -- 85. Experience of Cooperation of All Levels of Education in the Process of Project Development -- 86. Problems of Liability for Illegal Entrepreneurship Committed within the Framework of Cooperative Legal Relations -- 87. Business Support During the Pandemic: View of the Representatives of the European Cooperative Movement -- 88. Biosocial Essence of Person and Crime -- 89. Assessing the Institutional Framework for Russia's Foreign Trade Cooperation with North African Countries: Foreign Trade and Customs Aspects -- 90. Modern Marketing Technologies in Promoting Consumer Cooperation Organizations -- 91. Actual Issues of the Development of Consumer Cooperation Legislation in Addressing Social Questions -- 92. Development of Cooperation between the Europea.

Preparatory Considerations -- § 1. Outset from the significations of the word logos: speaking, thinking, what is thought -- § 2. The ideality of language. Exclusion of the problems pertaining to it -- § 3. Language as an expression of "thinking." Thinking in the broadest sense, as the sense-constituting mental process -- § 4. The problem of ascertaining the essential limits of the "thinking" capable of the significational Function -- § 5. Provisional delimination of logic as apriori theory of science -- § 6. The formal character of logic. The formal Apriori and the contingent Apriori -- § 7. The normative and practical functions of logic -- § 8. The two-sidedness of logic; the subjective and the Objective direction of its thematizing activity -- § 9. The straightforward thematizing activity of the "Objective" or "positive" sciences. The idea of two-sided sciences -- § 10. Historically existing psychology and scientific thematizing activity directed to the subjective -- §11. The thematizing tendencies of traditional logic -- a.Logic directed originally to the Objective theoretical formations produced by thinking -- b.Logic's interest in truth and the resultant reflection on subjective insight -- c. Result: the hybridism of historically existing logic as a theoretical and normative-practical discipline -- I / The structures and the sphere of objective formal logic -- The way from the tradition to the full idea of formal logic -- 1. Formal logic as apophantic analytics -- § 12. Discovery of the idea of the pure judgment-form -- § 13. The theory of the pure forms of judgments as the first discipline of formal logic -- a.The idea of theory of forms -- b.Universality of the judgment-form; the fundamental forms and their variants -- c.Operation as the guiding concept in the investigation of forms -- § 14. Consequence-logic (logic of non-contradiction) as the second level of formal logic -- § 15. Truth-logic and consequence-logic -- § 16. The differences in evidence that substantiate the separating of levels within apophantics. Clear evidence and distinct evidence -- a.Modes of performing the judgment. Distinctness and confusion -- b.Distinctness and clarity -- c.Clarity in the having of something itself and clarity of anticipation -- § 17. The essential genus, "distinct judgment," as the theme of "pure analytics" -- § 18. The fundamental question of pure analytics -- § 19. Pure analytics as fundamental to the formal logic of truth. Non-contradiction as a condition for possible truth -- § 20. The principles of logic and their analogues in pure analytics -- § 21. The evidence in the coinciding of "the same" confused and distinct judgment. The broadest concept of the judgment -- § 22. The concept defining the province belonging to the theory of apophantic forms, as the grammar of pure logic, is the judgment in the broadest sense -- 2. Formal apophantics, formal mathematics -- § 23. The internal unity of traditional logic and the problem of its position relative to formal mathematics -- a.The conceptual self-containedness of traditional logic as apophantic analytics -- b.The emerging of the idea of an enlarged analytics, Leibniz's "mathesis universalis," and the methodico-technical unification of traditional syllogistics and formal mathematics -- § 24. The new problem of a formal ontology. Characterization of traditional formal mathematics as formal ontology -- § 25. Formal apophantics and formal ontology as belonging together materially, notwithstanding the diversity of their respective themes -- § 26. The historical reasons why the problem of the unity of formal apophantics and formal mathematics was masked -- a.Lack of the concept of the pure empty form -- b.Lack of knowledge that apophantic formations are ideal -- c.Further reasons, particularly the lack of genuine scientific inquiries into origins -- d.Comment on Bolzano's position regarding the idea of formal ontology -- § 27. The introduction of the idea of formal ontology in the Logische Untersuchungen -- a.The first constitutional investigations of categorial objectivities, in the Philosophie der Arithmetik -- b.The way of the "Prolegomena" from formal apophantics to formal ontology -- 3. Theory of deductive systems and theory of multiplicities -- § 28. The highest level of formal logic: the theory of deductive systems; correlatively, the theory of multiplicities -- § 29. The theory of multiplicities and the formalizing reduction of the nomological sciences -- § 30. Multiplicity-theory as developed by Riemann and his successors -- §31. The pregnant concept of a multiplicity-correlatively, that of a "deductive" or "nomological" system-clarified by the concept of "definiteness" -- § 32. The highest idea of a theory of multiplicities: a universal nomological science of the forms of multiplicities -- § 33. Actual formal mathematics and mathematics of the rules of the game -- § 34. Complete formal mathematics identical with complete logical analytics -- § 35. Why only deductive theory-forms can become thematic within the domain of mathesis universalis as universal analytics -- a.Only deductive theory has a purely analytic system-form -- b.The problem of when a system of propositions has a system-form characterizable as analytic -- § 36. Retrospect and preliminary indication of our further tasks -- b. Phenomenological clarification of the two-sidedness of formal logic as formal apophantics and formal ontology -- 4. Focusing on objects and focusing on judgments -- § 37. The inquiry concerning the relationship between formal apophantics and formal ontology; insufficiency of our clarifications up to now -- § 38. Judgment-objects as such and syntactical formations -- § 39. The concept of the judgment broadened to cover all formations produced by syntactical actions -- § 40. Formal analytics as a playing with thoughts, and logical analytics. The relation to possible application is part of the logical sense of formal mathesis -- §41. The difference between an apophantic and an ontological focusing and the problem of clarifying that difference -- § 42. Solution of this problem -- a.Judging directed, not to the judgment, but to the thematic objectivity -- b.Identity of the thematic object throughout changes in the syntactical operations -- c.The types of syntactical object-forms as the typical modes of Something -- d.The dual function of syntactical operations -- e.Coherence of the judging by virtue of the unity of the substrate-object that is being determined. Constitution of the "concept" determining the substrate-object -- f. The categorial formations, which accrue in the determining, as habitual and inter subjective possessions -- g. The objectivity given beforehand to thinking contrasted with the categorial objectivity produced by thinking — Nature as an illustration -- § 43. Analytics, as formal theory of science, is formal ontology and, as ontology, is directed to objects 119 -- § 44. The shift from analytics as formal ontology to analytics as formal apophantics -- a.The change of thematizing focus from object- provinces to judgments as logic intends them -- b.Phenomenological clarification of this change of focus -- ?. The attitude of someone who is judging naïvely-straightforwardly -- ?. In the critical attitude of someone who intends to cognize, supposed objectivities as supposed are distinguished from actual objectivities -- ?. The scientist's attitude: the supposed, as supposed, the object of his criticism of cognition -- § 45. The judgment in the sense proper to apophantic logic -- § 46. Truth and falsity as results of criticism. The double sense of truth and evidence -- 5. Apophantics, as theory of sense, and truth-logic -- § 47. The adjustment of traditional logic to the critical attitude of science leads to its focusing on the apophansis -- § 48. Judgments, as mere suppositions, belong to the region of senses. Phenomenological characterization of the focusing on senses -- § 49. The double sense of judgment (positum, proposition) -- § 50. The broadening of the concept of sense to cover the whole positional sphere, and the broadening of formal logic to include a formal axiology and a formal theory of practice -- §51. Pure consequence-logic as a pure theory of senses. The division into consequence-logic and truth- logic is valid also for the theory of multiplicities, as the highest level of logic -- § 52. "Mathesis pura" as properly logical and as extralogical. The "mathematics of mathematicians" -- § 53. Elucidations by the example of the Euclidean multiplicity -- § 54. Concluding ascertainment of the relationship be-tween formal logic and formal ontology -- ?.The problem -- b.The two correlative senses of formal logic -- c. The idea of formal ontology can be separated from the idea of theory of science -- II / From Formal to Transcendental Logic -- 1. Psychologism and the laying of a transcendental foundation for logic -- § 55. Is the development of logic as Objective-formal enough to satisfy even the idea of a merely formal theory of science ? -- § 56. The reproach of psychologism cast at every consideration of logical formations that is directed to the subjective -- §57. Logical psychologism and logical idealism -- a. The motives for this psychologism -- b. The ideality of logical formations as their making their appearance irreally in the logico-psychic sphere -- § 58. The evidence of ideal objects analogous to that of individual objects -- § 59. A universal characterization of evidence as the giving of something itself -- § 60. The fundamental laws of intentionality and the universal function of evidence -- § 61. Evidence in general in the function pertaining to all objects, real and irreal, as synthetic unities -- § 62. The ideality of all species of objectivities over against the constituting consciousness. The po.

Croatia has been facing a population decline, mainly due to a low birth rate and the emigration of young and qualified workers. Considering the historical and dynamic aspects of emigration (Draženović, Kunovac and Pripužić, 2018), leading to depopulation, it is necessary to investigate all contributing factors in Croatia and explore potential models and measures to mitigate these unfavourable processes. Apart from Germany, Croatian citizens have emigrated mostly to Ireland and Austria since the country acceded to the EU (Pokos, 2017). Research confirms that the number of Croatian citizens who immigrated to Germany, Ireland and Austria in 2016 was, on average, 62% higher than the official data reported by the Republic of Croatia (Jerić, 2019). The increasingly intensive emigration of the young and able-bodied population additionally contributes to a rapidly ageing population, exerting strong pressure on the sustainability of the pension system (Družić, Beg and Raguž Krištić, 2016) and underscores the importance of investigating the reasons for emigration and the factors essential for return. Migration is also an important area of interest for the European Union due to its exceptional impact on all aspects of society. Increased opportunities for mobility, advances in technology that provide access to information sources, and societal changes strongly suggest the need for policymakers to examine the micro, meso, and macro drivers that influence migration or potentially influence a person's decision not to migrate or remigrate. Governments require migration analysis to create informed migration policies, including citizen participation in the policy development process. The perspectives of migrants and their behaviour should be taken into account when creating policies to better understand the key success factors needed for the desired outcomes of migrants (European Commission, 2020). According to Fargues (2017), migration is a complex process that is constantly changing as a result of various local, international, and global situations, highlighting the need for con¬tinual investigation and repeated surveying of the population. Within the current demographic climate, the World Youth Alliance Croatia (SSMH) launched the project "Network 2050 – Demography, From Challenges to Answers", co-financed by the European Social Fund. The project is based on intersectoral cooperation, identified as necessary for improving collaborative efforts to address the effects of negative demographic trends on the social and economic development of Croatia and develop measures for demographic revitalisation. This paper will present the data and analysis of the empirical results of the research conducted by the Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies. The study focuses on emigrants' opinions and perspectives regarding the factors that influenced their decision to migrate. This includes their own perceptions of the situation in Croatia, as well as abroad in their host country, which played a role in their decision-making process and continues to potentially impact them. Additionally, the paper explores the emigrants' perception of their current life circumstances. The target group comprised Croats currently living as expatriates in European countries. A total of 497 respondents, Croats currently living abroad, most of whom left Croatia between 2016 and 2021, took part in the survey. Three main research questions guided the investigation: 1) What are the key drivers of migration at the micro, meso, and macro levels that influence the decision to emigrate or stay, according to the perception of emigrants from Croatia?; 2) What factors influence the decision of Croats to stay abroad?; and, 3) What are the key factors that influence the decision to return to Croatia? For the purposes of this paper, the general results related to research questions 1 and 2 will be presented. The instrument used for data collection was an online questionnaire that respondents filled out independently. The questionnaire consisted of 62 questions, mostly closed-ended, with only a few open-ended questions to accommodate additional information if participants chose to elaborate on their perceptions. Including this option also allowed for the possibility of results that were not expected by the research team. The questions were divided into five thematic chapters: sociodemographic data, migration status, socioeconomic status, returnee motivational status, and identity and value system. The questionnaire was administered with special attention to the time of completion, clarity, and appropriateness of the questions. The data collection process included advertising the research project and posting calls for participation on various social media networks across platforms managed by members of various Croatian dias¬pora groups. Additionally, advertising was conducted through social groups and institutions, as well as using the snowball method. Data was collected during the period from July to October 2021. At the beginning, the purpose of the questionnaire was explained, and respondents were informed that their participation was voluntary with the possibility to withdraw at any time. Consistency in the questionnaire administration was achieved by exclusively offering it online. A total of 500 responses were received, of which 497 were valid, while three questionnaires were partially filled. Only key socio-demographic information was collected and, together with the respondents' personal perceptions, it was examined in relation to the key drivers of emigration. Their perception is the key feedback that can help state authorities and policymakers in designing measures aimed at retaining the population and attract¬ing potential returnees. Their perception was viewed as potentially showing indica¬tors of migration drivers, push and pull factors, as well as demonstrating public perception around key issues and policies, and the type of information (including its accuracy) used to inform migration. Respecting the perception of the general public when creating policies is in line with the concepts promoted by the EU Parliament (2020), which encourages the participation of citizens in decision-making. According to the obtained sociodemographic data, 208 respondents (41.9%) were female, and 289 respondents (58.1%) were male. The most represented age category (39%) was 30–39 years old. Additionally, 24% of respondents were between 40 and 49 years old, 22% were between 18 and 29 years old 9.5 % were between 50 and 59 years old, 3.2% were 60–69 years old and 2% were between 70 and 81 years old. This indicates that the majority of respondents who leave are younger than 40, i.e. in the reproductive age group. The results obtained support the relevance of the research by Družić, Beg and Raguž Krištić (2016), who warn about the loss of the young population in Croatia, which results in population ageing. The majority (78.3%) were born in Croatia, and the next significant group (13.1%) was born in Bosnia and Herzego¬vina. The largest group of respondents, at the time of the questionnaire, lived in Germany, followed by the numerically significant groups in Great Britain, Ireland and Sweden. The trend shown by the majority of respondents coming from Germany is in line with the large wave of migration to Germany since 2013 when Croatia entered the EU, and since July 2015 when the labour market in Germany was opened to Croatia. Jurić (2022) and Pokos (2017) describe Germany as still the most desirable country for Croatian emigration. The results showed that macro-level factors related to working conditions and employment rates influence micro-level factors, such as socioeconomic status. Work opportunities and the working environment were perceived as somewhat important because respondents believe that these aspects affect their personal quality of life. An interesting result is that the number of respondents who stated that they were married or in a partnership doubled after moving. It is worth mentioning that Jang, Cast¬erline and Snyder (2014) warn that the longer the time spent abroad, the stronger the ties made, potentially leading to the establishment of family life connected to the host country. This could negatively affect the potential decision to return. The influence of this factor at the micro level requires further research to show the possible impact of marriages abroad on the mobility of new families and their possible return to Croatia, especially if Croatia's goal is to encourage the return of its emigrants. The results of this study, as well as the recommendations of researchers such as Kis, Ozdemir and Ward (2015) on the importance of improving working conditions and wages as a means of improving living conditions, are useful for formulating strategies for population retention. Additionally, certain political restrictions can negatively affect the achievement of the country's migration goals (Boswell, 2002), which, in the case of Croatia, involves return migration and population retention.

The impact of migration on fertility is becoming an increasingly common research theme within the framework of population studies. Numerous demographic and geographical studies have found lower fertility in urban than in rural areas, both in developing and developed countries. Structural and contextual factors most often explain this difference. Structural factors refer to people of dissimilar socio-economic characteristics living in different areas, while contextual factors cover the current living conditions in the broadest sense. However, when explaining the urban–rural fertility differences, the selectivity of migration should also be considered, as people who (currently) have no fertility plans prefer to move to large cities. Most studies that measured fertility levels by migrant characteristics have relied on period fertility rates, while only a few have investigated cohort fertility. This study explores the cohort fertility of females by migrant status in the City of Zagreb, the largest urban centre in Croatia. Therefore, the aim is to better understand the relationship between completed fertility and migration in an urban context. Within a country, areas with the lowest fertility are often capital cities with highly educated and highly mobile populations. Although the fertility of international mi¬grants attracts more attention than internal migration, studying the association between fertility and both types of migration is especially important in a capital city with relatively high rates of inward migration. How much is known about the repro¬ductive behaviour of inward migrants in Zagreb? Are there significant differences between their fertility patterns and the patterns of native women? This paper fills this gap in the Croatian demographic literature by comparing fertility differences by migrant status across cohorts. The analysis is based on the 2011 Census data for the City of Zagreb. The Central Bureau of Statistics created a multidimensional table based on the data from this census, which includes the following variables for the female population of the City of Zagreb aged 15 or over: year of birth, number of liveborn children, highest completed education and place of birth. For analytical purposes, the data were aggre¬gated into eight five-year cohorts, with the oldest cohort born in 1930–1934 and the youngest in 1965–1969. Fertility is measured as the completed number of liveborn children per woman, which corresponds to the cohort fertility rate (CFR). The calculations are based on the standard analytical procedures used in cohort fertility analysis with census data or reproductive histories from surveys. Women are classified into four categories by migrant type: born in the City of Zagreb (native population), born in another city or another municipality in the Republic of Croatia (internal migrants), born in Bosnia and Herzegovina (external migrants – B&H), born abroad other than Bosnia and Herzegovina (external migrants – others). The 2011 census data on the number of live births are retrospective and based on the census question asking for the number of children a woman has ever had, including children who were no longer alive at the time of the census. The analysis is restricted to women born from 1930 (aged 80–81 at the time of the census) to 1969 (aged 41–42 at the time of the census), as younger women may have (more) children, while the fertility of women over 80 may be biased due to mortality and non-reporting of de¬ceased children. The analysis has shown significant differences in cohort fertility in the City of Zagreb by women's place of birth. In all cohorts, the lowest completed fertility was achieved by women who were born in the City of Zagreb and (most likely) had no migration experience. In older cohorts, the highest fertility was recorded among women born in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In younger cohorts, fertility was highest for women born in other countries abroad. The substantial difference in completed fertility between older cohorts born in Bosnia and Herzegovina and those born in the City of Zagreb is not surprising, given that considerable differences in cohort fertility were observed between the equivalent cohorts in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The comparison between cohort fertility rates in the City of Zagreb and Croatia shows that the cohort fertility rate in the City of Zagreb is about 0.25 (in younger co¬horts) and about 0.5 (in older cohorts) lower than in Croatia as a whole. The completed fertility of Zagreb-born women and those born elsewhere in Croatia slowly grew from older to younger cohorts (except for the youngest one). A similar trend, with some fluctuations, was observed for cohort fertility of women born abroad other than Bosnia and Herzegovina. On the other hand, completed fertility for the cohorts born in Bosnia and Herzegovina shows the opposite intercohort trend, with a notice¬able decline from the oldest to the youngest cohorts. Nevertheless, the overall cohort fertility trend is equal to that for the cohorts born in the City of Zagreb and the cohort of in-migrants from other cities/municipalities in Croatia. The share of childless women in the analysed City of Zagreb cohorts ranged from 11% to 15%, except for the youngest cohort (19%). The proportion of women who had only one child decreased from a relatively high 38% in the oldest cohort to 22– 23% in the cohorts born during the 1960s. The share of women of low parity (parities 0 and 1) decreased over time. While they represented a clear majority in the cohorts born in the 1930s, they account for below 40% in those born from 1945 to 1964. In these cohorts, in the City of Zagreb, the model of two-children families was prevalent, which is not surprising as in most post-socialist countries, having two children was a standard at the time. Women born in Bosnia and Herzegovina had lower childlessness rates than the other three categories. Women from the native cohort, especially older ones, have a rela¬tively high proportion of parity 1, while among women born in Bosnia and Herze¬govina, parity 1 is relatively low. There were no major differences in parity 2 among the analysed cohorts, with a slightly higher proportion of the two-children norm among women born in Croatia and somewhat lower in cohorts born abroad. This is expected because approximately half of the women born in the City of Zagreb in older cohorts no longer participated in reproduction after the first birth. On the other hand, women with higher parities (3 and 4+) dominate among women born in Bosnia and Herzegovina in older cohorts and among women born elsewhere abroad in the youngest cohorts. This is due to their relatively high progression to the third child (parity progression ratio 2→3 rose from 0.45 to 0.6). Interestingly, younger cohorts of women born in the City of Zagreb and the rest of Croatia are more represented in higher parities than the older cohorts. A possible explanation lies in the potentially disproportionately more significant impact of the second generation of the immigrant population whose parents were born abroad, but we should not ig¬nore numerous other economic, institutional and cultural factors of migrant fertility. In the City of Zagreb, the number and share of women with primary education has decreased, while the number and share of women with secondary and higher levels of education has increased. However, cohort fertility for all three educational groups has increased over time, with a slight decline in the youngest cohort among women with medium and high education. Probably due to the previous selectivity among the highly educated, the oldest cohort recorded a very low rate of completed fertility (about 1.1). The analysis has shown that the reproductive behaviour of in-migrants in the City of Zagreb differs from that of the native female population, depending on the place of origin. The difference between internal migrant women is minor – on average less than 0.1 children, with a convergence in the cohort fertility of younger cohorts. At the same time, the cohort fertility of women born abroad is significantly higher than of women born in Zagreb, on average by one child in older cohorts of women born in Bosnia and Herzegovina and by 0.5 children in younger cohorts born in other countries. Moving to the largest city in the country is apparently associated with lower fertility due to adaptation to high competition in the sphere of economic life on the one hand, and low urban reproductive norms on the other. The role of selective migration and the fact that individuals and couples who do not plan to have children disproportionately move to the largest urban centres should not be ignored either.

La pandemia causada por el virus COVID-19 causó sentimientos de miedo, ansiedad y depresión en el personal de salud, expuestos mayormente al riesgo de contraer esta enfermedad. El presente trabajo se centró en determinar el sentimiento de miedo, ansiedad y depresión, experimentado por los profesionales de la salud por el COVID-19. La metodología aplicada se basó en un estudio descriptivo–correlacional, de corte transversal, no experimental. La muestra está constituida por 152 profesionales. Para la recolección de datos se aplicaron los instrumentos para el miedo (FCV-19S), Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo (STAI), y Depresión Estado – Rasgo (IDER). Posterior, se realizó una prueba de normalidad K-S y una prueba de correlación Spearman utilizando el programa estadístico Infostat y SPSS 21 para el análisis estadístico. Los resultados revelan que los profesionales de salud presentan niveles de altos de miedo y ansiedad como consecuencia del COVID-19; sin embargo, no presentaron tener niveles altos de depresión. Palabras Clave: COVID-19, miedo, ansiedad, personal de salud. Referencias ; The pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus caused feelings of fear, anxiety and depression in health personnel, who were exposed to the risk of contracting this disease. The present study focused on determining the feelings of fear, anxiety and depression experienced by health professionals due to COVID-19. The methodology applied was based on a descriptive-correlational, cross-sectional, non-experimental study. The sample consisted of 152 professionals. For data collection, the instruments for fear (FCV-19S), State-Trait Anxiety (STAI), and State-Trait Depression (IDER) were applied. Subsequently, a K-S normality test and a Spearman correlation test were performed using the statistical program Infostat and SPSS 21 for statistical analysis. The results reveal that health professionals present high levels of fear and anxiety as a consequence of COVID-19; however, they did not present high levels of depression. Keywords: COVID-19, fear, anxiety, health personnel. References [1]A. Rodríguez-Quiroga, C. Buiza, y J. Quintero, "Update on COVID-19 and mental health," Rev Med, vol. 13, no. 23, pp.1285–96, 2020. [2]I. Ramonet. (2020, Abril 25). La pandemia y el sistema mundo [Online]. Disponible: https://mondiplo.com/la-pandemia-y-el-sistema-mundo. [3]Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2020, Abril 17). Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19) [Online]. Disponible: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses. [4]T. Caycho-Rodríguez, J. Ventura-León, y M. 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Fink, et al, "Phenotyping mental health: Age, community size, and depression differently modulate COVID-19-related fear and generalized anxiety," Compr Psychiatry, vol. 104, pp.1-9, 2021. [19]T.P. Velavan y C.G. Meyer, "The COVID-19 epidemic," Trop Med Int Heal, no. 3, pp.278–80, 2020. [20]University of Hopkins. (2020). Coronavirus, minuto a minuto: la Universidad Johns Hopkins registra cerca de 150.000 muertes en el planeta [Online]. Disponible: https://www.dw.com/es/coronavirus-minuto-a-minuto-la-universidad-johns-hopkins-registra-cerca-de-150000-muertes-en-el-planeta/a-53156111. [21]D.K. Ahorsu, C.Y. Lin, V. Imani, M. Saffari, M.D. Griffiths, y A.H. Pakpour, "The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation," Int J Ment Health Addict, pp.1-9, 2020. [22]R.D. Spielberger, R.L Gorsuch, R.E. Lushene, "STAI Cuestionario de ANSIEDAD Estado-Rasgo," IEEE Trans Commun, vol. 23, no. 7, pp.3–14, 2015. [23]C.D. Spielberger, G. Buela-Casal, D. 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Picaza, "Impacto psicológico de la COVID-19 en una muestra de profesionales sanitarios españoles,"Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment, vol. 8, no. 20, pp. 3-4, 2020. [29]S. De Pietri y C. Chiorri, "Early impact of COVID-19 quarantine on the perceived change of anxiety symptoms in a non-clinical, non-infected Italian sample," J Affect Disord Reports. 2021 [30]J. Lai, S. Ma, Y. Wang, Z. Cai, J. Hu, N. Wei, et al, "Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019," JAMA Network Open, vol. 3, no. 3, pp.10, 2020. [31]J. Hernández Rodríguez, "Impacto de la COVID-19 sobre la salud mental de las personas," Medicentro Electrónica, vol. 24, no. 3, pp.578–94, 2020. [32]O. Febre Córdova, "Propiedades Psicométricas del Inventario de Depresión Estado – Rasgo en Estudiantes de una Universidad Privada de Piura," Tesis, Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad César Vallejo, Perú, 2018. [33]A. 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Hace 23 años comenzó el peregrinar de Juan Carlos Skewes, antropólogo, por los bosques templados de la ecorregión valdiviana, por las lógicas de habitar de sus comunidades humanas, pero también por los conflictos ambientales que en ellas se producían, por el choque con este capitalismo a veces o siempre duro e impenetrable, al cual alude en La regeneración de la vida en los tiempos del capitalismo. Otras huellas en los bosques nativos del centro y sur de Chile (2019); libro que esperábamos, porque la reflexión de su autor sobre los bosques ha sido constante. En su calidad de antropólogo, se ha posicionado en los espacios humanos analizados de la mano de esa fiel etnografía, que siempre le acompaña y se ve reflejada en este libro, permitiéndole dialogar con el ecosistema, del cual son parte los hombres, mujeres y niños que llenan su relato. También hay que agregar que este texto registra su claro respeto y reciprocidad hacia los humanos que va encontrando en su peregrinar por las huellas de esos territorios.
Regenerar, dice la RAE, significa dar nuevo ser a algo que degeneró, restablecerlo o mejorarlo. A la vez, la regeneración alude a la reconstrucción que hace un organismo vivo por sí mismo de sus partes perdidas o dañadas. Humanos y árboles tienen esa posibilidad. Los humanos, a través de nuevas y/o ancestrales formas de habitar, establecer y repensar sus relaciones y cuidado con el entorno. El bosque, por su parte, lo hace siguiendo lógicas propias, que los antropólogos vamos poco a poco tratando de comprender, y en las que están involucradas raíces, sol, tierra, lluvia, junto a todos los otros factores bióticos y abióticos que difícilmente tomamos en cuenta, pero que están recogidos en este libro.
¿Podemos hablar entonces —en estos momentos— de la existencia de soluciones para una regeneración de la vida, como lo hace Skewes? Si consideramos esta posibilidad, ¿quiénes serían los encargados de producir este cambio? Claramente en el libro se propone a diferentes interlocutores para efectuarlo, describiendo la tarea de cada uno de ellos, pero relevando lo que el autor llama "ese acervo cultural predominantemente indígena" (p. 22).
Skewes alude al ecosistema del sur de Chile como un espacio integrado y de reciprocidad entre humanos y no humanos, en el cual todos sus actores son "felices culpables" de solventar esa vida, esa nueva vida que en nuestros tiempos se asoma desde diferentes convicciones; algunas, como las originarias sustentadas en 18.000 y más años de conocimiento y de sabiduría; otras, desde una compartimentada ciencia que necesita de esas tradiciones indígenas, y a la vez de la sabiduría popular donde buscar respuestas. Respuestas que deben necesariamente consensuar los conocimientos académicos con los locales, vinculando esa ciencia con la memoria de sus habitantes. Esta nueva vida demanda que ninguno de esos saberes sea considerado subalterno, conformando todos ellos un palimpsesto de significados que aportan a la memoria del territorio y reflejan la identidad ecosistémica de quienes lo habitan.
Lo interesante y novedoso es cómo Skewes logra reunir todas esas voces para tratar de comprender —antes de octubre de 2019— un paradigma neoliberal en crisis y lo que premonitoriamente en la conclusión nos adelanta: "... que todo es transitorio (...) también lo es el neoliberalismo. No sé lo que viene después, pero hay quienes porfiadamente hacen posible un después. Y no son, obviamente, las grandes empresas ni los grandes capitales que todo lo abandonan cuando deja de haber lucro en ello" (p. 234).
En paralelo al lanzamiento de su libro, Skewes escribe una columna de opinión en cooperativa.cl (noviembre 2019), donde señala: "los grafitis se rebelan, inundan la ciudad, rompen con la estética del mercado y de sus productos y personajes. Se toman los muros para encarnar la vida negada, para denunciar o para ironizar".
Pero, ¿qué papel desempeñan los árboles en estas reivindicaciones? Desgraciadamente de manera muy tangencial en estos días, en que se raya, se proclama y se los invisibiliza en una estratigrafía formada por capas de otras urgencias o momentos en blanco de negación y pintura. En este universo, los árboles están ausentes. Algo cercano es la demanda por la libertad del agua, la necesidad de su nueva ley, pero no así la libertad de los árboles. Celco-Arauco pasó de moda, quizá porque los monocultivos entendidos como "Bosques para Chile" han calado hondo. Al fin y al cabo, para muchos, es verde, es el sur y... son árboles.
En ese sentido, quizá podamos ilusamente pensar que, para algunos, son los árboles duros y apellinados como el roble, imputrescibles como el alerce, de cortezas con exacerbados taninos como ulmos y lingues, los que son históricamente culpables, pues estaban y aún están allí. Por tanto, se les acusa de ser las llamadas materias primas, añoradas en tiempos de colonización, asociadas a explotación, búsqueda de riquezas, pero de la mano de la pobreza y de las desigualdades que ello produjo.
Cuán mal le han hecho al bosque algunas categorizaciones, construidas a través del uso indiscriminado de palabras que han ido mutando y adicionándose, como "recurso natural" o "materia prima" o lo falsamente "prístino", insertas en las proclamas moderno-turístico-romántico-capitalistas que promueven la conservación del incalculable valor de una naturaleza no humana, pero que no están cercanas necesariamente a la percepción de la comunidad originaria en la que se insertan y que se encuentran reiteradas en el libro.
Más allá de cómo la estacionalidad ordena los ciclos de nuestra vida y de la naturaleza no humana, hay dos conceptos asociados a los árboles que pueden servir para entender la dinámica entre bosques y humanos: tocones y renovales. De los primeros, testimonios de una explotación muchas veces desmedida, emergen —a veces, solo a veces— los segundos, la vida a la cual alude Skewes. Pero ellos son posibles, en parte, por la acción y el permiso "de los propios seres humanos quienes, sin siquiera pensar en ello, han colaborado a la resurgencia del bosque" (p. 61). Resurgencia es una fascinante y profunda palabra, que nos lleva a recordar un símil presente en otras historias profundizadas por Skewes: los paisajes del agua y, dentro de ellos, los menocos, surgencias o manantiales originados por la aparición de agua subterránea, a la manera de fértiles raíces.
Skewes reflexiona en su libro acerca de diversos conceptos que paulatinamente va articulando Un ejemplo se da en el capítulo 4, en el que reúne categorías como monte y ruka, lo que le posibilita revisitar algunos conceptos que vienen desde lo forestal y la ecología, incorporándolos a una discusión más amplia. En este sentido, la reflexión que efectúa Skewes (pp. 125–154) se aproxima a otro concepto venido desde lo forestal: el de mosaico, que facilita transitar entre las ciencias naturales y la antropología, entre otras disciplinas sociales. Esa categoría puede ser entendida "a partir de la descripción e interpretación histórica de los patrones de ocupación del territorio de los pueblos originarios (...). Se trata de una categoría formada por parches de tamaño variable dominados por praderas, matorrales, áreas agrícolas, y asentamientos humanos resultantes de la eliminación del bosque" (Lara, Solari, Prieto & Peña, 2012, p. 14). En este sentido, se trata de la alternancia de bosques templados de la ecorregión valdiviana con tierras despejadas, descritas muy tempranamente, desde el siglo XVI, por autores como Camus (2002).
A partir de los relatos de sus habitantes, probablemente Skewes pediría ampliar el concepto de mosaico, dando cuenta de "una dialéctica entre el monte, la persona y la habitación" (p. 148), que permite que un monte descrito como apropiado, visitado, transitado y recolectado por las comunidades, sea incorporado a las tierras sin bosques densos históricamente habitadas, correspondientes a lo que llama una fase germinal. Es en este espacio mayormente domesticado, conformado por la vivienda (ruka), los cultivos (chacra), ganadería menor, la quinta, junto con los bosquetes o renovales cercanos como ecosistemas de recolección, donde se producen dinamismos interesantes a los cuales son traídas y atraídas paulatinamente especies arbóreas lejanas, volviendo a relacionar el bosque con la unidad residencial, en una fase madura del asentamiento (Figura 12, p. 150).
En definitiva, con su escritura, Skewes logra conformar felizmente un ecotono transdisciplinario, entendido como espacio fértil, abundante y ético, donde están reunidos conceptos y reflexiones que vienen desde los saberes locales de quienes han logrado "regenerar la vida en los tiempos del capitalismo", a los que se suman las "huellas" que marcan las ciencias sociales junto a las ciencias naturales, todos en igualdad de condiciones.

Background: Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death in children and young adults. Children are at increased risk of fatalities and serious injury due to the differences in their body segment proportions affecting their body kinetics in a vehicle accident. Serious injury and death can be reduced by the appropriate use of car restraint systems (CRS). Children with special health care needs (CSHCN), particularly children with poor postural control, may need adaptive seating to improve postural support and sitting ability within the vehicle due to their additional physical needs. Standard CRS might be unsafe or inappropriate for children with physical disabilities. Research Aims: The thesis aimed to understand the current CRS usage as well as the parents' experiences and perspectives of transportation of CSHCN in the Western Cape, and to determine the postural support needs of CSHCN and the suitability of different CRS designs to meet these needs during transportation. This was achieved through a survey study, followed by a cross-sectional study. Assessing the use of car restraint systems in children with special health care needs; a Western Cape based survey study Objectives: To determine the modes of transport and the prevalence of the use of postural support systems by CSHCN. Along with describing the current use of seatbelts, standard or specialised CRS and exploring the challenges faced by parents of CSHCN during transportation. Methods: A descriptive quantitative survey was performed amongst a convenience sample of all parents of CSHCN between the age of 4 – 18 years enrolled at three special needs schools in the Western Cape, South Africa. Parents had to be able to read and understand English or Afrikaans to be eligible for enrolment in the study. Focus group discussions were conducted to validate the self-designed questionnaire. Results: Parents of 268 children were enrolled in the study (median (IQR) age 11.52 (14.63- 8.86) years; 58.96% male). The most common diagnosis was cerebral palsy (CP) (29.10%), and most children were transported to school with public transport, including school bus (73.13%). The mode of transport was linked to the distance travelled and affordability, and each had its own challenges. The main challenges of parents using private transport were transporting the wheelchair (10.82%) and the unavailability of demarcated disability parking bays (7.46%). When using public transport parents identified their child's poor sitting balance (6.34%) and lack of space within the vehicle (5.60%) as the greatest challenges. The majority of children (58.96%) came from low-to-middle income households (0.700, p0.879). This tool was used to identify CSHCN who had difficulty sitting independently on different types of seats. These participants underwent a standardised sitting balance assessment, using the Level of Sitting Scale (LSS), to identify eligible participants with postural support needs. Participants were excluded if they recently had surgery or had an unstable health condition which could alter their sitting balance. The ability of two standard CRS (Car Seat and Booster seat), two Specialised CRS (one locally and one internationally produced), and Seatbelt only to provide adequate postural support was investigated. Head and trunk postures were analysed and categorised, by deviation from the midline, by photographs taken from different viewpoints. Results: There were 78 CSHCN enrolled in the study (mean (SD) age 11.50 (3.70) years; 65.75% male), the most common diagnosis was CP (63.48%), the majority of participants did not require any support to maintain sitting balance and were categorised as levels 5-8 of the LSS (78.08%). According to the World Health Organisation anthropometric guidelines 54.79% (n=40) of the participants should still use a CRS, either a Booster Seat (42.47%, n=31) or a Car Seat (12.33%, n=9). The head or torso fully supported and between the side supports of the CRS was the most common posture in all the viewpoints of the different CRS except for the lateral head viewpoint of the CRS Car Seat (50.00%; n=4), the Booster Seat (60.00%; n=18), and the International Specialised CRS (60.61%; n=20), as well as the anterior torso viewpoint of the Seatbelt only (50.75%; n=34). The CRS that resulted in the largest proportion of unacceptable posture deviations from the standard position were the Seatbelt only (20.90%, n=56) and the Booster Seat (18.33%, n=22). Out of position (OOP) postures were observed in all the devices for the anterior and lateral head positions (3.03% - 20.00%). The Booster Seat, the Local Specialised CRS and the Seatbelt only devices had participants with OOP postures in all four viewpoints. A key observation in the current study is the lack of torso support for the majority of CSHCN in the anterior torso viewpoint of the Seatbelt Only CRS (55.22%, n=37), indicating that the use of a Seatbelt only does not provide adequate postural support for all CSHCN despite them meeting WHO anthropometric requirements. No significant association was found between the pre- and post-test postural analysis scores of the Seatbelt only (X2=2.14, p=0.144) which could be as a result of the large postural deviations pre-testing (41.79%, n=28) remained post-testing. However, there was a significant association between the preand post-test scores of the anterior head viewpoint of the Booster seat (X2= 7.94, p=0.005), indicating lateral head deviation. The post-test postural analysis score of the Booster Seat anterior head viewpoint was significantly associated with a deviated posture (X2= 7.94, p=0.005). Other OOP observations included postures that could not be categorised by head and trunk deviation from the midline including head or torso rotation, abnormal limb placement, body extension and slouching. Overall performance scores are a sum of the number of viewpoints where the CSHCN posture worsens post-test. an indication of the number of CSHCN whose posture worsened post-test in each of the viewpoints of the CRS. Although there was no correlation between the LSS score and the overall performance score of any CRS device which would indicate if the CSHCN balance influences CRS performance, the Booster Seat (80.00%, n=24) and the Seatbelt only (55.23%, n=37) devices had the greatest number of participants with a poor overall performance. The viewpoints which had the worst performance scores were the anterior and lateral head of the Booster Seat (46.67%, n=14 and 43.33%, n=13 respectively) and both viewpoints had majority of participants worsen their scores. All CRS performed adequately in the lateral torso viewpoint, indicating sufficient support of the torso in the sagittal plane. Conclusions: The postural support needs of CHSCN are unique and depend on the child's anthropometry and the severity of their disability. The currently available CRS designs may not provide the postural support needed for many CSHCN. Postural deviations of the head, torso and limbs were observed which could be dangerous in the event of an accident. This study was not able to determine specific characteristics of CSHCN that require specialised CRS, as there was no association between the LSS and the overall performance score for any of the CRS devices. However, devices that offer less head and torso lateral support, or do not offer additional harness support such as the Seatbelt Only and the Booster Seat showed the largest proportion of OOP postures in CSHCN. Thesis Conclusion: This thesis highlights the complex transportation needs of CSHCN in South Africa and how the different CRS can influence posture. Additional observational research is required to determine the CRS usage in the CSHCN population to compare to the prevalence of CRS usage found in this survey study. Future research could incorporate other specialised CRS designs, particularly ones that are suitable for CSHCN beyond standard CRS weight and height limits or those with severe physical limitations that could not be tested during this study's simulated course. Practitioners prescribing and advising parents on CRS devices for the safe transportation of CSHCN should integrate thorough patient assessment and knowledge of manufacturer CRS design specifications to promote CRS usage. Policies should consider and accommodate for the challenges faced by CSHCN and their families in accessing, affording and utilising transport services. Advocacy and education programs should be combined with legislation enforcement to support improved implementation of CRS usage amongst all children, regardless of their disability status. For effective implementation for CSHCN, CRS should be affordable, accessible, functional and accommodate growth and postural support needs.

Il presente lavoro di tesi verte sull'analisi della teoria del programma, come strumento di valutazione, negli interventi di cosviluppo promossi dalla Regione Toscana. Il cosviluppo è stato identificato, in sintesi come il nesso che lega la migrazione allo sviluppo ovvero una pratica in cui vi è la partecipazione, nei progetti di sviluppo, del migrante come attore e protagonista dello sviluppo del proprio Paese di origine, mediatore tra i contesti locali del Paese di origine e quello d'immigrazione. Nel primo capitolo l'attenzione è stata posta, inizialmente, sulla relazione che intercorre tra migrazione e sviluppo analizzando la nascita del discorso ufficiale su migrazione e sviluppo in EU e in ambito UN, con particolare riferimento all'Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile dove, per la prima volta, la migrazione è stata inserita nella programmazione strategica delle politiche di sviluppo globale ed è stata riconosciuta come contributo allo sviluppo sostenibile, se adeguatamente gestita. In seguito, si è proceduto ad analizzare i concetti che sono stati ritenuti maggiormente significativi a favorire la comprensione del tema della migrazione e sviluppo e di conseguenza del cosviluppo, ovvero quelli di Cooperazione Internazionale allo sviluppo, Cooperazione Decentrata, transnazionalismo, agency dei migranti e ruolo delle diaspore. La migrazione, che è stata una costante nella storia del genere umano, è uno dei grandi temi del nostro tempo che ha effetti demografici, antropologici, sociali, economici e politici significativi sia sui paesi di partenza che su quelli d'arrivo del migrante. Negli ultimi sessant'anni il fenomeno della mobilità umana è notevolmente aumentato, anche in connessione ai processi di globalizzazione e transnazionalizzazione. Nell'era della globalizzazione le migrazioni hanno assunto nuove caratteristiche, in primis sono divenute globali poiché implicano quasi tutti i paesi del mondo e devono pertanto essere analizzate come un fenomeno sociale globale, inerente tutti gli ambiti della vita sociale e individuale che coinvolge tanto gli emigrati, le società di partenza quanto quelle di arrivo. Da qui il concetto di migrazione circolare. La Commissione Europea, dagli anni 2000, ha iniziato a produrre una serie di documenti in cui sono stati messi in relazione fra loro i concetti di migrazione temporanea e circolare, migrazione e sviluppo nonché di controllo delle migrazioni irregolari nel territorio dell'Unione. Con il documento COM (2007) 248, è stata elaborata una definizione di migrazione circolare: "una forma di migrazione gestita in modo tale da consentire un certo grado di mobilità legale di andata e di ritorno tra due paesi", ponendo quindi l'accento sulla caratteristica della circolarità, cioè del ritorno nel paese di origine del migrante. Grazie a periodi di permanenza all'estero, e di successivo rientro nel contesto di origine, il migrante avrebbe la possibilità di interagire con due diverse tipologie di contesti, quello di origine e quello ospitante. Nel Paese di destinazione ha la possibilità di contribuire allo sviluppo dell'economia mettendo a disposizione conoscenza, manodopera e capacità. In quello di origine, una volta tornato e re-inseritosi, può mettere in campo e spendere le esperienze e le abilità implementate o acquisite ex novo. Studio e lavoro possono implementare l'acquisizione di capacità che, in un futuro prossimo, possono avere ripercussioni positive nella sfera economica, e in quella socio-politica, del Paese di partenza. Il cosviluppo è stato poi analizzato, inizialmente, con riferimento al livello internazionale, europeo e nazionale e infine regionale toscano. Per ciò che concerne il cosviluppo nel contesto internazionale si è fatto riferimento al Progetto Messicano Tres Por Uno Inciativa Ciudadana, mentre in quello europeo sono state passate in rassegna alcune esperienze comparate di cosviluppo in Francia, in Catalogna e in Belgio. Rispetto al cosviluppo nel contesto nazionale, l'attenzione è stata focalizzata al Sistema italiano della Cooperazione allo Sviluppo, alla Legge n.125 del 2014 con la quale i flussi migratori sono stati individuati come i processi che possono sostenere e facilitare lo sviluppo e le relazioni con i paesi d'origine, all'OIM (Organizzazione Internazionale per le migrazioni) di cui l'Italia è uno dei paesi fondatori. Il lavoro dell'OIM si basa sull'idea che tutte le migrazioni organizzate in condizioni umane, siano un beneficio sia per i migranti sia per la società di partenza che di arrivo, pertanto le migrazioni sono state ricomprese nel quadro dello sviluppo economico e sociale di un Paese. L'analisi del cosviluppo in Toscana si è sviluppata, dapprima, attraverso la descrizione del contesto normativo di riferimento in particolare della Legge n. 26 del 22 maggio 2009 "Disciplina delle attività europee e di rilievo internazionale della Regione Toscana" e della Legge n. 29 del 9 giugno 2009 "Norme per l'accoglienza, l'integrazione partecipe e la tutela dei cittadini stranieri nella Regione Toscana", in seguito attraverso la descrizione di alcuni bandi regionali per proposte progettuali di cosviluppo tra cui il "Bando per micro progetti per il cosviluppo e il progetto "Senza Frontiere. Associazioni di migranti protagoniste di una nuova dimensione della cooperazione internazionale Toscana". Prima di giungere all'analisi della teoria del programma negli interventi di cosviluppo promossi dalla Regione Toscana, nello specifico sui cinque progetti vincitori del suddetto bando, nel quarto capitolo tale teoria è stata analizzata negli interventi di cosviluppo in Francia (il GRDR: Groupe de recherche et de realisations pour le dèveloppement rural- Francia / Regione del bacino del fiume Senegal), in Catalogna (il Fons català de Cooperaciò al Desenvolupament- Cataluna/ Spagna) e in Belgio (il CIRE'asbl: Coordination et Initiatives pour et avec les Rè fugiès et Etrangers- Belgio). Tale scelta è derivata dalla volontà di far emergere convergenze e divergenze nei progetti/programmi di cosviluppo nei differenti paesi. La teoria del programma, di cui la teoria del cambiamento ne costituisce uno sviluppo (ToC), costituisce uno strumento sia di programmazione/progettazione che di valutazione dei programmi/progetti, è un insieme di approcci teorici che si caratterizzano, come ha affermato Weiss (1997), "per innescare una riflessione circa il perché dell'esistenza di alcune catene causali che permettono ai beneficiari di un programma o una politica di trasformare, o di non trasformare, le risorse che una politica mette loro a disposizione in vista della produzione di un cambiamento". Esistono molteplici definizioni della teoria del programma ma tutte convergono nell'identificarla come un insieme di assunzioni relative ai risultati che un determinato programma prevede di produrre e alle strategie, tattiche adottate dal programma stesso per raggiungere i suoi obiettivi. La Toc consiste, quindi, in una serie di assunti volti a spiegare come, e attraverso quali meccanismi, un programma può avere successo in determinate condizioni ovvero si esplicitano i requisiti necessari per ottenere i risultati attesi ovvero il meccanismo che collega input a output. Il cambiamento è prodotto dalla risposta che la sequenza di input genera nei beneficiari e nell'ambiente ( meccanismi). L'ultimo capitolo del presente elaborato è stato dedicato interamente all'analisi della ToC negli interventi di cosviluppo promossi dalla Regione Toscana e nello specifico nei cinque progetti vincitori del progetto "Senza Frontiere. Associazioni di migranti protagoniste di una nuova dimensione della cooperazione internazionale Toscana": "JOKKO: Migranti, reti territoriali, cosviluppo. Un ponte con il Senegal", "Italia–Bangladesh, un ponte per l'ambiente, la sostenibilità e la salute", "Diasporaid: Azione peril coinvolgimento della diaspora Tunisina in Toscana per il sostegno dell'imprenditoria femminile a Sidi Bouzid", "Un filo conduttore. Relazioni tessili e catene di valore tra Toscana e Perù" e "L'esperienza dei migranti al servizio delle comunità locali di origine". Il progetto "Senza Frontiere. Associazioni di migranti protagoniste di una nuova dimensione della cooperazione internazionale Toscana", è stato promosso nell'ambito delle iniziative finanziate dalla Regione Toscana e realizzato da ARCI Toscana, in collaborazione con Anci Toscana, CESVOT, COSPE, Euroafrican Partnership e Funzionari Senza Frontiere. Il progetto si propone di rafforzare le associazioni di migranti, valorizzare le loro competenze e conoscenze in materia di cooperazione internazionale e sostenere la creazione di reti di partenariato tra queste e gli attori della cooperazione toscana, gli attori istituzionali e della società civile. Come riportato dal Rapporto sulla Cooperazione Internazionale della Regione Toscana 2016-2019, la Cooperazione Internazionale della Regione Toscana si basa sul sostegno alla micro-progettualità che ha permesso, alle Associazioni interessate, di accedere a Bandi rivolti a finanziare progetti di cosviluppo e quindi ha garantito l'attivismo del locale e dei migranti. Il cosviluppo, come evidenziato nel corso nel presente elaborato, ha comportato e comporta un approccio innovativo al governo dei fenomeni migratori la dove si riconosce la migrazione come un motore di crescita per la società di accoglienza e per lo sviluppo della società di origine. Il tema del cosviluppo è un fattore fondamentale dell'associazionismo straniero in Toscana in quanto la maggioranza delle realtà associative ha una forte relazione con le varie comunità all'interno del paese di accoglienza, come anche con i paesi e le comunità di origine.

This report presents the results of a study of retirement behaviour among Norwegian state employees aged 50 to 70 years. The purpose of the study is to document any trends in the average age of retirement of state employees from 2001 to 2007, map the specific retirement routes used by state employees, and to analyse variation in the timing and choice of retirement route by gender, education level, and between occupational groups and different branches (services) within the state sector. The study draws on data combined from two sources: a governmental employee register and a register for a occupational pension (superannuation) program for state employees. The employee register provides information about all governmental employees by 1st October each year from 2001 to 2007. The occupational pension register provides information about the take up of pensions from 2001 to May 2008. Retirement behaviour is thus investigated over a succession of 12 month periods (from October one year to October the following year) plus the shorter period from October 2007 to May 2008. The obligatory retirement age for most state employees is fixed at the age of 70, but they have a right to retire and take out old age pensions three years earlier from the age of 67. Some groups of state employees face lower age thresholds at 60, 63 or 65, known as special age limits. The option to voluntarily leave three years earlier than the age limit also applies to these groups. The majority of state employees also have the option to leave from age 62 as part of a negotiated early retirement pension program known as AFP, which is more beneficial to take out, however, from age 65. All groups can be granted a disability pension at any age up to 67, when claimants are forced to take out an ordinary old age pension. The analysis applies three types of statistical methods. Survival curves indicate at which age a theoretical cohort leave state employment and/or take up a pension. Average retirement age indicates the average age of those retiring, in terms of leaving employment and taking up a pension. Also discrete time (proportional odds) models indicate how retirement ages have changed and vary between occupational groups and services. This is an alternative method which provides better statistical control for the age composition of the employees and those retiring. Various types of retirement routes are also investigated using competing risk (multi nominal) discrete time models. By and large, the different statistical methods provide consistent results, with a slight exception when comparing state branches/ services and some individual years. The age distribution of state employees is almost uniform from age 50 to 60. The number of employees drops sharply, however, in the age brackets above 60. This drop reflects that many employees start retiring from their early 60s and (in addition) that cohorts born after Wold War II are much larger than those born up to 1945. Survival curves show that some retire already at age 57, typically men working in the police force and the military services. Most other groups can retire only from age 62. More men than women retire before 62 but more men than women also tend to work after 66. Women retire most typically between 62 and 66 years. Surviving curves also show that people retired later in 2006/2007 than in 2001/2002. In particular, fewer people retired in the age bracket 62-64 in 2006/2007 compared to similar age groups five years before. Also average retirement age among retirees and discrete time models indicate that people retired later over the study period. Average retirement age increased from 61.3 in 2001/2002 to 62.4 in 2006/2007. The retirement age increased more strongly among women than men. In 2001/2002 women retired earlier than men, in 2006/2007 women retired later than men did. The analysis distinguishes between 13occupationalgroupsand 22 governmental services. The largest occupational group is 'executive officers', people who are responsible for dealing with various types of applications. Universities and higher education is the largest service. Police and military personnel retire earlier than any other occupational group, whereas university/college teachers and researchers retire latest. Among services, it is also the police who retire earliest whereas the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has the oldest retirees. Linear regression models indicate that the very low retirement age among police and military personnel is explained by the high frequency of special age limits which apply to these groups. Retirement age is positively correlated with education level; people with higher education retire later than people with less education. The high retirement age at universities/ colleges is only partially explained, however, by the high education level in this service. Retirement age vary more between occupational groups than between services. This is even more clearly when analysing both factors in a single statistical model. Much of the occupational level variation is explained by special retirement ages, however, which tends to be granted to occupational groups rather than services. Some occupational level variation is also explained by education level. When controlling for special retirement ages and education level, occupational level and service level variations are of similar magnitude. The composition of occupational groups changed over the study period. This compositional change in occupations can help explain why average retirement age increased in the period. This factor can only explain a minor part of the increased retirement age, however, estimated to 24%. Also increased education level could contribute to higher retirement age but this factor appears to work via the changing composition of occupations. Retirement age developed differently within occupational groups and services. Clerks delayed their retirement more strongly than any other occupational group. But this groups was also substantially reduces in numbers, and may not be fully comparable throughout the fire year period. Also executive officers, advisers (in governmental departments), and university/ college teachers and researchers increased their retirement age substantially. Technicians and military personnel were the only occupational groups reducing their retirement age. Retirement age also developed differently between services but these results tend to be sensitive to variation between individual years. Still, the Labour and Welfare Administration (NAV), the Public Road Administration and governmental departments increased their retirement age substantially over the period. The data cannot fully identify all available types of retirement in terms of pension programs, and even less so when analysing how retirement changed over the study period. Disability retirement has seemingly decreased more strongly over the study period than the take up of other pensions. One should be careful to note here that some services, particularly many manual jobs, were privatized and moved out of the governmental sector during the study period. Some employees continue working also after taking up a pension, typically known as flexible retirement. Before 62 years of age such flexibility is more frequent among women than men, typically by combining a 50% disability pension with a 50% job. Above 62 years the gender gap in flexible retirement narrows. Flexible retirement increased over the study period. There is only moderate variation in flexible retirement between occupational groups and services. The report investigates retirement behaviour using various methods, including the average retirement age among retirees and discrete time (proportional odds) models for everyone at risk for retirement.By and largethe twomethods give similar results, particularly when comparing occupational groups (adjusted r=0.965). There is some variation between the two methods, however, when comparing governmental services (adjusted r=0.85). ; Rapporten beskriver pensjoneringsatferden blant statsansatte mellom 50 og 70 års alder i perioden 2001 til 2008 med data fra Statens tjenestemannsregister og Statens Pensjonskasse. Analysene gjør bruk av overlevelseskurver, gjennomsnittlig avgangsalder blant de som gikk av med pensjon, og diskrettids forløpsmodeller som også tar hensyn til antallet ansatte i hvert alderstrinn. Disse metodene gir stort sett sammenfallende resultater. Avgangsalderen økte relativt jevnt gjennom perioden fra 2001 til 2008. Det ble også vanligere å kombinere pensjon med arbeid i denne perioden. Avgangsalderen økte mer blant kvinner enn menn. Avgangsalderen varierer mellom yrkesgrupper og etater, og yrkesvariasjonen er større enn etatsvariasjonen. Grunnen er at særaldersgrenser og utdanningsnivå varierer mer mellom yrker enn mellom etater. Endringer i yrkessammensetningen kan bidra til å forklare en mindre del av den økte avgangsalderen i perioden. Avgangsalderen viser noe ulik utvikling over tid mellom yrkesgrupper og etater.

The Convention on the Rights of the Child, approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 20 November 1989, states in Article 2 that "States Parties shall respect and ensure the rights set forth in the present Convention to each child within their jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind, irrespective of the child's or his or her parent's or legal guardian's race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status." Therefore, the child becomes a citizen from birth and is competent to learn from birth. Competent in learning, asking questions, seeking answers, and generating a culture of their own. By affirming the right to be recognised as a citizen of the present, competent, culture-generating, we affirm the strength and extraordinary potential of the child and their right to express it. Infant-toddler centres and preschools are excellent educational places, where to build the paradigm of care and community for the child as citizen. Not all-encompassing places for education, but essential. They help to process, rework and update childhood data, to define childhood and to be defined by them and to define societies. It is not just the care of the child, it is the child's culture, it is the child's look at the world, their generative whys. The great cultural and political "revolution" of the last century – never completely accomplished – is making children active protagonists, leaving them their autonomy, considering them as holders of rights and culture. But now we know that society needs its childhood, too. ; carla.rinaldi@unimore.it ; Fondazione Reggio Children – Centro Loris Malaguzzi (The Reggio Children – Loris Malaguzzi Centre Foundation) ; Acemoglu D., Robinson J. 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Playing curriculum development based on early childhood learning is a major issue in international early childhood education discussions. This study aims to look at the concepts and practices of play-based curriculum in early childhood education institutions. The study uses qualitative methods with the CIPP model program evaluation on play-based curriculum. Data collection techniqueswere carriedout using participatory observation, document studies and interviews. Participants are early childhood educators, early childhood and parents. The results found that the play-based curriculum has not yet become the main note in the preparation and development of concepts and learning practices in early childhood. Play-based curriculum quality standards have not provided a solid and clear concept foundation in placing play in the center of learning models. Other findings the institution has not been able to use the DAP (Developmentally Appropriate Practice) approach fully, and has not been able to carry out the philosophy and ways for developing a curriculum based on play. However, quite a lot of research found good practices implemented in learning centers in early childhood education institutions, such as develop children's independence programs through habituation to toilet training and fantasy play. Keywords: Play Based Curriculum, Center Learning Model, Curriculum Quality Standards, Early Childhood Education Reference Alford, B. L., Rollins, K. B., Padrón, Y. N., & Waxman, H. C. (2016). Using Systematic Classroom Observation to Explore Student Engagement as a Function of Teachers' Developmentally Appropriate Instructional Practices (DAIP) in Ethnically Diverse Pre- kindergarten Through Second-Grade Classrooms. 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The enthusiasm in the Tahfidz House (TH) education program especially for children shows an increasing trend in Padang, a modeling city in developing Islāmic character for children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Tahfidz House program trends development in early childhood in Padang. This study uses qualitative methods with data collection tools, namely inter- views, direct observation, and document analysis. The results showed that: First, the Tahfidz House program attracted public interest because it offered dimensions of character formation such as in- creasing Intelligence Quotient, Emotional Quotient, and Spiritual Quotient. Second, there is a theo- logical reason in the landscape of local people to think that the Qur'an offers a blessing concept in our lives. Third, Tahfidz House existences as non-formal education has two dominant affiliations, namely pure education and based on market interests or capitalization. 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학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :사범대학 체육교육과,글로벌스포츠매니지먼트전공,2019. 8. 김기한. ; 본 연구는 한국의 스포츠인재개발 시스템의 효율성과 효과성을 탐색하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 이를 위해 스포츠전문화, 스포츠인재개발시스템 등과 관련된 국/내외 문헌들을 고찰하여 연구의 이론적 배경으로 활용하였다. 그리고 이론적 배경을 토대로 스포츠 인재의 조기 발굴과 조기 전문화가 높은 경기력(국제경쟁력)을 가지고 있는 우수 선수를 효과적으로 육성하기 위한 전제조건이라는 결론을 도출하였다. 한국의 스포츠인재개발 시스템의 효율성과 효과성 탐색을 위한 연구 대상으로 정부와 대기업의 광범위하고 지속적인 지원에도 불구하고 상대적으로 두드러진 성과를 창출하지 못하고 있는 것으로 평가되는 '육상' 종목을 선정하였다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 설정한 연구 문제는 다음과 같다. 1. 스포츠 인재의 조기 발굴과 조기 전문화가 동 종목의 최고 경기력 달성을 위한 필수 요소인가? 2. 육상에서 상위 경기력을 보유하게 된 선수들의 특징은 무엇인가? 대한육상연맹의 선수 기록 데이터를 기반으로 기초 연구자료를 수집하고 구체적인 연구대상을 파악하였으며, 웹기반 설문조사를 통해 양적연구를 위한 주요 변인들을 수집하는 한편, 국제육상연맹에 등재된 선수 랭킹 자료 등을 활용하여 종속변인 설정을 진행하였다. 구체적으로 2000년에서 2018년까지 육상 단거리 종목별 (남자 100m, 200m, 400m / 여자 100m, 200m, 400m) 국내 상위 100위 이내의 선수 명단들을 교차 분석하여 총 399명의 설문 대상이 파악되었고, 설문진행 결과 294명(응답율:73.68%)의 연구대상이 설문조사에 참여하였으나, 종속변인 설정에 부합되지 않는 4명의 응답자를 분석대상에서 제외시킴에 따라 최종적으로 290명의 응답자료를 기반으로 통계적 처리를 진행하였다. 주요한 통계적 처리로는 연구 문제 1의 답을 도출하기 위한 상관관계 분석과 연구 문제 2의 답을 도출하기 위한 회귀분석이 진행되었고, 분석결과에 따른 추가적인 기술통계 분석도 진행되었다. 본 연구를 통해 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 스포츠 인재의 조기 발굴 및 조기 전문화와 선수의 향후 경기력 간의 정적 상관관계를 발견할 수 없으며, 특히 남자의 경우에는 유의한 역상관 관계가 발견되었다. 둘째, 성공적인 육상 선수들은 한국의 스포츠인재개발모델이 추정하고 있는 시기보다 더 늦게 전문적인 훈련에 참가하는 것으로 파악되었다. 더불어, 여자의 경우에는 육상 전문화 전 기타 종목 참여 여부와 향후 경기력 간의 상관관계가 나타나지 않은 반면, 남자의 경우에는 사전 종목 참여가 향후 경기력과 유의한 정적 관계에 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 엘리트 선수 양성을 위해 도입된 제도적 도구가 높은 수준의 선수 양성에 활용되기 보다는 특혜를 취득하기 위한 수단으로써 활용되고 있는 것으로 파악된다. 특히, 남자의 경우에는 군면제 특혜에 대한 동기와 향후 경기력 간에 유의한 관계가 나타나지 않았고, 상급학교 진학 특혜에 대한 동기와 향후 경기력 간에는 유의한 부적 관계가 나타났다. 결론적으로, 한국의 스포츠인재개발 모델은 '육상' 종목에서 그 목표하는 바를 효율적이고 효과적으로 달성하지 못하고 있다고 평가할 수 있다. 따라서, 천편일률적으로 모든 종목에 적용하는 스포츠인재개발 모델을 넘어서, 육상 종목을 포함하여 각 스포츠 종목의 특성을 고려한 차별화된 접근법이 요구된다. ; The aim of this research was to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of Korea's sport talent development system in accomplishing its intended goals. As first step for this assessment, theoretical framework of the research was formed by identifying common characteristics evident in western literature on specialization, and relevant law and literature on sport talent development system of Korea. The established theoretical framework posited that early specialization of early talents are necessary components of producing eventual high performing (internationally competitive) athletes, in the Korean Model for Sport Talent Development. Next, a sport perceived to be under-performing despite extensive and continued support granted by government agencies and conglomerates in Korea, the sport of athletics, was chosen as subject sport of research. The research questions formulated were as follows: - RQ 1. Are early talent and early specialization in athletics prerequisites for eventual top performance in the same sport? - RQ 2. What are the characteristics of eventual top performers in athletics? Research method involved a quantitative analysis of Korean athletics by incorporating reliable athletes' performance data available at the national governing body of the sport, Korea Association of Athletics Federations, data recalled (via web-based survey) from the memory of subject athletes, and other reliable published resource (i.e. from International Association of Athletics Federations). Specifically, by cross-referencing the Top 100 Lists of sprint events (Men's 100m, 200m, 400m, and Women's 100m, 200m, 400m), 399 subjects of survey were identified. With 73.68% response rate to web-based surveys, and exclusion of 4 respondents whose performance(result) was beyond the scope of reference data for dependent variable, 290 athletes resultantly became the sample population for quantitative analysis. Major statistical analysis involved was a correlational analysis conducted in an attempt to answer RQ1., and linear multiple regressions for RQ2 ; and in relevance to the results of analyses further descriptive statistics were presented on certain variables. Results revealed, firstly, not only that there wasn't any significant correlation between 'early talent and early specialized' athletes and their eventual performance, but also an inverse correlation was found in men's case. Secondly, successful athletes started athletics specialization later than it is presumed in the Korean Model of Sport Development. Furthermore, whereas sampling variable(prior sport participation) had no significant relationship with eventual performance in women's case, positive relationship was found in men's case. Thirdly, the results seem to hint that some of the institutional tools put in place by Korea's sport policy to encourage elite athlete development, were being exploited to attain the benefits rather than functioning as stepping stones to produce high level athletes. In men's case especially, there wasn't any significant relationship between the motivation for military service exemption benefit and later performance, but a negative relationship was found between the motivation to advance to higher education through sporting achievements and eventual performance. Results of this research negate the presumptions inherent in the Korean Model of Sport Talent Development, which posits early identification of talent and early specialization as key and necessary requirements in reaching eventual high performance. Therefore, beyond the generalized approach of Korea's sport talent development system, it calls for implementation of a more differentiated, sport-specific model to elite sport development in Korea. ; Abstract i Table of Contents v List of Tables ix List of Figures xi Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Current Context 1 1.1.1. Korean Athletics 2 1.2. Scope and Outline 3 1.3. Research Significance 4 Chapter 2. Literature Review 7 2.1. Standard Model of Talent Development (SMTD) 7 2.2. Sports Specialization 8 2.2.1. Existing Definition of Sports Specialization in Literature 8 2.2.2. Early Specialization 9 2.2.3. Doubts on early specialization in sport. 10 2.2.4. Early diversification(sampling), and late specialization. 10 2.3. Long Term Athlete Development (Istvan Balyi) 12 2.3.1. Early Specialization and Late Specialization Models 12 2.4. Historical Background on Korea's Sport Development 14 2.5. Korea's Sport Talent Development System 18 2.5.1. School Sports (athletic club) Policy 19 2.5.2. Special Sport Talent System (or Athletes Admission and Scholarship Policy) 20 2.5.3. Lowest Grade of Academic Abilities Policy 21 2.5.4. Sports Schools and Sports Promotion Act 21 2.5.5. National Games/Competitions Structure 22 Chapter 3. Theoretical Framework and Research Questions 25 3.1. Theoretical Framework 25 3.1.1. Research Subjects 26 3.2. Research Questions 29 Chapter 4. Methodology 30 4.1. Overview 30 4.2. Research Parameters and Definitions 30 4.2.1. KAAF Athletes' Database 30 4.2.2. Drawing a line between Early and Late Specialization 31 4.2.3. Operational Definition: Specialization 34 4.2.4. Operational Definition: Early Talent and Early Specialization 34 4.2.5. Critical Periods (of Development) 34 4.3. Overview of Research Methods for each Research Question 35 4.4. Conduct of Data Collection and Analysis 39 4.4.1. Procedure ONE: Initial data collection 39 4.4.2. Procedure TWO 41 4.4.3. Procedure THREE 43 4.4.4. Procedure FOUR 44 4.4.5. Procedure FIVE 45 4.4.6. Procedure SIX: Memory Recall Survey 45 4.4.7. Procedure EIGHT: Merging, Adjusting and Finalizing Data Set 2 Alpha 47 Chapter 5. Results and Findings 55 5.1. Descriptive Statistics in relevance to the RQs. 55 5.1.1. Elementary Division Statistics 55 5.1.2. Distribution of Athletics Main Events (Survey Respondents) 56 5.2. Answering RQ1: Are early talent and early specialization in athletics prerequisites for eventual top performance in the same sport? 58 5.3. Answering RQ 2: What are the characteristics of eventual top performers? 59 5.3.1. Multiple Regression ONE 60 5.3.2. Multiple Regression TWO 61 5.3.3. Multiple Regression THREE(M) and THREE(F) 63 5.4. Further Investigations and Findings 67 5.5. Summary of Results and Interpretations 70 5.5.1. RQ1. Early talent and early specialization 70 5.5.2. RQ 2. Characteristics of eventual top performers 72 Chapter 6. Discussion and Limitations 76 6.1. Discussion and Suggestions 76 6.1.1. Korean Model of Sport Talent Development 76 6.1.2. Diversification or Sampling Period 78 6.1.3. Appearance of secondary sex characteristics 80 6.2. Limitations 81 6.2.1. Definition of "Sampling" 81 6.2.2. Critical Secondary Factors 82 6.2.3. Nature of Research 83 6.2.4. Scope of Research 84 Bibliography 86 Appendix 112 ; Master