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Product Name: Flat Belly Fix Author Name: Todd Lamb Bonus: Yes Official Website: CLICK HERE The 21 Day Flat Belly Fix is going to kick-start your weight loss goals for the next 21-days. No, it's not a 'get fit quick' program, nor it is some fad diet that only works for a certain amount of time. No, you don't have to spend hours upon hours at the gym, nor do you have to starve yourself – or worse, deprive yourself of the flavors you love. Instead, it's a 21-day system that teaches you the proper nutrition, exercises and diet diets needed to boost your body in ways that helps it burn stubborn fat. It requires 80% diet and 20% exercise, and that's precisely what you get from The 21 Day Flat Belly Fix as well. What is The 21 Day Flat Belly Fix? Just imagine, in the next 21-days, you can be looking in the mirror and seeing sustainable weight loss results that give you the encouragement to keep going. The program provides you with all the information you need to boost your body today so you can start losing weight moving forward. It's not about doing a certain set of exercises right now nor is it about eating a specific diet right now. It's about changing your habits today so you can live a happier, healthier and fitter lifestyle moving forward. This is key to sustainable weight loss and to be quite frank, it's refreshing to see in a program because let's be honest, the weight loss industry is booming market. Most programs give you just enough information to get you to see results but not enough for you to continue to see results. That just isn't the case with Flat Belly Fix. The fundamental principles of this program are: Hunger and AppetiteThe Energy System Shift The first principle is learning about your nervous system and the endocrine system, and how they both play a huge role in the weight loss process. The second principle is learning how to shift your body from burning sugar for energy to burning stored fat as a primary source of energy. But what can you expect from this program? Ask anyone within the health, fitness or weight loss industry, and they'll tell you that sustainable weight loss is 80% diet and 20% exercise. That's what you get from Flat Belly Fix . You're provided with the perfect mixture of steps to achieve healthy weight loss – and weight loss that stays off and continues. The entire program is broken down into three different parts to enjoy easy and enjoyable reading that makes sense. These parts are: The Main System7-Minute Flat Belly ProtocolSmoothie Recipes So, as you can see from that list right there, your exercise and diet are taken care of. However, what the really unique thing is about this program is that you're not just provided with a 21-day workout system or smoothie recipes. You're also equipped with the right information you need to understand your health and your body, and how to thrive even after those 21 days are over. And that's what separates this program from all the rest. A really impressive feature is that the program is entirely online. So, you can get started right away. You just sign into your account and access the program. You can download it onto your laptop, desktop, smartphone or tablet as well, which allows you to stick with this regime whenever and wherever you go. Now, if you're unsure as to whether or not an online weight loss regime is for you, you'll be happy to know that there is a 60 Day Money Back Guarantee which should give you all the confidence you need to finally get your confidence back. Who is the Creator Behind The 21 Day Flat Belly Fix? Todd Lamb is the creator of this exceptionally well-thought-out 21-day system. And the best part? He isn't some famous fitness guru who has been paid millions to create this. Instead, he's just like you and I. He has a passion for helping people achieve their goals, and throughout his career of working as a police officer, SWAT, and Canine dog handler and being in the military, he has learned valuable knowledge and steps to doing just that. Quick Overview of The 21 Day Flat Belly Fix Program It can be difficult to see the true value of a program without trying it out for yourself, which is why the 60 Day Money Back Guarantee is a great feature. However, here is a sneak peek at the topics and things you receive when you start the program. 21 Day System RationaleHunger and AppetiteThe Energy System ShiftThe Secret FBF TeaBenefits of Turmeric for WomenBenefits of Turmeric for MenHow Much Per DayThe Benefits of Chai TeaThe Benefits of Green TeaGrass Fed ButterCinnamonLeptin SensitivityWhat is LeptinLeptin and Weight LossMastering Your Leptin LevelsLeptin, Exercise, Carbohydrates and FatsLeptin and Interval MealsInsulin Sensitive and ResistanceWhat is Insulin?How to Improve your Insulin SensitivityHow to Improve your Insulin Sensitivity Through DietMedium Chain TriglyceridesMCTS for Reducing Fat StorageCoconut MilkMCT OilLactobacillus L. ReuteriGender Specific Benefits for Women Gender Specific Benefits for MenThe ProtocolMeal Timings and CompositionVisual ReferencesFood ListQuestions and Answers Plus The 7-Minute Protocol which is an exercise regime and the Smoothie Recipe Guide which provides you with a handful of delicious and nutritious recipes that will help boost your efforts. The Verdict The 21 Day Flat Belly Fix is genuinely an incredibly comprehensive 21-day weight loss system that provides you with the knowledge you need to succeed even well after the 21 days are over. It's carefully laid out, so you know exactly what you're doing and more importantly, why. At the end of the day, if you decide that achieving your ultimate weight loss, health and fitness goals aren't for you, then you do have that 60 Day Money Back Guarantee to take advantage of. But certainly, with one look at this realistic and doable diet and exercise regime, you'd be silly to turn back now. Start the program today, and in 21 days, you will be pleasantly surprised. Official Website: CLICK HERE

2-s2.0-85045087730 ; A statistical combination of several searches for the electroweak production of charginos and neutralinos is presented. All searches use proton-proton collision data at s=13 TeV, recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2016 and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb?1. In addition to the combination of previous searches, a targeted analysis requiring three or more charged leptons (electrons or muons) is presented, focusing on the challenging scenario in which the difference in mass between the two least massive neutralinos is approximately equal to the mass of the Z boson. The results are interpreted in simplified models of chargino-neutralino or neutralino pair production. For chargino-neutralino production, in the case when the lightest neutralino is massless, the combination yields an observed (expected) limit at the 95% confidence level on the chargino mass of up to 650 (570) GeV, improving upon the individual analysis limits by up to 40 GeV. If the mass difference between the two least massive neutralinos is approximately equal to the mass of the Z boson in the chargino-neutralino model, the targeted search requiring three or more leptons obtains observed and expected exclusion limits of around 225 GeV on the second neutralino mass and 125 GeV on the lightest neutralino mass, improving the observed limit by about 60 GeV in both masses compared to the previous CMS result. In the neutralino pair production model, the combined observed (expected) exclusion limit on the neutralino mass extends up to 650–750 (550–750) GeV, depending on the branching fraction assumed. This extends the observed exclusion achieved in the individual analyses by up to 200 GeV. The combined result additionally excludes some intermediate gaps in the mass coverage of the individual analyses.[Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2018, The Author(s). ; 2012/07/E/ST2/01406, 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861 National Science Foundation, NSF: 1151640, 1506130, 1506168, 1508869, 1606321, 1607202 National Institutes of Health, NIH U.S. Department of Energy, USDOE Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Welch Foundation: C-1845 Hispanics in Philanthropy, HIP CS Fund, CSF Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung California Earthquake Authority, CEA Qatar National Research Fund, QNRF Secretaría de Educación Pública, SEP Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu, TAEK Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 675440 Weston Havens Foundation Louisiana Academy of Sciences, LAS Missouri University of Science and Technology, MST CERN College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, CAS Norwegian Sequencing Centre, NSC Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology, IPST Mountain Equipment Co-operative, MEC Science and Technology Facilities Council, STFC: ST/N000242/1 Royal Astronomical Society, RAS European Commission, EC European Research Council, ERC Ministry of Education - Singapore, MOE Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, ???? Science Foundation Ireland, SFI Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft, HGF Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, SNF: 166294 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC Research Promotion Foundation, ???? Ministerstvo Školství, Mláde?e a T?lov?chovy, MŠMT Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, FNP Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT Russian Foundation for Basic Research, ???? Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES Academy of Finland Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Austrian Science Fund, FWF Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS, FNRS Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, BELSPO Chulalongkorn University, CU Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, FWO Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie, IWT Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture, FRIA Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft, BMWFW General Secretariat for Research and Technology, GSRT Hungarian Scientific Research Fund, OTKA Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, MSIP Ministry of Science and Technology, MOST National Research Foundation of Korea, NRF Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN A.G. Leventis Foundation National Science and Technology Development Agency, ????: Thailand Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, SENESCYT Universiti Malaya, UM Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, FAPERJ Ministry for Business Innovation and Employment, MBIE National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, NASU Ministry of Education and Science, MES Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, IPM Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, BUAP Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, SEIDI Horizon 2020 European Regional Development Fund, FEDER State Atomic Energy Corporation ROSATOM, ROSATOM Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CINVESTAV Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, PAEC State Fund for Fundamental Research of Ukraine, SFFR Department of Science and Technology, Government of West Bengal, DST ; Open Access, Copyright CERN, for the benefit of the CMS Collaboration. Article funded by SCOAP3. ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, ; and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COL-CIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR and RAEP (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI and FEDER (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA).

The article notes that the development of the economy and politics, as well as the geopolitical situation in the world have radically changed the idea of foreign-language training of officers of the Federal Penal Service of Russia. The increase in international contacts has led to the fact that the officer can no longer be considered as isolated from the rapidly developing information environment. In this situation, the improvement of the quality of foreign-language training with a focus on its practical implementation in daily professional activity in the Federal Penal Service of Russia acquires special significance. The methodology for the formation of the student's foreign language independence is based on the provisions of the competence approach, on the interconnected system of didactic, general, private, linguistic and psychological principles of independent organization. The contest is represented by a three-component structure (linguistic, methodological and psychological components). It involves the gradual formation of foreign-language independence in conditions of cadets implementing independent work of different types. The latter allows developing the student's need for continuous self-improvement in the sphere of learning a foreign language and the acquired skills of independent work, which provides the basis for this continuous foreign language education.The limited terms of foreign language teaching in a departmental higher educational institution and the mandatory target setting (oral speech skills formation and reading texts on the specialty) set the task for the lecturer to use an optimal system of work that could ensure the interaction of various types of speech activity. The article views the necessity of optimization of the process of professional-oriented foreign language teaching in higher educational institutions of the Federal Penal Service of Russia in the context of Russian education modernization. The author views innovative technologies in teaching professional-oriented English for cadets in these institutions. It is stated that person's activity in learning is determined by the level of learning motivation development. It is necessary to create such psychological and pedagogical conditions so that a cadet could take an active personal position and express himself/herself as a subject of educational activity. The basis of innovative learning technologies is the motive to practical and intellectual activity. Certain active learning methods are described as well as some efficient and widespread methods in organizing cadets' cognitive activity are proposed.According to the opinion of the majority of leading specialists dealing with the problems of the methodology of foreign language teaching, the existing traditional approaches to foreign language teaching are not perfect and have need for modernization, since they do not fully meet the basic needs and requirements of modern society. Innovative educational technologies introduction in educational process can become a powerful tool for improving the quality of education, which will allow timely making necessary adjustments in educational process. Innovative teaching technologies include new forms and methods of teaching, a new approach to the learning process, as well as the usage of new information resources (Internet resources, software, hardware).In practice of foreign language teaching, such most wide-spread technologies are used as: game technologies (role-playing games, business games), technology of learning in cooperation, integrated learning technology (quiz, competition, dispute, conference), interactive technologies (SMART interactive whiteboard), the technology of personal-oriented training (humane-personal approach, multimedia presentations, Internet resources), testing technology, modular training technology, case-study technology, the method of associogrames. The use of interactive technologies in communicative learning significantly improves material quality and cadets' learning effectiveness. As practice shows, the use and introduction of modern technologies in combination with the use of multimedia resources enriches the content of the educational process, increases cadets' motivation for studying the discipline. Besides, there is a close cooperation between a trainer and a trainee.The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the author's professional experience of using innovative learning technologies of professionally oriented foreign language learning for the cadets of higher educational institutions of the Federal Penal Service of Russia.Methodology of the research includes such methods as analysis of the methodical material describing purposefulness of innovative technologies usage in professionally oriented foreign language learning.Results of the study can be used in methodical activity of a lecturer, in the improvement of the quality of the process of professionally oriented foreign language learning. ; Развитие экономики, сложившаяся геополитическая ситуация в мире кардинально изменили представления об иноязычной подготовке сотрудников Федеральной службы исполнения наказаний. Увеличение межнациональных и международных контактов привело к тому, что будущий офицер уже не может рассматриваться изолированно от быстро развивающего информационного пространства. В этой ситуации особый смысл приобретает повышение качества иноязычной подготовки с ориентацией на практическую ее реализацию в повседневной профессиональной деятельности, в деятельности уголовно-исполнительной системы.Методика формирования иноязычной самостоятельности курсанта основывается на положениях компетентностного подхода, на взаимосвязанных и представляющих систему дидактических, общеметодических, частнометодических, лингвистических и психологических принципах самостоятельной организации, содержание которой представлено трехкомпонентной структурой (лингвистический, методологический и психологический компоненты); предполагает поэтапное формирование иноязычной самостоятельности в условиях реализации курсантами самостоятельной работы разных видов [12].Ограниченные сроки обучения иностранному языку в ведомственном вузе ФСИН России и обязательная установка – формирование умений и навыков устной речи и чтения текстов по специальности – ставят перед преподавателем задачу использования такой системы работы, которая могла бы обеспечить оптимальное взаимодействие различных видов речевой деятельности. Следовательно, возникает необходимость оптимизации процесса обучения профессионально-ориентированному иностранному языку в ведомственных вузах ФСИН России в рамках модернизации российского образования. В статье актуализируется необходимость процесса использования инновационных и активных методов обучения в преподавании иностранного языка. Утверждается, что уровень проявления активности личности в обучении обусловлен уровнем развития учебной мотивации. Следовательно, необходимо создавать такие психолого-педагогические условия в обучении, в которых курсант может занять активную личностную позицию и выразить себя в качестве субъекта учебной деятельности. Основа активных методов обучения – побуждение к практической и мыслительной деятельности. Дается характеристика некоторых активных методов обучения, а также предлагается ряд эффективных и распространенных методов организации активной познавательной деятельности курсантов.Согласно мнению большинства ведущих специалистов, занимающихся проблемами методики преподавания иностранного языка, нынешняя, а именно традиционная система обучения иностранному языку, а также образовательная система в целом, является не совершенной и остро нуждается в модернизации, поскольку данная система не может отвечать основным потребностям и запросам современного общества. К инновационным технологиям обучения можно отнести новые формы и методы преподавания, новый подход к процессу обучения, а также применение новых информационных ресурсов (интернет-ресурсы, программное обеспечение, технические средства) [3, c. 96].В практике обучения иностранным языкам наиболее активно используются такие технологии как: игровые технологии (ролевые, деловые игры), технологии обучения в сотрудничестве, технология интегрированного обучения (викторина, конкурс, диспут, конференция), интерактивные технологии (интерактивная доска SMART), технология личностно ориентированного обучения, ИКТ, технология тестирования, технология модульного обучения, метод ассоциограмм.

At the beginning of the 1970s, in France, science fiction subculture engages in its countercultural moment. Contestations and claims of legitimacy come from different media: Laloux defends a national, artisanal and engaged conception of animation (La Planète sauvage, 1973), French "bande dessinée" shows new aesthetic and graphic ambitions in magazines referring to themselves as "adult" (Metal hurlant, 1975, with a special focus on Mœbius and Bilal), and literary science fiction becomes more and more politicised, confronted to the legacy of the British New Wave and to the ideology born with Mai 68 (Andrevon, Les Hommes-machines contre Gandahar, 1969). Thirty years later, the "multimedia revolution" implies a technical and cultural convergence between videogames, hyperrealistic special effects in cinema, and 3D computer generated animation movies. In this context, the novelizations of Pierre Bordage (Atlantis, 1998, adapted from an adventure video game by Cryo Interactive, and Kaena, 2003, from a European 3D digital animation movie) question the still rare interactions between literature and "new media" in French science fiction, at the turning point of the 2000s and as we move into the digital moment of existence of popular fictions. Considering this area and this period of time, this thesis examines intermediality in French science fiction as a historical and rhetorical construction, used by the actors to promote certain representations of the genre and to take position in conflicts about generic definition, especially regarding the relations with American productions, the industrial question, and the place of the author. I identify three moments of intermediality in French science fiction during that period of time (1973-2003). I consider the term moment in its temporal sense (a duration) and in its physical one (a synchronic measure of a dynamic phenomenon). This historical analysis of intermediality's forms and discourses shows how the French « macro-texte » (Bréan) evolves in regard to the global « mega-text » of the genre (Broderick). This leads to study secondly what I call the « SF-effect », in relation with that historical and cultural context, from a semiotic, cognitive and narrative point of view. I engage in clarifying semiotic modalities of the SF-effect by considering relations between novum (a strange diegetic reality) and estrangement (a strange formal device), both depending on media and generic architextual determinants. Discussing the famous theory of Suvin, I propose an intermedial analytical framework of the cultural poetics of science fiction. Visual SF-effect is specifically investigated, and then confronted to the verbal estrangement figures, leading to a narrative intersemiotic approach of science fiction "texts" (in a broad meaning) when they are produced by media using different systems of signs. Finally, I consider the problem of world building and how novums and estrangements intersect in productions from different media when these productions share the same fictional world. I discuss the concept of transfictionality forged by Saint-Gelais and the propositions of Besson and Letourneux about massively transmedial contemporary fictional worlds. I distinguish four intermedial "world-effects" (worlds to be built, worlds to be diversify, helical worlds, worlds to be played) in the specific French biotope of the genre, which may also offer helpful support to analyse other cultural and generic phenomena. ; Au début des années 1970, en France, la science-fiction constituée en subculture connaît son moment contre-culturel, à la croisée des médias et des revendications en légitimité, avec le long métrage d'animation de Laloux (La Planète sauvage, 1973), les revues de bandes dessinées « adultes » (Métal hurlant, 1975, notamment Mœbius et Bilal) et la politisation de l'écriture du genre qui se positionne par rapport à l'héritage des expériences formelles de la New Wave et à l'idéologie contestataire de Mai 68 (Andrevon, Les Hommes-machines contre Gandahar, 1969). Trente ans plus tard, dans le contexte de la révolution multimédia qui fait converger jeu vidéo, cinéma à effets spéciaux et animation de synthèse, les novellisations de Bordage tirées d'un jeu vidéo (Atlantis, 1998) et d'un dessin animé en 3D (Kaena, 2003) interrogent les rapports encore assez étanches entre littérature de science-fiction et nouveaux médias en France, à l'aube du régime numérique de consommation des fictions de masse. À partir de ce domaine et de cette période d'étude, cette thèse envisage l'intermédialité dans la science-fiction française comme construction historique et discursive produite par les acteurs, lieu de négociation des représentations du genre et de ses conflits de définition, par rapport au domaine américain, à la question industrielle et à la figure de l'auteur. Elle en identifie trois moments historiques, en comprenant le terme moment dans son sens temporel de « durée » comme dans son sens physique de « mesure d'une dynamique en synchronie ». Ce parcours historique des formes et des discours de l'intermédialité dégage les lignes évolutives du « macro-texte » français (Bréan), en montrant comment il se positionne par rapport aux logiques du « mega-text » (Broderick). Il conduit, dans un deuxième temps, à interroger comment les romans, les bandes dessinées, les dessins animés, les films et les jeux vidéo font science-fiction par rapport à cet ancrage culturel, du point de vue sémiotique, cognitif et narratif. Les modalités sémiotiques de l'effet-SF sont clarifiées par la distinction entre étrangetés de monde (novums) et étrangetés de forme (estrangement), toutes deux dépendantes de déterminations architextuelles médiatiques et génériques. La relecture des propositions de Suvin permet ainsi de construire une grille d'analyse intermédiatique de la poétique culturelle du genre. Le novum visuel fait l'objet d'une enquête spécifique, pour être ensuite confronté aux leviers verbaux de l'étrangeté et pour envisager une intersémiotique narrative du genre dans les médias plurisémiotiques (bande dessinée, cinéma, animation, jeu vidéo). Le troisième temps de la thèse fait passer au niveau des mondes, pour considérer l'articulation des étrangetés non plus dans une œuvre, mais entre des œuvres de médias différents ayant en partage une même fiction. En discutant notamment le concept de transfictionnalité (Saint-Gelais) et les travaux de Besson et de Letourneux sur les univers fictionnels contemporains massivement transmédiatiques, on distingue quatre dynamiques intermédiatiques de construction de monde (monde à bâtir, monde à varier, monde en hélice et monde à jouer). Il s'agit de cibler la spécificité du biotope français en matière d'« effet-monde » science-fictionnel, mais aussi de proposer des modèles utiles à l'analyse d'autres réalités culturelles.

It is undisputed that children are vulnerable and must be protected from abuse, neglect, and trauma. While this is commonly understood as the role of parents, there is a considerable number of children who do not grow up in the care of their parents or other dedicated caregivers. The reasons for this are manifold and range from unintentional loss or separation to initiated removals due to abuse, neglect, or abandonment. Children in these situations are considered to be among the most vulnerable and 'left-behind' members of society (the relation to the SDG principle "to leave no one behind" has been emphasized). They become 'wards of the state' and subject to the state's decision on how to provide care for them. For centuries, one of the standard solutions provided by state and (faith-based) welfare bodies has been what is colloquially called 'orphanages' or 'children's homes'. However, the 'norms' in the field have changed. Modern best practice standards are based on the 'UN Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children' (2009) and envision an overall 'de-institutionalization' (DI) of care systems. This study explored this development in the context of the debate on international norm diffusion processes in the discipline of International Relations. An initial analysis of the global rise of the norm example and the state of it in the controversial case of South Africa set the contextual frame for an empirical-analytical and micro-level case study of Cape Town's children's home sector. This specific microcosm became the target locality for observing actual outcomes of and reactions to norm-diffusion processes at the implementation level on the ground. The selection of the specific case example at hand was based on a special opportunity for maximizing what can be learned, due to the availability of a baseline from 2009 (the author's MA thesis, year of the UN Guidelines) and a special familiarity with the sector. Based on this, the norm adjustment/non-adjustment of Cape Town's children's home sector could be assessed in two steps: a diachronic comparison of indicators (2009 and 2017) was followed by Grounded-Theory-guided interviews with leading practitioners. So, has the new norm been accepted by local actors and implemented by the practitioners in charge? After all, orphanages/children's homes have a long tradition and are evaluated differently in different contexts and world regions. How has this impacted this norm's diffusion and translation across global, national, and local levels? In sum, the findings confirmed the non-linearity and complexity of norm adoption, localization, contestation, and implementation. At all dimensions - the global, the national, and the local - various co-existing and competing norms, realities and interests shape and influence the realities of DI translation. In the light of the empirical-analytical insights gathered, the author suggests adding two concepts to the theory when it comes to observing and understanding the translation of norms into implementation at the practice level on the ground: Firstly, a state of 'translation diversity' which implies that one norm diffusion process may lead to a variety of co-existing translation outcomes. This study showed that even in a precisely defined micro-level case and locality, cases of norm compliance, resistance, and ignorance, as well as ambivalent subtypes and mixed forms, can exist next to each other. Secondly, a concept of 'translation soundness' which refers to the observation that all types of outcomes can be justified or contradictory when it comes to protecting the best interest of the concerned target group on the ground. Some local leaders resist the new norm based on an informed and moral-based judgment in the light of the realities they experience in their local contexts. Others may comply and adjust but yet not deliver in terms of the actual goal to safeguard children. These phenomena were termed 'justified resistance' and 'contradictory compliance'. Further, the study found that decisions on how and which norms were translated into practice depended to a far extent on the local context - rather than transnational and funding influences - and on the personal convictions, leadership types, and capabilities of the people in charge. Overall, the study concludes that any general assumptions and policies/guidelines need to be handled with care. The appropriateness of different solutions depends on many factors. Listening to actors on the ground, as well as leaving space for a middle ground and a 'both-and' approach, may be crucial to ensure that interventions do actually benefit or protect the target group of concern. ; Die Doktorarbeit behandelt das Thema, inwieweit die UN Richtlinien für die alternative Betreuung von Kindern (Teil der UN Kinderrechtskonvention) auf lokaler Ebene umgesetzt werden und welche Rolle die Akteure der transnationalen Zivilgesellschaft, insbesondere als Geldgeber, in diesem Bereich dabei spielen. Das Fallbeispiel dafür ist Kapstadts Kinderheimsektor, in dem die Autorin auch 2009 Daten für ihre Masterarbeit in Bezug auf dieselbe Thematik erhob und fünf Jahre lang tätig war. Verortet in der theoretischen Debatte um die Diffusion internationaler Normen, zielt die Studie darauf ab, die oft zu wenig berücksichtigte Komplexität von Norm-Diffusions-Prozessen auf der lokalen Umsetzungsebene an einem ganz spezifischen Beispiel zu untersuchen. In diesem Sinne ist die Studie eine von empirisch-analytischem Interesse motivierte qualitative Fallstudie zur Diffusion einer spezifischen internationalen Kinderschutz-Norm in dem spezifischen, lokalen Mikrokosmos Kapstadt. Die Studie analysiert zunächst die Entwicklung der Norm auf der globalen Ebene, untersucht dann ihren Stand auf der nationalen Ebene Südafrikas und konzentriert sich schließlich auf die lokale Ebene Kapstadts: Zuerst wird anhand ausgewählter Indikatoren die Entwicklung von ca. 25 Kinderheimen zwischen 2009 (Jahr der letzten Erhebung und Jahr der UN Richtlinien) und heute beobachtet und im nächsten Schritt eine 'grounded-theory-style' Analyse der Umstände konkreter Entwicklungen durch Interviews mit 15 ausgewählten Fällen durchgeführt. Die Leitfrage ist, wie die Normbewegung sich an der Basis auswirkt und unter welchen Umständen eine Anpassung, Nicht-Anpassung, oder Resistenz stattfindet. Insgesamt zeigt sich deutlich, dass die Komplexität und Multi-Dimensionalität von Normanpassung, Normlokalisierung und Normumsetzung mit der Nähe der Betrachtung kontinuierlich steigt. Während eine Linearität und 'Effektivität' von Norm-Diffusions-Prozessen auf lokaler Policy- und Diskursebene ersichtlich sein mag, kann die Realität auf der Umsetzungsebene 'on the ground' eine ganz andere sein. Die Umsetzungsebene ist von einer enormen Pluralität und Diversität von Akteuren und Verhältnissen geprägt, die eine Vielzahl von Norm-Umsetzungs-Ergebnissen nach sich ziehen, in der sich kaum Regelmäßigkeiten abzeichnen. Für dieses Phänomen entwickelt die Autorin den Begriff der 'translation diversity'. Es lassen sich zwar Typen identifizieren, aber auch innerhalb einer Typengruppe zeigen sich gravierende Diskrepanzen. Zudem wird deutlich, dass die Norm-Umsetzungs-Ergebnisse in jedem einzelnen Fall von zahlreichen Faktoren abhängen. Unter diesen ist auch die potenzielle Einflussnahme von Geldgebern stark abhängig, vor allem von den persönlichen Überzeugungen, Einstellungen und Fähigkeiten der leitenden Personen. Bestimmte starke Leadership-Typen sind in der Lage ihre finanzielle Versorgung durch diverse Fundraising-Methoden sicherzustellen und nehmen eine selbstbewusste Haltung konträr zu der internationalen Normbewegung ein. Sie stimmen dem Prinzip der Deinstitutionalisierung zwar zu, aber argumentieren, dass eine voreilige und rabiate Vorgehensweise in diesem Sinne die Kinder noch mehr in Gefahr bringt. Solange die gravierenden Herausforderungen und Dilemmata in diesem Kinderschutzfeld nicht sinnvoll und umfassend behandelt werden können, bleibt eine strikte Deinstitutionalisierung des Sektors ein wenig realistisches Ideal. Im Kontext dieser Beobachtungen arbeitet die Autorin das Konzept der 'translation soundness' heraus. Insgesamt stellt die Studie die Diskrepanz zwischen theoretischen und linearen Annahmen und der komplexen Realität an der Basis heraus und zeigt auf, dass bei der Verallgemeinerung von 'good practice' Normen Vorsicht geboten ist.

Розглянуто можливі порушення прав інтелектуальної власності в оборонній сфері та відповідальність за їх вчинення. Проаналізовано законодавство України, що регу­лює діяльність, пов'язану з розробкою озброєння та військової техніки, а також здійс­ненням міжнародного військово-технічного співробітництва, стосовно забезпечення охорони інтелектуальної власності. Зазначено важливість охорони інтелектуальної власності та необхідність удосконалення законодавства щодо врегулювання питань охорони інтелектуальної власності в оборонній сфері. ; Рассмотрено возможные наруше­ния прав интеллектуальной собственности в оборонной сфере и ответственность за их совершение. Проведен анализ законодательства Украины, регулирующего деятельность, связанную с разработкой вооружения и военной техники, а также осуществлением международного военно-технического сотрудничества, относи­тельно обеспечения охраны интеллектуальной собственности. Обращено внима­ние на важность охраны интеллектуальной собственности и необходимость усо­вершенствовать законодательство относительно урегулирования вопросов охраны интеллектуальной собственности в оборонной сфере. ; Possible violations of intellectual property rights in the de­fense sector and responsibility for their implementation are considered. The legisla­tion of Ukraine regulating activities related to the development of armaments and military equipment, as well as the implementation of international military-technical cooperation, concerning the protection of intellectual property, is analyzed. The im­portance of intellectual property protection and the necessity to improve the legisla­tion on the regulation of issues of intellectual property protection in the defense sphere are noted. Ukrainian legislation theoretically allows you to protect the rights of intellectual property owners. In the case of violation of intellectual property rights, its protection is carried out in accordance with the procedure established by adminis­trative, civil and criminal law.However, all these norms do not protect against possible violations of intellectual property rights, and all subjects involved in the development of armaments and mili­tary equipment — central executive authorities, acting as customers of the state defense order, enterprises and organizations that are developing (modernizing) of arma­ment and military equipment, and employees of these enterprises, which themselves create objects of intellectual property rights.Responsibility of the customer for a number of violations of intellectual property rights in the development of weapons and military equipment is not defined.For violation of the conditions of the state contract, the parties' liability is stipulated. But the turn if in these conditions are not defined or not clearly defined, requirements for carrying out measures concerning the protection of intellectual property is not pro­vided for liability. As a result, the customer may receive an example of armament and military equipment that is already morally obsolete and also with material claims.The foregoing results in the fact that when the customer executes the control over the execution of the state defense order, namely, measures to protect intellectual prop­erty, the availability of patent documentation for products and technology for its pro­duction are not verified, and moreover, the use of intellectual property created (used) in the course of execution the state contract, is carried out without a separate contract with the definition of the rights of the customer.The law also does not specify the responsibility of the executor for non-compliance with the requirements related to the protection of intellectual property rights in the ex­ecution of a state contract for state defense orders and the further use of intellectual property rights objects.This situation leads to the «leakage» of intellectual property rights from the legal market of goods, to the so-called "shadow" circulation of objects of intellectual property rights.The grounds for possible violations are laid down in the statutory documents of the developer, in particular the absence of a collective contract stacked in the organizations executing the state defense order, the provisions of the protection of intellectual proper­ty rights: (the exclusive property right for a service object of intellectual property rights belongs to the employer, and non-property rights belong to the authors who are paid the author's reward, the size, terms and procedure for payment of which are determined by an employment contract (contract) between the author and the employer). This contract in most cases doesn't set up, or there are no position of the size and procedure for pay­ment of the author's remuneration for a service object of intellectual property rights.Uncertainty in collective and labor contract provisions regarding the observance of in­tellectual property rights leads to the loss of property rights, as well as non-proprietary rights to intellectual property rights, by authors, and non-remuneration for their use.However, the authors themselves may also violate the requirements of the law. Par­ticularly, these violations are notable to the development of weapons and military equipment, as they can lead to the damage of the national interests of Ukraine. To date, the legislation does not define the responsibility of the authors of the service objects of intellectual property rights for the implementation of such violations.Thus, the issue of intellectual property protection, in particular regarding the defini­tion of responsibility for the commission of offenses concerning the use of intellectual property rights in the defense sector, has been paid insufficient attention by our legisla­tors, who have not been able (or not wanted) to solve existing problems in this area. And this is the most fundamental violation for which central (central and executive) central executive authorities responsible for developing state policy in the field of defense and ensuring its implementation, as well as specific officials of these central executive bodies, should be held accountable. After all, the lack of legislative regulation of the problems of intellectual property protection in the development of weapons and military equipment and in the process of military-technical cooperation leads to a number of violations. This is due to only one — the lack of attention and interest from the central executive author­ities in ensuring the rights of the state and other entities in relation to objects of intellec­tual property rights, as is the case in the advanced countries of the world.The current state of intellectual property protection in the defense sector indicates the need to improve the regulation of issues of the formation and implementation of state policy, the principles of state control in this area, as well as the powers and re­sponsibilities of all the subjects involved in the defense sector.The imperfection of the legal framework gives the legal possibility of unauthorized use of objects of intellectual property rights that are created when performing the state defense order, including (especially) the implementation of military-technical coopera­tion. This is facilitated by the lack of responsibility for actions that create a threat of vio­lation of intellectual property rights or contribute to the violation.In order to warn and prevent violations of intellectual property rights, it is necessary to improve the legislative and normative-legal basis for the regulation of issues of intel­lectual property protection in the defense sphere.

Introduction. Poetic discourse refers to the lingual continuum, which clearly explicates the language style of the author, and grammaticalizes intellectual-spiritual world of an individual, that, in fact, determines the relevance of our study. In poetic discourse, which is characterized by rhythmical-prosodic organization, specific lexical content, the presence of figurative-rhetorical constructions and implementation of a number of intentions, among which are cognitive mental intentions with regard to the more complex phenomena of human existence, to conceptosphere of an individual, his/her intellect and psyche and which are most clearly embodied in the poetic discourse of V. Stus, a Ukrainian writer, translator, and literary critic. Extralinguistic factors of the writer's language style influenced his creative activity filling it with awareness of inner freedom, a willingness to fight for the better future for Ukraine. Purpose ‒ to determine the communicative-intentional potential of the binary opposition ?assertion / objection' in the poetic discourse of Vasyl Stus, to characterize means of verbalizing intentions of assertion and intentions of objection, to outline the functionality of the affirmative and negative statements in poetic communication as a relevant continuum of the author's attitudes verbalization. Methods. To define the communicative content of the intentions of assertion and objection, the following methods are used in the article to find out the peculiarities of their verbalization in the poetic discourse of Vasyl Stus: descriptive method with cross-checking and systematization; contextual-interpretive method - for the identification of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors of poetic communication, structural method - for analyzing the means of verbalizing communicative intentions against the background of predicative semantics; transformational analysis is used to express the functional potential of different utterances (incomplete elliptic, nominative, genitival, antiphrasis) as the main representatives of the author's intentions.Results. Intentions of assertion and intentions of objection form the essential manifestations of the category of communicative intentions:guided by of his/her knowledge and communicative competence, the subject of communication develops speech activity aimed at acknowledging certain facts or their denial. Intentional binary opposition ?assertion/ objection' under the influence of verse architectonic acquires emotional-expressive overtones while transmissing the content, implementating a particular thought, creating the aesthetics of what is being conveyed. It is relevant both to cognitive-mental base of the speaker and to the language representation of the speech intentions and plays an important role in the process of learning about the world, in interpreting and structuring empirical knowledge and in conveying the speaker's interior. In the poetic discourse of V. Stus assertive intention is implemented through narrative statements, differentiated according to the expression of predicativeness into one-member and two-member groups, which explicate predicates of action, process, state, quality, locative predicates and predicates of quantity as a major area in the predicative-positional structure of a sentence and verbalize intentions of assertion. The intention of assertion is implemented through on-member nominative utterances that are figurative and rhetorical, syntax structures and ascertain the objective reality, existence of man, convey the dynamics of impressions and thoughts, that allow to concisely describe everything in sight, to fix the contours of the surrounding objects, to emphasize a temporal or locative characteristics. Intentions of objection reflect the speaker's desire to object to a particular phenomenon or a fact of life, to convey contradictory views, to express disagreement and protest against the oppressive moral and political atmosphere of society.The typical syntactic means of verbalizing intentions of objection include a variety of modal-intentional utterances with the negative particle as the main marker of negation; non-parcelled communicative units; one-member impersonal sentences, quasidialogues with an imaginary addressee, autocommunication that defines the semantics of misunderstanding, doubt, hesitation. Originality. For the first time terminological apparatus relating to the notion intentional opposition ?assertion/ objection' is introduced, the means of its explication in the poetic discourse of V. Stus are characterized. It is indicated that binary opposition ?assertion/ objection' implements a wide range of the author's intentions (to stimulate thinking, to show the unfathomable philosophy of human existence, which manifests itself in the polarity of good and evil, black and white, good and bad, light and dark, material and divine) and determinates the poetic discourse of Vasyl Stus. With the help of well-matched research methodology it was found that verbalization of intentions of assertion/ objection in the poetic discourse of V. Stus is a specific way of perceiving and understanding the social epoch in which the writer lived and worked, the act of assertion of truths, declaration of non-compliance, denial and rejection of everything that prevented Vasyl Stus, him, the great intellectual and patriot, from creating the better future for Ukraine. Conclusion. In the poetic discourse of V. Stus intentions of assertion and intentions of objection that reflect a universal way of learning about the world, transmit an individual perception of certain realities of life, ascertain some facts or deny them, stress out the inconsistency and dialogueness of thoughts, mould the intentional opposition of contrasted notions. Intentional range of the binary opposition ?assertion / objection' is verbalized through modal-intentional statements (affirmative and negative) with different types of predicates, one-member nominal constructions (nominative, genitival, quantitative-genitival), impersonal sentences, incomplete elliptic communivative units etc., a detailed study of which in close liason with extrainguinal parameters of communication, with regard to certain discursive manifestations of the Ukrainian language shapes the subject of our subsequent scientific studies. ; У статті проаналізовано змістовий обшир інтенцій ствердження та інтенцій заперечення, які відображають універсальний спосіб пізнання світу й особистісне сприйняття життєвих реалій, стверджують інформацію або заперечують її, вказують на суперечливість та діалогічність думок. На багатому ілюстративному матеріалі, дібраному з поетичних текстів Василя Стуса, схарактеризовано засоби вербалізації інтенційної опозиції ствердження / заперечення, визначено низку синтаксичних конструкцій (стверджувальних і заперечних модально-інтенційних висловлень з різними типами предикатів, односкладних конструкцій іменного типу (номінативних, ґенітивних, квантитативно-ґенітивних), безособових, неповних еліптичних комунікатів та ін.), які увиразнюють контраст людського буття, передають найтонші порухи душі, психоемоційний стан людини, виокремлюють життєві пріоритети, посилюють експресію, іронію й естетику поетичного дискурсу. За допомогою вдало підібраної методології дослідження з'ясовано, що вербалізація інтенцій ствердження / заперечення в поетичному дискурсі В. Стуса ‒ особливий спосіб сприйняття та осмислення тієї суспільної доби, у якій жив і творив письменник, акт ствердження життєвих істин і непокори, непогодженості, заперечення і відкидання того, що заважало йому, великому інтелектуалу і патріотові, творити світлу будучність України.

In the article it is paid an attention to Circassian (Chercasy) version of the question on origin of Cossacks. On the Christian population of the North Caucasus named Circassians and also who used Slav speech, for the first time was mentioned in the historic and geographical works in XVI century. In the historiography the connection between concept Circassians-cherkasy and Cossacks occurred, probably, in the XVIII century. This fact we can see in the work of Bayer, Tatischev, which were created under the conditions of the Russian Empire. One of the reasons of turning historians to the Circassian (Cherkass) version of the origin of Cossacks it was using from 16 century concerning Cossacks the term «Cherkasy». In the second half of XVIII century to this theme turned the historians, who specialized in the history of Don and Ukrainian (Zaporozhian) Cossacks (Rigelman), or pursue in their historiography activity the specific political purposes (Boltin). With the comparison of a number of documents, it occurs that Boltin as intellectual was especially valued by well-known Russian statesman Potyomkin, who dealt with the matter of renewal, after the destruction of New Sich, the Cossack troops collecting the former Zaporozhian Cossacks, for the purpose to use them on the service of the Russian Empire. Our attention the fact drew that the Boltin's work, in which he deals with the Circassian (Cherkass) origin of Cossacks, issued in the same period (1788 year), when Ekaterina II wrote Potyomkin about the probability of the migration of the former Zaporozhian Cossacks to Taman, where they had to fulfill the military functions which were important for the empire. Thus, the using of the Circassian version of the origin of Cossacks in the Boltin's work acquired political nature, it made the possibility to connect with the historical arguments Zaporozhian Cossacks with the North-Caucasian region. At the turn of XVIII-ХІХ century another author, who visited Taman, and who have seen Black Sea Cossack army, mostly composed of former Zaporozhian Cossacks, applied theCircassian (Cherkass) version to them, connected this army with the region of North Caucasus. This fact allows to confirm our conclusion that in the Boltin's work this version appears under the effect of the concrete political factors, connected with the circumstances of creation of Black Sea Cossack army and determination its territory. In the first third of ХІХ century this concept was defends, as his own, by historian Bantysh-Kamienski. However, under the new conditions it did not obtain support from other historians, who search for the new explanations of origin of Cossacks. ; В статье уделяется внимание черкесской (черкасской) версии происхождения казачества. О христианском населении Северного Кавказа, название которого черкесы, и которое также употребляет славянскую речь, впервые упоминается в историко-географических работах XVI века. В историографии соединение понятия черкесы-черкасы и казаки произошло, вероятно, уже в XVIII веке. Это можно проследить в работах Байера, Татищева, созданных в условиях Российской империи. Одной из предпосылок обращения историков к черкесской (черкасской) версии происхождения казачества было употребление еще с XVI века по отношению к казакам названия «черкасы». Во второй половине XVIII века к этой теме обращаются историки, которые специализируются на истории донского и украинского (запорожского) казачества (Ригельман), или преследуют в своей историографической деятельности определенные политические цели (Болтин). При сопоставлении ряда документов, оказывается, что Болтина как интеллектуала особенно ценил известный российский государственный деятель Потемкин, который занимался делом возобновления, после уничтожения Новой Сечи, казацкого войска за счет бывших запорожцев, с целью использования его на службе Российской империи. Наше внимание привлек тот факт, что работа Болтина, в которой речь идет о черкесском (черкасском) происхождении казачества, вышла в тот же период (1788 год), когда, Екатерина Вторая писала Потемкину о вероятности переселения бывших запорожцев на Тамань, где они должны были выполнять важные для империи функции военного характера. Таким образом, употребление черкесской версии происхождения казачества в работе Болтина приобрело политический характер, позволяло связать с помощью исторических аргументов запорожское казачество с северокавказским регионом. На рубеже XVIII-ХІХ веков другой автор, который побывал на Тамани, в среде Черноморского казацкого войска, созданного с привлечением бывших запорожцев,прямо связывает происхождение этого войска с черкесской (черкасской) версией. Это еще раз подтверждает наш вывод о том, что в работе Болтина эта версия появилась под влиянием конкретных политических факторов, связанных с обстоятельствами создания и определения территории для Черноморского казачьего войска. В первой трети ХІХ века эту концепцию как собственную, отстаивает историк Бантыш-Каменский. Однако в новых условиях она не получила поддержки со стороны других историков, которые ищут новые объяснения истокам казачества. ; У статті приділяється увага черкеській (черкаській) версії походження козацтва, передусім українського. Про християнське населення Північного Кавказу, назва якого черкеси, і яке використовує слов'янську мову, наскільки нам відомо, вперше згадується в історико-географічних працях XVI століття. В історіографії поєднання понять черкеси-черкаси та козаки мало місце, ймовірно, вже у XVIІІ столітті. Це можна простежити у працях Байєра, Татищева, створених в умовах Російської імперії. Однією з передумов звернення істориків до черкескої (черкаської) версії походження козацтва було вживання ще з XVI століття по відношенню до козаків назви «черкаси». У другій половині XVIІІ століття до цієї теми звертаються історики, що спеціалізуються на історії донського та українського (запорозького) козацтва (Рігельман), або переслідують у своїй історіографічній діяльності певні політичні цілі (Болтін). При порівнянні низки документів виявляється, що Болтіна як інтелектуала особливо цінував відомий російський державний діяч Потьомкін, який після знищення Нової Січі займався справою відновлення козацького війська за рахунок колишніх запорожців, з метою використати його на службі Російській імперії. Нашу увагу привернув той факт, що робота Болтіна, у якій йде мова про черкеське (черкаське) походження козацтва, вийшла у той же час (1788 рік), коли Катерина ІІ писала Потьомкіну про ймовірність переселення колишніх запорожців на Тамань, де вони мали виконувати важливі для імперії функції військового характеру. Таким чином, вживання черкеської версії походження козацтва у роботі Болтіна набуло політичного характеру, дозволяло пов'язати за допомогою історичних аргументів запорозьке козацтво з північнокавказьким регіоном. На межі XVІІI–ХІХ ст. інший автор, який побував на Тамані, в середовищі Чорноморського козацького війська, створеного зі залученням колишніх запорожців, прямо пов'язує походження цього війська з черкеською (черкаською) теорією. Це ще раз підтверджує наш висновок щодо того, що у роботі Болтіна ця версія з'явилася під впливом конкретних політичних чинників, пов'язаних з обставинами створення та визначення території для Чорноморського козацького війська. У першій третині ХІХ століття цю концепцію як власну відстоює історик Бантиш-Каменський. Однак у нових умовах вона не отримала визнання з боку інших істориків, які шукали нові пояснення витокам козацтва.

Pravo na samoodređenje naroda jedno je od najspornijih pojmova u međunarodnome javnom pravu. Jednako tako, taj je pojam ne samo pravni već i filozofski, politološki, sociološki i povlači za sobom razna pitanja i reperkusije. Zbog toga se njegovoj analizi treba pristupiti detaljno, postupno i interdisciplinarno kako bi se sagledali razni važni aspekti toga pojma koji dovode do odgovora na pitanje je li samoodređenje naroda princip ili pravo i koga se tiče, je li to pravo jus cogens de facto i de iure ili je uvjetovano i ograničeno drugim pravilima suvremenoga međunarodnopravog poretka. Tu se prije svega misli na kogentnu zabranu narušavanja teritorijalnoga integriteta postojećih država te ugrožavanja međunarodnoga mira i stabilnosti proklamiranih još u Povelji Ujedinjenih naroda. To povlači za sobom razmatranje načela uti possidetis i njegovih korijena i obveznosti primjene, jednako kao i secesije kao najčešće posljedice afirmativnoga ostvarivanja prava na samoodređenje naroda. Također se na to nadovezuje i pitanje disolucije država, najčešće federalnih, za koju se treba proanalizirati ima li ona materijalne razlike s obzirom na secesiju koja također nije izrijekom ni dopuštena ni zabranjena. Autor sve te povezane pojave i pojmove interpretira kroz nama najbliže poznat slučaj, i dalje nedavnoga, raspada bivše Jugoslavije koja je bila moderni presedan za federalne države, a ima odjeka i u aktualnim zbivanjima poput onih u Ukrajini i Španjolskoj. Da bi se imao još potpuniji dojam o povezanosti prava, politike i raznih interesa, progovara se i o konstitutivnosti naroda, manjinama i njihovim pravima na osnovi raznih dokumenata i mišljenja teoretičara te i o državotvornosti i državnom priznanju za koje jednako tako nema konsenzusa o tome je li ono konstitutivni ili deklaratorni akt trećih država i međunarodne zajednice. Da bi se izbjegao najgori mogući scenarij, a to je onaj prihvaćanja pravnoga "statusa quo", treba kroz otvoreno raspravljanje i davanje prijedloga de lege ferenda precizirati pravnu problematiku kako se ne bi političkim i javnim diverzijama ili distrakcijama prikrivali interesi koji su ili suprotni duhu Ujedinjenih naroda ili su, s druge strane, legitimno suprotstavljeni jedni drugima. ; The right to self-determination of peoples is one of the most controversial concepts in public international law. Also, this concept is not only legal, but also philosophical, and also pertains to political science, sociology and entails various issues and repercussions. Therefore, its analysis should be approached in detail, gradually and with an interdisciplinary approach in order to comprehend the various important aspects of the concept that leads toward the answer to the following question - Is the self- determination of peoples a principle or a right and what else in involved here? Is this right jus cogens de facto and de jure or is it conditioned by the organic other rules of contemporary international order? This primarily refers to the cogent ban of breaching the territorial integrity of existing states and jeopardizing international peace and stability as proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations. This entails a consideration of the principle of uti possidetis and its roots, as well as secession, the most common consequence of the affirmative exercising of the right to self-determination of peoples. Also on the continuation and dissolution of states, mostly federal, which is necessary for an analysis whether or not there are any material differences in relation to secession, which is also neither permitted nor prohibited. The author here will interpret our closest known case (one still recent) the breakup of the former Yugoslavia, which was a modern precedent for a federal state and has reverberation in current events like those in the Ukraine. In order to have a more complete impression of law, policy and various interests will also make mention of the constitutionality of peoples, minorities and their rights through a variety of documents and the opinions of scholars and also concepts concerning the nation and state recognition. There is no consensus whether it is a constitutive or declaratory act by third countries and the international community. In order to avoid a worst case scenario, the acceptance of the legal "status quo", it should be openly debated in order to avoid political and public diversions or distractions that hide interests which are either contrary to the spirit of the United Nations or, on the other hand, legitimately opposed to each other. ; Il diritto di autodeterminazione dei popoli è uno dei termini più discussi del diritto internazionale pubblico. Inoltre, questo termine non è soltanto giuridico, ma anche filosofico, politico, sociologico e lega a sé varie polemiche e ripercussioni. È per questo che l'approccio all'analisi del termine dev'essere dettagliato, graduale ed interdisciplinare affinché si possano osservare i vari aspetti del termine che portano alla risposta del quesito se l'autodeterminazione nazionale è un principio o un diritto e relativo a chi, se è un diritto jus cogens de facto e de iure o se è condizionato e limitato da altre norme del diritto internazionale contemporaneo. Qui si parla in primis del divieto cogente di lesione dell'integrità territoriale e della pace internazionale e della stabilità proclamati persino nella Dichiarazione delle Nazioni Unite. Il tutto suppone l'osservazione del principio uti possidetis, delle sue radici e dell'obbligo d'implementazione, come anche della secessione, conseguenza più frequente della realizzazione affermativa del diritto di autodeterminazione dei popoli. Inoltre, ciò è relativo al fenomeno della dissoluzione degli stati, soprattutto federali, per i quali è doveroso analizzare la presenza di distinzioni materiali riguardanti la secessione, la quale di per sé non è esplicitamente né opzionale né vietata. L'autore interpreta i relativi fenomeni e termini per mezzo del caso a noi più vicino e più familiare, la dissoluzione dell'ex Jugoslavia, la quale è stata un precedente moderno per gli stati federali, e che ha ripercussioni anche nei casi attuali dell'Ucraina e della Catalonia in Spagna. Con lo scopo di cristalizzare il legame fra il diritto, la politica e i vari interessi, si parla anche della costitutività dei popoli, delle minoranze e dei loro diritti in base ai molti documenti e alle opinioni degli analitici, ed infine della creazione e del riconoscimento di uno stato, per i quali nemmeno prevale un consenso se si tratta di un atto costituente o declaratorio da parte di terzi e della comunità internazionale. Al fine di evitare degli esiti catastrofici, ossia l'interiorizzazione dello "status quo" a livello giuridico, è opportuno discutere in maniera aperta per precisare la problematica legislativa ed evidenziare gli interessi contrari allo spirito delle Nazione Unite o semplicemente giustificatamente opposti.

In the article it is paid an attention to Circassian (Chercasy) version of the question on origin of Cossacks. On the Christian population of the North Caucasus named Circassians and also who used Slav speech, for the first time was mentioned in the historic and geographical works in XVI century. In the historiography the connection between concept Circassians-cherkasy and Cossacks occurred, probably, in the XVIII century. This fact we can see in the work of Bayer, Tatischev, which were created under the conditions of the Russian Empire. One of the reasons of turning historians to the Circassian (Cherkass) version of the origin of Cossacks it was using from 16 century concerning Cossacks the term «Cherkasy». In the second half of XVIII century to this theme turned the historians, who specialized in the history of Don and Ukrainian (Zaporozhian) Cossacks (Rigelman), or pursue in their historiography activity the specific political purposes (Boltin). With the comparison of a number of documents, it occurs that Boltin as intellectual was especially valued by well-known Russian statesman Potyomkin, who dealt with the matter of renewal, after the destruction of New Sich, the Cossack troops collecting the former Zaporozhian Cossacks, for the purpose to use them on the service of the Russian Empire. Our attention the fact drew that the Boltin's work, in which he deals with the Circassian (Cherkass) origin of Cossacks, issued in the same period (1788 year), when Ekaterina II wrote Potyomkin about the probability of the migration of the former Zaporozhian Cossacks to Taman, where they had to fulfill the military functions which were important for the empire. Thus, the using of the Circassian version of the origin of Cossacks in the Boltin's work acquired political nature, it made the possibility to connect with the historical arguments Zaporozhian Cossacks with the North-Caucasian region. At the turn of XVIII-ХІХ century another author, who visited Taman, and who have seen Black Sea Cossack army, mostly composed of former Zaporozhian Cossacks, applied theCircassian (Cherkass) version to them, connected this army with the region of North Caucasus. This fact allows to confirm our conclusion that in the Boltin's work this version appears under the effect of the concrete political factors, connected with the circumstances of creation of Black Sea Cossack army and determination its territory. In the first third of ХІХ century this concept was defends, as his own, by historian Bantysh-Kamienski. However, under the new conditions it did not obtain support from other historians, who search for the new explanations of origin of Cossacks. ; В статье уделяется внимание черкесской (черкасской) версии происхождения казачества. О христианском населении Северного Кавказа, название которого черкесы, и которое также употребляет славянскую речь, впервые упоминается в историко-географических работах XVI века. В историографии соединение понятия черкесы-черкасы и казаки произошло, вероятно, уже в XVIII веке. Это можно проследить в работах Байера, Татищева, созданных в условиях Российской империи. Одной из предпосылок обращения историков к черкесской (черкасской) версии происхождения казачества было употребление еще с XVI века по отношению к казакам названия «черкасы». Во второй половине XVIII века к этой теме обращаются историки, которые специализируются на истории донского и украинского (запорожского) казачества (Ригельман), или преследуют в своей историографической деятельности определенные политические цели (Болтин). При сопоставлении ряда документов, оказывается, что Болтина как интеллектуала особенно ценил известный российский государственный деятель Потемкин, который занимался делом возобновления, после уничтожения Новой Сечи, казацкого войска за счет бывших запорожцев, с целью использования его на службе Российской империи. Наше внимание привлек тот факт, что работа Болтина, в которой речь идет о черкесском (черкасском) происхождении казачества, вышла в тот же период (1788 год), когда, Екатерина Вторая писала Потемкину о вероятности переселения бывших запорожцев на Тамань, где они должны были выполнять важные для империи функции военного характера. Таким образом, употребление черкесской версии происхождения казачества в работе Болтина приобрело политический характер, позволяло связать с помощью исторических аргументов запорожское казачество с северокавказским регионом. На рубеже XVIII-ХІХ веков другой автор, который побывал на Тамани, в среде Черноморского казацкого войска, созданного с привлечением бывших запорожцев,прямо связывает происхождение этого войска с черкесской (черкасской) версией. Это еще раз подтверждает наш вывод о том, что в работе Болтина эта версия появилась под влиянием конкретных политических факторов, связанных с обстоятельствами создания и определения территории для Черноморского казачьего войска. В первой трети ХІХ века эту концепцию как собственную, отстаивает историк Бантыш-Каменский. Однако в новых условиях она не получила поддержки со стороны других историков, которые ищут новые объяснения истокам казачества. ; У статті приділяється увага черкеській (черкаській) версії походження козацтва, передусім українського. Про християнське населення Північного Кавказу, назва якого черкеси, і яке використовує слов'янську мову, наскільки нам відомо, вперше згадується в історико-географічних працях XVI століття. В історіографії поєднання понять черкеси-черкаси та козаки мало місце, ймовірно, вже у XVIІІ столітті. Це можна простежити у працях Байєра, Татищева, створених в умовах Російської імперії. Однією з передумов звернення істориків до черкескої (черкаської) версії походження козацтва було вживання ще з XVI століття по відношенню до козаків назви «черкаси». У другій половині XVIІІ століття до цієї теми звертаються історики, що спеціалізуються на історії донського та українського (запорозького) козацтва (Рігельман), або переслідують у своїй історіографічній діяльності певні політичні цілі (Болтін). При порівнянні низки документів виявляється, що Болтіна як інтелектуала особливо цінував відомий російський державний діяч Потьомкін, який після знищення Нової Січі займався справою відновлення козацького війська за рахунок колишніх запорожців, з метою використати його на службі Російській імперії. Нашу увагу привернув той факт, що робота Болтіна, у якій йде мова про черкеське (черкаське) походження козацтва, вийшла у той же час (1788 рік), коли Катерина ІІ писала Потьомкіну про ймовірність переселення колишніх запорожців на Тамань, де вони мали виконувати важливі для імперії функції військового характеру. Таким чином, вживання черкеської версії походження козацтва у роботі Болтіна набуло політичного характеру, дозволяло пов'язати за допомогою історичних аргументів запорозьке козацтво з північнокавказьким регіоном. На межі XVІІI–ХІХ ст. інший автор, який побував на Тамані, в середовищі Чорноморського козацького війська, створеного зі залученням колишніх запорожців, прямо пов'язує походження цього війська з черкеською (черкаською) теорією. Це ще раз підтверджує наш висновок щодо того, що у роботі Болтіна ця версія з'явилася під впливом конкретних політичних чинників, пов'язаних з обставинами створення та визначення території для Чорноморського козацького війська. У першій третині ХІХ століття цю концепцію як власну відстоює історик Бантиш-Каменський. Однак у нових умовах вона не отримала визнання з боку інших істориків, які шукали нові пояснення витокам козацтва.

In the present article the specific functions and major tasks of the regional theater for the young spectators are given, identified the problems associated with its activities in the concrete cultural epoch. The author analyzes the specific activities of the theater for the young spectators in the Eastern part of Ukraine, as well as, his own creative achievements among the staff. The most important is to determine the Regional Russian theater for the young spectators as a professional theater for children and youth. Taking into consideration this statement, it is necessary to educate young people and form their aesthetic concepts and ideas. The theater for the young spectators can influence, by its specific means, the relationship depth and appreciate the uniqueness of human beings, nature, culture and society. The current state of Ukrainian society is defined by quantitative and qualitative transformations that affect the cultural sector and its components. Among them is the field of a theater, where the social change is the most marked or not. Unfortunately, many Ukrainian theaters underwent many transformations during the period of "perestroika". While studying the phenomenon of the children's theater in Ukrainian culture it is important to determine the place and role of the national theater in the contemporary social and cultural progress of society with new social realities that significantly affect the creative and artistic production activity groups and to analyze the mutual influence and interdependence of cultural and social spheres. The state mast be interested in the activities of the theatrical institutions, expand their network, that includes the issue of theater in social and cultural programs that meet the purposes of the cultural policy. Today's reality makes it possible to conclude that the lack of assessment of public institutions of the theater, as a mean of education, leads to the lack of stimulation of the given area. It is significant that the existence of state taxation of the new productions and programs hampers the expansion of the theater repertoire. Similar problems exist at the regional level, because of the lack of support from the cultural institutions and institutions of regional administration, the local theater has to deal with solving different problems concerning: economic profitability, lack of dramatic material, lack of special training institutions, which slowdown its development, and cannot disclose the potential of the art directors and directors or the company of actors. The main problem with the Regional Russian theater for the young spectators in Donbass is that it functions in the regional cultural environment. And one more interesting fact – the theater has a bilingual repertoire. The Theater repertory policy gives attention both to the topical reading of Russian, Ukrainian and world classics, as well as, modern drama. The theatre uses different ways of engaging and educating its audience, including questionnaires, "The Spectator Board performance targets" for apprenticeship and students, different theater festivals. By means of the following activities in the analyzed region of Ukraine, which is characterized by the diversity of the population, ethnic and confessional groups the spectators must take into account these specific characteristics. The purpose of Donetsk Russian Theatre for the young spectators, which operates in Makeyevka, is the realization of public cultural programs in accordance with its principles and creating theatrical productions, organizing cultural events, preserve and enhance national, universal and cultural heritage. The main task of the educational theater is to create a humane and aesthetically correct perception of the world among the younger generation, based on the eternal values of faith, hope, love, attracting young people to the world of art and beauty. To solve this problem the theatre prefers to take the performances from the classics of the world literature and meet high cultural and aesthetic requirements and do not contradict the secular needs of the audience. Since 2007, the theater's management has chosen the way of updating and enriching the company of young actors, this helps to create the performances based on classical works for children and youth – "The Centerville Ghost" by O.Wilde, "The Red Chief" by O'Henry, "Romeo and Juliet" W. Shakespeare, "The Night before Christmas" by M. Gogol. In recent years, the theater has taken part in several international projects aimed at improving the actors' professional skills. In 2007, a group of young theater actors were invited by the Russia Union of the theatrical figures to take part in the number of master classes in Moscow. Thus we may say that the Regional Russian theater for the young spectators has to solve a number of problems in order to gain its main goals. The problems are: the lack of governmental funding for the development of the creative initiatives, as a result of this, financial difficulties, staffing issues related to the lack of professional training in the regional institutions; constant need to expand the range of activities, so as to involve a wide range of the dwellers of the region into dramatic art; overcome the total imposing of the other types of entertainment that a modern leisure market offers. This may be quite far from the arts and educational challenges that the theatre wants to face. In other words, popularization the theatrical art among the dwellers of the region. Operating in the region, the leaders of the Regional Theatre for the young spectators work in the following directions: they update the theater repertoire, accept the young artists, open the youth theater studio, monitor the viewers' interest in theater's performances, take part in festivals and international programs. ; В данной статье определены специфические функции и основные задачи регионального детского театра в современной Украине, обозначены проблемы, связанные с его деятельностью в определенной культурной эпо- хе, в частности материальные потребности театральных коллективов Украины в расширении своей художест- венной деятельности. Автор анализирует конкретные направления деятельности детского театра в восточном регионе, творческие достижения его коллектива, направления работы по ознакомлению детей и юношества с лучшими достижениями театрального искусства. ; У статті визначені специфічні функції та основні завдання регіонального дитячого театру в сучасній Україні, окреслено проблеми, пов'язані з його діяльністю в певній культурній епосі, зокрема матеріальні потреби театральних колективів України в розширенні своєї мистецької діяльності. Автор аналізує конкретні напрями діяльності дитячого театру в східноукраїнському регіоні, творчі досягнення його колективу, напрями роботи з ознайомлення дітей та юнацтва з кращими здобутками театрального мистецтва.

In the article an attempt is made to comprehend Ukrainian state formation in cultural value aspects. It is indicated that all modern social processes are based on historical experience of past millenia. Topicality of this experience is most efficiently revealed in the moral sphere. O. Fedorenko calls it value-ethic paradigm of life, S. Troyan stresses out cultural-civilization system in the sphere of values and identity, I. Bredun defines this phenomenon as philosophic-culturological basis of national and civilization identifications.The author comes to decision about the existence of different forms of the singular cultural-civilization identification in broad layers of Ukrainian society. It's quite regular from the point of view that it is Ukrainian consciousness that reflects historical experience of generations. At the same time noncom-formity of some representatives of authority with new expectations from civil society and with the requ-irements of time is indicated.A short analysis of main stages of historical-ethnic development of Ukrainians is made in the article. It is shown that there are common beginnings with many European peoples that lasted big periods of time. For example, Indo-European community covered the period of several millenia. Germanic Balto-Slavic group evolved during 2–3 rd centuries B. C. The early political union «Rus Land» gradually arose within forest-steppe Ukraine. It was based on autonomous households of free owners-warriors, who formed the foundation of civil society. The same social structure was also in Early Medieval European societies.In the 8th century «Rus Land» felt the influence of eastern Muslim societies and Byzantium with its internal problems and external brilliance. On the contrary, Varangian factor and orientation to Western European world was increased. But it was ruined by means of total violence by Moscow Czardom during 17-18th centuries. Since that time Ukraine has fulfilled the mission of victim-donor for modernization of Moscovia in different ancient and new imperial forms. The most «successful» of them was post-reform Russian Empire of the late 19th century and the Soviet Union of the 60-70s of the 20th century. Unfor-tunately, modern Russia can't suggest anything analogical to the world neither by the level of governing nor by the civilization achievements. Nostalgia for the Soviet identity is completely ruined by Russian leaders in the East of Ukraine and in the Crimea. But an important problem is that Ukrainian political class can't suggest the world proper alternative either. An astonishing display of civil self-sacri-fice and cohesion can only at the beginning compensate the lack of well-laid-out state policy of the further deve-lopment of the country.Available scientific material about Slavic homeland and its further structuring completely denies poli-tical myth about «the cradle of three fraternal families». At least one of these «brothers» objectively can not belong to the great Slavic family. Current events doubt Slavic identity of modern Russia and Chris-tian character of its behaviour. The center of Eastern Slavic Christian-Orthodox civilization moves to Ky-iv. This civilization has archaic belief traditions which are expressed in the cultural and linguistic sphere, its own mentality and philosophic perception of reality. In modern conditions it has become the found-ation for structuring and identification of Ukrainian political nation.The article also examines the contradictions of modern Ukrainian history, including those of 2003–2004 and 2013–2014, which some Ukrainian historians interpret as stages of unfinished spiritual civilization revolution.It is noted that there is no effective public policy in the humanitarian sphere, particularly in the ap-proaches to solving the problems of information space and educational branch of Ukraine. They have to become powerful social institutions that will promote processes of cultural identification of inhabitants of our country. In this context, it is underlined that it is necessary to develop own innovative effective mechanisms of the state that should take into account positive international experience, particularly that of European countries ; В статье анализируется современное украинское государственное строительство в культурно-ценносных координатах.Отмечается, что в основе современных социальных процессов лежит историческое наследие минувших тысячелетий. Автор указывает на разные формы единой культурно-цивилизационной идентифика-ции в широких слоях украинского общества что общественное сознание отображает историческое насле-дие поколений. Указывается на несоответствие отдельных представителей власти новым ожиданиям со сторо-ны гражданского общества и требованиям времени.Прослеживаются общие истоки со многими европейскими народами, которые длились большие промежу-тки времени. Подчеркивается, что в современных условиях центр восточнославянской христианско-православной цивилизации перемещается в Киев. Эта цивилизация имеет архаические мировоззренчиские тра-диции, которые вы-ражены в культурно-языковой сфере, собственном менталитете и философском вос-приятии действительности. В современных условиях она стала основой для структурирования и идентифика-ции политической украинской нации.В статье также анализируются неоднозначности современной украинской истории, обращается особое внимание на отсутствие эффективной государственной политики в гуманитарной сфере, в частности в под-ходах к решению проблем информационого пространства и системы образования Украины. Они должны стать мощными социаль-ными институтами, которые будут содействовать процессам культурной иденти-фика-ции жителей нашего государства. В этой связи подчеркивается необходимость разра-ботки собствен-ных инновационных эффективных государственных механизмов кото-рые должны учитывать позитивный иностранный опыт, в частности европейских го-сударств. ; У статті робиться спроба осмислити українське державотворення в культурноцін-нісних координатах. Зазначається, що в основі сучасних суспільних процесів лежить історичний досвід минулих тисячоліть. Автор робить висновок про наявність різних форм єдиної культурно-цивілізаційної ідентифікації в широких верствах українського су-спільства, що саме суспільна свідомість відображає історичний досвід поколінь. Вказу-ється на невідповідність окремих представників влади новим очікуванням з боку грома-дянського суспільства і вимогам часу.Прослідковуються спільні витоки з багатьма європейськими народами, які тривали протягом довгого часу. Наголошується, що в сучасних умовах центр східно-слов'янської християнсько-православної цивілізації переміщається до Києва. Ця цивілі-зація має архаїчні світоглядні традиції, які виражені в культурно-мовній сфері, власному менталітеті і філософському сприйнятті дійсності. У сучасних умовах вона стала ос-новою для структурування та ідентифікації політичної української нації.У статті також аналізуються суперечності новітньої української історії наголошу-ється на відсутності ефективної державної політики в гуманітарній сфері, зокрема. в підходах до вирішення проблем інформаційного простору та освітянської галузі Украї-ни. Вони повинні стати потужними соціальними інститутами, що сприятимуть про-цесам культурної ідентифікації мешканців нашої держави. У цьому контексті зазна-чається необхідність вироблення власних інноваційних ефективних механізмів держа-вотворення, що повинні враховувати позитивний іноземний досвід, зокрема європейських країн

The article is devoted to Bohdan Khmelnytsky and to the events of Ukrainian national liberation revolution that attract attention of Ukrainian and foreign researchers. The importance of his activity and new studios, dedicated to understand the role of Bohdan Khmelnytsky for Ukrainian history of the seventeenth century aren't lost topicality. Historians from different countries show an interest in this issue. Their results and conclusions vary considerably. Y. Mytsyk emphasizes that events of mid-seventeenth century attract an increasing attention of foreign researchers in Germany (A. Kappeler, H. Kumke, D. Zlepko), Canada and the USA (F. Sysyn, Y. Hayetskyy), Russia (L. Zaborowskiy, D. Sanin, B. Florya, T. Yakovleva) and, especially, Poland (Z. Vuytsik, J. Kachmarchyk, L. Pidgoretskiy, M. Nahelskyy, T. Hynczevska-Hennel, V. Serchyk and so on). The researcher considers the political program of Khmelnitsky. In his opinion, Bohdan Khmelnitsky had sought to independence when the uprising began. A number of different works about Bohdan Khmelnitsky and his activity were published in the English-speaking editions. Therefore, it is important to consider how Khmelnytsky was depicted and how his activity was assessed in these studies. In particular, this substantial publication devoted to the research of Pereyaslavs'ka agreement in English historiography belongs to F. Sysyn. The activity of B. Khmelnitsky was analyzed by Ivan Lysyak-Rudnytskiy, Zenon Kohut, P. Magochiy and so on. G. Vernadskiy, the author of a popular biography about B. Khmelnytsky, called him "the father of modern Ukraine". Orest Subtelniy believes B. Khmelnitsky was the person who had such decisive influence on the epochal events. He calls B.Khmelnitsky the greatest military and political figure of Ukraine. Perry Moryn analyzes activities of B. Khmelnitsky in the context of complex Cossack-Moscow relations, which are also influenced by the requirements of Moscow to issue an impostor Timothy Ankudynov. K. Anisimov considers the problem of Cossack Hetmanate expansion of B. Khmelnitsky in English historiography. He notes that the events of 1648-1654 have spread in foreign historians, especially in western historiography of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. He introduces the position of English-speaking authors: British historians D. Bella, A. Dz. Toynbi, Canadian – O. Hrehorovych, V. Bozhenskiy, American – V. Sichynskiy, B. Antonenko-Davidovich. English-language works about Ukrainian history are analyzed by S. Baturina. The problems that Ukrainian historians study about the seventeenth century in Ukraine and the activity of Bohdan Khmelnitsky are varied, and demonstrate the relevance, usefulness and prospects of further study of this subject. The article focuses on ambiguous assessments of Ukrainian revolution of the seventeenth century, activities and motives of Bohdan Khmelnitsky. ; Богдану Хмельницкому и событиям Украинской национально-освободительной революции уделено немало внимания в украинской и зарубежной историографии. Актуальности не теряют студии посвященные осмыслению роли Богдана Хмельницкого для украинской истории XVII в. и значение его деятельности. Заинтересованность данной проблематикой проявляли и проявляют историки, которые являются представителями разных государств. Ю. Мыцык отмечает, что события середины XVII века привлекают к себе растущее внимание зарубежных исследователей Германии (А. Каппелер, Г. Кумке, Д. Злепко), Канады и США (Ф. Сисин, Ю. Гаєцький), России (Л. Заборовский, Г. Санин, Б. Флоря, Т. Яковлева) и особенно Польши (С. Вуйцик, Я. Качмарчик, Л. Подгорецкий, Г. Нагельський, Т. Хинчевська- Геннель, В. Серчик и др.). Различные труды о Б. Хмельницком, его деятельности выходили в зарубежных англоязычных изданиях. Важно рассмотреть, как изображался Б.Хмельницкий, оценивалась его деятельность в этих работах. Обстоятельная публикация посвящена Переяславскому соглашению принадлежит Ф. Сисину. Анализировали деятельность Б. Хмельницкого И. Лысяк-Рудницкий, З. Когут, П. Магочій и др. Г. Вернадський, автор популярной биографии о Б.Хмельницкои, называл гетмана «отцом современной Украины». О. Субтельный относит Б.Хмельницкого к тех персоналиям, которые по выражению исследователя, редко так решающим образом влияли на ход эпохальных событий. Он называет Б. Хмельницкого выдающимся военным и политическим деятелем Украины. Проблемы, которые поднимают историки изучая украинское XVII ст., анализируя деятельность Богдана Хмельницкого разнообразны, а также демонстрируют актуальность, востребованность и перспективность дальнейшего изучения данной тематики. Неоднозначны оценки украинской революции XVII ст., деятельности, мотивов Богдана Хмельницкого и самой фигуры гетьмана. ; Постаті Богдана Хмельницького та подіям Української національно-визвольної революції приділено чимало уваги в українській та зарубіжній історіографії. Актуальності не втрачають студії присвячені осмисленню ролі Богдана Хмельницького для української історії ХVІІ ст. та значення його діяльності. Зацікавленість даною проблематикою проявляли і проявляють історики, які є представниками різних держав й відповідно оцінки, висновки, що вони роблять, значно різняться. Ю.Мицик наголошує, що події середини ХVІІ ст. привертають до себе зростаючу увагу зарубіжних дослідників Німеччини (А. Каппелер, Г. Кумке, Д. Злепко), Канади і США (Ф. Сисин, Ю. Гаєцький), Росії (Л. Заборовський, Г. Санін, Б. Флоря, Т. Яковлєва) і особливо Польщі (З. Вуйцік, Я. Качмарчик, Л. Підгорецький, М. Нагельський, Т. Хинчевська-Геннель, В. Серчик та ін.). Переглядає дослідник й питання політичної програми Б. Хмельницького, на його думку, Б. Хмельницький, коли розпочав повстання, вже прагнув до незалежності. Низка різноманітних праць про Богдана Хмельницького, його діяльність, різних за своєю значущістю виходила друком в зарубіжних англомовних виданнях. Тому, важливо розглянути як зображувався Б.Хмельницький, оцінювалася його діяльність в цих роботах. Зокрема, це ґрунтовна публікація присвячена дослідженню Переяславської угоди в англомовній історіографії належить Ф.Сисину. Аналізували діяльність Б.Хмельницького Іван Лисяк-Рудницький, Зенон Когут, П.Магочій та ін. Г.Вернадський, автор популярної біографії про Б.Хмельницького та його шанувальник, називав гетьмана «батьком модерної України». Орест Субтельний також відносить Б.Хмельницького до тих осіб, які за виразом дослідника, рідко так вирішально впливали на хід епохальних подій. Він називає Б.Хмельницького найвизначнішим військовим і політичним діячем України. Перри Морин аналізує діяльність Б.Хмельницького в контексті складних козацько-московських стосунків, на які також вплинули вимоги Москви видати самозванця Тимофія Анкудинова. Дослідник К.Анісімов розглядає проблеми розбудови козацько-гетьманської держави Б.Хмельницького в англомовній історіографії. Він зауважує, що події 1648-1654 рр. набули поширення в зарубіжній історичній науці, а особливо повного висвітлення знайшла у західній історіографії другої половини ХІХ-ХХ ст. Він ознайомлює із позицією авторів англомовних праць: англійських істориків Д.Белла, А.Дж.Тойнбі, канадських – О.Грегоровича, В.Боженського, американських В.Січинського, Б.Антоненко-Давидовича. Англомовні праці в яких викладена українська історії аналізуються у публікації С.Батуріної. Проблеми, що їх підіймають історики вивчаючи українське ХVІІ ст., аналізуючи діяльність Богдана Хмельницького є різноманітними, а також демонструють актуальність, потрібність та перспективність подальшого вивчення даної тематики. Неоднозначними є оцінки української революції ХVІІ ст., діяльності, мотивів Богдана Хмельницького й самої постаті гетьмана

The following research report centres upon the notion of creative industry development. Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to the theme of creative industry development and poses two questions: what are creative industries and what is creative industry development? It is stated that creative industries are not traditionally viewed as key tools for achieving economic prosperity. Thus, they have not been at the forefront of political and economic agendas. The importance of creative industry development is demonstrated from the economic opportunities that are realised from embracing creative industry growth, which is increasingly being realised. Globalisation provides exciting challenges and opportunities that bring tremendous pressure from international competitors. Building a creative economy can potentially protect a countries competitive power and furthermore build an international future in the process. Chapter 2 introduces the American academic who is responsible for the international debate on the increased role of creative industries, Richard Florida. In Florida's publication The Rise of the Creative Class, the author states that creative industries are of increasing significance all over the world. Particular emphasis is placed on the economic value that can be realised by facilitating creative industry development within organisations, cities and nations as a whole. Newspaper articles such as a World run by right brainers by Elizabeth Farrelly illustrate the increased media attention to the rise of the creative class and the economic prosperity they have to offer. Additionally, academic leaders such as Charles Leadbeater and Kate Oakley are also in support of Florida's notion about the rise of the creative class. Whilst Florida and his colleagues have their supporters, equally sceptics have voiced concern that Florida is going "overboard" in his statements and they are more speculative, rather than substantiated in nature. However, the cult following of the Florida school of thought does pose an interesting point of debate, which has undoubtedly reached an international audience. The creative city of Hong Kong provides additional insight and inspiration for effectively tapping into creative industry development, building a kaleidoscope of culture within the city. Furthermore, the city of Brisbane is an Australian example of a city that has built creative strength and reaped the benefits. In Creative City, Brisbane City Council's Cultural Strategy for 2003 - 2008, the state government has developed various policies and goals for building the creative strength of the city. At the state level in Queensland, the creative industry sector adds approximately $1.96 billion to the value of the services and manufacturing sectors annually. In regards to formulating policy documents, the Creativity is Big Business -A framework for the future is a leading state-wide economic development strategy for developing creative industry within Queensland. The state of Victoria has similarly developed the policy Creative Capacity -Arts for All Victorians. The Victorian Premier Steve Bracks, has stated that Victoria has an economy driven by innovation. Furthermore, the national capital of Australia, Canberra has also tapped into this idea of creative industry development at the annual Innovation and Ideas Festival (ICAN). At this festival, the city developed a program on how Canberra can use its intelligence and citizens to facilitate creative industry development within the city. Internationally, the economic relationship between Australia and China has also extended to the creative industries by initiates such as working with government departments such as Austrade. In 2005 a three day symposium was held in Beijing called From Made in China, to created in China, hosted by Austrade. This is an effective way to build stronger relationships with the world ' s largest emerging economic superpower, China. Chapter 3 provides an overview of the cultural policies of the . When the Blair Government came to power, it was acclaimed as rebranding Britain as "Cool Britannia", a modem government that was very much in touch with the creative sector. Advised by cultural gurus such as film producer Lord David Puttnam, the Blair administration is believed to have made a very strong contribution to creative industry development within Britain. Although Government expenditure on the arts is still proportionally lower than other areas of government spending, it is undisputed that cultural development has moved from the periphery, to a core role in public debate in Britain. In New Zealand creative sector development and growth is identified as a key tool in improving New Zealand's economic power and innovation. New Zealand has become known as a creative industry development centre by establishing a three-tired policy of connecting, commercialising and enabling. Through various reports conducted by the DEMOS think tank, such as Capturing Cultural Value and Cultural Value and the Crisis of Legitimacy, the role of the creative industries in Britain are further analysed and discussed. Chapter 4 discusses the changing face of funding Australian arts organisations. The Australian Chamber Orchestra (ACO) and the Australian Ballet are significant examples of how Australian arts organisations can embrace market opportunities and build national creative industry, without heavy reliance on government funding. The ACO has developed strong relationships with corporate heavyweights to subsidise operations. The Australian Ballet also has a comparatively low amount of Government assistance as they are largely financed by an endowment fund. Conversely, the Sydney Symphony Orchestra relies on approximately 40% government funding, and in 2004, the Queensland Orchestra faced significant pressure to improve its financial bottom line or face bankruptcy. In 2006, the Macquarie Trio announced it would fold after funding for 2007 had been refused by Macquarie University. In 2005, a report commissioned by the federal government was written on the economic sustainability of orchestras in Australia. Entitled A New Era -Orchestras Review Report 2005, this controversial report outlined the financial importance that contemporary Australian orchestras have in building monetary independence. Government initiates such as Playing the World and Visions Australia are welcomed contributions to the area of arts funding in Australia, nonetheless a greater level of funding across the entire arts sector will be needed to build the strength and success of creative industries within the country. Chapter 5 presents a series of recommendations, suggested as a result of the primary findings of this report. Creative industry development is not an abstract concept, but a method of achieving economic prosperity for governments, communities and individuals. These recommendations propose ways to increase the theme of creative industry development within Australia and to furthermore build the strength of Australian arts organisations in the process. This report contends to provide insight into creative industry development in an accessible manner to all Australians.

The article is focused on Kant's theory of law. Kant strives to deduce it from the concept of freedom, but the material basis of law is property. Law and property appear as projections of freedom. The author substantiates the idea that the theory of law on this base became possible thanks to Kant's special concept of freedom: the subject's freedom as the law of reason is directed at the external world and requires its realization — first of all, in a plot of land. These special concepts of freedom and property cause the characteristic features of Kant's theory of law which has evoked a lot of controversies. ; В статье рассматривается учение Канта о праве. Кант стремится вывести его из понятия свободы, но вещественной основой права оказывается собственность. Право и собственность предстают как проекции свободы. В статье выражена идея, что создание правового учения на такой основе оказывается возможным в силу специфики Кантовского понятия свободы: свобода субъекта как закон разума направлена на внешний для субъекта мир, она требует своего воплощения – прежде всего, в участке земли. Именно такое своеобразное понимание свободы и собственности обуславливают особенности Кантовского учения о праве, вызвавшего множество противоречивых оценок.СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫАрендт (2012): Арендт, Х. Лекции по политической философии Канта. СПб.: Наука, 2012, 303 с.Гегель (1990): Гегель, Г.В.Ф. Философия права. Москва: Мысль, 1990, 524 с.Кант (1994): Кант, И. «Трактаты и статьи (1784–1796)». В: Кант, И. Сочинения на немецком и русском языках. Москва: Ками, 1993, Т. I., 586 с.Кант (2014): Кант, И. «Метафизика нравов». Ч. 1. В: Кант, И. Сочинения… Под ред. Б. Тушлинга, Н. Мотрошиловой. Москва: Канон+, Реабилитация, 2014, Т.V, 1120 с.Кассирер (1997): Кассирер, Э. Жизнь и учение Канта. СПб.: Университетская книга, 1997, 447 с.Локк (1988): Локк, Д. «Два трактата о правлении». В: Локк, Д. Соч. в 3-х тт. Москва: Мысль, 1988, Т. 3, С. 135–405.Руссо (1998): Руссо, Ж.Ж. Об общественном договоре. Трактаты. Москва: КАНОН-пресс, Кучково поле, 1998, 416 с.Соловьев (2005): Соловьев, Э.Ю. Категорический императив нравственности и права. Москва: Прогресс-Традиция, 2005, 416 с.Тушлинг (2014): Тушлинг, Б. «Право из понятия». В: Кант, И. Метафизика нравов. Ч. 1…, 2014, С. 476–721.Фишер (1906): Фишер, К. «Иммануил Кант и его учение». Ч. II. В: Фишер, К. История новой философии. СПб., 1906, Т. 5, 656 с.Шопенгауэр (1993): Шопенгауэр, А. «Мир как воля и представление». В: Шопенгауэр, А. О четверояком корне… Мир как воля и представление. Москва: Наука, 1993, Т. 1, С. 125–608.Ясперс (2014): Ясперс, К. Кант: жизнь, труды, влияние. Москва: Канон, 2014, 416 с.Hegel (1979): Hegel, G.W.F. «Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts». In: Hegel, G.W.F. Werke. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 1979, Band 7, 513 S.Höffe (2007): Höffe, O. Immanuel Kant. Berlin: Beck, 2007, 348 S.Locke (1823): Locke, J. «Two Treatises of Government» In: Works of John Locke. London, 1823, Vol. V, P. 207–485.Murphy, Coleman (1990): Murphy, J.G., Coleman, J.L. Philosophy of Law. An Introduction to Jurisprudence. Boulder: Westview Press, 1990, (xvi) 240 p.Rosen (1993): Rosen, A.D. Kant's Theory of Justice. Ithaca and London: Cornell UP, 1993, 237 p.Rousseau (1755): Rousseau, J-.J. Discours sur l'origine et les fondemens de l'inégalité parmi les hommes. Amsterdam: M.M. Rey, 1755, 262 p.Rousseau (1762) : Rousseau, J.-J. Du Contrat social; ou, Principes du droit politique. Amsterdam: M.M. Rey, 1762, 324 p.Schopenhauer (1977): Schopenhauer, «A. Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung». In: Schopenhauer, A. Zürcher Ausgabe. Werke in zehn Bänden. Zürich: Diogenes, 1977, Band 1, 651 S. ; У статті розглядається вчення Канта про право. Кант намагається вивести його з поняття свободи, але речовою основою права виявляється власність. Право та власність постають як проекції свободи. Автор статті обґрунтовує думку, що можливість правового вчення на таких засадах виникає за умовою особливості Кантівського розуміння поняття свободи: для суб'єкта свобода як закон розуму спрямована на зовнішній світ, вони потребує обов'язкового втілення – поперед всього, у земельній ділянці. Саме через таку своєрідність розуміння поняття свободи і власності знаходять пояснення особливості Кантівського вчення про право, яке викликало багато протилежних оцінок.СПИСОК ЛІТЕРАТУРИАрендт (2012): Арендт, Х. Лекции по политической философии Канта. СПб.: Наука, 2012, 303 с.Гегель (1990): Гегель, Г.В.Ф. Философия права. Москва: Мысль, 1990, 524 с.Кант (1994): Кант, И. «Трактаты и статьи (1784–1796)». В: Кант, И. Сочинения на немецком и русском языках. Москва: Ками, 1993, Т. I., 586 с.Кант (2014): Кант, И. «Метафизика нравов». Ч. 1. В: Кант, И. Сочинения… Под ред. Б. Тушлинга, Н. Мотрошиловой. Москва: Канон+, Реабилитация, 2014, Т.V, 1120 с.Кассирер (1997): Кассирер, Э. Жизнь и учение Канта. СПб.: Университетская книга, 1997, 447 с.Локк (1988): Локк, Д. «Два трактата о правлении». В: Локк, Д. Соч. в 3-х тт. Москва: Мысль, 1988, Т. 3, С. 135–405.Руссо (1998): Руссо, Ж.Ж. Об общественном договоре. Трактаты. Москва: КАНОН-пресс, Кучково поле, 1998, 416 с.Соловьев (2005): Соловьев, Э.Ю. Категорический императив нравственности и права. Москва: Прогресс-Традиция, 2005, 416 с.Тушлинг (2014): Тушлинг, Б. «Право из понятия». В: Кант, И. Метафизика нравов. Ч. 1…, 2014, С. 476–721.Фишер (1906): Фишер, К. «Иммануил Кант и его учение». Ч. II. В: Фишер, К. История новой философии. СПб., 1906, Т. 5, 656 с.Шопенгауэр (1993): Шопенгауэр, А. «Мир как воля и представление». В: Шопенгауэр, А. О четверояком корне… Мир как воля и представление. Москва: Наука, 1993, Т. 1, С. 125–608.Ясперс (2014): Ясперс, К. Кант: жизнь, труды, влияние. Москва: Канон, 2014, 416 с.Hegel (1979): Hegel, G.W.F. «Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts». In: Hegel, G.W.F. Werke. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 1979, Band 7, 513 S.Höffe (2007): Höffe, O. Immanuel Kant. Berlin: Beck, 2007, 348 S.Locke (1823): Locke, J. «Two Treatises of Government» In: Works of John Locke. London, 1823, Vol. V, P. 207–485.Murphy, Coleman (1990): Murphy, J.G., Coleman, J.L. Philosophy of Law. An Introduction to Jurisprudence. Boulder: Westview Press, 1990, (xvi) 240 p.Rosen (1993): Rosen, A.D. Kant's Theory of Justice. Ithaca and London: Cornell UP, 1993, 237 p.Rousseau (1755): Rousseau, J-.J. Discours sur l'origine et les fondemens de l'inégalité parmi les hommes. Amsterdam: M.M. Rey, 1755, 262 p.Rousseau (1762) : Rousseau, J.-J. Du Contrat social; ou, Principes du droit politique. Amsterdam: M.M. Rey, 1762, 324 p.Schopenhauer (1977): Schopenhauer, «A. Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung». In: Schopenhauer, A. Zürcher Ausgabe. Werke in zehn Bänden. Zürich: Diogenes, 1977, Band 1, 651 S.