Suchergebnisse

Purpose
Students play an unequivocal role in sustainable universities as they are theorized to embody the mission of a sustainable university through a sustainable lifestyle and spread sustainability practices during their professional careers. Despite this, it is not well known how or why students come to embody a sustainable lifestyle. This study aims to better understand the relationship between happiness, academic achievement and sustainability behaviors among the student population in a Mexican higher education institution.


Design/methodology/approach
In a questionnaire study, engineering and psychology university students at a large public university in northwestern Mexico answered questions regarding their environmental sustainability behaviors, happiness and academic performance. A stratified random sampling technique was used to obtain the sample population that best represents the entire population. After chi-square tests, it was confirmed that the three variables were independent of one another. Therefore, a series of correspondence analyses were conducted to examine clusters or patterns that could indicate relationships among the three variables.


Findings
The main finding from this work was that the happiest and most academically astute participants were only slightly environmentally sustainable or not sustainable at all. The lack of environmental sustainability in students from one of the most top-rank sustainable universities in Mexico does not align with previous sustainability reports. External factors to the university, such as cultural values and extreme weather conditions, may have influenced students' sustainability behaviors.


Research limitations/implications
As with any other questionnaire study, the provided data is subject to interpretation, judgment and bias. In addition, the environmental and happiness index used in this study are not free of criticizing, and some author had disputed its efficacy. Finally, this study's findings did not determine any causality or directionality between any of the latent variables. However, causality and directionally between environmental sustainability-happiness and happiness-academic performance have to be found in both directions.


Practical implications
Despite the unsustainability of students in this study, this study has several contributions. First, it provides an evaluation of a sustainable university from the perspectives and behaviors of students. The views of students as they relate to the complexities and visions of a sustainable university have remained relatively underexamined. Second, these analyses point to specific sustainability-oriented challenges and inadvertent barriers (e.g. extreme weather patterns) toward the embodiment of a sustainable lifestyle. These challenges and barriers suggest that sustainable universities need to address the dynamic changes inherent in sustainable development. Finally, this study indicates that the link between happiness, academic performance and sustainability may be more complicated and driven by cultural and structural barriers. The issue of barriers, as they relate to sustainability behaviors, is highly relevant and presents important opportunities and questions for future research.


Originality/value
This study provides an evaluation of a sustainable university from the perspectives and behaviors of students. Students' views as they relate to the complexities and visions of a sustainable university have remained relatively underexamined. Second, these analyses point to specific sustainability-oriented challenges and barriers as they relate to the embodiment of a sustainable lifestyle. These challenges and barriers suggest that sustainable universities need to address the dynamic changes inherent in sustainable development. Finally, this study indicates that the link between happiness, academic performance and sustainability may be more complicated and driven by cultural and structural barriers.

The author of the paper wonders to what extent the events of 1989 corresponded to generally accepted ideas about the revolution? He considers that in the characteristics of the considered events, the word «revolution» was not chosen very well. His arguments boil down to the following theses. Firstly, on the eve of these events in the countries of Eastern Europe did not observe what is usually characterized as a revolutionary situation. As Slovak historian L'ubomir Liptak noted, in the mid eighties the dynamic of economy was still sufficient to maintain a satisfactory standard of living including such important standards as secure employment, free health care and education, cheap housing and subsidized basic foods, therefore though communist regimes were not capable of more dynamic development, but it was not unbearable enough to stimulate any radical disturbances. Disagreement with the regimes took the form of distancing or non-identification, but not of readiness for genuine revolutionary actions. Secondly, none of the Communist government in Eastern Europe was, in fact, overthrown. They all peacefully gave up his powers. Moreover, the Communist parties reacted loyally to the changing political situation, participated in the first multi-party elections after 1989 and even won them in some countries, though for a while. Thirdly, except for Poland, any internal opposition was not established, i. e. such one that posed a serious threat to the Communist regime or had a clear program of revolutionary changes, openly declaring their commitment to a radical dismantling of the existing system. Fourthly, the former representatives of the party-state nomenclature cleverly adapted themselves to the reform processes and were able to hold in their hands not only the power (which they had earlier), but also to amass property, as in the socialist period they could not dream of it. However, such a fairly common practice does not correspond to the contents of classic revolution, because the latter just deprives of the pre-revolutionary ruling elite and the ruling classes the power and the ownership. Fifthly, the revolutions did not lead to the re-establishment of the system, having existed before the previous revolution. In the case of 1989 events, just such a phenomenon is traced: the so-called people's democratic revolutions in the late 1940's, having shattered the political and socio-economic order (capitalism), but the Velvet Revolutions restored the essence of these former order though in compliance with the realities of the modern world. And the last one. It is generally accepted, that any revolutionary upheavals are due, primarily, to internal causes. But, in the case of the 1989 events, the majority of experts tended to think about the crucial role of the external factor, namely the position of the Soviet leadership, headed by Mikhail Gorbachev. Some of them even considered it, perhaps, the main reason of the Velvet revolutions. The peaceful change of communist regimes was enabled above all by the fact that the Soviet Union – the main guarantor of their government – was not willing to help them effectively. On the other hand, the reforms that began in Eastern Europe after rapid and dramatic events of 1989 were undoubtedly of revolutionary character: the dismantlement of socialist system, an introduction of democratic procedures in politics, the pluralism in the ideological and cultural sphere, the transition to market economy with the full restoration of private property and the like ones.

Introduction. According to the well-established opinion of specialists in social sciences and humanities, a person diffracts his selves in the modern world: real spaces (professions, statuses) and virtual (accounts, profiles). In the diffraction of a person through spaces of different order, each "new" self acquires relative autonomy (a trace of the self in the network, which is present regardless of the attitude to it), and at the same time there remains the connection that, as it were, keeps the self with his digital images and "prints". The main questions of the article are: in what relation and in relation to what is it possible to talk about the identity of a modern person; what fundamentally significant do the researches on human identity give us today; what do those who ask questions about personal identity in the digital age focus their attention on? In order to answer these questions, let us turn to scientific articles from domestic and foreign journals. This article presents the analytics of publications from Scopus and RSCI databases, in which the problem of personal identity is posed. The purpose of the article is to analyze scientific publications on human identity and summarize the main ideas presented in those publications. Methods. The research is based on general scientific methods, analysis and synthesis, induction, deduction, and abstraction. The author analyzes scientific publications on the basis of the interpretation method and a systematic approach method. Content analysis was used as a method, but it was used within the scope of the purpose. The publications were selected on the basis of the authors' research of various aspects of identity and the difference in interpreting the phenomenon. Results. Analysis of Scopus publications made it possible to assert that the problem of identity is moving out of the anthropological context and acquiring new technical and technological frameworks (for example, scholars are raising the problem of the digital data identity, digital identification in the context of online transactions). At the same time, the anthropological view of identity remains. It is found for instance in the context of narratives, texts of a person about self that are posted on the Internet. In this context, the concept of "Person Life View" (M. Schechtman) is presented as a variant of a person's holistic view of the self. The analysis of domestic publications makes it possible to conclude that representatives of social sciences and humanities in their research strive to overcome the dynamic view of a person (dissolving of identity or an absent self), are in search of models of "stability" of identity. Conclusion. Posing the question about the personal identity of a modern person, it seems that the border between the directly human (consciousness and body, for example) and the technical and technological (the Internet and the objective world) is becoming more and more destabilized every day. This predetermines the direction of the research. Contemporary scholars, who publish the results of their work in journals included in scientific databases, are faced not only with the problem of substantiating human identity as a theoretical concept that reflects the modern situation, but also with the problem of finding models in which a person is able to embody the idea of "stability" of identity in the everyday life.

The evolution of urbanism under dictatorship forms the core of the current research. This thesis is part of a research network at Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, which studies the 20th century's urbanism under different dictatorships. The network has provided a cross-cultural and cross-border environment and has enabled the author to communicate with other like-minded researchers. The 2015 published book of this group 'Urbanism and Dictatorship: A European Perspective' strengthens the foundation of this research's theoretical and methodological framework. This thesis investigates urban policies and plans leading to the advancement of urbanization and the transformation of urban space in Iran during the second Pahlavi (1941-1979) when the country faced a milestone in its history: Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry. By reflecting the influence of economic and socio‐political determinants of the time on urbanism and the urbanization process, this work intends to critically trace the effect of dictatorship on evolved urbanism before and after the oil nationalization in 1951. The research on the second Pahlavi's urbanism has been limitedly addressed and has only recently expanded. Most of the conducted studies date back to less than a decade ago and could not incorporate all the episodes of the second Pahlavi urbanism. These works have often investigated urbanism and architecture by focusing merely on the physical features and urban products in different years regardless of the importance of urbanism as a tool in the service of hegemony. In other words, the majority of the available literature does not intend to address the socio-economic and political roots of urban transformations and by questioning 'what has been built?' investigates the individual urban projects and plans designed by individual designers without interlinking these projects to the state's urban planning program and tracing the beneficiaries of those projects or questioning 'built for whom?' Moreover, some chapters of this modern urbanism have rarely been investigated. For instance, scant research has looked into the works of foreign designers and consultants involved in the projects such as Peter Georg Ahrens or Constantinos A. Doxiadis. Similarly, the urbanism of the first decade of the second Pahlavi, including the government of Mossadegh, has mainly been overlooked. Therefore, by critically analyzing the state's urban planning program and the process of urbanization in Iran during the second Pahlavi, this research aims to bridge the literature gap and to unravel the effect of the power structure on urban planning and products while seeking to find a pattern behind the regime's policies. The main body of this work is concentrated on studying the history of urbanism in Iran, of which collecting data and descriptions played a crucial role. To prevent the limitations associated with singular methods, this research's methodology is based on methodological triangulation (Denzin, 2017). With the triangulation scheme, the data is gathered by combining different qualitative and quantitative methods such as the library, archival and media research, online resources, non-participatory observation, and photography. For the empirical part, the city of Tehran is selected as the case study. Moreover, individual non-structured interviews with the locals were conducted to gain more insights regarding urban projects.

The article deals with the analysis of the Soviet national policy from a historical perspective with a focus on investigating into conditions of the loyalty of national elites towards the central government in the last period of the USSR existence. The indicators of the low level loyalty are as follows: supporting the ideas of national sovereignty and independence, participating in the national movement by ruling cadres, influential intellectuals and population. The author shows low sympathy of both groups of representatives: elites and broad population to nationalist ideas. The analysis is based on comparing contrastive cases – the Soviet elites of the Baltic republics (Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia) and Belorussia in their interactions with the central government as well as local population in the period from 1945 to 1991. These republics, their population and elites were similar regarding some important aspects such as historical and cultural as well as demographic characteristics in the case of Belorussia and Lithuania; some important features of the industry (big export-oriented enterprises) regarding Estonia, Latvia and Belorussia. At the same time, these cases showed a different level of the loyalty towards the Union center, namely, relatively high among the Belorussian Soviet ruling cadres and population and relatively low in the Baltic republics by the end of 1980s. The important aspect of the Soviet national policy was establishing new national elites, educational and cultural institutions preserving their native languages as well as the promotion of native cadres into the positions of power in the regional administration. In some respects, this policy was similar to the "indirect rule" implemented in the imperial period of Russian history and consisted in the cooperation between the central government and local elites as the main approach to administrating a multinational state. However, in comparison with the previous practice tending to include national elites in the imperial nobility, the post revolutionary approach considered the creation of national elites through promoting local cultural and educational institutions that offer quite prestigious but specific positions occupied mostly by representatives of the respective ethnic group. Creating local elites reduced the competition for "universal" positions since socialization and career of "national staff" were oriented towards national institutes. However, increasing numbers of "national staff" with limited positions for them had negative social consequences (elite overproduction). Intra-elite tension increased due to the migration from other regions (in the case of Latvia and Estonia). The other reason of this phenomenon was pursuing socialization strategies oriented to the places of origin (in the case of Lithuania). The attractiveness of the Baltic republics both for local population and migrants from other regions of the USSR was caused by a relatively high level of living standards in these union republics. Location of big export-oriented enterprises in the territory of Belorussia created conditions for preferring socialization strategies oriented towards integration with the Soviet Union economy and, therefore, enhanced loyalty towards the USSR center from both elites and population. Besides, the administrative apparatus of the Soviet Belorussia was recruited extensively among participants of the Soviet partisan movement 1941–1944 what explains the devotion of the Belorussian elite to the Soviet symbols and values. At the same time, the base of the legitimization of the Soviet Lithuanian elite was its ability to control the anti-Soviet (nationalist) movement as well supporting national culture and language.

<p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify">Esta entrevista objetiva compreender o comprometimento de teorização feminista de Heleieth Saffioti através da análise da influência dessa autora para a academia, a luta feminista e as organizações não governamentais (ONGs). Para atender ao objetivo traçado, realizou-se uma visita à trajetória da intelectual feminista brasileira Betânia Ávila, como o exílio na França na década de 1970 e a criação do SOS Corpo – Instituto Feminista para a Democracia. Heleieth Safiotti marcou desde o início as teorizações feministas de Betânia Ávila, em particular os debates e conceituações sobre trabalho doméstico, patriarcado e práxis feminista.</p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify"> </p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify">HELEIETH SAFFIOTI IN THE FEMINIST THEORIZATION COMMITMENT: between academia, feminist movement and nongovernmental organizations (ONGs)</p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify">This interview aims to understand Heleieth Saffioti's commitment to feminist theorization through the analysis of the influence of this author for the university, feminist movement and nongovernmental organizations (ONGs). To meet the objective set, we paid a visit to the trajectory of the Brazilian feminist intellectual Betânia Ávila, as the exile in France in the 1970s and the creation of SOS Corpo – Feminist Institute for Democracy. Heleieth Safiotti marked Betânia Ávila's feminist theories from the beginning, in particular the debates and concepts about domestic work, patriarchy and feminist praxis.</p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify">Keywords: Heleieth Saffioti. Feminist Theory. Household Work. Patriarchy. Feminist Praxis.</p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify"> </p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify">L'ENGAGEMENT D'HELEIETH SAFFIOTI: entre l'université, la lutte féministe et les organisations non gouvernementales</p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify">Cette entretien vise à comprendre l'engagement d'Heleieth Saffioti dans la théorisation féministe. Ces dernières ont pris forme dans le croisement entre le monde universitaire, la lutte féministe et les organisations non gouvernementales (ONGs). Nous sommes parties de la trajectoire de l'intellectuelle féministe brésilienne Betânia Ávila – notamment son exil en France dans les années 1970 et la création de SOS Corps – Institut féministe pour la démocratie pour comprendre l'importance de Saffioti pour le féminisme brésilien. Heleieth Safiotti a marqué dès le début les théorisations de Betânia Ávila, notamment les débats et les conceptualisations du travail domestique, du patriarcat et de la praxis féministe.</p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify">Mots clés: Heleieth Saffioti. Théorisation féministe. Travail domestique. Patriarcat. Praxis féministe.</p>

Outsourcing was born as a side effect of the implementation of business process reengineering (BPR). Another problem that arises from outsourcing practices is the elimination of labor rights by employers. Based on the Constitutional Court Decision (MK Decision No. 27 / PUU-IX / 2011), the Court emphasized that Outsourcing is a reasonable business policy of a company in the context of business efficiency. However, workers who carry out work in an outsourcing company may not lose their rights which are protected by the constitution. Following up on the Constitutional Court Decision, the Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration has issued Circular Letter Number B.31 / PHIJSK / I / 2012 concerning Implementation of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 27 / PUU-IX / 2011 dated January 17, 2012. Based on this, there are 3 (three ) The legal issues that the author will examine are: (1) How is the suitability of the implementation of the provision of worker services at PT. Semen Padang with the applicable law; (2) How to fulfill workers' rights in the implementation of Worker Service Provision at PT. Semen Padang; and (3) What are the negative and positive consequences of the implementation of the Provision of Worker Services on workers' rights at PT. Semen Padang. This exploratory research reveals how the application of legal norms from Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower and Regulation of the Minister of Manpower and Transmigration Number 19 of 2012 concerning Requirements for Submission of Part of Work Implementation to other companies at PT. Semen Padang. From the results of the study concluded that: (1) Implementation of the provision of employee services at PT. Semen Padang has not complied with the applicable law. On the one hand, PT. Semen Padang has implemented the provisions of Article 66 paragraph (3) of the Manpower Act. PT. Semen Padang has set one of the most basic requirements, namely the vendor must have an Operational Permit (SIO) for Manpower Providers issued by the Department of Manpower (Disnaker) of West Sumatra Province. PT Semen Padang has also complied with the provisions of Article 17 Paragraph (3) of the Regulation of the Minister of Manpower and Transmigration No. 19 of 2012. On the other hand, PT. Semen Padang still uses worker service providers for jobs that are not regulated in Article 17 of the 2012 Minister of Manpower Regulation or even doing work that should be done by employees of PT Semen Padang itself; (2) The fulfillment of the rights of outsourcing workers at PT Semen Padang has been carried out quite well, where this can be proven by PT Semen Padang providing legal protection to Outsourcing Workers through the Decree of the Board of Directors of PT.Semen Padang No. 0000143 / HK.00.02 / SKD / 50003853/3000 / 12.2017 dated 21 December 2017 concerning Changes in the Value Structure of PT Semen Padang's Outsourcing Labor Contract, and (3) Implementation of Provision of Worker Services at PT. Semen Padang has negative consequences and positive consequences. The negative consequence is the high level of jealousy of the outsourcing workers towards organic workers, both in terms of the type of work performed, the uniforms worn, and differences in workers' rights. One of the positive consequences of employing outsourcing workers, labor costs can be reduced in one way through the provision of worker services.

В статье рассматриваются слова, вышедшие из употребления в разговорной речи, но сохранившиеся в воспроизведенном виде на чувашском языке в переводе произведения И. В. Гете «Фауст», выполненном Н. А. Андреевым (Урхи). Термин «стилистика», будучи учением об употреблении языка, трактуется нами как индивидуальная манера речи переводчика в процессе выявления архаизмов в чувашском варианте. Дифференциация письменного и разговорного стилей осуществляется с учетом национальных корней. Прерогатива в тексте трагедии принадлежит диалогу, в котором наиболее транспарентно представлены возможности стилистических особенностей употребления древних лексем, ставших для носителей языка архаизмами. Отдельно в качестве выразительных средств языка анализируются устаревшие устойчивые словосочетания, в которых функционально необходимый архаический стиль вызван к жизни пером Урхи, переводчика-самоучки (нем. Dolmetscher, чув. тăлмач, толмач). Семь лексических единиц из числа архаизмов характеризуются выделением двух степеней устарелости в зависимости от их употребления носителем простонародной речи и исследователем, усвоившим современный литературный язык по книгам, в одном лице. Н. А. Урхи освоил речь с молоком матери в самобытном натуральном пространстве во время активного повседневного общения в трудовой деятельности. Языком перевода он овладел своеобразно - благодаря учебникам для самообразования, самоподготовке к экзаменам экстерном, заочной форме обучения, т. е. его становление как переводчика шло дистанционно и долго (стал студентом вуза в возрасте 75 лет). В возрасте 88 лет Н. А. Урхи представил трагедию на своем материнском языке в Центральную библиотеку г. Веймар, тем самым увековечив свое имя в ряду переводчиков классики на чувашский язык. В статье его труд репрезентируется с целью активизации архаизмов в устной и письменной речи, ибо во времена переводчика Н. А. Урхи они были живым голосом современности.
The article considers the words that have become obsolete in colloquial speech but preserved in reproduced form in the Chuvash language in the translation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's «Faust» made by N.A. Andreev (Urkhi). The author considers «style» as an individual manner of the translator's speech in the process of identification of archaisms in the Chuvash language. Written and colloquial styles vary based on the ethnic background. The dialogue plays a prerogative role in the text of the tragedy, in which the possibilities of stylistic features of the use of ancient lexemes are most transparently presented and which have become archaisms for native speakers. The article analyzes as the archaic set phrases in which Urkhi, the Chuvash self-taught translator (German: Dolmetscher, Chuvash: tălmach) brought the archaic style to life. Seven archaisms are characterized by the two degrees of obsolescence depending on their use by both the native speaker of the vulgar language and the researcher of the modern literary language. Urkhi learnt the vulgar speech early in his childhood in an authentic natural environment during daily communication when working. He mastered the language of translation in a peculiar way. Urkhi was able to do that thanks to the textbooks for self-education, passing exams without attending lectures, being an external student. His becoming a translator took him a long time (he became a university student at the age of 75). At the age of 88, Urkhi contributed Goethe's «Faust» in his mother language to the Central Library of the city of Weimar, thereby perpetuating his name among the translators of the classic literature into the Chuvash language. The article presents his work with the goal of activating the archaisms in oral and written speech, because in the time of Urkhi those archaisms were the living voice of his modernity.

The article analyzes the historiographic texts of the first wave of Russian émigré historians. In these texts, the Soviet historiographic process of the 1920s and 1930s was interpreted. The relevance of the study is associated both with the poor study of historiographic texts created during that period in emigration, and with the narrative turn of modern historical science, as well as with the experience of understanding the structure and nature of the Soviet narrative, which is beginning to be comprehended and problematized as an independent problem. The study of narratives makes it possible to move away from general assessments of the Soviet stage of historical studies to a more specific description of it through studying the stylistics of the text, isolating the standards and the uniqueness of their construction, with close attention to the problems of their unification. This process can be clarified and refined through the prism of the "emigre mirror". The source base was the historiographic texts of P.N. Milyukov, A.A. Kizevetter, A.V. Florovsky, and E.F. Maksimovich in the form of published works and manuscript heritage from the archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ARAN) and the Slavic Library in Prague (Slovanská knihovna v Praze). Based on textual analysis and developments in the field of intellectual history, the author highlights the unifying features of the émigré narrative. These include: 1) scholars' understanding of their special mission in emigration which consists of preserving the historiographic tradition and presenting Russian historical science to the world community as part of world science; 2) close attention to the classics, focus on tradition; 3) an assessment of the historiographic process within the framework of the reference time, the Golden age of pre-revolutionary historical science (late 19th – early 20th centuries); the criterion for assessing the current historiographic process was the compliance with the experience of Moscow and St. Petersburg scientific schools; 4) a statement about the lack of freedom of research, the monopoly of Marxist methodology and the hypertrophied class approach in relation to the historicist views of historians; 5) changes in the form and structure of the classic narrative – the proportion of reviews, literature reviews, obituaries in the structure of emigrant narrative was increasing; the deconstruction of the old narrative followed the path of its archaization; 6) the unifying factor that tightened the texts, gave them tension and a special emotional charge, was the figure of M.N. Pokrovsky. However, the verification of the current historiographic process by one's own past is not without contradictions. On the one hand, this ensures the continuity of historiographic knowledge and confirms the thesis of the intrinsic value of the so-called «outdated innovations». In addition, in this В. П. Корзун 54 regard, we can talk about the fundamental eclecticism of science as a cultural tradition. On the other hand, the reciprocating nature is fraught with a closure on the old. The absolutization of tradition leads to the blocking of intellectual transfers. In science of science, this process is called the rut effect. As an example of searching for «one's own track», the article presents an attempt by A.V. Florovsky to understand and to clarify the phenomenon of Soviet historiography by coarsening the classical historiographic approach and using the inventory-registration method. As a result, he managed to present the meaningful complexity of the internal structure of Soviet historical science

Purpose. The basic aim of our research was to establish the applicability of an innovative method of academic visualization, which the author has tentatively called Methodological Imaging of Academic Works© (in Polish – Obrazowanie Metodologiczne Prac Naukowych – OMPN©), as an instrument to enhance the information content of traditional abstract systems used in academic periodicals, with graphic abstracts presenting the methodological profile of articles. The method was verified by identifying the study methods and procedures in academic articles in Folia Turistica and by defining and comparing the methodological profiles of various issues and annuals of the magazine published in 2014-2018. The identification and comparison of the authors' research methods is an additional, though no less important aim of the work, especially given the anniversary issues.

Method. The OMPN© method is based on information acquired from authors (through surveys) on the methodology they use in their work. This information has been used to create profiles of various academic articles, to define an overall profile of the journal, as well as profiles of the thematic and varia issues. The surveys used a twenty-part set of methodological traits, arranged in ten pairs of opposites: quantity research – quality research, analysis – synthesis, induction – deduction, etc., and the authors gauged (on a scale of 0-5) how far a trait applied to their publication, attempting to identify more with one side of each pair. The research covered all the articles published in the relevant period (N=186), gaining information on 60% of the articles.

Results. Graphic methodological abstracts using OMPN© could become an interesting tool to enhance the traditional abstract, informing readers of the basic methodological attributes of various articles and entire issues, and even of the methodological profiles of entire academic magazines, in a simple fashion. In analyzing the profile of Folia Turistica the research shows that, in the relevant period, its academic articles contained a wide variety of methodologies. The majority was empirical, multidisciplinary, and quality research (as opposed to theoretical, monodisciplinary, and quantity research, respectively), which far more often concerned culture in its broadest definition (i.e. economy, society) than nature. Respondents somewhat more frequently saw their work as positivist than interpretive; the knowledge it produced, they believed, was more idiographic than nomothetic.

Research and conclusions limitations. This research method is based on the authors' opinions from a special survey. This makes it highly subjective. Taking this into consideration, and trying to objectify the study as far as possible, each of the authors, along with the survey and a letter outlining the aim of the research, received a specially-produced ten-page "methodological glossary," with a brief outline of scholarly approaches and methodological traits that form the basis for OMPN©. We should stress that the authors were entirely free in describing the methodological traits of their works.

Practical implications. The research demonstrates that OMPN© can be used in a variety of magazines, regardless of the field of study, as a graphical supplement to descriptive abstracts.

Originality. This article presents the author's innovative concept.

Type of article. This article presents a new way of analyzing and depicting the methodological aspects of academic studies, based on empirical research.

Purpose. The basic aim of our research was to establish the applicability of an innovative method of academic visualization, which the author has tentatively called Methodological Imaging of Academic Works© (in Polish – Obrazowanie Metodologiczne Prac Naukowych - OMPN©), as an instrument to enhance the information content of traditional abstract systems used in academic periodicals, with graphic abstracts presenting the methodological profile of articles. The method was verified by identifying the study methods and procedures in academic articles in Folia Turistica and by defining and comparing the methodological profiles of various issues and annuals of the magazine published in 2014-2018. The identification and comparison of the authors' research methods is an additional, though no less important aim of the work, especially given the anniversary issues.

Method. The OMPN© method is based on information acquired from authors (through surveys) on the methodology they use in their work. This information has been used to create profiles of various academic articles, to define an overall profile of the journal, as well as profiles of the thematic and varia issues. The surveys used a twenty-part set of methodological traits, arranged in ten pairs of opposites: quantity research – quality research, analysis – synthesis, induction – deduction, etc., and the authors gauged (on a scale of 0-5) how far a trait applied to their publication, attempting to identify more with one side of each pair. The research covered all the articles published in the relevant period (N=186), gaining information on 60% of the articles.

Results. Graphic methodological abstracts using OMPN© could become an interesting tool to enhance the traditional abstract, informing readers of the basic methodological attributes of various articles and entire issues, and even of the methodological profiles of entire academic magazines, in a simple fashion. In analyzing the profile of Folia Turistica the research shows that, in the relevant period, its academic articles contained a wide variety of methodologies. The majority was empirical, multidisciplinary, and quality research (as opposed to theoretical, monodisciplinary, and quantity research, respectively), which far more often concerned culture in its broadest definition (i.e. economy, society) than nature. Respondents somewhat more frequently saw their work as positivist than interpretive; the knowledge it produced, they believed, was more idiographic than nomothetic.

Research and conclusions limitations. This research method is based on the authors' opinions from a special survey. This makes it highly subjective. Taking this into consideration, and trying to objectify the study as far as possible, each of the authors, along with the survey and a letter outlining the aim of the research, received a specially-produced ten-page "methodological glossary," with a brief outline of scholarly approaches and methodological traits that form the basis for OMPN©. We should stress that the authors were entirely free in describing the methodological traits of their works.

Practical implications. The research demonstrates that OMPN© can be used in a variety of magazines, regardless of the field of study, as a graphical supplement to descriptive abstracts.

Originality. This article presents the author's innovative concept.

Type of article. This article presents a new way of analyzing and depicting the methodological aspects of academic studies, based on empirical research.

The article includes five parts: 1. Introduction – information about the book promotion event held in Warsaw on December 19, 2019 on the Polish edition of Xi Jinping's Governance of China vol. I. The book launch was great not only because of the editing and the contents of the book, but also because it was a political, economic, cultural and international event, since the author is the number one politician not only in China but also in the contemporary world. The introduction includes information about the book content and demonstrates its importance for the theoretical generalizations and recognition of the main problems of contemporary China. 2. According to the authors of the paper, problems mentioned in the book are especially important. The original Chinese way of building socialism and the early stages of Chinese revolution were national, anti-feudal, anti-capitalist, democratic and socialist. Mao Zedong established class-based Maoism as a Marxism-Leninism in the Chinese version, while Deng Xiaoping and his successors established and developed the socialist market economy, which is the continuation of Maoism in the new era and they created the Chinese path to the anti-capitalist revolution and the building of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The perspective of the development of China till 2021 and 2049 (as a modern and developed socialism) and its influence on the national rejuvenation is not only Chinese but also an international issue. 3. Third part of the paper is devoted to the problems of building socialism in China, the analysis of the theory of Xi Jinping, the leading role of the CPC, the economic role of the owner and foreign capital in economy and policy, and the socio-economic contradictions in the contemporary PRC. 4. Forth part concerns Confucianism and Marxism as theoretical and practical problems in China; the original Chinese culture and civilization; the continuation and discontinuation of the historical development in contemporary epoch; the original development; the policy of opening- -up; the necessity of considering human contents of Confucianism in building and developing of socialism in China. 5. Fifth part of the paper is on the future status of the Communist Party of China's Economy. Since the emergence of state-owned economy, it has played a huge role in the economic development of all countries. However, under the way of neoliberalism, state-owned economy has gradually been associated with backwardness and inefficiency. On the forum of state-owned economy enterprise reform in China, General Secretary Xi Jinping gave out important instructions. State-owned enterprises are an important force for strengthening the comprehensive power of the country and safeguarding the common interests of the people. State-owned enterprises must be made stronger, better and bigger. Academia has had a huge disagreement on this, and some scholars believe that this is an act of favoritism toward state-owned enterprises. This paper analyzes China's state-owned economy from the perspective of total factor productivity (TFP), Marx's historical materialism, national productivity, and social development, clarifying that state-owned economic reform is diff erent from the system of "profit based demands" rooted in the private economic market, but a system based on national productivity and the "needs" of the people. Making state-owned enterprises "stronger, better, and bigger" is in line with the historical development of socialism and material productivity, resolving doubts on the direction of state-owned economic reform.

This paper examines the origin and the relationship between Islamist and non-Islamist political trends in Libya, highlighting the development of the contestation between the two before and after the fall of Gaddafi's rule. The relationship appears to be that of a contestation between Islamists and liberals but this may be misleading. Islamists are not united but they share an adherence to the establishment of a Muslim society and some form of a khilafa. However, non-Islamists may not easily be identified as "on current." Indeed, the "current" includes an array of political factions of various dispensations with some not necessarily subscribing to liberal models of democracy. Some belong to pre-Gaddafi-era political parties or were political and human rights' activists during Gaddafi's reign. They range from leftist, nationalist, and liberal orientations to populist Arab nationalist forces (including the Ba'th, Pan-Arabists, and others with socialist or communist orientations). When the uprising took place in 2011, the positions each trend took differed before some tactical unity was deemed necessary. When the regime fell, however, differences remerged and became more evident once the transitional structures were put in place. Just before and during the first elections in 2012, Islamists broke ranks with their struggle comrades and fired their cannons at the leaders of the liberal, nationalist, and other elements within the non-Islamist orientations. Islam then became crucial in political expression and rhetoric, especially for Islamist actors. Focusing on the development of this contestation, this paper analyzes the reaction of both Islamist and non-Islamist trends to the policies and tactics adopted by each side in the aftermath of the 2011 uprising and the post-Gaddafi phase. It suggests that although ideology, specifically references to Islam, became crucial in the political contention between Islamists and non-Islamists, the cleavage was not entirely ideological, as both trends considered the Islamic identity of Libya central to their political programs. The interviews with leading representatives of both trends that the author conducted for the purpose of writing this article confirm such a view on the role of ideology in the contestation. As the following discussion indicates, ideology is evidently part and parcel of each sides' tools, ready to be employed against the other. However, when it does not suit all their purposes, they claim ideology has no role, offering insights into the instrumental and tactical approach to the ongoing contestation of both sides. The article therefore examines the struggle between the two factions as a political competition for the control of resources and positions of power, yet it also argues that ideology and ideas have a role to play, as they constitute the instruments deployed in this struggle, which has, with foreign involvement and backing of different sides, reduced Libya to a "failed state." In fact although ideological contraposition figures in the contestation, political factionalism and contention in post-2011 were actually fuelled by political factors related to the struggle over access to power and resources, which are instrumental in enabling each side to shape the future state and its political order according to their plans. The struggle between Islamists and non-Islamists may have been the most visible, but it is certainly not the most significant factor in explaining the political dynamics and contention in the country since the fall of Gaddafi.

The article deals with the problems to conceptualize social ethics of democratic transformation in post-soviet society. Special attention is paid to the role of European social standards in the process of realizing the European civilization choice of Ukraine. It is also stressed here that European social standards remain a key factor making a project of European integration so attractive for the majority of Ukrainians. Special role of a stage by stage solution of a so-called «social approach» on the way to all-rounded humanization of state-forming strategies of European nations and of the system of European international relations in general is being stressed here. The main emphasis is also laid on the historical role of common European values. An attempt is made here to elucidate the above problems in correspondence with the ones expressed in the National report «Civilizational choice of Ukraine — a paradigm of cognition and a strategy to act» (2016), prepared by the leading scholars of Ukrainian Academy of Science. It is also accentuated that decisive factor to achieve success in joining the space of European unity is in integrity of understanding the ideas of Freedom and Justice. Since internal and external components of European freedom and justice are so closely intertwined that their separate interpretation in author's opinion has no epistemological perspective. In conditions of world economic crisis the configuration, dynamics and content of integrational processes both in Europe and in post-soviet countries are being substantially changed while preserving basic system factors. Stable economic prosperity and social progress are becoming more and more dependent on world economic situation. At the same time, social welfare of citizens in some countries as well as their authority in contemporary world fully depend on moral-ethical maturity of national elites, level of confidence in society, general level of culture and the rate of individual responsibility of citizens for their future. With this view we consider the role of social ethics in general context of forming new theoretical and methodological basis of contemporary historical science. The utter importance of social problems for adequate understanding of crisis phenomena in political, economic and cultural life of the European Union after several stages of substantial expansion is being underlined. Special place of «European social model» in contemporary scientific and political discourse is being emphasized. It is underlined that nowadays we speak not only about rational and pragmatic correction of logic of international interaction but about radical change of all logic of internal social interaction, about formation and application of qualitatively new theory of making decisions. The above problems acquire special meaning in modern conditions of sharpening geopolitical competition concerning Ukraine. Real social result of Ukrainian civilizational choice directly influences the process of this competition, as it directly defines the position of both Ukrainian citizens and citizens of European Union countries. Modern financial and migration crisis of EU only enhances the influence of social factor on collective consciousness of «old» and «new» Europeans, frequently engendering rather dangerous tendencies in European life. The author tries to accentuate the importance of the idea of a serious social optimization strategy of European integration of Ukraine while considering qualitatively new external and internal conditions of National progress.

Purpose
Health care is a complex system, mandating adoption of unrelenting updates of guidelines and best practices. Securing a balanced system of current practice and matching documentation has always been a challenge due to impaired connection between traditional forms of documentation (e.g. policies, procedures, and guidelines) and users. Departmental manuals always find their way back to shelves away from the workplace, and continuous interaction with customers and complexity of business processes hinder timely update and consequently sustainable improvement. The paper aims to discuss this issue.


Design/methodology/approach
In late 2014, the corresponding author visited Japan as part of Kaizen benchmark tour that introduced the concepts and applications of "Kaizen," the Japanese word for continuous improvement, in Toyota factory and health care institutes in Fukuoka, Nagoya, and Tokyo. Soon thereafter, the authors adopted Kaizen to be the organizational theme for improvement. QPS team launched several initiatives throughout 2015 to improve the quality of documentation. Documents submitted had one thing in common, all participants used flowcharts, diagrams, and even drawings to simplify hard-to-understand processes. This challenge highlighted the utilization of diagrams, well-organized forms, infographics, and other methods to simplify processes and to vitalize documents.


Findings
Since the hospital utilizes the paper-form prescribing system, prescription errors lead to delays in dispensing time, affecting patient satisfaction in emergency room's pharmacy. Pharmacy team launched a project using document vitalization as an improvement strategy. Aggregate results showed 16.7 percent reduction in average time per prescription in inpatient pharmacy and 20.0 percent reduction in emergency room pharmacy. Although measurements did not continue over a longer period or were statistically analyzed, they provide a crude indication of possible improvement using document vitalization.


Research limitations/implications
Lack of a sound measurement system with proper statistical analysis prevented the provision of reliable evidence of improvement. Moreover, lack of previous case studies has been an obstacle. It is the authors' plan to provide measurable evidence of improvement for multiple projects through measurement of process time, customer and employee satisfaction, the number of process errors, etc. Nevertheless, feedback from users provides a rough indication of possible improvement using document vitalization. It is the authors' aim to incorporate "document vitalization" into the fabric of documentation process and SFHPM culture.


Practical implications
Empowerment creates an energy-filled work environment where staff members feel they are the real change factors and are actively contributing to the advancement and success of their organizations (Taylor 2013). This does not mean allowing chaos and unplanned changes to disrupt process flow but rather to leave room for trial and error in a controlled environment and pilot-testing significant changes before generalization.


Originality/value
The term vitalization itself is a brand new one used in this field, and the authors introduce it for the first time to be a solution that comes from frontliners and can bridge the gap between document and practice. If all document vitalization successes were a tribute to one factor, it would be "empowerment." Once leaders have the courage to listen to frontline staff voice and allow them to do things differently, the staff members will surprise their organizations with the marvels of their creations.