Suchergebnisse

Can we surpass the representational nature of architecture drawing to consider and discuss the agency of architectural drawing in process and result? Over the course of three years from 2019, a cohort of architect–drafters, architect–theoreticians and a curator are meeting every six months in a reflective exchange to discuss the production and exhibition of a collection of drawings and drawing-related artefacts. The varying cast of the bi-annual symposia are participants from the United States, Canada and Europe including Michael Webb, Perry Kulper, Laura Allen, Bryan Cantley, Nat Chard, Mark Dorrian, Arnaud Hendrickx, William Menking, Shaun Murray, Anthony Morey, Mark Smout, Neil Spiller, Natalija (Nada) Subotincic, Mark West, Michael Young and Riet Eeckhout. Surpassing the representational nature of architecture drawing, a group of architects and I consider and discuss the agency of architectural drawing in process and result. Drawing architecture implies materializing an architecture within the drawing, where it can be sought, found and experienced. This refers to an action in the present progressive, an action by the author in the process of bringing into the world through drawing – architectural research through drawing. The artefacts, as drawings, that we are looking at are an end in themselves and not a preparatory means to build an environment as in how drawings are used in architectural practices for buildings. These symposia aim to reveal and come closer to the individual agency of each practice within the drawn discipline of architecture, to establish a way in which we can show this agency in an Exhibition at Montreal Design Centre in August–December 2022. The bi-annual symposium days were structured by round-table conversations and discussions that take place based on drawings or drawing-related artefacts brought in by the participants. In 'Drawing architecture' Session 1 in New York, we had an in-depth introduction of each participant's practice with Michael Webb, Perry Kulper, Bryan Cantley, Nat Chard, Arnaud Hendrickx, William Menking, Shaun Murray, Anthony Morey, Neil Spiller, Natalija (Nada) Subotincic, Mark West, Michael Young and Riet Eeckhout. Participants expanded on their bodies of work, tools and the nature of the drawing practice. For 'Drawing architecture' Session 2 in London, we sharpened the conversation between the participants by: (1) establishing an angle from which we talk through the artefact(s) (drawing or drawing practice-related artefact), each participant from the standpoint of their practice. Angle: Talking through the drawing or drawing practice-related artefact, can you expand on the agency of the drawing (practice) within the discipline of architecture? Questions that might be helpful: (a) How does the drawing work as a tool of investigation (technique of leveraging knowledge). (b) Where and what is the architecture within the resulting drawing/artefact? When is the architecture in the process? Is there architecture within the drawing? (2) By placing the drawing or artefact central during the symposium talk and organize a group conversation around it. It might be that you bring one or more current drawings/artefacts enabling you to expand on the specific drawing practice investigation. The artefact might be resolved or unresolved, finished, ongoing or just starting and in the thick of things. The presence of the drawing allows the group to come closer to and understand the agency of the artefact itself, supported by talking us through and unpacking the artefact.

The topic of this article is the engraved scenery on one of the metal vessels from princely kurgan grave in Maikop. The scene realistically displays certain landschaft with hills and many other details, making it unique in its time and space. Apart from unquestionable artistic value, its significance also lies in a proper interpretation of the display which can contribute to the clarification of certain issues regarding the development of the Maikop culture community. The analysis of the engraved scenery was a point of interest for almost all researchers of the Maikop culture and they all agree that it shows quite vast landscape or some kind of a layout of a specific area with its characteristic relief, plants and animals. However, when it concerns the issue of identification of presented landschaft, the opinions vary. This article analyses various interpretations (Farmakovskij, Munchaev, Amscler, Hintze), and the author ultimately supports Farmakovskij the most, who claims that this is a representation of North Caucasus area, i.e. the territory of Maikop culture what makes this engraving, the vessel as well, made by domesticcraftsman. There are several points that attribute to this claim. The displayed mountain range matches the most to the Caucasian range viewed from the north and the displayed animals, including lions and panthers, lived at this area at the time. That this vessel is a domestic product indicates the fact that Maikopian gold and silver ware has no analogies in contemporarycultures, including golden pearls as well as bull and lion figurines from the graves in Maikop and from Staromišatovska hoard. The Maikop culture was one of the most important centers for the development and distribution of copper alloy metallurgy (arsenic bronze and nickel bronze) which marks the beginning of the new epoch of the Bronze Age. According to allthings considered, there is a concept of luxurious vessels and other precious metal items, including realistic animal figurines – the artistic style which is going to be recognizable during the next 3rd millennium in urban culture of neighboring Mesopotamia. To support the mentioned interpretation by Farmakovskij, it can be concluded that the attempt to identify prehistoric landschaft based on present-day relief can be misguiding because the geographical layout of northernCaucasus in 4th millennium BC was quite different from the one we have today. The absolute dating puts the Maikop kurgan into the time period between 3700 – 3500 BC, the beginning of Subboreal, the age of Fedorov's transgression when the level of Black and the Sea of Azov was up to 3m higher than today. Accordingly, the coastal line of the Sea of Azov at thetime had to be much more inside the Kuban area, including the delta of the river Kuban. Having that in mind, the more accurate location of the area represented in the Maikop engraving can be predicted. This could be the territory of north-western Caucasus ruled by the Maikop prince. Left river, with larger bend would be Kuban, while the right would be Belajaflowing through present-day Maikop. Nowadays, Belaja flows into an artificial lake, recently created at the river Kuban, while during the period of the Maikop culture, both of these rivers could flow into the Sea of Azov, close to present-day lake or further to the west.

One of the consequences of the industrial revolution is the dematerialization of traditional objects of Civil Law (money, securities, precious metals), that is, they lose their usual material form and turn them into a number on the account. In addition, technological progress has led to the emergence in the economic circulation of new objects of Civil Law, which, in principle, cannot have a material form, being intangible property (digital currencies, digital assets, digital financial assets, crypto assets, etc.). Meanwhile, legislation and civil science were unable to adapt the theory of Civil Law and legislation to the new economic realities. So, the subject of the loan agreement in accordance with Art. 807 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation must be transferred by the lender to the ownership of the borrower. Meanwhile, judicial practice has recognized for a long time that it is possible to lend non-cash funds and non-documentary securities, although they are not things. Digital assets are quite often qualified by Russian civil lawyers as rights of obligations (claims). However, in some cases it is rather difficult to find such an entity to which it would be possible to make any claims (for example, bitcoin and ethereum).
The solution to these problems, according to the author, is to clarify the types of legal relations that arise in connection with the considered intangible property. For example, with regard to non-cash funds, there are two types of civil legal relations. Firstly, the legal relationship of the client with the bank under a bank account agreement, which is a relative legal relationship (civil obligation), respectively, non-cash funds - the rights (claims) of the client to the bank to make transfers and to issue cash. Secondly, we are talking about the legal relationship of the account holder with all third parties, in which all third parties are obliged to refrain from violating the right of the account holder to the funds belonging to him, and the account holder has the right to require them to fulfill this obligation, and can also protect right through absolute claims. With regard to new objects of Civil Law (digital property), such as digital assets, digital financial assets, digital currency, crypto assets, etc., several types of legal relations also arise in economic circulation. Firstly, in relation to digital property, legal obligations arising from a contract of sale, exchange, etc. may arise. Secondly, this digital property may be the object of an absolute legal relationship between the owner of such property and all third parties, in which the owner of digital property can own, use and dispose of digital property in the most absolute way, and all third parties must refrain from violating this absolute right. This absolute right is not a property right, since digital property is not a thing. This is a new absolute right, which should be regulated by Civil Law, just as the exclusive right to the results of intellectual activity was regulated in its time.
Arguing in this way, it is permissible to recognize that the subject of a loan agreement can be any property, both having a material form and res incorporales, which can be transferred to the lender either in ownership as a thing, or with the simultaneous transfer of another absolute right to him if the object is intangible.

This special issue has nine papers selected from the Africa Regional Workshop at Makerere University (Kampala, Uganda) on January 11th to 13th 2021.
The first two papers relate to Research Data Management (RDM). The first one analyses the authorship, volume, visibility, and quality of publications on RDM in Sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis was done using bibliometrics focusing on RDM publications from, and on, Sub-Saharan Africa which are currently indexed in Google Scholar.
The second article presents available open RDM resources for different data practitioners, particularly researchers and librarians at the University of Dodoma, in Tanzania. Some of the RDM resources discussed in this paper are Data Management Plan (DMP) and a data repository available for researchers to freely archive and share their research data with the local and international communities.
The third paper highlights the data-sharing attitudes and behaviors of African data curators and data management experts. The paper compares data from an earlier study and analyses the new findings between the data sharing attitudes and behaviors between Africans and non-Africans.
The fourth paper articulates the data literacy integration agenda and how it can catalyze the achievement of Sustainable development goals. The paper unpacks the role of data literacy in catalyzing the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), challenges faced, and suggests recommendations to the challenges. It is however sad to note here that the author of this paper recently passed on 15th December 2021. May the good lord accord Gorreti an eternal rest.
The fifth paper discourses the establishment of a data center at Mzuzu University Library in Malawi after the unfortunate fire outbreak of 2015 that destroyed the whole library. Interesting models are drawn in the paper like; the six-month process of restoring an interim library and the designing & construction of the new library in collaboration with the Virginia Technological School of Architecture & Design in the United States.
The sixth paper goes further to examine the growth and development of institutional repositories in the East African Countries of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. The paper contextualizes and discusses in detail the drivers and barriers to the development of institutional repositories in East Africa such as: policy formulation, financial support, training, infrastructure, open access awareness among others.
The seventh paper focuses on the learning outcomes in literacy and numeracy in Uganda in the light of maternal education. In this paper, deeper analysis was conducted on the data mined from the Uwezo assessment data to show the effect of the mothers' education on the numeracy and literacy learning outcomes among children in Uganda.
The eighth paper illuminates the opportunities and risks of sharing agricultural research data in Tanzania. Stimulating themes on sharing of research data are developed and discussed in this paper such as: research collaboration, transparency, accuracy, funding, policy, institutional, and government support among others.
Finally, the ninth and last paper narrates the data dissemination process at the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS). The paper presents in detail the methods, channels of data sharing such as: workshops, websites, libraries, resource centres, social media, and the physical delivery of print resources to the UBOS partners and clients.

Winny Nekesa Akullo and Robert Stalone Buwule

The relevance of the topic and problem statement. In the process of formation and development of the original style of button accordion music one of the most important roles is played by the factor of texture, which fully embodies the instrumental specificity of the button accordion, and reflects the originality of forms and varieties of musical fabric in button accordion works. The study of the peculiarities of texture organization, as well as highlighting the main trends in texture formation in modern button accordion music, in particular in the works of Ukrainian composers, is seen as an urgent task to understand the essence of the phenomenon of modern button accordion, and in general — to develop domestic musicology in instrumental art. In previous works of the author of this article, an attempt was made to systematize the textured formations of modern button accordion music, which are determined by the specifics of the design of button accordion keyboards (Stashevskyі, 2021). Continuing further study of the textured organization of modern music for button accordion, there is a need to identify and systematize other typical for this work samples of texture and its components, the structure of which is not due to the structural configuration of sound keys on button accordion keyboards. That is, those that are more universal, but, at the same time, are characterized as typical of modern button accordion art.
The purpose of the study is to study the most typical textural elements and combinations of modern button accordion music, as well as their systematization based on the analysis of their internal structural organization.
The methodology used in this article is based on the use of methods of theoretical musicology (primarily, analysis of elements of musical language and means of expression), as well as methods of structural and system analysis, generalization and classification.
The results. The systematization of typical original texture formulas of modern button accordion creativity carried out in this work provides their division into certain groups and kinds (subgroups) in the middle of these groups, in particular: reverberation (chordal and mixed); stereophony (pulsation, transmission, unison); pedalling arpeggio (rhythmic, non­rhythmic); pedal scale (cluster crescendo); monophonic structural­modular constructions (chromatic by broken intervals; gamma­shaped­arpeggio based on a 5­element fingering group); chord transpositions (interval­algorithmic (chromatics; m3; m2­B2; etc.), thematic­melodic); simplified accompaniment (alternation of tessitura­polar sounds); multi­octave duplications (unison, decomposed­arpeggio).
The topicality of the work lies in the fact that for the first time in modern musicology the textured elements of modern button accordion music have received analytical discourse and systematization.
The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of its use in theoretical courses on the study of button accordion art, as well as in the practical work of button accordionists.
Conclusions. To sum up, we can state that the considered original textural elements and formulas are typical for modern button accordion music, as they occur in works in many cases. The typical button accordion texture formulas considered in this article, which are often found in the artistic plane of musical works, play an important role in the formation of a kind of stylistic handwriting of modern button accordion speech. At the same time, they, in contrast to the group of determinant texture formulas, reflect a certain universalism of their presentation, as they can be transferred to other instrumental texture (keyboard instruments) conditions and implemented in them.

"Al rico nunca le ofrezcan / y al pobre jamás le falten". Estos versos del Martín Fierro -obra maestra de la narrativa gauchesca argentina- remiten al Monte de Piedad de Buenos Aires: por un lado, esencializan la función social como institución proveedora de crédito a los sectores desamparados de la sociedad, y por otro permiten identificar a su autor, José Hernández, como miembro del Consejo de Administración de la entidad y tenaz defensor de su continuidad.El presente artículo estudia, a partir de los antecedentes del crédito pignoraticio y del rol desempeñado por los montepíos nativos a mediados del siglo XIX, el origen y la trayectoria del Monte de Piedad de Buenos Aires, destinado a aliviar las penurias de los sectores vulnerados, tanto nativos como inmigrantes, evitando que sean víctimas de la usura. En tal sentido y desde una perspectiva macro que dé cuenta de la situación económico- financiera del país y particularmente de la provincia de Buenos Aires, se privilegia el análisis micro de las distintas etapas de la historia de este entidad y de su función social; desde su fundación en 1877 dependiente del Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, su incorporación una década después al patrimonio municipal y su conversión en 1904 en Banco Municipal de Préstamos. El punto de partida es un estado de la cuestión sobre el tema. Las fuentes primarias (Libros de Actas, Memorias y balances, Cartas orgánicas, Reglamentos de la institución, Diario de Sesiones de la Legislatura bonaerense y del Consejo Deliberante de la ciudad de Buenos Aires) así como algunas publicaciones periódicas de la época, resultan sustantivas para lograr el objetivo propuesto.
"Never offer to the rich /and may the poor never lack" These verses by Martín Fierro -a masterpiece of Argentine gaucho narrative- represent the Monte de Piedad in Buenos Aires and its development. In a way, they essentialize the social function of this institution that provides credit to the underprivileged sectors of society. Besides, this affirmation allows to identify its author, José Hernández, as a member of the entity's Board of Directors and a tenacious defender of its continuity.This article is based on the antecedents of the pledge credit and the role played by the native montepíos in the mid-19th century. Its focused in the study of the origin and trajectory of Monte de Piedad in Buenos Aires, as an institution which alleviated the hardships of the vulnerable sectors, both natives and immigrants, and prevented them from being victims of usury. Both macro and micro perspectives converge in this analysis. Firstly, the argentine economic and financial situation is taken into account to get to Buenos Aires' province evaluation. Secondly, the history of this entity's social function is examined since it was founded in 1877 (under the Bank of the Province of Buenos Aires), to its incorporation a decade later into the municipal patrimony and its conversion into the Municipal Bank of Loans, in 1904.The article starts with a bibliographic review of this particular subject. The proposed objective is achieved by analyzing diverse primary sources (Minutes Books, Memories and balances, Organic Letters, Institution Regulations, Journal of Sessions of the Buenos Aires Legislature and the Deliberative Council of the city of Buenos Aires) as well as the main periodical publications of the time.

Purpose
Students play an unequivocal role in sustainable universities as they are theorized to embody the mission of a sustainable university through a sustainable lifestyle and spread sustainability practices during their professional careers. Despite this, it is not well known how or why students come to embody a sustainable lifestyle. This study aims to better understand the relationship between happiness, academic achievement and sustainability behaviors among the student population in a Mexican higher education institution.


Design/methodology/approach
In a questionnaire study, engineering and psychology university students at a large public university in northwestern Mexico answered questions regarding their environmental sustainability behaviors, happiness and academic performance. A stratified random sampling technique was used to obtain the sample population that best represents the entire population. After chi-square tests, it was confirmed that the three variables were independent of one another. Therefore, a series of correspondence analyses were conducted to examine clusters or patterns that could indicate relationships among the three variables.


Findings
The main finding from this work was that the happiest and most academically astute participants were only slightly environmentally sustainable or not sustainable at all. The lack of environmental sustainability in students from one of the most top-rank sustainable universities in Mexico does not align with previous sustainability reports. External factors to the university, such as cultural values and extreme weather conditions, may have influenced students' sustainability behaviors.


Research limitations/implications
As with any other questionnaire study, the provided data is subject to interpretation, judgment and bias. In addition, the environmental and happiness index used in this study are not free of criticizing, and some author had disputed its efficacy. Finally, this study's findings did not determine any causality or directionality between any of the latent variables. However, causality and directionally between environmental sustainability-happiness and happiness-academic performance have to be found in both directions.


Practical implications
Despite the unsustainability of students in this study, this study has several contributions. First, it provides an evaluation of a sustainable university from the perspectives and behaviors of students. The views of students as they relate to the complexities and visions of a sustainable university have remained relatively underexamined. Second, these analyses point to specific sustainability-oriented challenges and inadvertent barriers (e.g. extreme weather patterns) toward the embodiment of a sustainable lifestyle. These challenges and barriers suggest that sustainable universities need to address the dynamic changes inherent in sustainable development. Finally, this study indicates that the link between happiness, academic performance and sustainability may be more complicated and driven by cultural and structural barriers. The issue of barriers, as they relate to sustainability behaviors, is highly relevant and presents important opportunities and questions for future research.


Originality/value
This study provides an evaluation of a sustainable university from the perspectives and behaviors of students. Students' views as they relate to the complexities and visions of a sustainable university have remained relatively underexamined. Second, these analyses point to specific sustainability-oriented challenges and barriers as they relate to the embodiment of a sustainable lifestyle. These challenges and barriers suggest that sustainable universities need to address the dynamic changes inherent in sustainable development. Finally, this study indicates that the link between happiness, academic performance and sustainability may be more complicated and driven by cultural and structural barriers.

The author of the paper wonders to what extent the events of 1989 corresponded to generally accepted ideas about the revolution? He considers that in the characteristics of the considered events, the word «revolution» was not chosen very well. His arguments boil down to the following theses. Firstly, on the eve of these events in the countries of Eastern Europe did not observe what is usually characterized as a revolutionary situation. As Slovak historian L'ubomir Liptak noted, in the mid eighties the dynamic of economy was still sufficient to maintain a satisfactory standard of living including such important standards as secure employment, free health care and education, cheap housing and subsidized basic foods, therefore though communist regimes were not capable of more dynamic development, but it was not unbearable enough to stimulate any radical disturbances. Disagreement with the regimes took the form of distancing or non-identification, but not of readiness for genuine revolutionary actions. Secondly, none of the Communist government in Eastern Europe was, in fact, overthrown. They all peacefully gave up his powers. Moreover, the Communist parties reacted loyally to the changing political situation, participated in the first multi-party elections after 1989 and even won them in some countries, though for a while. Thirdly, except for Poland, any internal opposition was not established, i. e. such one that posed a serious threat to the Communist regime or had a clear program of revolutionary changes, openly declaring their commitment to a radical dismantling of the existing system. Fourthly, the former representatives of the party-state nomenclature cleverly adapted themselves to the reform processes and were able to hold in their hands not only the power (which they had earlier), but also to amass property, as in the socialist period they could not dream of it. However, such a fairly common practice does not correspond to the contents of classic revolution, because the latter just deprives of the pre-revolutionary ruling elite and the ruling classes the power and the ownership. Fifthly, the revolutions did not lead to the re-establishment of the system, having existed before the previous revolution. In the case of 1989 events, just such a phenomenon is traced: the so-called people's democratic revolutions in the late 1940's, having shattered the political and socio-economic order (capitalism), but the Velvet Revolutions restored the essence of these former order though in compliance with the realities of the modern world. And the last one. It is generally accepted, that any revolutionary upheavals are due, primarily, to internal causes. But, in the case of the 1989 events, the majority of experts tended to think about the crucial role of the external factor, namely the position of the Soviet leadership, headed by Mikhail Gorbachev. Some of them even considered it, perhaps, the main reason of the Velvet revolutions. The peaceful change of communist regimes was enabled above all by the fact that the Soviet Union – the main guarantor of their government – was not willing to help them effectively. On the other hand, the reforms that began in Eastern Europe after rapid and dramatic events of 1989 were undoubtedly of revolutionary character: the dismantlement of socialist system, an introduction of democratic procedures in politics, the pluralism in the ideological and cultural sphere, the transition to market economy with the full restoration of private property and the like ones.

Introduction. According to the well-established opinion of specialists in social sciences and humanities, a person diffracts his selves in the modern world: real spaces (professions, statuses) and virtual (accounts, profiles). In the diffraction of a person through spaces of different order, each "new" self acquires relative autonomy (a trace of the self in the network, which is present regardless of the attitude to it), and at the same time there remains the connection that, as it were, keeps the self with his digital images and "prints". The main questions of the article are: in what relation and in relation to what is it possible to talk about the identity of a modern person; what fundamentally significant do the researches on human identity give us today; what do those who ask questions about personal identity in the digital age focus their attention on? In order to answer these questions, let us turn to scientific articles from domestic and foreign journals. This article presents the analytics of publications from Scopus and RSCI databases, in which the problem of personal identity is posed. The purpose of the article is to analyze scientific publications on human identity and summarize the main ideas presented in those publications. Methods. The research is based on general scientific methods, analysis and synthesis, induction, deduction, and abstraction. The author analyzes scientific publications on the basis of the interpretation method and a systematic approach method. Content analysis was used as a method, but it was used within the scope of the purpose. The publications were selected on the basis of the authors' research of various aspects of identity and the difference in interpreting the phenomenon. Results. Analysis of Scopus publications made it possible to assert that the problem of identity is moving out of the anthropological context and acquiring new technical and technological frameworks (for example, scholars are raising the problem of the digital data identity, digital identification in the context of online transactions). At the same time, the anthropological view of identity remains. It is found for instance in the context of narratives, texts of a person about self that are posted on the Internet. In this context, the concept of "Person Life View" (M. Schechtman) is presented as a variant of a person's holistic view of the self. The analysis of domestic publications makes it possible to conclude that representatives of social sciences and humanities in their research strive to overcome the dynamic view of a person (dissolving of identity or an absent self), are in search of models of "stability" of identity. Conclusion. Posing the question about the personal identity of a modern person, it seems that the border between the directly human (consciousness and body, for example) and the technical and technological (the Internet and the objective world) is becoming more and more destabilized every day. This predetermines the direction of the research. Contemporary scholars, who publish the results of their work in journals included in scientific databases, are faced not only with the problem of substantiating human identity as a theoretical concept that reflects the modern situation, but also with the problem of finding models in which a person is able to embody the idea of "stability" of identity in the everyday life.

The evolution of urbanism under dictatorship forms the core of the current research. This thesis is part of a research network at Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, which studies the 20th century's urbanism under different dictatorships. The network has provided a cross-cultural and cross-border environment and has enabled the author to communicate with other like-minded researchers. The 2015 published book of this group 'Urbanism and Dictatorship: A European Perspective' strengthens the foundation of this research's theoretical and methodological framework. This thesis investigates urban policies and plans leading to the advancement of urbanization and the transformation of urban space in Iran during the second Pahlavi (1941-1979) when the country faced a milestone in its history: Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry. By reflecting the influence of economic and socio‐political determinants of the time on urbanism and the urbanization process, this work intends to critically trace the effect of dictatorship on evolved urbanism before and after the oil nationalization in 1951. The research on the second Pahlavi's urbanism has been limitedly addressed and has only recently expanded. Most of the conducted studies date back to less than a decade ago and could not incorporate all the episodes of the second Pahlavi urbanism. These works have often investigated urbanism and architecture by focusing merely on the physical features and urban products in different years regardless of the importance of urbanism as a tool in the service of hegemony. In other words, the majority of the available literature does not intend to address the socio-economic and political roots of urban transformations and by questioning 'what has been built?' investigates the individual urban projects and plans designed by individual designers without interlinking these projects to the state's urban planning program and tracing the beneficiaries of those projects or questioning 'built for whom?' Moreover, some chapters of this modern urbanism have rarely been investigated. For instance, scant research has looked into the works of foreign designers and consultants involved in the projects such as Peter Georg Ahrens or Constantinos A. Doxiadis. Similarly, the urbanism of the first decade of the second Pahlavi, including the government of Mossadegh, has mainly been overlooked. Therefore, by critically analyzing the state's urban planning program and the process of urbanization in Iran during the second Pahlavi, this research aims to bridge the literature gap and to unravel the effect of the power structure on urban planning and products while seeking to find a pattern behind the regime's policies. The main body of this work is concentrated on studying the history of urbanism in Iran, of which collecting data and descriptions played a crucial role. To prevent the limitations associated with singular methods, this research's methodology is based on methodological triangulation (Denzin, 2017). With the triangulation scheme, the data is gathered by combining different qualitative and quantitative methods such as the library, archival and media research, online resources, non-participatory observation, and photography. For the empirical part, the city of Tehran is selected as the case study. Moreover, individual non-structured interviews with the locals were conducted to gain more insights regarding urban projects.

The article deals with the analysis of the Soviet national policy from a historical perspective with a focus on investigating into conditions of the loyalty of national elites towards the central government in the last period of the USSR existence. The indicators of the low level loyalty are as follows: supporting the ideas of national sovereignty and independence, participating in the national movement by ruling cadres, influential intellectuals and population. The author shows low sympathy of both groups of representatives: elites and broad population to nationalist ideas. The analysis is based on comparing contrastive cases – the Soviet elites of the Baltic republics (Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia) and Belorussia in their interactions with the central government as well as local population in the period from 1945 to 1991. These republics, their population and elites were similar regarding some important aspects such as historical and cultural as well as demographic characteristics in the case of Belorussia and Lithuania; some important features of the industry (big export-oriented enterprises) regarding Estonia, Latvia and Belorussia. At the same time, these cases showed a different level of the loyalty towards the Union center, namely, relatively high among the Belorussian Soviet ruling cadres and population and relatively low in the Baltic republics by the end of 1980s. The important aspect of the Soviet national policy was establishing new national elites, educational and cultural institutions preserving their native languages as well as the promotion of native cadres into the positions of power in the regional administration. In some respects, this policy was similar to the "indirect rule" implemented in the imperial period of Russian history and consisted in the cooperation between the central government and local elites as the main approach to administrating a multinational state. However, in comparison with the previous practice tending to include national elites in the imperial nobility, the post revolutionary approach considered the creation of national elites through promoting local cultural and educational institutions that offer quite prestigious but specific positions occupied mostly by representatives of the respective ethnic group. Creating local elites reduced the competition for "universal" positions since socialization and career of "national staff" were oriented towards national institutes. However, increasing numbers of "national staff" with limited positions for them had negative social consequences (elite overproduction). Intra-elite tension increased due to the migration from other regions (in the case of Latvia and Estonia). The other reason of this phenomenon was pursuing socialization strategies oriented to the places of origin (in the case of Lithuania). The attractiveness of the Baltic republics both for local population and migrants from other regions of the USSR was caused by a relatively high level of living standards in these union republics. Location of big export-oriented enterprises in the territory of Belorussia created conditions for preferring socialization strategies oriented towards integration with the Soviet Union economy and, therefore, enhanced loyalty towards the USSR center from both elites and population. Besides, the administrative apparatus of the Soviet Belorussia was recruited extensively among participants of the Soviet partisan movement 1941–1944 what explains the devotion of the Belorussian elite to the Soviet symbols and values. At the same time, the base of the legitimization of the Soviet Lithuanian elite was its ability to control the anti-Soviet (nationalist) movement as well supporting national culture and language.

<p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify">Esta entrevista objetiva compreender o comprometimento de teorização feminista de Heleieth Saffioti através da análise da influência dessa autora para a academia, a luta feminista e as organizações não governamentais (ONGs). Para atender ao objetivo traçado, realizou-se uma visita à trajetória da intelectual feminista brasileira Betânia Ávila, como o exílio na França na década de 1970 e a criação do SOS Corpo – Instituto Feminista para a Democracia. Heleieth Safiotti marcou desde o início as teorizações feministas de Betânia Ávila, em particular os debates e conceituações sobre trabalho doméstico, patriarcado e práxis feminista.</p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify"> </p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify">HELEIETH SAFFIOTI IN THE FEMINIST THEORIZATION COMMITMENT: between academia, feminist movement and nongovernmental organizations (ONGs)</p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify">This interview aims to understand Heleieth Saffioti's commitment to feminist theorization through the analysis of the influence of this author for the university, feminist movement and nongovernmental organizations (ONGs). To meet the objective set, we paid a visit to the trajectory of the Brazilian feminist intellectual Betânia Ávila, as the exile in France in the 1970s and the creation of SOS Corpo – Feminist Institute for Democracy. Heleieth Safiotti marked Betânia Ávila's feminist theories from the beginning, in particular the debates and concepts about domestic work, patriarchy and feminist praxis.</p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify">Keywords: Heleieth Saffioti. Feminist Theory. Household Work. Patriarchy. Feminist Praxis.</p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify"> </p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify">L'ENGAGEMENT D'HELEIETH SAFFIOTI: entre l'université, la lutte féministe et les organisations non gouvernementales</p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify">Cette entretien vise à comprendre l'engagement d'Heleieth Saffioti dans la théorisation féministe. Ces dernières ont pris forme dans le croisement entre le monde universitaire, la lutte féministe et les organisations non gouvernementales (ONGs). Nous sommes parties de la trajectoire de l'intellectuelle féministe brésilienne Betânia Ávila – notamment son exil en France dans les années 1970 et la création de SOS Corps – Institut féministe pour la démocratie pour comprendre l'importance de Saffioti pour le féminisme brésilien. Heleieth Safiotti a marqué dès le début les théorisations de Betânia Ávila, notamment les débats et les conceptualisations du travail domestique, du patriarcat et de la praxis féministe.</p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify">Mots clés: Heleieth Saffioti. Théorisation féministe. Travail domestique. Patriarcat. Praxis féministe.</p>

Outsourcing was born as a side effect of the implementation of business process reengineering (BPR). Another problem that arises from outsourcing practices is the elimination of labor rights by employers. Based on the Constitutional Court Decision (MK Decision No. 27 / PUU-IX / 2011), the Court emphasized that Outsourcing is a reasonable business policy of a company in the context of business efficiency. However, workers who carry out work in an outsourcing company may not lose their rights which are protected by the constitution. Following up on the Constitutional Court Decision, the Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration has issued Circular Letter Number B.31 / PHIJSK / I / 2012 concerning Implementation of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 27 / PUU-IX / 2011 dated January 17, 2012. Based on this, there are 3 (three ) The legal issues that the author will examine are: (1) How is the suitability of the implementation of the provision of worker services at PT. Semen Padang with the applicable law; (2) How to fulfill workers' rights in the implementation of Worker Service Provision at PT. Semen Padang; and (3) What are the negative and positive consequences of the implementation of the Provision of Worker Services on workers' rights at PT. Semen Padang. This exploratory research reveals how the application of legal norms from Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower and Regulation of the Minister of Manpower and Transmigration Number 19 of 2012 concerning Requirements for Submission of Part of Work Implementation to other companies at PT. Semen Padang. From the results of the study concluded that: (1) Implementation of the provision of employee services at PT. Semen Padang has not complied with the applicable law. On the one hand, PT. Semen Padang has implemented the provisions of Article 66 paragraph (3) of the Manpower Act. PT. Semen Padang has set one of the most basic requirements, namely the vendor must have an Operational Permit (SIO) for Manpower Providers issued by the Department of Manpower (Disnaker) of West Sumatra Province. PT Semen Padang has also complied with the provisions of Article 17 Paragraph (3) of the Regulation of the Minister of Manpower and Transmigration No. 19 of 2012. On the other hand, PT. Semen Padang still uses worker service providers for jobs that are not regulated in Article 17 of the 2012 Minister of Manpower Regulation or even doing work that should be done by employees of PT Semen Padang itself; (2) The fulfillment of the rights of outsourcing workers at PT Semen Padang has been carried out quite well, where this can be proven by PT Semen Padang providing legal protection to Outsourcing Workers through the Decree of the Board of Directors of PT.Semen Padang No. 0000143 / HK.00.02 / SKD / 50003853/3000 / 12.2017 dated 21 December 2017 concerning Changes in the Value Structure of PT Semen Padang's Outsourcing Labor Contract, and (3) Implementation of Provision of Worker Services at PT. Semen Padang has negative consequences and positive consequences. The negative consequence is the high level of jealousy of the outsourcing workers towards organic workers, both in terms of the type of work performed, the uniforms worn, and differences in workers' rights. One of the positive consequences of employing outsourcing workers, labor costs can be reduced in one way through the provision of worker services.

В статье рассматриваются слова, вышедшие из употребления в разговорной речи, но сохранившиеся в воспроизведенном виде на чувашском языке в переводе произведения И. В. Гете «Фауст», выполненном Н. А. Андреевым (Урхи). Термин «стилистика», будучи учением об употреблении языка, трактуется нами как индивидуальная манера речи переводчика в процессе выявления архаизмов в чувашском варианте. Дифференциация письменного и разговорного стилей осуществляется с учетом национальных корней. Прерогатива в тексте трагедии принадлежит диалогу, в котором наиболее транспарентно представлены возможности стилистических особенностей употребления древних лексем, ставших для носителей языка архаизмами. Отдельно в качестве выразительных средств языка анализируются устаревшие устойчивые словосочетания, в которых функционально необходимый архаический стиль вызван к жизни пером Урхи, переводчика-самоучки (нем. Dolmetscher, чув. тăлмач, толмач). Семь лексических единиц из числа архаизмов характеризуются выделением двух степеней устарелости в зависимости от их употребления носителем простонародной речи и исследователем, усвоившим современный литературный язык по книгам, в одном лице. Н. А. Урхи освоил речь с молоком матери в самобытном натуральном пространстве во время активного повседневного общения в трудовой деятельности. Языком перевода он овладел своеобразно - благодаря учебникам для самообразования, самоподготовке к экзаменам экстерном, заочной форме обучения, т. е. его становление как переводчика шло дистанционно и долго (стал студентом вуза в возрасте 75 лет). В возрасте 88 лет Н. А. Урхи представил трагедию на своем материнском языке в Центральную библиотеку г. Веймар, тем самым увековечив свое имя в ряду переводчиков классики на чувашский язык. В статье его труд репрезентируется с целью активизации архаизмов в устной и письменной речи, ибо во времена переводчика Н. А. Урхи они были живым голосом современности.
The article considers the words that have become obsolete in colloquial speech but preserved in reproduced form in the Chuvash language in the translation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's «Faust» made by N.A. Andreev (Urkhi). The author considers «style» as an individual manner of the translator's speech in the process of identification of archaisms in the Chuvash language. Written and colloquial styles vary based on the ethnic background. The dialogue plays a prerogative role in the text of the tragedy, in which the possibilities of stylistic features of the use of ancient lexemes are most transparently presented and which have become archaisms for native speakers. The article analyzes as the archaic set phrases in which Urkhi, the Chuvash self-taught translator (German: Dolmetscher, Chuvash: tălmach) brought the archaic style to life. Seven archaisms are characterized by the two degrees of obsolescence depending on their use by both the native speaker of the vulgar language and the researcher of the modern literary language. Urkhi learnt the vulgar speech early in his childhood in an authentic natural environment during daily communication when working. He mastered the language of translation in a peculiar way. Urkhi was able to do that thanks to the textbooks for self-education, passing exams without attending lectures, being an external student. His becoming a translator took him a long time (he became a university student at the age of 75). At the age of 88, Urkhi contributed Goethe's «Faust» in his mother language to the Central Library of the city of Weimar, thereby perpetuating his name among the translators of the classic literature into the Chuvash language. The article presents his work with the goal of activating the archaisms in oral and written speech, because in the time of Urkhi those archaisms were the living voice of his modernity.

The article analyzes the historiographic texts of the first wave of Russian émigré historians. In these texts, the Soviet historiographic process of the 1920s and 1930s was interpreted. The relevance of the study is associated both with the poor study of historiographic texts created during that period in emigration, and with the narrative turn of modern historical science, as well as with the experience of understanding the structure and nature of the Soviet narrative, which is beginning to be comprehended and problematized as an independent problem. The study of narratives makes it possible to move away from general assessments of the Soviet stage of historical studies to a more specific description of it through studying the stylistics of the text, isolating the standards and the uniqueness of their construction, with close attention to the problems of their unification. This process can be clarified and refined through the prism of the "emigre mirror". The source base was the historiographic texts of P.N. Milyukov, A.A. Kizevetter, A.V. Florovsky, and E.F. Maksimovich in the form of published works and manuscript heritage from the archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ARAN) and the Slavic Library in Prague (Slovanská knihovna v Praze). Based on textual analysis and developments in the field of intellectual history, the author highlights the unifying features of the émigré narrative. These include: 1) scholars' understanding of their special mission in emigration which consists of preserving the historiographic tradition and presenting Russian historical science to the world community as part of world science; 2) close attention to the classics, focus on tradition; 3) an assessment of the historiographic process within the framework of the reference time, the Golden age of pre-revolutionary historical science (late 19th – early 20th centuries); the criterion for assessing the current historiographic process was the compliance with the experience of Moscow and St. Petersburg scientific schools; 4) a statement about the lack of freedom of research, the monopoly of Marxist methodology and the hypertrophied class approach in relation to the historicist views of historians; 5) changes in the form and structure of the classic narrative – the proportion of reviews, literature reviews, obituaries in the structure of emigrant narrative was increasing; the deconstruction of the old narrative followed the path of its archaization; 6) the unifying factor that tightened the texts, gave them tension and a special emotional charge, was the figure of M.N. Pokrovsky. However, the verification of the current historiographic process by one's own past is not without contradictions. On the one hand, this ensures the continuity of historiographic knowledge and confirms the thesis of the intrinsic value of the so-called «outdated innovations». In addition, in this В. П. Корзун 54 regard, we can talk about the fundamental eclecticism of science as a cultural tradition. On the other hand, the reciprocating nature is fraught with a closure on the old. The absolutization of tradition leads to the blocking of intellectual transfers. In science of science, this process is called the rut effect. As an example of searching for «one's own track», the article presents an attempt by A.V. Florovsky to understand and to clarify the phenomenon of Soviet historiography by coarsening the classical historiographic approach and using the inventory-registration method. As a result, he managed to present the meaningful complexity of the internal structure of Soviet historical science