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Summarizes Jacques Le Goff's philosophy of historical study apparent in his 1991 depiction of daily life in Western Europe during the Middle Ages & his 1986 connections between Western European intelligentsia & politics in the Middle Ages. Le Goff's interdisciplinary & comprehensive approach to the study of history emphasizes the researcher's duty to evaluating all information at hand & the use of the most contemporary technology available. His work is described as a history of history in the way it depicts the political, the quotidian, & the philosophical life of the Middle Ages & then carefully draws connections between them. His major French sociological & philosophical influences are identified, showing Le Goff's ability to establish intellectual bridges between multidisciplinary views of history. 22 References. Adapted from the source document.

El presidente panameno, Ernesto Perez Balladares, viajo a Washington en septiembre de 1995, oportunidad que aprovecho para plantearle al mandatario de ese pais, Bill Clinton, la creacion de un Centro Multilateral Antidrogas. A partir de esa fecha se iniciaron las negociaciones para establecer el Centro en el marco del complejo militar que EEUU aun mantiene en Panama. El 22 de diciembre de 1997, el gobierno panameno le informo al pais que las negociaciones en torno al Centro Antidrogas habian concluido con exito. Con el fin de contribuir a un debate esclarecedor sobre la presencia militar norteamericana en Panama y el significado de ese pacto, en estas paginas se presenta el texto integro del acuerdo. (Tareas/DÜI)

Superado el trauma de la crisis que desato la toma de la residencia del embajador del Japon en Lima, no hay, en la voluntad popular, el menor deseo de que el exito obtenido sirva para encubrir los problemas que debe enfrentar el gobierno. Sigue pendiente la victoria politica, la que trae consigo la pacificacion real del pais, el mejoramiento de la vida de todos los peruanos, el fortalecimiento de la democracia y el respeto de sus instituciones. En el presente numero se incluye, ademas de algunos comentarios, la cronologia del proceso de negociaciones y la reproduccion de los comunicados y pronunciamientos de las partes, hasta el desenlace violento de la crisis, el 22 de abril de 1997. (Quehacer/DÜI)

In this article, the author analyzes the handling of confidential information, in accordance with the new Mexican Law of Transparency & Access to Public Information, that took effect in July of 2003. The author approaches two themes: the item of the right to information & the right to confidentiality, this means, the information under reserve or "classified." In other words, the right to "secret." In this instance, is debated the when, the how & the why of the use of one or the other right. Adapted from the source document.

The author addresses a topic that has caused controversy in Europe: the raise of right-wing parties in Austria, specifically, the Liberal party headed by Jorg Haider, who is identified because of his neo-Nazi attitude. The author details the causes of the fall of Left parties, as well as social, economic, & political factors that made possible Haider's arrival to government in spite of the protests of some sectors. Finally, he presents the European Union's position on this topic. 30 References. Adapted from the source document.

In this article, the author analyzes, within the framework of cities growth, the free market, the impoverishment of rural sectors, of the ecological degradation & the lost of biodiversity, the urgent theme of the environment in the world's agenda & his urban & regional sustainability. In his work, the author obliges to re-think the globality in first instance from local space, valuating that this process has just brought benefits to few countries & transnational enterprises that, making use of money & technology, had accelerated the no socioambiental sustainability. Adapted from the source document.

The author reminds us that history may repeat itself many times. Today's conflict at the UNAM is not new, only a new version of old problems: arguments about the accessibility of education, free higher learning, democratic university, etc. The author tells us about the previous conflict, almost fifteen years ago. He then shows us how the UNAM was paralyzed, before & after the University Congress, how problematic the design of an electoral formula representing the interests of the various involved in the process was, & how reforms, in spite of their benefits, may end in nothing more than emotional words. That conflict started -- as today's -- with an attempt at reforms by the rectorate & more than three years went by before a University Congress could be installed. In spite of all this, says the author, the main thought we must reclaim is if the long process was at all useful. When we look back into the past, & think about the present, it would seem this was not so. 4 Tables. Adapted from the source document.

In his article, the author examines the performance of the United Nations Security Council -- since the seventies until the last decade of the XX century (from the beginnings of the Cold War disappearance & the implosion of the Soviet Union to the power consolidation in the international framework) -- in regard to the development-underdevelopment struggle & the third millennium challenges for countries like Mexico. Likewise, the author analyzes the changes that the World Organization, & especially the Security Council, will have to adopt in order to accomplish completely its creation finalities based in a broadest concept of peace & international security. Adapted from the source document.

The present article aims at delving into the impact of the Spanish gender quota, imposed by the Equality Act, named <>, five years after its approval. Hence, the article tries to verify the law's consequences in the National Parliament (in the Deputy Congress and the Senate) and in the Territorial Parliaments, from a political perspective. Therefore, the article examines the behaviour of the main political parties, as well as the elements of the Spanish electoral system and the design of the gender quota. The target is to assess if there is or not an improvement of the Spanish women empowerment in the legislative power due to the Act of Equality. Adapted from the source document.

This paper examines the impact of electoral systems on the success of regionalist parties in national elections held in 22 Western European regions from 1980 to 2004. Our study covers 30 regionalist parties, only those usually achieving more than one percent of the regional vote in the period under observation. Electoral systems are defined in terms of three main components: ballot structure, constituency magnitude & electoral formula. In particular, we focus on the effects of these elements on multipartism & on support for regionalist parties. Electoral results are, in turn, analyzed at constituency level. The analysis of 1622 district election results suggests two main conclusions: proportional systems clearly encourage multipartism but there is no evidence that they foster support for regionalist parties. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document.

Judgments of political concepts in countries with different levels of democracy & advanced states of market economy are compared with those derived from survey data from 50 Hungarian, 50 Slovenian, 48 Slovakian, 41 Murcian (Spanish), 22 Galician (Spanish), & 40 Swedish students. Political concepts -- eg, democracy, inflation, & European market integration -- were evaluated with 8 7-point bipolar adjectival scales, presented under 6 different orientations. Cross-cultural differences in judgments were factor analyzed for Murcia vs Galicia, & for Spain vs other countries. The Murcian students evaluated the political & economic situation of Spain much more pessimistically than the Galicians did, & students of both regions projected these opinions of Spain onto the other countries. Spanish vs other European students differed on many evaluations. 7 Tables, 5 Figures, 4 References. Adapted from the source document.

In this article, the author analyzes the long & stormy process of the Kashmir Conflict between India & Pakistan as well the search of a definitive resolution. The author emphasizes that this conflict, from its same origin, has been deeply shaped by power & influence mechanisms which shake the international arena, & explains how its structure is being directly affected by the course of world reorganization initiated on September 11th. She also examines the risks that international Islamist factions means in the resolution of the conflict in their attempt to gain the support of a population who basically aspires for peace. Adapted from the source document.