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This paper challenges the well-established dichotomy to explain international power phenomena either as hard power or soft power. Reflecting the observation of an increasing decoupling between power capacities of the states and their ability to prevail in international conflicts, the author assumes the existence of a third power category whose origins and models of action are not sufficiently recognized and researched. Borrowing the idea of 'structural power' from Susan Strange, he advocates the hypothesis that it is this third power capacity that frequently makes powerful countries powerless and less powerful countries more assertive. Adapted from the source document.

In the present article the author starts off with a discussion of the Barcelona process and the main reason for its failure: namely the fragility of the Oslo peace process. The second topic focuses on the genesis of the Union for the Mediterranean of July 2008 as a follow-up of the Euromediterranean Partnership dated 1995, and its relevance for both its North African and European shores. Included are the institutional and procedural structures, and an analysis of the place conflict resolution holds within the Union for the Mediterranean, the latter illustrated by the recent Gaza War. O. van Zijl

Every social problem is hierarchically structured. To elucidate the importance of this hierarchical aspect for solving social problems, the concepts of problem domain & context are introduced. For each problem, its defining instance, its definition, & its experience may be individual or collective. Subjective & objective components of problems can be distinguished. Each problem situation leads to the formation of a field of power involving various problem-defining instances, each with its particular problem definition & problem experience. Problems cannot be solved without taking into account each of the forces in this field of power. 1 Table, 2 Figures. Modified Author Summary.

A debate consisting of a main article on the paradigm of information and communication technologies for development, the so-called ICT4D-paradigm, stating that access to ICT can promote development, leading to a decrease in global socio-economic inequality. The author underlines the parallel with former modernisation paradigms, and the fact that basic market and power structures are ignored. In the first of two responding articles the authors point out possibilities in ICT interaction and participation, thus enabling developing countries to respond actively, not merely passive. Furthermore they plead for further investment in researching the positive impact ICT can have on social change and development. In the second article examples are outlined in which ICT empowered existing development processes with the inclusion of two requirements: participation of interested people, and capacity building locally. O. van Zijl

The author introduces the article by describing why the term Jihad-terrorism shouldn't be used (it's not an ideology, but a method; the term hammers on an intrinsic link between Islam and violence). The Belgian international attitude stresses that a wrong perception within European policy will actually lead to an anti-Western radicalization, and that terminology is part of that. The article continues with four EU anti-terror strategies: proactive: prevention and protection; reactive: prosecution and response. Regarding suppression of radicalization and recruitment, three factors are mentioned: facilitating factors within a globalized world (travel and communication, money operations, internet availability); an anti-western enemy perception; structural environmental factors, the so-called root causes (social circumstances, democratic imperfection, modernization badly directed, economic and political perspectives, unsolved conflicts, lack of education). Two additional principles for Belgium: 1) fundamental rights and freedoms; 2) suppression of Jihad-terrorism in cooperation with Muslim countries. References. O. van Zijl

Internal dispute, the crisis surrounding the war in Iraq, arguments concerning the financial perspectives for 2007-2013 and a double negative result of the referenda (in France and the Netherlands) concerning the European Constitution, mean a crisis for the EU. In the year and a half which have expired between 2005 and 2007, many plans have progressed slightly, but little have been concretized. In defense of Prime Minister Verhofstadt's "The United States of Europe", on socioeconomic policies, technological cooperation, unified justice, security policies, diplomacy, and a European army -- a plan that has not found its way to either the public or high political discussions. It is suggested to take it up with a limited number of member states, so that other countries will follow later. In general, the author reproaches European politicians lack of emotion: more open conflicts of Left against Right, large against small, swiftly and non-too-soft -- therein lies the nature of democracy, and therefore also the future of European politics. Figures, References. O. van Zijl

An article based on the contribution or three authors. Former political secretary of the Flemish ecological party Green! Geysels remembers the main strategies at the start of the sanitary cordon in Belgium in 1989. After summing up the effects and impact of these statements, he defends the cordon as an instrument which helps to protect the bases of democracy. De Lange, in the second contribution, Right-populist political parties and sketches the academic outlines of the discussion. She warns against unilateral, unfounded and unwise propositions in the debate, certainly when it concerns translating the Belgian experience to the current Dutch situation. Professor Fennema, the third author, studied the forming of extreme Right parties in Europe and is president of the Center of Radicalism and Extremism Studies CRES. He writes of the Dutch experience with the sanitary cordon and its consequences on contemporary political debate in the Netherlands, which has changed into a debate in terms of fear and hate. All three authors emphasize that a comparison between the Flemish and Dutch experience falls: in Flanders, where the cordon functions since 20 years, no party was ever forbidden. In the Netherlands, where discussion on the sanitary cordon has been bled, that happened. O. van Zijl

Which rights and obligations arise from the EU principle prohibiting unjust enrichment? This is the first publication to thoroughly examine the consequences this principle has - or may have - for private law relationships. An illuminating analysis, bearing both academic and practical importance. As the interplay between EU law and national private law intensifies, the question arises how the EU principle prohibiting unjust enrichment plays into various legal relationships involving one or more individuals. Unjust enrichment in European Union law takes a pioneering step in addressing this pressing issue. The author puts forward a compelling analysis, taking into account the functions of unjust enrichment in a number of national law systems and the functions of general principles of EU law, as well as case law of the Court of Justice of the EU. For analytic purposes, links are identified between EU causes of action based on undue payment, unjust enrichment and unlawful act, respectively. This is followed by a discussion whether or not such actions should be founded on violation of an EU provision having direct (horizontal) effect. Insight into the possible consequences of the EU principle prohibiting unjust enrichment has both academic and practical importance. The reader gains a deeper understanding of how the Court of Justice may further develop EU law on the basis of private-law principles. The study illuminates which rights individuals may derive from such legal principles and - if they can do so - under which circumstances

1 Inleiding: de loyale Ivo (Liesbeth A Campo, Thomas Beukers, Mielle Bulterman, Marianne Gijzen, Jurian Langer, Louise van Spronsen) -- Deel I De waarden van de Europese Unie -- 2 De loyale samenwerkingsverplichting tussen de EU en haar Lidstaten: bespiegelingen over de praktische uitvoering van deze kernnorm (Ben Smulders) -- 3 O campo preto. Op zoek naar een Portugese Zwartveld (Rick Lawson) -- 4 Rule of law protection and the July 2020 European Council on the MFF (John Morijn) -- 5 Een kwestie van lange adem (Roeland Böcker) -- 6 De twee Hoven van Europa, enkele beschouwingen (Babette Koopman) -- 7 'Loyale samenwerking' tussen het EU-Hof en het EHRM (Guus de Vries) -- Deel II De institutionele dimensie van de Europese Unie -- 8 Loyale samenwerking in inter-institutionele dossiers: 'Mission impossible' of 'Work in progress'? (Hélène Stergiou) -- 9 Een bijzonder geval: de loyaliteit van een vertrekkende lidstaat (Martijn de Grave) -- 10 Het Verdrag van Lissabon en het Comitologie besluit: over macht en draagvlak in de Europese juridische ruimte (Marianne de Jong & Thijs van der Plas) -- 11 Heerlijk Helder Unierecht (Hanna Sevenster & Corinna Wissels) -- 12 De loyale prejudiciële dialoog tussen de Nederlandse rechter en het Europees Hof van Justitie: je vous comprends – moi non plus? (Stefaan van der Jeught) -- 13 Tijdigheid van implementatie van EU-richtlijnen in Nederland in vergelijking met andere lidstaten (Leo Vester) -- 14 Goede trouw en samenwerking tussen EU-instellingen en lidstaten bij overgang tussen opeenvolgende EU verdragen: Het Verdrag van Amsterdam (P.J. Kuijper) -- Deel III De materiële dimensie van de Europese Unie -- 15 Van uitlevering naar overlevering: enige persoonlijke observaties over 35 jaar Europese ontwikkeling (Marjorie A.C.L.M. Bonn) -- 16 Het vrij verkeer van eten en drinken. Een tour langs 'oude bekenden' uit de rechtspraak van het Hof (Klaas Sevinga) -- 17 Over 'loyale' en afhankelijke familiebanden: Unieburgerschap, ruiz zambrano en de betekenis daarvan in de Nederlandse rechtspraak (Hanneke van Eijken) -- Deel IV De sociale dimensie van de Europese Unie -- 18 Loyale samenwerking en de A1-verklaringen bij de toepassing van de socialezekerheidsverordeningen 883/2004 en 987/2009 (Herwig Verschueren) -- 19 De coördinatie van bestaansminimumuitkeringen in de Europese Unie: terugblikken en vooruitkijken (Gijsbert Vonk) -- 20 Het spanningsveld van loyale samenwerking: de casus van de export van werkloosheidsuitkeringen (Frans Pennings) -- Deel V De externe betrekkingen van de Europese Unie -- 21 Eenheid in het externe optreden? De samenwerking tussen de Europese Unie en de lidstaten in de praktijk (Liesbeth A Campo) -- 22 Whales are not fish: the choice of the correct legal basis in EU external relations (Laurens Ankersmit) -- 23 The Exercise of Non-Exclusive External Competences and the Principle of Sincere Cooperation (Philip Strik) -- 24 Nauwere samenwerking binnen de EU en de WTO (Thomas Nauta) -- 25 The Principle of Loyal Cooperation in EU Foreign and Security Policy (Ramses A. Wessel) -- 26 Brexit bezien vanuit het recht en de praktijk van de externe betrekkingen van de Europese Unie (Thomas Beukers) -- 27 De Nederlandse Hofpraktijk en Ivo van der Steen: van agent tot inspirator, sparringpartner en pleitbezorger van het belang van Buitenlandse Zaken (Marianne Gijzen & Jurian Langer)