Suchergebnisse

Environmental alert in Mexico City: In May 2019, the air pollution situation worsened to such an extent that the environmental alert was declared for several days. The people in the metropolis of almost 22 million inhabitants were exposed to extreme concentrations of various air pollutants. But even when the environmental alert has not been declared, there is an increased health risk in the Mega City for almost the entire year.
Parallel to this, environmental precaution in urban development is gaining international importance. The "Health in all Policies" strategy of the World Health Organization makes it clear that spatial planning has a responsibility for the health of the population. This can be used to justify an obligation to develop strategies that counteract the causative factors of deficient conditions in terms of climate and air quality. In the case of Mexico City, the causative factors can be identified in particular as anthropogenic processes, such as road traffic, but also topographical conditions, enormous uncontrolled urbanization that took place in the past, certain weather conditions and, last but not least, climate change.
Green infrastructure offers a major contribution to environmental care in cities. Green infrastructure can filter air pollutants, brings cooling, and can also be a ventilation pathway for cold and fresh air flows. Beyond this, however, there are many more environmental synergies. The recreational function that Green Infrastructure provides should also not be underestimated.
The research work took place within the author's master's thesis. It is about the potentials that Green Infrastructure has to improve the conditions of climate and air quality in Mexico City. It examines the possibilities of improving the general situation, the possibilities of preventing extreme climatic events, and the possibilities of contributing to a livable and healthy city. For this purpose, it analyzes where exactly the problems lie, which planning concepts in relation to Green infrastructure can counteract these problems and, furthermore, which lessons can be learned from previous policies and measures in this regard in order to be able to ensure the feasibility of recommended measures.
The result of this work is concrete proposals for a green and open space strategy that has its scope of application not only in Mexico City itself, but beyond that in the entire metropolitan region. The green and open space strategy proposes four fields of action to expand the stock of green infrastructure: the systematization of roadside greenery, the development of new green areas, the greening of roofs and facades, and the maintenance and upgrading of climatically effective and valuable areas. These fields of action are to be implemented in particular in the form of individual projects. Two concrete project examples illustrate possible organizational structures and potential spatial alternatives within the existing settlement structure.
This article presents the main analysis results and formulated recommendations and concepts from the research.

The evaluation was not until a little more than two decades ago a relevant matter for public activity, concentrated in execution and guided by intuition, public approval or some data to record success in government work. This story has changed due to an increasingly demanding national and international context requiering transparency of public actions, efficiency in activities that each government in turn prioritizes, and of course, the effectiveness of what is proposed. The practice of evaluation in the Costa Rican state system is governed by an exhaustive normative and procedural framework. However, this platform has not necessarily ruled the execution of communication in the institutions. According to a study performed out in Costa Rican institutions between 2019-2020, first with a mapping of the communication units carried out with a survey (43) examining their operation, projects they execute and some evaluation practices they carry out; lack of rigorous evaluation practices were identified. Furthermore, these units there has no obligation to carry out operational planning of their annual activities, to apply systematic evaluations, nor are they obliged to prepare reports on the work carried out. Subsequently, an inquiry was conducted through interviews (22) with planning heads of the institutions and governing bodies to learn about the evaluation regulations, the formats and platforms used, inter-institutional link for evaluation and the scope of the mandatory nature of this function. The results suggest that the praxis of the units is dominated by the macro-institutional planning exercise that uses matrices and quantitative formats that record compliance but do not evaluate effects, changes, or impact of their activities, which reduces visibility of the public value provided by state sector, and to which is also added the work accomplish by the communication units. The true evaluation in the State is limited to a few government projects registered within the National Development Plan and not to a daily action in the entire state system. Some of the planning offices even indicate that neither planning, and even less evaluation, constitute a resource that is considered as strategic, conversely, they are seen more as an operational, compliance and organization resource, and for the different areas the filling of matrices and formats to record the execution of their tasks is an additional burden. In fact, one of the difficulties raised by these offices is the planning of their annual programs with objectives that can be evaluated, a position that is also recognized by the Contraloria General de la Republica (Comptroller General of the Republic), which indicates the absence, in a relevant percentage, of objectives in public institution programs. For the communication units, this set of practices produces inertia in the communicative action, little or no influence of the communication units in the institutional decision-making process, and an operational focus on execution, which reduces their strategic role. It is also clear that there is a predominance in the use of techniques and tools for reporting results in communication that does not correspond to evaluation, measurement is used with greater emphasis, and even in some cases the use of reportings which not apply to neither of the two processes.

Former visual arts director in Colombia's Ministry of Culture (1997-2001), and after more than 10 years in the United States, author Miguel Rojas-Sotelo explains how the new Colombian Constitution (1991) shaped cultural policies and the production and professionalization of visual art, literature, and mass media. The book "examines the insistence of Colombian middle class intellectuals to reexamine the founding events of the nation, including the scientific, geographical and ethnographic Expeditions of the mid-19th century. This tendency responds to a nostalgic desire to claim an uncompleted process to construct modernity. It is an example of societal schizophrenia but at the same time of social sensitivity that seeks to understand the nationœs present by uncovering the retro. A comparative examination of the work of the artists María Elvira Escallón (b. 1954) and Libia Posada (b. 1961) is used to illustrate aspects of public life and its interactions with the domestic sphere in Colombia. Subsequently, the text focuses on the cultural violence that has marginalized, exoticized and racialized certain population groups that are constitutive of the nation. This section presents the case of Abel Rodríguez (b.1941), a Nonuya indigenous man who has over the past decade, like a modern day successor to the Expedition naturalists, dedicated himself to illustrating thousands of botanical and animal species. Rodríguez is an example of a process of adaptation and capture that has rejected the denial of non-Eurocentric viewpoints that marked the logic of the Expeditions and of Western scientific thinking. Such responses are now embedded in the processes of cultural construction inaugurated by the 1991 Constitution and the emergence of new cultural markets in the country. Finally, the work of Juan Obando (b. 1980) illustrates an interstitial space that gives rise to a critical/anarchic possibility. The book discusses the way in which an image has been constructed of a docile nation based on a popular culture that has been domesticated by the forces of the global market (associated in this case with narcoculture). The international brandingʺ of the country and its bizarre domestic mirror are present in Obandoœs work, apparent in its bi-directional movement: at the same time central to, and on the margins of, national debate: operating, like many contemporary creators in the country, along a geological fault line." (HKB Translation)--Verso Cover

El núcleo central de este trabajo está en el análisis de la categoríajurídica de la inviolabilidad del parlamento. El autor la define como la ausenciade jurisdicción para controlar su funcionamiento como cámara legislativa.La única excepción está en la protección de los derechos fundamentales de susmiembros. El Tribunal Constitucional puede dictar sentencias declarativas en loscasos de conculcación de los derechos de los parlamentarios y parlamentarias.La jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional, y en concreto la Sentencia del TribunalConstitucional 184/2021, no analiza el alcance de la categoría inviolabilidad delparlamento. La consecuencia es la conversión del Tribunal Constitucional en controladorprevio de las cuestiones sobre las que las Cámaras pueden debatir. Otraconsecuencia es la posibilidad de procesamiento de los miembros de las cámaraspor no respetar un mandato del Tribunal Constitucional. Esto último es expresiónde la inexistencia de inviolabilidad de la Cámara, en contra de lo que establecen laConstitución y los Estatutos de Autonomía.
Lan honen muina Legebiltzarraren bortxaezintasunaren kategoriajuridikoa aztertzea da. Egileak honela definitzen du: legegintza-ganbera gisaduen funtzionamendua kontrolatzeko jurisdikziorik eza. Salbuespen bakarra kideenoinarrizko eskubideak babestea da. Konstituzio Auzitegiak deklarazio-epaiak emanditzake legebiltzarkideen eskubideak urratzen diren kasuetan. Konstituzio Auzitegiarenjurisprudentziak, eta zehazki Konstituzio Auzitegiaren 184/2021 Epaiak, ezdu legebiltzarraren bortxaezintasun-kategoriaren irismena aztertzen. Horren ondorioada Konstituzio Auzitegia bihurtu dela ganberek eztabaidatu ditzaketen gaienaurretiazko kontrolatzaile. Beste ondorio bat da ganberetako kideak auzipetzekoaukera, Konstituzio Auzitegiaren agindu bat ez errespetatzeagatik. Azken hori Ganberarenbortxaezintasunaren adierazgarri da, Konstituzioak eta autonomia-estatutuekezartzen dutenaren aurka.
The core focus of this work is to analyze the legal category ofparliamentary inviolability. The author defines it as the lack of jurisdiction tocontrol its operation as legislative house. The only exception is the protectionof fundamental rights of its members. The Constitutional Court can deliverdeclarative judgments in the case of infringements of the rights of parliamentarymembers. The case law by the Constitutional Court, and specifically judgment184/2021, does not deal with the scope of the category of the inviolability ofParliament. The consequence is the conversion of the Constitutional Court in aprior reviewer of issues that the Houses can debate. Another consequence is thepossibility of prosecution of the members of the Parliament for not respectingan order of the Constitutional Court. This latter is an expression of the lack of parliamentary inviolability of the House contrary to the provisions of theConstitution and the Statutes of Autonomy.

El trabajo señala la importancia del sector turístico para la Comunidad
Foral y plantea la necesidad de reformar en profundidad su regulación para
adaptarla a la Directiva de Servicios, apuntando diversas líneas de actuación. La
transposición de la directiva a la legislación turística efectuada por la Ley Foral
6/2010 fue parcial e incompleta, limitándose a introducir la figura de la declaración
responsable, como único requisito de inicio de la actividad e inscripción registral.
Por ello el autor propone reformar en profundidad la Ley Foral de Turismo para incorporar
a la misma, de manera conjunta y coordinada, las principales propuestas
y líneas de actuación que marca la Directiva, así como las nuevas realidades y
figuras turísticas que están surgiendo con fuerza en los últimos años en el sector
turístico.
Idazlanak turismoaren sektoreak Foru Komunitataerentzat duen
garrantzia azpimarratzen du, Zerbitzuen Zuzentarauari egokitze aldera araubidea
sakonki aldaberritu beharra planteatzen du eta horretarako zenbait jardun-lerro aipatzen
ditu. Turismo-legedira 6/2010 Foru Legearen bitartez egindako Zuzentarauaren
transposizioa zatizkoa izan zen, ez osoa, eta jarduerari ekiteko eta erregistroan
inskribatzeko betekizun bakar bezala erantzukizunpeko adierazpena ezartzera mugatu
zen. Horregatik, egileak Turismoari buruzko Foru Legea sakon aldaberritzea
proposatzen du, Zuzentarauak finkatzen dituen proposamen eta jardun-lerro nagusiak
modu oso eta betean Legean sartzeko, azken urteetan turismoaren alorrean
indar handiz sortzen ari diren errealitate eta figura berriak bezala.
This paper highlights the importance of the tourism sector to the
Foral Community of Navarra and it sets out the need for an in depth reform of the
actual regulation in order to adapt it to the Directive of Services, pointing several
lines of action. The transposition of the Directive into the tourism legislation, by
virtue of the Foral Act 6/2010, was partial and incomplete, since it only introduced
the statement of responsibility, as the sole requirement for business start ¿ ups
and registration. The author proposes, therefore, a fundamental reform of the
Foral tourism legislation incorporating into it, in a cohesive and coordinated
manner, the main lines of actions which have been set out by the Directive and the
new realities and upcoming forms of tourism which are emerging strongly in the
last years in the tourism sector.

El Tribunal Constitucional en sentencia 44/2023, de 9 de mayo de
2023 ha realizado un control de constitucionalidad de las restricciones de la objeción
de conciencia al aborto establecidas en el art. 19.2 de la Ley Orgánica 2/2010
de salud sexual y reproductiva y de la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo. El
presente artículo realiza un examen analítico y crítico del dictamen recurriendo
al principio de proporcionalidad. El autor difiere del pronunciamiento del Tribunal
Constitucional sobre la categoría legal asignada a la objeción de conciencia por
vulnerar los artículos 1.1, 14, 16.1 y 16.3 de la Constitución. No obstante, comparte
el juicio de principio de proporcionalidad que, sobre las restricciones, efectúa el
Tribunal Constitucional, con la discrepancia parcial de que la objeción de conciencia
debe extenderse también a los deberes jurídicos médicos que componen la
fase preparatoria, así como el referido a la recogida y destrucción final de los restos
fetales.
Konstituzio Auzitegiak, 2023ko maiatzaren 9ko 44/2023 epaian,
Sexu- eta ugalketa-osasunari eta haurdunaldia borondatez eteteari buruzko 2/2010
Lege Organikoaren 19.2. artikuluan abortuaren kontzientzia-eragozpenari ezartzen
zaizkion murrizketen konstituzio-kontrola egin du. Ondorengo artikuluak, sententzia
horren azterketa kritiko eta analitiko bat egiten du, proportzionaltasun-printzipiora
joz. Egilea ez dator bat Konstituzio Auzitegiak kontzientzia-eragozpenari ezarritako kategoria
juridikoarekin, Konstituzioaren 1.1, 14, 16.1 eta 16.3 artikuluak urratzeagatik.
Hala ere, ados dago Konstituzio Auzitegiak murrizketen inguruan egiten duen proportzionaltasun-
printzipioaren judizioarekin, desadostasun partzial bat salbuetsita, hots:
kontzientzia-
eragozpena prestatze-fasea osatzen duten legezko betebehar medikoetara
ere zabaldu behar da, baita fetu-hondarrak bildu eta suntsitzeari buruzkoetara ere.
The Spanish Constitutional Court in 44/2023 judgment of May
9th, 2023 conducted a constitutionality review of the restrictions on conscientious
objection to abortion as established in article 19.2 of Organic Law 2/2010 on sexual
and reproductive health and voluntary termination of pregnancy. This paper
carries out an analytical and critical examination of the ruling by using principle
of proportionality. The author differs from the Constitutional Court¿s decision as far
as the legal category assigned to conscientious objection for violating articles 1.1,
14, 16.1 and 16.3 of the Constitution. However, he shares the Constitutional Court¿s
reasoning on the principle of proportionality regarding the restrictions, with the
partial discrepancy that conscientious objection should also extend to the medical
legal duties that make up the preparatory phase, as well as the one referring to the
collection and final destruction of foetal remains.

Una de las críticas más habituales que se realiza contra el empleo del referéndum como cauce de decisión de los asuntos públicos es aquella que hace referencia a sus carencias deliberativas. El referéndum serviría como mero instrumento de agregación de intereses, sin preocupación alguna por la reflexión y el diálogo. El presente artículo estudia pormenorizadamente todos aquellos elementos que resultan claves para la consecución de un grado razonable de deliberación en la campaña previa a la votación popular, como la claridad de la pregunta, la información facilitada al votante o el reparto de los recursos públicos entre las partes en liza. Con apoyo en experiencias nacionales e internacionales, se defiende la tesis de que una regulación adecuada de todos ellos podría servir para salvar muchos de los déficits que enfrenta la institución. En definitiva, el trabajo pretende demostrar la escasa utilidad que tiene la formulación de críticas globales a la figura del referéndum, cobrando mucho más sentido dirigir la mirada hacia su concreto diseño en cada sistema.Erreferenduma gai publikoak erabakitzeko bide gisa erabiltzearen aurka egiten den kritika ohikoenetako bat honako hau da: erabakitzeko gabeziak dituela. Erreferendumak soilik balioko luke interesak gehitzeko, hausnarketaz eta elkarrizketaz kezkatu beharrik izan gabe. Artikulu honek zehatz-mehatz aztertzen ditu herri-bozketaren aurreko kanpainan eztabaida-maila arrazoizkoa lortzeko funtsezkoak diren elementu guztiak, hala nola: galdera argia izatea, boto-emaileari informazioa ematea edo baliabide publikoak banatzea tartean dauden alderdien artean. Nazioko eta nazioarteko esperientzietan oinarrituta, tesi hau defendatzen da: horiek guztiak behar bezala arautuz gero erakundeak aurrez aurre dituen gabezietako asko gaindituko lirateke. Azken batean, lan honen bidez frogatu nahi da erreferendumari kritika globalak egitea alperrekoa dela, askoz zentzu handiagoa baitu sistema bakoitzean modu jakin batean diseinatzea.One of criticisms usually made against the referendum as a way for citizens to take part in public decision-making processes refers to its deliberative disadvantages. The referendum would be simply an instrument to gather opinions, with no interest in reflection or dialogue processes. This paper thoroughly analyses the key elements to achieve a reasonable level of deliberation in the previous campaign, such as the clarity of the question, the information provided to the voter or the distribution of public resources among the contestants. Considering national and international experiences, the author supports the idea according to which an appropriate regulation of these key elements would allow us to overcome many of the shortcomings faced by the institution. Ultimately, this paper shows the futility of general criticisms against the referendum while considers that it would be more useful to pay attention to the design of the institution made in each system.

En este artículo se examinó la dinámica cultural y de historietas en México en las décadas de los ochenta y noventa retomando la categoría de campo, de la teoría de la dominación de Pierre Bourdieu. Se realizó una analogía del campo de las historietas con el del fútbol, con la finalidad de describir y analizar la complejidad de los movimientos socioculturales involucrados en las luchas por capital simbólico y económico. En este trabajo cualitativo-interpretativo, basado en el análisis de documentación primaria y secundaria, se partió del argumento de que en México, mientras la historieta industrial estaba en decadencia, las historietas de autor se encontraban en eclosión. Este argumento se fundamenta en que, mientras empresas como Editorial Vid, Novaro y Novedades, se regían por estrategias empresariales que incluían reedición de material nacional, importación de cómics extranjeros; el cómic de autor eclosionaba, alimentado por el cómic europeo y norteamericano. Se encontró que en las décadas de estudio, el panorama cultural se vio modificado por la implantación del modelo neoliberal, que introdujo múltiples productos culturales, los cuales transformaron el consumo cultural mexicano y dieron a la historieta industrial una competencia ante la cual no pudo ganar. Como conclusión, se propone que pese a que la historieta industrial cayó en decadencia, por falta de estrategias de adaptación, las condiciones que llevaron a su caída permitieron que los creadores de la historieta de autor se enriquecieran con nuevas influencias, que los llevaron a generar obras adultas, críticas, vinculadas con su entorno. In this article, the cultural and comic book dynamics in Mexico in the eighties and nineties were examined, taking up the category of field, from Pierre Bourdieu's theory of domination. An analogy of the field of comics with that of soccer was made, in order to describe and analyze the complexity of the sociocultural movements involved in the struggles for symbolic and economic capital. This qualitative-interpretative work, based on the analysis of primary and secondary documentation, arouses from the argument that in Mexico, while the industrial comics were in decline, the author comics were flourishing. This argument is based on the fact that, while companies such as Editorial Vid, Novaro and Novedades were governed by business strategies such as reissuing national material and importation of foreign comics; the author's comic was emerging, inspired by the European and North American comic. It was found that, in the decades of study, the cultural panorama was modified by the implantation of the neoliberal model, which introduced multiple cultural products, that, therefore, transformed Mexican cultural consumption and gave industrial comics a competition which it could not win. As a conclusion, it is proposed that, despite the fact that the industrial comics fell into decline due to lack of adaptation strategies, the same factors allowed the creators of the author's comic to enrich themselves with new influences, that led them to generate adult, critical works linked to their environment.

Neste estudo estabelece-se como objetivo esclarecer como as noções de campo, habitus e capital participam da estrutura dos campos científico e universitário. A questão discutida incide sobre o modo como Pierre Bourdieu, não apenas realiza um exercício que consistiria em aplicar tais noções conceituais ao âmbito prático da produção científica e da vida acadêmica, assim como, elabora uma epistemologia que explora o sentido e os impactos sociais dos paradigmas de funcionamento desses espaços sociais. Não se pode esquecer que o autor elabora sua teoria como quem também participa desses espaços, como quem conhece o jogo e as lutas concorrenciais. A questão que intriga Bourdieu, e que o conduz em todo o seu esforço teórico para evidenciar a estrutura estruturante que incide sobre os agentes dos campos é: quem seria o homo academicus? Aquele que gosta do acabado! Essa resposta, porém, embute novas interrogações, todas elas implicadas no entendimento do funcionamento do campo. Esse homo academicus seria afetado pelas condições de possibilidade de seu pertencimento ao campo científico e ao campo universitário e estaria envolto a inúmeros conflitos, à illusio, isto é, as posições que ocupa não são uma garantia de pertença, vai depender de sua destreza no jogo, do lugar, ou de que lado do grupo se encontra. Constitui-se, então, em objeto de análise bourdieusiana sobre a estruturação dos espaços sociais a partir de sua dimensão política, e o homem que se constrói nesse processo dinâmico.
The objective of this study is to clarify how the notions of field, habitus and capital participate in the structure of the scientific and university fields. The question discussed focuses on how Pierre Bourdieu not only carries out an exercise that would consist of applying such conceptual notions to the practical scope of scientific production and academic life, but also elaborates an epistemology that explores the meaning and social impacts of paradigms functioning of these social spaces. It cannot be forgotten that the author elaborates his theory as one who also participates in these spaces, as one who knows the game and the competitive struggles. The question that intrigues Bourdieu, and that leads him in all his theoretical effort to highlight the structuring structure that affects the agents of the fields is: who would be the homo academicus? One who likes the finished! This answer, however, embodies new questions, all of which are implicated in the understanding of how the field works. This homo academicus would be affected by the conditions of possibility of his belonging to the scientific field and the university field and would be involved in countless conflicts, illusio, that is, the positions he occupies are not a guarantee of belonging, it will depend on his skill in the game , the place, or the group side is. It is, therefore, an object of Bourdieusian analysis on the structuring of social spaces based on their political dimension, and the man who builds himself in this dynamic process.

In January 2021, the storm Filomena paralysed Spain. One of the most affected cities was Madrid, which suffered a general collapse for several days. Metro de Madrid (underground railway company and one of the most popular public services in the city) continued to provide service to its users. Silvia Roldan (CEO of Metro de Madrid) wrote a daily post on LinkedIn to explain to users what problems they were facing, how they were being solved and how the service was ensured.
Metro de Madrid is an underground railway company that was inaugurated in 1919. It extends over 294 kilometres distributed in 302 stations. It employs 7,000 persons. Other data of Metro de Madrid are: 2,400 cars, 8,758 security cameras, 1,263 vending machines, 2,424 tele-indicators, 1,703 escalators, 541 lifts and 5,386 intercoms. "LinkedIn is a social network that has a great attraction, you are addressing a professional audience, which judges you on the basis of the work you do", says the CEO of Metro de Madrid in an interview conducted to illustrate this research.
This research is based on two hypotheses: 1) In a crisis context, direct communication between a company's executive and stakeholders reduces uncertainty and helps to restore institutional equilibrium; and 2) It is possible to find a paradigmatic model in this type of communication with specific stakeholders.
This research carried out a quantitative and qualitative analysis using a content analysis of Roldan's posts on LinkedIn during this crisis and an interview with the CEO of Metro de Madrid. This case gives us some lessons in communication as main results. LinkedIn is an optimal platform for crisis communication, especially if we want to transmit moderately long messages, with nuances, aimed at a professional audience willing to listen and dialogue.
Roldan's colloquial and friendly tone used in her posts are justified in this case (Filomena crisis). She is CEO of the company, direct witness of the facts and responsible for the solutions that are implemented. She uses the first-person narrative, which produces closeness and is a good remedy against uncertainty. It complements institutional messages, transmitted through institutional media and channels, which use a more aseptic and formal tone. The use of photographs in the published posts establishes an emotional links between the author of the post and readers. Readers feel like a direct witness of the facts, especially when the photograph is a subjective close-up.
LinkedIn, despite not being Metro de Madrid's main communication channel, is a useful and valuable platform for communicating in emergency situations, even in a more personal and less institutional way than other platforms. Perhaps its greatest virtue is to target a professional and specialised audience, which can be proactive in the resolution of an emergency. The use of LinkedIn in emergency situations is still under-researched compared to other social platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, WhatsApp or Instagram.
This article is part of the competitive research project: "Crisis and emergency communication in Social Media. Study of its use in Spain and design of information protocols for institutions and media (COMCRISIS - PID2019-109064GB-I00)" granted and funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of the Spanish Government.

En Deudas coloniales: el caso de Puerto Rico, Rocío Zambrana ofrece una robusta conversación con pensadorxs, creadorxs y activistas de Puerto Rico y el Sur Global, así como con algunxs de lxs observadorxs más conocidxs en el contexto europeo y norteamericano, en torno a la deuda como forma y práctica de captura, sujeción, control y desposesión que profundiza y expande el alcance de la modernidad capitalista colonial. Al mismo tiempo, Zambrana insiste, el caso particular de Puerto Rico demuestra que, para lograr lo anterior, el capitalismo requiere la continua "actualización" de la condición colonial como orden racista, no sólo como subordinación jurídico-política, en "condiciones materiales e históricas alteradas." La deuda financiera en la colonia, entonces, es una "manifestación de la deuda histórica" de la conquista y la esclavitud, fungiendo así como agente del régimen de raza/género/clase que "la colonialidad del poder" (el concepto es de Aníbal Quijano) perpetúa en el presente a través de nuevas rondas de invasión, saqueo y explotación. No obstante, Puerto Rico también ejemplifica, plantea la autora, formas esperanzadoras de "organizar el pesimismo," que pueden advertirse en variadas prácticas de resistencia, tales como el rehusarse, la subversión y el rescate/ocupación. Éstas interrumpen la sujeción de la deuda, tanto financiera como histórica, pese a los inherentes desafíos de la cooptación neoliberal. Así sea con gestos que parecen inconsecuentes o temporeros, nuestras resistencias constituyen modos descoloniales y reparadores de "vincular la vida." Con la publicación de esta traducción de Raquel Salas Rivera al español, nuestras series Otra universidad y Libros libres continúan aportando saberes a las luchas por el archipiélago liberado al que aspiramos y que forjamos, día con día, en cada una de nuestras subversiones. --- In Deudas coloniales: el caso de Puerto Rico, Rocío Zambrana offers a robust conversation with thinkers, creators, and activists in Puerto Rico and the Global South, as well as with some of the most well-known analysts in European and North American contexts, on debt as a form and a practice of capture, subjection, control, and dispossession that deepens and expands the reach of colonial capitalist modernity. To achieve this, as Zambrana shows through her analysis of Puerto Rico's particular case, capitalism requires the colonial condition's constant "updating" as a racist order, and not only as a juridical-political subordination, in "altered material and historical conditions." Financial debt in the colony, then, is a "manifestation of the historical debt" from conquest and slavery, thus operating as an agent of the race/gender/class regime that Aníbal Quijano's "coloniality of power" perpetuates in the present through new sequences of invasion, plunder, and exploitation. However, the author argues that Puerto Rico also exemplifies hopeful forms of "organizing pessimism," which can be noticed in various resistance practices, such as refusal, subversion, and rescue/occupation. These interrupt the subjection of both financial and historical debt, despite the inherent challenges associated with neoliberal cooptation. Even when its gestures might seem inconsequential or temporary, our resistance constitutes decolonial and reparative modes of "life binding." With the publication of this translation into Spanish by Raquel Salas Rivera, our series Otra Universidad and Libros Libres continues contributing to the struggles for the liberated archipelago we aspire to and craft, every day, in all our subversions.

Academia and organizations tend to agree on the importance they give to internal communication as a discipline of knowledge and as a strategic issue in organizational management. However, many organizations omit the systematic application of this type of communication and the academy has not produced, to date, a systematic body of knowledge. In order for these situations to be recognized and worked on, research work is necessary to build an integrating theoretical body. What this work proposes is to review the publications on internal communication (IC) to inquire about the recent advance in this knowledge and its applications. To accomplish this, four of the most important academic journals on communication in organizations were reviewed according to the SCImago Journal & Country Rank. They are: Public Relations Review, Management Communication Quarterly, International Journal of Strategic Communication and Journal of Communication Management. The period of analysis was carried out between 2015 and 2021. Bibliometric indicators used were: the number of articles on internal communication published, broken down by journal, year and number, most used words and phrases. The authors were also studied by analyzing the number of signatures per article, who published more on internal communication, as well as the most cited experts. The results in the 125 issues reveal a discreet presence of IC since of 1278 articles published, 126 dealt with the subject, which represented 9.87% of the total. The journal that published the most on IC was Public Relations Review with 38 articles, followed by Management Communication Quarterly with 35. Journal of Communication Management edited 32 articles, leaving International Journal of Strategic Communication as the journal that dealt with the subject the least with 21. All journals made special editions on various topics, but the Journal of Communication Management was the only one that made an extraordinary edition dedicated to IC under the title Internal Communication during the COVID-19 Pandemic published in volume 25, number 3, July 2021. The most productive year for IC was 2021 with 32 articles. Throughout the period, 55 issues were published without articles on IC, 36 with one, 20 with two, nine with three, four with four articles and only one issue with seven, the special edition. Among the most used words are employee (s), social, strategic, engagement, media and crisis. And the most used phrase after "internal communication" is "social media". The most cited author was also the most productive in the period studied: Lijuan Rita Men. Other authors who published multiple times included Cen April Yue, Ana Tkalac Verčič, Jeong Nam Kim, and Vibeke Thøis Madsen. James Grunig, Ansgar Zerfass, François Cooren, Linda L. Putnam, Mary Welch, and W. Timothy Coombs were also frequently cited. In conclusion, and despite the increased interest caused by the pandemic, internal communication is not a priority issue in the reviewed journals. A greater emphasis on normative and instrumental aspects was also detected, with a clear orientation towards the solution of specific organizational problems, that is, a functionalist perspective, centered on management. This article seeks to support both scholars and professionals of internal communication, leaving within their reach, in addition to this review, the challenge of increasing research to generate knowledge in internal organizational communication.

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El artículo describe, en primer lugar, el proceso de negociación
y aprobación de la Ley 2/2016, de 7 de abril, de Instituciones Locales de Euskadi
(LILE). En segundo lugar, hace un detenido estudio de su naturaleza como ley integral,
perteneciente al «núcleo duro» del sistema institucional vasco, que cierra el
sistema de los tres niveles institucionales existentes en Euskadi y que al desarrollar
el Estatuto y la legislación básica de régimen local, y en virtud de las posibilidades
de actualización de los derechos históricos vascos, amparados por la Constitución,
crea un régimen local propio, el del municipio foral vasco. Una Ley que
delimita competencias entre los distintos niveles institucionales vascos, con una
cerrada defensa de la autonomía local de las Entidades Locales vascas sin perjuicio
de reforzar la cobertura jurídica de algunas competencias de los Territorios
Históricos, sobre todo en materia de Haciendas Locales. En tercer lugar, estudia
el lugar que ocupa la LILE en el complejo sistema de fuentes del derecho vasco,
llegando a la conclusión de que puede ser considerada como una ley de función
estatutaria, perteneciente por tanto al denominado bloque de estatutoriedad. En
cuarto lugar, se refiere a cómo esta Ley precisa de una especial protección frente a
posibles reformas tácitas de la misma, que pondrían en peligro el papel que juega
como una de las columnas de la estructura jurídico-institucional del autogobierno
vasco. Por último, el artículo termina con algunas someras conclusiones, que resumen
las ideas principales defendidas a lo largo del mismo, y con una valoración
personal que el autor hace de la Ley.
Artikuluak, lehenik eta behin, Euskadiko Toki Erakundeei buruzko
apirilaren 7ko 2/2016 Legea negoziatu eta onartzeko prozesua deskribatu du. Bigarrenik,
sakon aztertu du lege integral gisa duen izaera, EAEko sistema instituzionaleko
«nukleo gogorreko» legea baita; Euskadin existitzen diren hiru maila instituzionaleko
sistema ixten du, eta, Konstituzioak babestutako EAEko eskubide historikoak
eguneratzeko aukerak direla bide, Estatutua eta toki-araubideko oinarrizko legedia
garatzerakoan tokiko araubide propioa osatu du, EAEko foru-udalerriena, alegia.
EAEko maila instituzionalen arteko eskumenak mugatzen ditu lege honek, EAEko toki-
erakundeen toki-autonomia irmoki defendatuz, hargatik bazter utzi gabe lurralde
historikoetako zenbait eskumenen estaldura juridikoa indartzeko aukera, batez ere
toki-ogasunen
arloan. Hirugarrenik, EAEko zuzenbidearen iturrien sistema konplexuan
Euskadiko Toki Erakundeei buruzko Legeak hartzen duen tokia aztertu du, eta
ondorioztatu du estatutu funtzioko lege gisa jo daitekeela, eta hortaz, estatutuei lotutako
bloke deitutakoaren parte da. Laugarrenik, hizpide hartu du lege honek babes
berezia behar duela izan ditzakeen isilezko erreformen aurrean, erreforma horiek
arriskuan jarriko luketelako EAEko autogobernuaren egitura juridiko-instituzionalaren
zutabeetako bat den aldetik betetzen duen eginbeharra. Azkenik, artikuluaren
amaieran zenbait ondorio labur jaso dira, artikuluan zehar defendatutako ideia nagusiak
laburbilduz; bidenabar, autoreak legearen balorazio pertsonala ere egin du.
This article describes first the process of negotiation and approval
of Act 2/2016 of April 7th on Local Entities of Euskadi. Secondly, it carries out a
detailed study of its nature as comprehensive act, being part of the «hard core»
of the Basque institutional system, which puts an end to the three institutional
levels of Euskadi and that by developing the Statute and the basic legislation
regarding local regime, and by virtue of the possibilities of updating of the Basque
historic rights, covered by the Constitution, it establishes its own local regime,
that of the Basque foral municipality. An Act that defines competences among
the different Basque institutional levels with a tough defence of local autonomy
of Basque local entities without prejudice of reinforcing some competences of
the Historic territories, specially in the field of local finances. Thirdly, the position
of the Local Entities Act within the complex framework of the sources of Basque
Law is studied, reaching the conclusion that it can be considered an act with a
statutory task, being accordingly part of the so called statutory block. Fourthly, we
refer to how this Act needs a special protection against possible tacit amendments
thereto which could jeopardize the role that plays as one of the pillars of the legalinstitutional
framework of the Basque self-government. Finally, the article ends
with some brief conclusions which summarize the main ideas defended along it
and with a personal assessment of the author regarding the Act.