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Contradictions between the regions of Belgium - Wallonia and Flanders - have a long history associated with uneven political, economic and cultural development of the territories, which in 1830 became parts of an independent state, the Kingdom of Belgium. The "Letter to the King", written by eminent Belgian politician and writer, socialist Jules Destree (1863 - 1936 gg.), is one of the most interesting sources on the history of Belgium of this period, It became a kind of manifesto of balance between the ideas of separatism and unitarianism. This article includes excerpts from the "Letter to the King", which were given for the first time in the author's Russian translation and conducted historical criticism of the source. The study is based on a set of scientific methods and approaches, including the principle of scientific objectivity and systematic approach, used in historical research. The main methods are problematic and historical-comparative analysis, classification and comparison of political and historical concepts. An external source of criticism included information about the place and the time of the creation of document, the biography of the author studies; internal critic source recreates the idea of the letter and the background of historical events. Prominent Belgian politician and writer, socialist Jules Destree (1863 - 1936), highly appreciated the personal qualities of King Albert I, appealed to his experience and political vision, describing all the problems Walloons faced in their opposition to the Flemish. Destree in his letter opposed the unequal development of the regions of Belgium and the protectionist policies of the central government in respect to the detriment of Flanders Wallonia. He summarized and formulated the factors that, in his opinion, interfere with the full development of his country. Destree pays great attention to linguistic differences, which were at the heart of conflicts between Walloons and Flemings, and are still shaken by Belgium. He reflects on the fact that the central government should be doing to reduce the national tensions that unites two people, and that the shares, which should be a system of education that future generations were able to overcome the historical alienation of such geographically close and ideologically distant peoples. Although Jules Destree firmly defends separatism idea for Wallonia as the only solution to the problem, however, by the end of his letter, reasoning it takes a more balanced position. The idea of a unitary state was not denied completely, but Destree emphasizes the importance of a balanced central government policy in relation to the regions in order to reduce internal tensions between the two nations. The ideas embodied in his "Letter to the King", formed the basis of the principles of peaceful co-existence of further autonomous regions as part of the union, which was manifested in the future during the First World War, when the Walloons and Flemings alongside confronted a common enemy.

AbstractIn the 15‐year period since the Syrian military entry into Lebanon on June 1, 1976, allegedly to put an end to the civil war that broke out there a year earlier, Syria firmly solidified its control of the country, as evidenced by the signing of the "Treaty of Brotherhood, Cooperation and Coordination between Syria and Lebanon," on May 22, 1991, which granted Syria a special status. Yet, 14 years later, on April 24, 2005, the Syrian forces withdrew from Lebanon. This article seeks to explain this relatively rapid decline in Syria's standing in Lebanon by examining the strategies of the two Syrian rulers who indirectly controlled this country during those years. It examines what was right in Hafiz al‐Asad's strategy in Lebanon, and what did not work in Bashar's policy.In 2000, the year of Hafiz al‐Asad's death, Syria's status in Lebanon seemed unshakable: 1) Lebanon's president (Emile Lahoud) acted as Damascus's puppet; 2) Hezbollah, the Shi'a militia Hezbollah largely accepted Syria's authority while it simultaneously tightened its control over southern Lebanon and also began gaining popularity in the rest of the country; and 3) finally the politics of the noble families, which had characterized Lebanon since its establishment, began to gradually give way to a politics where a political figure is measured by the level of his connections to the country's power base in Damascus. Yet, merely five years later, Syria was under immense pressure to withdraw its forces from Lebanon. This suggests that we must look at the difference between the strategies of Hafiz al‐Asad and his son Bashar for controlling Lebanon to better understand the rapid deterioration in Syria's standing in the country.We argue that the difference in the degree of anti‐Syrian pressures from Lebanon's society and political elements between the two tenures is largely rooted in the different strategies that the two Syrian presidents adopted for informally ruling Lebanon. We identify three main areas where Bashar al‐Asad made mistakes due to his failure to continue his father's methods. First, Bashar put all his cards on Hezbollah, thus antagonizing all the other groups which resented that Shi'a dominance. Second, in stark contrast to his father, Bashar distanced himself from the regular management of Lebanon's ethnic politics. Hafiz al‐Asad made sure that all the leaders of the different ethnic groups would visit Damascus and update him on their inter‐ethnic conflicts, and then he would be the one who would either arbitrate between them or, for expediency reasons, exacerbate these feuds. Once the ethnic leaders had to manage without Damascus, they learned to get along, making him far less indispensable for the running of the country. Finally, Bashar, unlike his father, did not make a real effort to gain international and regional legitimacy (or at least de‐facto acceptance) for Syria's continued control over Lebanon. Most conspicuously, while Hafiz participated in the First Gulf War against Iraq, his son supported Sunni rebels who fought against the United States‐led coalition forces there. This foreign acquiescence was significant since the Lebanese felt they had a backing when they demanded Syria's withdrawal in 2005.These different strategic approaches of the two rulers meant that the father's policies wisely laid the ground for some of the most controversial measures which were needed as part of any attempt to monopolize control over another country, such as Lebanon (assassinating popular but too independent‐minded Lebanese presidents/prime ministers or extending tenures of loyalist ones), whereas the son's policies myopically failed to do so properly. Indeed, the article will show that while both the father and the son took these same controversial measures, the responses of the Lebanese were completely different.Admittedly, some historical developments increased the Lebanese propensity to rise up against Syria, and these meant that Bashar did in fact face a harder task than his father in maintaining Syria's informal occupation. The Israeli withdrawal from its so‐called "security zone" in south Lebanon meant that one justification for the Syrian presence was gone. More importantly, the risk of renewed eruption of the civil war (which in turn had meant for many years a greater willingness by the locals to tolerate the Syrian presence which prevented the war's resumption) declined significantly due to a variety of processes that could not have been halted even with better "management" of the interethnic strife from Damascus (i.e., making sure that the ethnic groups remained in deep conflict with each other). Nevertheless, as we will show, Bashar's mistakes played a crucial role in bringing the rival ethnic groups together by making Damascus their joint enemy.

[Full article is in English]English:
This article analyzes the role of school education as a medium
for indoctrinating young minds through school textbooks within the
framework of India–Pakistan relations. This fact is more pronounced in
Pakistan, but even in the case of India, eff orts are not undertaken to objectively
teach subjects in a way that helps sensitize students about the
India–Pakistan relationship. The author argues that the young generations
in India and Pakistan largely lack a shared understanding until they
undergo a process of de-learning and re-learning. Hence, the borders between
India and Pakistan remained intact and militarized but defi nite
types of borders are also created in young minds. Unless the psychological
borders melt, it is diffi cult to imagine a porous physical border
between India and Pakistan. This article att empts to understand how
pedagogically the image of an enemy is created in young minds serving
the purpose of the state.Spanish:
Este artículo analiza el papel de la educación escolar como un medio para
adoctrinar mentes jóvenes a través de libros de texto en el marco de las relaciones
India–Pakistán. Esta situación es más pronunciada en Pakistán,
pero incluso en la India, no se llevan a cabo esfuerzos para enseñar objetivamente
temas que apoyen la sensibilización de los estudiantes sobre
la relación India–Pakistán. El autor argumenta que jóvenes generaciones
en India y Pakistán comparten la falta de un conocimiento compartido
hasta que pasen por un proceso de des-aprendizaje y re-aprendizaje. En consecuencia, las fronteras entre India y Pakistán permanecen intactas
y militarizadas, pero también otros tipos de definición de fronteras son
creados en las mentes jóvenes. A menos que las fronteras psicológicas
se derritan, es difícil imaginar una frontera física porosa entre la India
y Pakistán. Este artículo busca entender cómo la imagen del enemigo es
pedagógicamente creada en las mentes jóvenes sirviendo el propósito del
Estado. Los casos de los libros de texto en India y Pakistán son presentados
para comprender los diferentes tipos de fronteras prevalecientes en
el sur de Asia.French:
Cet article analyse le rôle de l'éducation scolaire comme un moyen
d'endoctrinement de jeunes esprits à travers les livres scolaires dans
le contexte des relations entre l'Inde et le Pakistan. Cette situation est
particulièrement marquée au Pakistan mais y compris en Inde, aucun
effort n'est mené pour enseigner objectivement des thèmes qui sensibilisent
les élèves sur les relations Inde-Pakistan. L'auteur argumente que
les jeunes générations indiennes et pakistanaises manquent de connaissances
partagées jusqu'à ce qu'elles transitent par un processus de désapprentissage
et de ré-apprentissage. En conséquence, les frontières entre
l'Inde et le Pakistan continuent à être intactes et militarisées et d'autres
types de frontières claires son créées dans les esprits de la jeunesse. À
moins que les frontières psychologiques ne disparaissent, il reste difficile
d'imaginer une frontière physique poreuse entre l'Inde et le Pakistan.
Cet article cherche à comprendre comment l'image de l'ennemi est créée
pédagogiquement dans les jeunes esprits et sert les intérêts de l'Etat.

part Part I: Baseline and The Territorial Sea -- chapter 1 Lewis M. Alexander (1983), 'Baseline Delimitations and Maritime Boundaries', Virginia Journal of International Law, 23, pp. 503-36. -- chapter 2 Shekhar Ghosh (1980), The Legal Regime of Innocent Passage through the Territorial Sea', Indian Journal of International Law, 20, pp. 216-42. -- part Part II: Straits -- chapter 3 S.N. Nandan and D.H. Anderson (1989), 'Straits Used for International Navigation: A Commentary on Part III of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982', British Year Book of International Law, 60, pp. 159-204. -- part Part III: Island and Archipelagic States -- chapter 4 Janusz Symonides (1987), 'The Legal Status of Islands in the New Law of the Sea', Revue de Droit International de Sciences Diplomatiques, Politiques et Sociales, Geneva, 65, pp. 161-80. -- chapter 5 H. P. Rajan (1986), 'The Legal Regime of Archipelagos', German Yearbook of International Law, 29, pp. 137-53. -- part Part IV: The Exclusive Economic Zone -- chapter 6 Tommy T. B. Koh (1988), 'The Exclusive Economic Zone', Malaya Law Review, 30, pp. 1-33. -- part Part V: The Confidential Shelf -- chapter 7 Makhdoom Ali Khan (1985), 'The Juridical Concept of the Continental Shelf', Pakistan Horizon (Karachi), 38, pp. 19-40. -- chapter 8 Duncan J. McMillan (1985), 'The Extent of the Continental Shelf: Factors Affecting the Accuracy of a Continental Margin Boundary', Marine Policy, 9, pp. 148-56. -- part Part VI: Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries -- chapter 9 Shabtai Rosenne (1996), 'Geography in International Maritime Boundary-Making', Political Geography, 15, pp. 319-34. -- chapter 10 Barbara Kwiatkowska (1988), 'Equitable Maritime Boundary Delimitation - A Legal Perspective', International Journal of Estuarine and Coastal Law, 3, pp. 287-304. -- part Part VII: The High Seas -- chapter 11 Ram P. Anand (1982), 'Freedom of the Seas: Past, Present and Future', in Rafael Gutierrez Girardot and others (eds), New Directions in International Law: Essays in Honour of Wolfgang Abendroth, Frankfurt/New York: Campus Verlag, pp. 215-33. -- part Part VIII: Fisheries -- chapter 12 Shigeru Oda (1983), 'Fisheries Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea', American Journal of International Law, 77, pp. 739-55. -- chapter 13 Moritaka Hayashi (1995), 'The 1995 Agreement on the Conservation and Management of Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks: Significance for the Law of the Sea Convention', Ocean and Coastal Management, 29, pp. 51-69. -- part Part IX: The International Seabed Area -- chapter 14 Alexandre Kiss (1985), 'The Common Heritage of Mankind: Utopia or Reality?', International Journal, 40, pp. 423-41. -- chapter 15 Bernard H. Oxman (1994), 'Law of the Sea Forum: The 1994 Agreement on Implementation of the Seabed Provisions of the Convention on the Law of the Sea - The 1994 Agreement and the Convention', American Journal of International Law, 88, pp. 687-97. -- part Part X: Land Locked States -- chapter 16 Helmut Tuerk and Gerhard Hafner (1985), 'The Land-Locked Countries and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea', in Budislav Vukas (edition), Essays on the New Law of the Sea, Zagreb: Sveucilisna Naklada Liber, pp. 58-70. -- part Part XI: The Protecton and Preservation of The Marine Environment -- chapter 17 Alan E. Boyle (1985), 'Marine Pollution Under the Law of the Sea Convention', American Journal of International Law, 79, pp. 347-72. -- part Part XII: Marine Scientific Research -- chapter 18 Patricia Birnie (1995), 'Law of the Sea and Ocean Resources: Implications for Marine Scientific Research', The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 10, pp. 229-51. -- part Part XIII: Maritime Jurisdiction and Enforcement -- chapter 19 I. A. Shearer (1986), 'Problems of Jurisdiction and Law Enforcement Against Delinquent Vessels', International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 35, pp. 320-43. -- part Part XIV: Military Uses of the Sea -- chapter 20 Budislav Vukas (1990), 'Military Uses of the Sea and the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention', in Budislav Vukas (ed. ), Essays on the New Law of the Sea 2, Zagreb: Sveucilisna Naklada Liber, pp. 401-27. -- chapter 21 Rüdiger Wolfrum (1998), 'Military Activities on the High Seas: What Are the Impacts of the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea?', in Michael N. Schmitt and Leslie C. Green (eds), International Law Studies, 71. The Law of Armed Conflict: Into the Next Millennium, Naval War College, Newport, RI, pp. 501-13. -- part Part XV: Underwater Archeological and Historical Objects. -- chapter 22 Janet Blake (1996), 'The Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage', International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 45, pp. 819-43. -- part Part XVI: The Polar Regions -- chapter 23 Donald R. Rothwell and Stuart Kaye (1994), 'Law of the Sea and the Polar Regions: Reconsidering the Traditional Norms', Marine Policy, 18, pp. 41-58. -- part Part XVII: Settlement of Disputes -- chapter 24 Tullio Treves (1997), The Jurisdiction of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea', Indian Journal of International Law, 37, pp. 396-419.

ResumenDesde el triunfo revolucionario, el modelo de desarrollo cubano se ha destacado históricamente por una concepción política, basada en la centralidad del Estado en la provisión del bienestar y en una vocación de justicia social, así como en la construcción de ciudadanía a través de la implementación de políticas de carácter universal. Un dilema, sin embargo, con el que ha tenido que lidiar este modelo, ha estado asociado a la contradicción entre la intención política, los avances obtenidos en materia social, por un lado; y las dificultades para sedimentar un sostén económico con el cual respaldar una propuesta integral de desarrollo. El artículo presenta una propuesta de análisis sobre la reforma iniciada en el 2011, presentando resultados respecto al estrechamiento de las políticas sociales en el marco de un legado institucional de desarticulación entre universalidad y focalización en ese contexto. Desde la perspectiva metodológica, las principales fuentes utilizadas fueron de base documental: fuentes oficiales y resultados de investigación realizados por la autora y autores sobre la reforma cubana actual.Palabras-Chaves: Políticas Sociales, Asistencia Social, Pobreza y Desigualdades en Cuba, Reforma. ***Tensões no Modelo de Proteção Social Cubano: uma arqueologia para olhar o presente das políticas sociais.ResumoDesde a vitória da revolução, o modelo de desenvolvimento cubano vem se assentando em uma concepção política que enfatiza a centralidade do Estado na provisão do bem-estar e na promoção de justiça social, assim como na construção de cidadania pela via da implementação de políticas de escopo universal. Contudo, este modelo teve de enfrentar o dilema colocado pela contradição entre, de um lado, os avanços obtidos em matéria social, e de outro, as dificuldades de consolidar um suporte económico capaz de respaldar uma proposta integral de desenvolvimento. O artigo pretende analisar a reforma iniciada em 2011, apresentando resultados a respeito do estreitamento das políticas sociais no marco de um legado institucional de desarticulação entre universalidade e focalização. Do ponto de vista metodol&oacute ;gico, privilegiou-se base documental, incluindo fontes oficiais, e resultados de pesquisa realizados tanto pela autora como por outros autores sobre a trajetória recente da reforma cubana.Palavras-chaves: Políticas Sociais, Assitência Social, Pobreza e Desigualdade e Cuba, Reforma. ***Tensions in the Cuban Social Protection Model: an archeology to look at the present of social policies.AbstractThe Cuban Model of Development has been characterized, since the Revolution triumph for a political conception based on State centrality in welfare provision and social justice. As well as in the building of a citizenship trough the implementation of social policies with universal perspective.A dilemma, however associate to this Model has been related to the contradiction between the political intentions, the advancement achieved in social indicators in one hand; and in the other, the difficulties in order to achieve efficient economic policies, which could support the social development.This article present a proposal about the reform started on 2011, which the objective to present outcomes about the retrenchment of the Cuban social policies in the frame of non-correspondence between universality and focalization in a historical perspective. Since the methodological point of view, the main sources used were official and research results conducted for the author and other academics about current Cuban reform.Keywords: social policies, social assistance, poverty and inequalities in Cuba, reform

The definitive pioneering blueprint covering the what, why and how of the blockchain. Blockchains are new technology layers that rewire the Internet and threaten to side-step older legacy constructs and centrally served businesses. At its core, a blockchain injects trust into the network, cutting off some intermediaries from serving that function and creatively disrupting how they operate. Metaphorically, blockchains are the ultimate non-stop computers. Once launched, they never go down, and offer an incredible amount of resiliency, making them dependable and attractive for running a new generation of decentralized services and software applications. The Business Blockchaincharts new territory in advancing our understanding of the blockchain by unpacking its elements like no other before. William Mougayar anticipates a future that consists of thousands, if not millions of blockchains that will enable not only frictionless value exchange, but also a new flow of value, redefining roles, relationships, power and governance. In this book, Mougayar makes two other strategic assertions. First, the blockchain has polymorphic characteristics; its application will result in a multiplicity of effects. Second, we shouldn't ask ourselves what problems the blockchain solves, because that gives us a narrow view on its potential. Rather, we should imagine new opportunities, and tackle even more ambitious problems that cross organizational, regulatory and mental boundaries. Drawing on 34 years of technology industry experience as an executive, analyst, consultant, entrepreneur, startup mentor, author, blogger, educator, thought leader and investor, William Mougayar describes a future that is influenced by fundamental shifts brought by blockchain technology as the catalyst for change. William Mougayar has been described as the most sophisticated blockchain business thinker. He is a blockchain industry insider whose work has already shaped and influenced the understanding of blockchain for people around the world, via his generous blogging and rigorous research insights. He is a direct participant in the crypto-technology market, working alongside startups, entrepreneurs, pioneers, leaders, innovators, creators, enterprise executives and practitioners; in addition to being an investor, advisor, and board member in some of the leading organizations in this space, such as the Ethereum Foundation, OpenBazaar and Coin Center.Just as the Internet created new possibilities that we didn't foresee in its early years, the blockchain will give rise to new business models and ideas that may still be invisible. Following an engaging Foreword by Vitalik Buterin, this book is organized along these 7 chapters:1. What is the Blockchain?2. How Blockchain Trust Infiltrates3. Obstacles, Challenges Mental Blocks4. Blockchain in Financial Services5. Lighthouse Industries New Intermediaries6. Implementing Blockchain Technology7. Decentralization as the Way ForwardThe Business Blockchainis an invitation for technologists to better understand the business potential of the blockchain, and for business minded people to grasp the many facets of blockchain technology. This book teaches you how to think about the blockchain. William Mougayar (Toronto, Canada) is a known entrepreneur, investor, blogger, mentor and advisor to startups and enterprises, focusing on blockchain technologies, decentralization and peer-to-peer models. For the past 2.5 years, William has been writing extensively about Bitcoin, Blockchains, Cryptocurrency and Decentralization. He has been described as one of the most original and deep thinker on the business applications of the blockchain. William is the General Partner at Virtual Capital Ventures, an early stage venture capital fund, and currently on the Board of Directors of OB1, the OpenBazaar open source protocol that is pioneering decentralized peer-to-peer commerce. Previously, he held senior level positions at Hewlett-Packard, Cognizant and AberdeenGroup, and he founded 3 startups, CYBERManagement, Eqentia, and Engagio.

From rejection to praise of irony. Dorota Masłowska in her search of "we"The adventures of Dorota Masłowska, experienced between her novels Snow White and Russian Red and Honey, I Killed Our Cats, show a world where capitalism is the only way of organising reality. At the same time, it is a power affecting all types of relations: among people and between people and the world. The motif connecting Masłowska's novels is the pursuit – through one's writing – of liberation from the tools of the capitalist rule recorded and reinforced in the language. Attempts at comprehending this rule, undertaken always as an element of a writer's ethos, are an extremely interesting path from destruction to praising conservatism and from combat for yourself (as defined by Hallward) – as an expression of a specific configuration of reality – to the singularity of a writer's absolute. Taking this path requires a change to the use of two literary categories: grotesque and irony which remain Masłowska's trademarks. At the same time, in her subsequent books grotesque and irony bring a new angle to her polyphonic writing. The author analyses the evolution of Masłowska's writing making a (critical) use of the tools of postcolonial theory. She refers to the notions of "singular" and "specific" as used by Peter Hallward in his Absolutely Postcolonial. Writing between Singular and the Specific (2001). In his dissertation, Hallward presents two trends; a description thereof allows him for "the global and contemporary discrimination of fundamental approaches to our general conceptions of agency and context, self and other, politics and particularity." Snochowska-Gonzalez refers Hallward's categories to the subject of interest of the postcolonial theory (like freshly located and de-territorialisation, national determination and freedom from it). She develops the method of applying analytical tools presented in her article "Od melancholii do rozpaczy. O prozie Andrzeja Stasiuka" published in Studia Litteraria et Historica, no. 2 (2013).Od odrzucenia ironii ku jej afirmacji. Dorota Masłowska w poszukiwaniu "my" Przygody Doroty Masłowskiej, przeżywane na drodze od Wojny polsko-ruskiej pod flagą biało-czerwoną do Kochanie, zabiłam nasze koty, pokazują świat, w którym kapitalizm jest jedynym dostępnym sposobem organizowania rzeczywistości, a jednocześnie siłą, która nadaje kształt wszelkim relacjom – między ludźmi nawzajem i między ludźmi i światem. Nić łącząca powieści Masłowskiej to dążenie do wyzwolenia się – przez własną praktykę pisarską – od zapisanych i umocnionych w języku narzędzi kapitalistycznego panowania. Próby odnalezienia się wobec tego panowania, podejmowane zawsze jako element pisarskiego etosu, są niezwykle ciekawą drogą od burzycielstwa do pochwały konserwatyzmu i od walki o siebie samą, rozumianej po Hallwardowsku jako wyraz konkretnej konfiguracji rzeczywistości, do osobliwości pisarskiego absolutu. Przebycie tej drogi wymaga zmiany w użyciu dwóch kategorii literackich: groteski i ironii, które wciąż pozostają znakiem rozpoznawczym warsztatu Masłowskiej, a jednocześnie nadają – w kolejnych jej książkach – inny ton jej polifonicznemu pisarstwu.Autorka analizuje przemiany, jakim podlega pisarstwo Masłowskiej, przy (krytycznym) użyciu narzędzi teorii postkolonialnej. Wykorzystywane w tekście terminy "osobliwy" i "konkretny" (singular i specific) odwołują się do rozprawy Petera Hallwarda Absolutely Postcolonial. Writing between Singular and the Specific (2001). Hallward przedstawia w niej dwie tendencje, których opisanie pozwala mu na "całościowe i współczesne rozróżnienie zasadniczych ujęć ogólnych koncepcji sprawstwa i kontekstu, koncepcji 'ja' i 'innego', polityki i partykularności". Snochowska-Gonzalez proponuje odniesienie kategorii Hallwarda do tematyki poruszanej przez teorię postkolonialną (takich jak zlokalizowanie i deterytorializacja, narodowe zdeterminowanie i wolność od niego). Autorka rozwija w tekście metodę zastosowania narzędzi analitycznych, przedstawioną w artykule Od melancholii do rozpaczy. O prozie Andrzeja Stasiuka, opublikowanym w piśmie "Studia Litteraria et Historica", nr 2 (2013).

"Objectivity fetish." Our Class by Tadeusz SłobodzianekOur Class was received in Poland with enthusiasm. The author was praised for his courage and his voice was considered a balanced part of the Jedwabne pogrom discussion, taking place in Poland since 2000. Why this enthusiasm now, when the publication of the Neighbours was received without it? What changes to narration about Jedwabne provided by Słobodzianek were so successful? The article described the drama's reception which turns out to be selective. It also refers to the play's text, bringing out two orders of presenting and explaining the events. Firstly, Our Class creates a picture of interpersonal relations where social mechanisms of discrimination are erased. This thread is picked up and developed by the Polish reviewers. The Slaughter on Jews becomes an outcome of a conflict between two equal groups with similar possibilities of action and agency and therefore not linked to domination of the majority over the minority. Hence, the symmetry of harm and as a consequence, the question of guilt and the alleged tragedy of the characters becomes unsolvable. That is supported by psychological explanations of motives and behaviours, modelled on family relations. The viewpoint of the event's participants, that is a discrimination symptom itself, is being treated as an objectifying description. Seen up close and psychologized fates of the characters veil the background of the dominating group's violence. This violence can be explained only in sociological terms.However Słobodzianek refers also to descriptions on a social level. In that manner he constructs the scene of Rachelka's wedding and the handling of her salvation after the war relating it to extraordinarily described phenomena of the Righteous Among the Nations' social functioning. He notices and describes subordination rituals organised for the Survivors and the Survivor's mimicry. Those threads were completely ignored by the reviewers, however. They were also unable to break through the narration structures of the first type, which are more recognisable.Fetysz "obiektywności". Nasza klasa Tadeusza SłobodziankaNasza klasa przyjęta została w Polsce z entuzjazmem. Autora chwalono za odwagę, a jego głos uznano za wyważony i rozsądny w toczącej się od 2000 roku debacie nad zbrodnią w Jedwabnem. Skąd ten entuzjazm, którego brakowało przecież po publikacji Sąsiadów? Jakie zmiany wprowadzone przez Słobodzianka do narracji o Jedwabnem zapewniły mu sukces?Artykuł opisuje recepcję dramatu, która okazuje się wybiórcza. Sięga także do tekstu sztuki, wydobywając dwa porządki prezentowania i objaśniania zdarzeń. W pierwszej warstwie Nasza klasa tworzy obraz stosunków międzyludzkich, w którym znikają społeczne mechanizmy dyskryminacji. Wątek ten podchwytują i rozwijają polscy recenzenci. Wymordowanie Żydów okazuje się następstwem konfliktu równorzędnych grup z podobnymi możliwościami działania i sprawstwa, a więc nieuwikłanych w stosunki dominacji większości nad mniejszością. Stąd wynika symetria krzywd, a w konsekwencji nierozstrzygalność pytania o winę i domniemany tragizm aktorów zdarzeń. Do tego dochodzi psychologiczne wyjaśnianie zachowań i motywacji wzorowane na relacjach rodzinnych. Punkt widzenia uczestników wydarzeń (będący symptomem dyskryminacji) zostaje potraktowany jako obiektywizujący opis. Widziane z bliska i psychologizowane perypetie bohaterów zasłaniają tło, jakim jest przemoc grupy dominującej. A tę można wyjaśnić jedynie w kategoriach socjologicznych.Słobodzianek sięga jednak także po opis na poziomie społecznym. Tak konstruuje scenę ślubu Rachelki, rozgrywanie sprawy jej ocalenia po wojnie – niezwykle opisany fenomen społecznego funkcjonowania motywu Sprawiedliwych – dostrzega i opisuje rytuały podporządkowania organizowane dla ocalałych oraz to, jak grają narzucone im role. Wątki te zostają jednak całkowicie pominięte przez krytykę. Nie są także w stanie przebić się przez lepiej rozpoznawalne społecznie struktury narracyjne pierwszego typu.

Machine generated contents note: pt. I The Boer War, 1899 -- 1902 -- ch. 1 Casus Belli -- ch. 2 Learning Curve -- Modder River -- Magersfontein -- Colenso -- ch. 3 Mounted Irregulars -- ch. 4 Balance Shifts -- Spion Kop -- Relief of Kimberley -- Paardeburg -- Monte Cristo -- Relief of Ladysmith -- Fall of Bloemfontein -- ch. 5 Baptism of Fire -- Action at Boshof -- ch. 6 Advance on Pretoria -- Relief of Mafeking -- Action at Lindley -- Fall of Johannesburg -- Fall of Pretoria -- Action at Heilbron -- Action at Rhenoster River -- ch. 7 Pursuit of Steyn and de Wet -- Brandwater Basin -- Action at Krugersdorp -- Action at Oliphants Nek -- Action at Vaalbank -- Action at Tygerfontein -- Action at Buffelshoek -- Action at Syferbult -- Second Action at Oliphants Nek -- ch. 8 Guerrilla Warfare -- ch. 9 Lichtenburg -- Defence of Lichtenburg -- ch. 10 Second Squadron -- Action at Zeerust -- South Africa 1900 -- 2 -- pt. II Haldane and the Territorial Force, 1900 -- 14 -- ch. 11 Khaki -- pt. III The Great War, 1914 -- 19 -- ch. 12 Mobilization -- ch. 13 Gallipoli -- Gallipoli -- Landing at Suvla Bay -- Action at Salt Lake -- Action at Ismail Ogu Tepe -- Battle at Scimitar Hill -- Egypt -- Gallipoli 1915 -- ch. 14 Macedonia -- Macedonia -- Action at Kosturino -- Action at Doiran -- Action at Gola Ridge -- Action in the Struma Valley -- Defence of the River Struma -- Action at Kopaci -- Macedonia 1916 -- 17 -- ch. 15 Palestine -- Redeployment -- Egypt 1915 -- 16 -- ch. 16 Palestine -- Gaza -- Third Battle of Gaza -- Charge at Ras Ghannam -- Beersheba -- Action at Bir Abu Khuff -- Action at Wadi Kohle -- Action at Khumeilfe -- Sheria -- ch. 17 Palestine -- Advance on Jerusalem -- Action at El Mughar/Junction Station -- Battle of Nabi Samweil -- Nabi Samweil -- Bietunye -- Biet ur el Foqa -- Biet ur el Tahata -- El Jib -- Action at Kh. Kebabe -- Action at Suffa -- Action at Mosque Sheik ab ed Din -- ch. 18 Palestine -- Reorganization and Repositioning -- The Defence of Jerusalem and Jaffa -- The Capture of Jericho -- Tel Saur -- Raid on Amman -- ch. 19 Palestine -- Second Raid into Trans Jordan -- Action at Umm esh Shert track -- Action at Es Salt -- Shunet Imrin -- Jis en Damiye Crossing -- Umm esh Shert Crossing -- Action at El Huweij -- Withdrawal from Es Salt -- The Damiye Track -- ch. 20 Palestine -- The Affair of Abu Tulul -- Abu Tulul -- Defence of the El Ghoraniye Bridgehead -- Action at Wadi er Rame -- ch. 21 Palestine -- Final Campaign -- Advance across Plain of Sharon -- Nazareth -- El'affule -- Beisan -- Jenin -- Megiddo -- Capture of Haifa -- Charge on the Guns at the Karmelheim -- Damascus -- Beirut -- Horns -- Aleppo -- Palestine 1917 -- 18 -- pt. IV Inter War Years, 1919 -- 39 -- ch. 22 A Peace Fit for Heroes -- pt. V The Second World War, 1939 -- 42 -- The Beginning -- ch. 23 Unhorsed -- Mobilization and Deployment -- Action at Jaffa (Tel Aviv) -- Haifa -- Cyprus -- Sidi Barrani -- Bardia -- Tobruk -- Benghazi -- ch. 24 Abyssinia, Tobruk, Benghazi and Crete -- Abyssinia -- Gondar -- Amba Giogis -- Action at Debarech -- Ras Ayalu -- Wolchefit -- Cyrenaica -- El Agheila -- Siege of Tobruk -- Defence of Benghazi -- El Adem -- El Gubi -- Crete -- Defence of Suda Bay -- Defence of Maleme -- Khelevis -- St John's Hill -- Withdrawal to Sphakia -- Aegean -- Turkey -- ch. 25 Armoured Training -- Palestine -- Karkur -- Egypt -- Cairo -- Sollum -- Gazala -- Tobruk -- El Alamein -- Matruh -- pt. VI The End of the Beginning, 1942 -- 43 -- ch. 26 Battle of Alam el Halfa -- Alam el Halfa -- ch. 27 Battle of El Alamein -- Western Desert -- El Alamein -- Action at Miteiriya Ridge -- Action at Kidney `Ridge' -- Action at Rahman Track -- Action at Tel el Aqqaqir Feature -- Action at Galal Station -- ch. 28 Advance on Tripoli -- Cyrenaica -- Action at El Agheila -- Advance on Tripoli -- Marble Arch -- Sirte -- Misurata -- Bu Ngem Road -- Action at Wadi Zem Zem -- Tripoli -- ch. 29 Battle of Tebaga Gap -- Mareth Line -- Wadi Zigzaou -Matmata Hills -- Djebel Tebaga -- Action at Roman Wall -- Tebaga Gap -- Action at Point 201 -- Action at Wadi Hernel -- Action at Point 209 -- Action at Wadi Mataba -- Action at Chebket en Nouiges -- ch. 30 `From a Scent to a View...' -- Action at Wadi Akarit -- Roumana Gap -- Enfidaville -- Action at Takrouna -- Tunis -- North Africa 1940 -- 43 -- ch. 31 Return Home -- pt. VII The Beginning of the End, 1944 -- ch. 32 D Day -- Normandy Landings -- Le Hamel -- La Riviere -- Meuvaines -- Asnelles sur Mer -- Arromanches -- Ryes -- Buhot -- Sommervieu -- ch. 33 Battle for Normandy -- Bayeux -- Villers Bocage -- Action at Point 103 -- St Pierre -- Cristot -- Le Pare de le Boislonde -- Odon -- Battle of Fontenay le Pesnel -- St Nicholas Farm -- Defence of Rauray -- Chouain -- Action at Hottot -- Caumont -- Action at Bricquessard -- Action at Cahagnes -- Action at Jurques -- Action at la Binge -- Action at Ondefontaine -- Mont Pincon -- Conde sur Noireau -- Action at Noireau Crossing -- Action at Berjou -- Chambois -- ch. 34 Pursuit into Belgium -- Seine 1944 -- Flesselles -- Action at Doullens -- Ghent -- Brussels -- Herschot -- ch. 35 Battle for Gheel -- Albert Canal -- Beringen -- Battle for Gheel -- ch. 36 MARKET GARDEN Salient -- Grave -- Nijmegen -- Dekkenswald -- Groesbeek -- Reichswald Forest -- First British in German Border Crossing -- Beek -- Wyler -- ch. 37 Battle of Geilenkirchen -- Duren -- Paulenburg -- Schinnen -- Crossing R. Wurm -- Breach of Seigfried Line -- Action at Prummen -- Fall of Geilenkirchen -- Action at Wurm -- Action at Beek -- Apweiler -- pt. VIII The End, 1944 -- 45 -- ch. 38 Operation BLACKCOCK -- Schinveld -- Schinnen -- Roer -- Action at Vintelen -- Action at Kievelburg -- Action at Honten -Action at Breberen -- Action at Laffelde -- Action at Selstan -- Action at Hiensburg -- ch. 39 Operations VERITABLE and LEEK -- Nijmegen -- Reichwald Forest -- Rhineland -- Battle for Cleve -- Battle for Goch -- River Niers -- Battle for Weeze -- Action at Hussenoff -- Actions at Issum -- ch. 40 Final Advance -- Rhine -- Rees -- Issleburg -- Dinxperloo -- River Ijssel -- Rurlo -- Lochem -- Enschede -- Henglo -- Cloppenburgh -- Bremen -- North West Europe 1944 -- 45.

Machine generated contents note: Preface: Systematizing Success Lessons from the world's fastest growing companies PART 1: NAIL A NICHE Chapter 1: "NICHE" DOESN'T MEAN SMALL ARE YOU SURE YOU'RE READY TO GROW FASTER? HOW TO KNOW IF YOU'VE NAILED A NICHE ACHIEVE WORLD DOMINATION ONE NICHE AT A TIME THE ARC OF ATTENTION Chapter 2: SIGNS OF SLOGGING ARE YOU A NICE-TO-HAVE? BIG COMPANIES SUFFER TOO WHERE AARON WENT WRONG YOUR CURRENT STRENGTH CAN BE A FUTURE WEAKNESS Chapter 3: HOW TO NAIL IT WHERE CAN YOU BE A BIG FISH IN A SMALL POND? WORK THROUGH THE NICHE MATRIX HOW AVANOO NAILED IT JASON'S 20-INTERVIEW RULE Chapter 4: YOUR PITCH IF YOU WERE A RADIO STATION, WOULD ANYONE TUNE IN? ELEVATOR PITCHES ARE ALWAYS FRUSTRATING THEY DON'T CARE ABOUT "YOU": 3 SIMPLE QUESTIONS PART TWO: CREATE PREDICTABLE PIPELINE INTRODUCTION: LEAD GENERATION ABSOLVES MANY SINS Chapter 5: SEEDS - CUSTOMER SUCCESS HOW TO GROW SEEDS PREDICTABLY CASE STUDY: HOW GILD DROPPED MONTHLY CHURN FROM 4% TO 1% CASE STUDY: CUSTOMER SERVICE EXCELLENCE AT TOPCON Chapter 6: NETS - INBOUND MARKETING THE FORCING FUNCTION YOUR MARKETING LEADER NEEDS: A "LEAD COMMIT" CORPORATE MARKETING VS. DEMAND GENERATION CASE STUDY: ZENEFITS FROM $1 MILLION TO $100 MILLION IN TWO YEARS INBOUND MARKETING: A 4-POINT PRIMER HEROIC MARKETING: WHEN YOU HAVE NO MONEY AND LITTLE TIME Chapter 7: SPEARS - OUTBOUND PROSPECTING WHERE OUTBOUND WORKS BEST - AND WHERE IT FAILS OUTBOUND LESSONS LEARNED SINCE PREDICTABLE REVENUE WAS PUBLISHED CASE STUDY: ZENEFITS' OUTBOUND LESSONS ACQUIA: OUTBOUND'S ROLE IN A $100 MILLION TRAJECTORY GUIDESPARK: FROM ZERO TO $10 MILLION WITH OUTBOUND TAPSTREAM: STARTING FROM SCRATCH CHAPTER X: WHAT EXECUTIVES MISS PIPELINE CREATION RATE: YOUR #1 LEADING METRIC THE 15/85 RULE: EARLY ADOPTERS AND MAINSTREAM BUYERS WHY YOU'RE UNDERESTIMATING CUSTOMER LIFETIME VALUE CHAPTER 8: WHAT EXECUTIVES MISS PIPELINE CREATION RATE: YOUR #1 LEADING METRIC THE 15/85 RULE: EARLY ADOPTERS AND MAINSTREAM BUYERS WHY YOU'RE UNDERESTIMATING CUSTOMER LIFETIME VALUE PART 3: MAKE SALES SCALABLE Chapter 9: LEARN FROM OUR MISTAKES GROWTH CREATES MORE PROBLEMS THAN IT SOLVES -BUT THEY ARE BETTER PROBLEMS JASON'S TOP 12 MISTAKES IN BUILDING SALES TEAMS ADVICE FROM THE VP SALES BEHIND LINKEDIN AND ECHOSIGN Chapter 10: SPECIALIZATION: YOUR #1 SALES MULTIPLIER WHY SALESPEOPLE SHOULDN'T PROSPECT CASE STUDY: HOW CLIO RESTRUCTURED SALES IN 3 MONTHS CAN YOU BE TOO SMALL, OR TOO BIG, TO SPECIALIZE? SPECIALIZATION: TWO COMMON OBJECTIONS SPECIALIZATION SNAPSHOT AT ACQUIA CHAPTER 11: HIRING BEST PRACTICES FOR SALES SIMPLE HIRING TRICKS WHEN DOING SOMETHING NEW, START WITH TWO CHAPTER 12: HIRING BEST PRACTICES FOR SALES SIMPLE HIRING TRICKS WHEN DOING SOMETHING NEW, START WITH TWO THE $100M HUBSPOT SALES MACHINE: RECRUITING AND COACHING ESSENTIALS CASE STUDY: HOW TO CUT DOWN ON WASTED INTERVIEWING TIME CHAPTER 13: SCALING THE SALES TEAM IF YOU'RE CHURNING MORE THAN 10% OF YOUR SALESPEOPLE, THEY AREN'T THE PROBLEM ZENEFITS CASE STUDY: SCALING SALES FROM 2 TO 350 REPS PUT NON-SALES LEADERS ON VARIABLE COMP PLANS, TOO TRUTH = MONEY PIPELINE DEFICIT DISORDER ARE YOUR ENTERPRISE DEALS TAKING FOREVER? FIVE KEY SALES METRICS (WITH A TWIST) Chapter 14: FOR STARTUPS ONLY EVERY TECH PRODUCT SHOULD HAVE A SERVICE OPTION WHAT JASON INVESTS IN + DO YOU NEED TO RAISE MONEY TO SCALE? WHAT THE HEADCOUNT OF A 100-PERSON SAAS COMPANY LOOKS LIKE PART 4: DOUBLE YOUR DEALSIZE Painful Truth: It's hard to build a big business out of small deals. Chapter 15: DEALSIZE MATH WHAT JASON LEARNED: YOU NEED 50 MILLION USERS TO MAKE FREEMIUM WORK SMALL DEALS GET YOU STARTED, BIG DEALS DRIVE GROWTH CHAPTER 16: NOT TOO BIG, NOT TOO SMALL When you can't turn small deals into big ones IF YOU HAVE CUSTOMERS OF ALL SIZES Chapter 17: GOING UPMARKET IF YOU DON'T WANT SALESPEOPLE ADD ANOTHER TOP PRICING TIER PRICING IS ALWAYS A PAIN GOING FORTUNE 1000: BY MARK CRANNEY PART 5: Do The Time Chapter 18: EMBRACE FRUSTRATION ARE YOU SURE YOU'RE READY FOR THIS? EVERYONE HAS A YEAR OF HELL COMFORT IS THE ENEMY OF GROWTH REACHING ESCAPE VELOCITY Chapter 19: SUCCESS ISN'T A STRAIGHT LINE THE ANXIETY ECONOMY & ENTREPRENEUR DEPRESSION MARK SUSTER'S QUESTION: "SHOULD YOU LEARN OR EARN?" WHEN A STRAIGHT LINE ISN'T THE SHORTEST PATH TO SUCCESS CHANGE YOUR WORLD, NOT THE WORLD PART 6: EMBRACE EMPLOYEE OWNERSHIP Chapter 20: A REALITY CHECK DEAR EXECUTIVES (FROM EMPLOYEE) DEAR EMPLOYEE (FROM EXECUTIVES) PS: "DEAR SENIOR EXECUTIVES, DON'T GET LEFT BEHIND" (FROM CEO AND BOARD) ARE YOUR PEOPLE RENTING, OR OWNING? Chapter 21: FOR EXECUTIVES: CREATE FUNCTIONAL OWNERSHIP A SIMPLE SURVEY "NO SURPRISES" FUNCTIONAL OWNERSHIP CASE STUDY: HOW STRUGGLING TEAM TURNED INTO A SELF-MANAGING SUCCESS To Turn Things Around Chapter 22: TAKING OWNERSHIP TO THE NEXT LEVEL FINANCIAL OWNERSHIP MOVE PEOPLE AROUND THE 4 TYPES OF EMPLOYEES PART 7: DEFINE YOUR DESTINY Chapter 23: ARE YOU ABDICATING YOUR OPPORTUNITY? YOUR OPPORTUNITY IS BIGGER THAN YOU REALIZE HOW TO EXPAND YOUR OPPORTUNITY AT WORK YOU NEED SOME HUMDRUM PASSIONS YOUR COMPANY ISN'T YOUR MOMMY OR DADDY BACK TO FORCING FUNCTIONS: HOW TO MOTIVATE YOURSELF TO DO THINGS YOU DON'T FEEL LIKE DOING SALES IS A LIFE SKILL SALES IS A MULTI-STEP PROCESS Chapter 24: COMBINING MONEY AND MEANING MEANING GONE WRONG WHAT'S YOUR UNIQUE GENIUS? IGNORING REAL LIFE DOESN'T MAKE IT GO AWAY AARON: HOW THE HELL DO YOU JUGGLE 9+ KIDS AND WORK?

To Recover Liberalism. Review of a book by Andrzej Walicki Od projektu komunistycznego do neoliberalnej utopii (From the Communist Project to the Neoliberal Utopia), Warszawa: Universitas 2013This review discusses a recent book by Andrzej Walicki, Od projektu komunistycznego do neoliberalnej utopii (From the Communist Project to the Neoliberal Utopia) (Warszawa: Universitas 2013). The book features a collection of essays, interviews, and scholarly articles published by Walicki in academic and popular journals between 2001 and 2012. Topics include a history of the communist project in a broader European perspective; the significance and legacy of de-Stalinization in Poland, with a particular emphasis on what the author calls "the Polish road away from communism" after 1956; right-wing conservative politics in Poland after 1989, the politicization of the memory of communism; and possible directions for the development of the Polish Left as a necessary component of a healthy democratic system. The compelling scholarly discussion is often combined with autobiographical sketches of an intellectual who has been deeply engaged in intellectual and social life in postwar Poland. Walicki, a prominent intellectual and specialist on intellectual history, studied and worked in Warsaw until he emigrated to Australia and then the United States (The University of Notre Dame) in the 1980s. In that sense, Walicki provides a unique perspective on Polish history and culture, influenced by both Polish and American academic worlds and intellectual traditions. The strength of the book is its focus on the role of language and the manipulation of terms such as "communism" or "liberalism" by contemporary political leaders in Poland to achieve specific emotional reactions from the public. One of the central claims of the book is that Polish political elites have "distorted" the meaning of liberalism by connecting it solely to the free market rather than to the original idea of individual freedoms. In this way, the dominant conservative elites in Poland are able to depict human rights and the welfare state as alien to the "Polish" tradition, supposedly exclusively Catholic and socially conservative. Walicki points to the need to recover the rich history of the Polish Left as well as to restore the original meaning and value of liberalism in shaping Polish democracy. Odzyskać liberalizm. Recenzja książki Andrzeja Walickiego Od projektu komunistycznego do neoliberalnej utopii, Warszawa: Universitas 2013Recenzja omawia najnowszą książkę Andrzeja Walickiego Od projektu komunistycznego do neoliberalnej utopii (Warszawa: Universitas 2013). Książka to zbiór esejów, wywiadów oraz artykułów naukowych publikowanych przez A. Walickiego zarówno w czasopismach naukowych, jak i popularnych w latach 2001-2012. Tematyka prac dotyczy: historii projektu komunistycznego w szerszej, europejskiej perspektywie; znaczenia i spuścizny destalinizacji w Polsce ze szczególnym naciskiem na to, co sam autor nazywa "polską drogą od komunizmu" po 1956 roku; prawicowej, konserwatywnej polityki w Polsce po roku 1989; polityzacji pamięci komunizmu oraz możliwych dróg rozwoju polskiej lewicy jako niezbędnego elementu zdrowego systemu demokratycznego.Interesująca dyskusja naukowa jest często połączona z autobiograficznymi szkicami autora, który angażował się w życie intelektualne i społeczne powojennej Polski. Andrzej Walicki, prominentny intelektualista i historyk idei, studiował i pracował naukowo na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim do lat osiemdziesiątych, kiedy wyemigrował do Australii, a następnie do USA na Uniwersytet Notre Dame. Z tego punktu widzenia Walicki dostarcza nam wyjątkowego spojrzenia na Polską historię i kulturę, ukształtowanego zarówno przez polską, jak i amerykańską tradycję intelektualną i oba akademickie światy. Siłą książki jest koncentracja autora na roli języka i manipulowaniu terminami takimi, jak "komunizm" czy "liberalizm", przez współczesnych politycznych liderów w Polsce po to, aby osiągnąć określoną reakcję emocjonalną odbiorców. Jedno z kluczowych twierdzeń książki dotyczy zniekształcenia znaczenia pojęcia "liberalizm" przez polskie elity intelektualne i polityczne poprzez połączenie go wyłącznie z wolnym rynkiem zamiast z oryginalną ideą wolności jednostki. W ten sposób dominujące konserwatywne elity w Polsce są w stanie przedstawić prawa człowieka oraz państwo opiekuńcze jako obce "polskiej" tradycji, z założenia wyłącznie katolickiej i społecznie konserwatywnej. Walicki wskazuje na potrzebę ponownego odkrycia bogatej historii polskiej lewicy, przywrócenia pierwotnych wartości liberalizmowi i odrestaurowania jego znaczenia w kształtowaniu polskiej demokracji.

Review of a book by Katarzyna Wrzesińska, Culture and civilization in the thought of National Democratic Party (1893–1918). Between the educational idea and politics, Warszawa: Instytut Slawistyki PAN, Fundacja Slawistyczna 2012, pp. 377.The book by Katarzyna Wrzesińska, a historian of ideas and Polish political thought of the 19th and 20th centuries, a researcher of the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences, has an ambitious aim to deal with cultural politics of National Democracy, the largest political movement in the history of Polish lands, at the fin-de-siècle. The further themes are, among others, definitions of nation and folk in the nationalist framework, the role and place of educational ideas in a wider scope of the nationalist project, an influence of nationalist ideas on the Polish intelligentsia.Interestingly, Wrzesińska does not correspond with current social sciences debates about definitions and understandings of nationalisms in literature, but tries to step outside them altogether. Undoubtedly, such a new framework would have helped us move forward in studies on Polish nationalism. Paradoxically though, while the book analyzing a wide array of published primary documents, it offers, in the end, a well-known and conventional story on 'young idealist' debouched whether by mass-politics or by masses as such. The rhetoric of nationalism is quite evident but not equally obvious from Wrzesińska's presentation are the ways in which people appropriated that vocabulary and those ideas for their own ends. The author gives then another casual tale on an innocent but cultural nation and, first and foremost, its elites beset by brutal and uncivilized enemies. Epistemological naiveté, surplus of not analyzed details and quotations, and, last but not least, rather surprisingly narrow catalogue of questions does not address how and why the Polish integral nationalists differed from other national strains of this time.All in all, unfortunately, the book does not help to capture the complexity of National Democracy in the Polish history of the period under discussion. Not only it does not substantially extend our knowledge on the subject, but as well obscures and blocks serious questions about this political movement and its toxic legacy.Recenzja: Katarzyna Wrzesińska, Kultura i cywilizacja w myśli Narodowej Demokracji (1893–1918). Między ideą wychowania a polityką, Warszawa: Instytut Slawistyki PAN, Fundacja Slawistyczna 2012, ss. 377.Książka Katarzyny Wrzesińskiej, historyczki idei oraz polskiej myśli politycznej w XIX i XX wieku, związanej z Instytutem Slawistyki PAN, stawia sobie ambitny cel: omówienie polityki kulturowej Narodowej Demokracji, największego ruchu politycznego na ziemiach polskich przełomu XIX i XX stulecia. Książka porusza kwestię definicji "narodu" i "ludu" w nacjonalistycznej ramie pojęciowej, roli pomysłów edukacyjnych w szerszym spektrum projektu nacjonalistycznego oraz wpływu nacjonalistycznych idei na polską inteligencję.K. Wrzesińska nie odnosi się do obecnie toczącej się w naukach społecznych debaty dotyczącej definicji i rozumienia nacjonalizmu w literaturze, decyduje się zupełnie pominąć tę dyskusję. Bez wątpienia nowa rama teoretyczna pozwoliłaby rozwinąć studia nad polskim nacjonalizmem. Paradoksalnie jednak, chociaż autorka analizuje szeroki zestaw publikowanych już, podstawowych dokumentów, na koniec oferuje dobrze znaną i konwencjonalną opowieść o "młodych idealistach", z czasem uformowanych przez masową politykę lub przez masy jako takie. Retoryka nacjonalizmu jest sama w sobie wystarczająco zrozumiała, jednak w obrazie stworzonym przez Wrzesińską nie jest oczywiste, w jaki sposób nacjonalistyczne słownictwo i idee zostały powszechnie przejęte i wykorzystane. Autorka tworzy za to kolejną wymijającą opowieść o niewinnej i kulturalnej nacji oraz – przede wszystkim – o jej elicie, napastowanej przez brutalnych i niecywilizowanych przeciwników. Epistemologiczna naiwność, nadmiar niezanalizowanych cytatów oraz wąski zestaw pytań badawczych nie pozwalają w pełni przedstawić przyczyn i sposobu, w jaki polski integralny nacjonalizm różnił się od innych nacjonalistycznych nurtów epoki.Niestety książka nie pomaga zrozumieć złożoności sytuacji Narodowej Demokracji w polskiej historii omawianego okresu. Nie tylko w niewystarczający sposób poszerza naszą wiedzę, lecz również blokuje poważne pytania na temat tego ruchu i jego toksycznej spuścizny.

Religion, ideology and traditionalism in Japan from Meiji period. Introduction into the issueIn many ways reminiscent of the situation today, the end of the 19th century saw ethnically and religiously based political conflicts throughout the world. Within the context of global nation building the postulation of respective culturally indigenous traditions played a central role, a concept called "nativism" in cultural anthropology. In this process indigenous, usually strongly religiously influenced (national) traditions were contrasted with the modern global civilization spanning national borders. Thus, the realm of "tradition" was defined as ethnic and therefore "authentic", while modernity was potentially seen as supranational–that is to say, foreign, therefore standing in opposition to the allegedly traditional and indigenous cultures of the respective regions or nations. But when going deeper into this conflict, the highly complicated and diverse structure of the problem becomes apparent. Hardly any other academic theory has had such a revolutionary influence in this respect as that of the so called "invented traditions". Its most basic insight is that the generally used binary antagonism of "tradition" vs. "modernity", which appears so concise and stringent, is by no means sufficient to describe the complexity of the historical process, but requires at least one additional, third category: that of intentionally adjusted, created, or "invented" traditions. The late scholar Eric J. Hobsbawm and his colleagues must be thanked for their pioneering studies in this area which have shed light on the worldwide genesis of such artificial and often intentionally created national traditions which only pretend to be old. But it was another author, Dietmar Rothermund, who already before Hobsbawm et al. undertook a critical methodological step forward toward further clarification. In his research on modern India and especially the ideology of Hindu nationalism, he invented the term of "traditionalism" in this respect. Meiji Japan played a prominent role within this global process of nation building and religious nativism. So it seems especially productive to discuss the theories and problems of "invented traditions" and "traditionalism" in the light of the Japanese case. Not only for the Japanologist as a regional specialist but also for the general historian it could be extremely fruitful to take the Japanese case into account when talking about the anthropology of nation, since it is generally high time to realize that the study of history cannot be reduced to a eurocentric or western view of the world. Religia, ideologia i tradycjonalizm w Japonii od okresu Meiji. Wprowadzenie do problematykiDzisiejsza sytuacja, pod wieloma względami, przypomina XIX-wieczne światowe polityczne konflikty determinowane etnicznie i religijnie. W kontekście globalnych procesów narodowotwórczych centralną rolę nadal odgrywają postulaty wykorzystujące odwołania do indywidualnych tradycji kulturowych, nazywane w antropologii kulturowej "natywizmem". W tym procesie miejscowe – zwykle o silnie religijnych wpływach – (narodowe) tradycje zostały skontrastowane z nowoczesnymi globalnymi cywilizacjami obejmującymi granice narodowe. Sfera "tradycji" została zdefiniowana jako etniczna, a zatem "autentyczna", podczas gdy nowoczesność jest postrzegana jako potencjalnie "ponadnarodowa" – to znaczy zagraniczna – i dlatego stojąca w opozycji do rzekomo tradycyjnych i rdzennych kultur poszczególnych regionów i narodów. Struktura problemu stanie się bardziej widoczna i zróżnicowana, kiedy spojrzymy głębiej wewnątrz tego konfliktu. W żadnym innym przypadku akademicka teoria nie miała tak rewolucyjnego wpływu, jaki miała koncepcja "wynalezienia tradycji". W najbardziej podstawowym rozumieniu wykorzystany w niej bianarny antagonizm "tradycja" vs. "nowoczesność", który pojawia się zwięźle i rygorystycznie, okazuje się niewystarczający dla opisania złożoności procesu historycznego. Wymaga ona co najmniej jednej dodatkowej, trzeciej, kategorii dotyczącej celowej zmiany, tworzenia lub "wynalezienia" tradycji. Należą się podziękowania nieżyjącemu już Ericowi J. Hobsbawmowi i jego kolegom za ich pionierskie badania w tej dziedzinie, które przyczyniły się do zrozumienia genezy sztucznych i często celowo utworzonych tradycji narodowych, które tylko udają, że są stare. Innym autorem, który jeszcze przed Hobsbawmem i innymi określił podstawy metodologiczne i wyznaczył kierunek dalszego rozwoju badań, był Dietmar Rothermund. Badając nowożytne Indie, a dokładnie ideologię hinduskiego nacjonalizmu, wynalazł on pojęcie "tradycjonalizmu". Japonia w okresie Meiji odgrywała ważną rolę w globalnym procesie narodowotwórczym i religijnego natywizmu. Dlatego też szczególnie ważne jest omówienie teorii i problemu "wynalezienia tradycji" i "tradycjonalizmu" na przypadku japońskim. Okazać się to może przydatne nie tylko dla japonologów, jako specjalistów od tego regionu, lecz przede wszystkim historyków, który powinni uwzględnić przypadek Japonii w badaniach nad atropologią narodu. Nawyższy już czas, abyśmy uświadomili sobie, że badanie historii nie może być ograniczone do europocentrycznego lub zachodniocentrycznego postrzegania świata.

Introduction -- 1. William Petty (1623-1687) -- Tony Aspromourgos -- 2. Pierre Le Pesant de Boisguilbert (1646-1714) -- Gilbert Faccarello -- 3. John Law (1671-1729) -- Antoin E. Murphy -- 4. Richard Cantillon (1680/90-1734) -- Antoin E. Murphy -- 5. Charles-Louis de Secondat de Montesquieu (1689-1755) -- Arnaud Orain -- 6. François Quesnay (1694-1774) and Physiocracy -- Arnaud Orain and Philippe Steiner -- 7. Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782) -- Gilbert Faccarello -- 8. David Hume (1711-1776) -- Daniel Diatkine -- 9. James Steuart [James Denham-Steuart] (1712-1780) -- Anthony Brewer -- Antonio Genovesi (1713-1769): see Italian Enlightenment, Volume II -- 10. Adam Smith (1723-1790) -- Tony Aspromourgos -- Jean-Joseph-Louis Graslin (1727-1790): see French Enlightenment, Volume II -- 11. Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot (1727-1781) -- Gilbert Faccarello -- Ferdinando Galiani (1728-1787): see French & Italian Enlightenment, Volume II -- Pietro Verri (1728-1797): see Italian Enlightenment, Volume II -- Cesare Bonesana Beccaria (1738-1794): see Italian Enlightenment, Volume II -- 12. Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat de Condorcet (1743-1794) -- Gilbert Faccarello -- 13. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) -- Marco E. L. Guidi -- 14. Achille-Nicolas Isnard (1749-1803) -- Richard van den Berg -- 15. Henry Thornton (1760-1815) -- Jérôme de Boyer des Roches -- 16. Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) -- Catherine Martin -- 17. Jean-Baptiste Say (1767-1832) -- Alain Béraud -- 18. David Ricardo (1772-1823) -- Heinz D. Kurz -- 19. Jean-Charles-Léonard Simonde de Sismondi (1773-1842) -- Francesca Dal Degan and Nicolas Eyguesier -- 20. Thomas Tooke (1774-1858) -- Neil Skaggs -- 21. Johann Heinrich von Thünen (1780-1850) -- Ludwig Nellinger -- 22. Robert Torrens (c.1780-1864) -- Christian Gehrke -- 23. Barthélémy-Charles Dunoyer de Segonzac -- Alain Béraud -- 24. Friedrich List (1789-1846) -- Stefan Kolev and Joachim Zweynert -- 25. Frédéric Bastiat (1801-1850) -- Alain Béraud -- 26. Antoine-Augustin Cournot (1801-1877) -- Alain Béraud -- 27. Jules Dupuit (1804-1866) -- Alain Béraud -- 28. John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) -- Arrigo Opocher -- 29. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865) -- Alain Béraud -- 30. Hermann Heinrich Gossen (1810-1858) -- Heinz D. Kurz -- 31. Bruno Hildebrand (1812-1878) -- Bertram Schefold -- 32. Wilhelm George Friedrich Roscher (1817-1894) -- Heinz D. Kurz -- 33. Karl Heinrich Marx (1818-1883) -- Gilbert Faccarello, Christian Gehrke and Heinz D. Kurz -- 34. Clément Juglar (1819-1905) -- Muriel Dal Pont-Legrande -- 35. Gustave de Molinari (1819-1912) -- Alain Béraud -- 36. Walter Bagehot (1826-1877) -- Jérôme de Boyer des Roches -- 37. Adolph Heinrich Gotthilf Wagner (1834-1917) -- Rudolf Dujmovits and Richard Sturn -- 38. Marie Esprit Léon Walras (1834-1910) -- Roberto Baranzini -- 39. William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882) -- John Creedy -- 40. Gustav Friedrich von Schmoller (1838-1917) -- Johannes Glaeser -- 41. Henry Sidgwick (1838-1900) -- Keith Tribe -- 42. Alfred Marshall (1842-1924) -- Tiziano Raffaelli -- 43. Carl Menger (1840-1921) -- Gilles Campagnolo -- 44. Philip Henry Wicksteed (1844-1927) -- John Creedy -- 45. Francis Ysidro Edgeworth (1845-1926) -- John Creedy -- 46. John Bates Clark (1847-1938) -- Marlies Hanna Schütz -- 47. Vilfedo Pareto (1848-1923) -- Michael McLure -- 48. Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk (1851-1914) -- Carl Christian von Weizsäcker -- 49. Knut Wicksell (1851-1926) -- Hans-Michael Trautwein -- 50. Friedrich von Wieser (1851-1926) -- Richard Sturn -- 51. Maffeo Pantaleoni (1857-1924) -- Marco Dardi -- 52. Thorstein Bunde Veblen (1857-1929) -- Alfonso Giuliani -- 53. Antonio De Viti de Marco (1858-1943) -- Amedeo Fossati -- 54. John Atkinson Hobson (1858-1940) -- Michael Schneider -- 55. Georg Simmel (1858-1918) -- Dieter Bögenhold -- 56. Enrico Barone (1859-1924) -- Marco Dardi -- 57. Max Weber (1864-1920) -- Keith Tribe -- 58. Mikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranovsky (1865-1919) -- Vladimir Avtonomov and Natalia Makasheva -- 59. Gustav Cassel (1866-1945) -- Hans-Michael Trautwein -- 60. Irving Fisher (1867-1947) -- Harald Hagemann -- 61. Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz (1868-1931) -- Christian Gehrke and Heinz D. Kurz -- 62. Vladimir Karpovich Dmitriev (1868-1913) -- Christian Gehrke -- 63. Louis Bachelier (1870-1946) -- Alain Béraud -- 64. Arthur Spiethoff (1873-1957) -- David Haas -- 65. Albert Aftalion (1874-1956) -- Muriel Dal Pont-Legrand -- 66. Wesley Clair Mitchell (1874-1948) -- Malcolm Rutherford -- 67. Edwin Walter Kemmerer (1875-1945) -- Rebeca Gómez Betancourt -- 68. Arthur Cecil Pigou (1877-1959) -- Hansjörg Klausinger -- 69. Ralph George Hawtrey (1879-1975) -- Jérôme de Boyer des Roches -- 70. Evgeni Evgenievich Slutsky (1880-1948) -- Irina Eliseeva -- 71. Ludwig Heinrich von Mises (1881-1973) -- Richard Sturn -- 72. John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) -- Victoria Chick and Jesper Jespersen -- 73. Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1883-1950) -- Richard Sturn -- 74. Frank H. Knight (1885-1972) -- Ross B. Emmett -- 75. Karl Polanyi (1886-1964) -- Peter Kalmbach -- 76. Walter Eucken (1891-1950) -- Hauke Janssen -- 77. Erik Lindahl (1891-1960) -- Christian Gehrke -- 78. Adolph Lowe (1893-1995) -- Harald Hagemann -- 79. Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch (1895-1973) -- Olav Bjerkholt -- 80. Jacob Marschak (1898-1977) -- Harald Hagemann -- 81. Gunnar Myrdal (1898-1987) -- Hans-Michael Trautwein -- 82. Lionel Charles Robbins (1898-1984) -- Andreas Rainer -- 83. Piero Sraffa (1898-1983) -- Heinz D. Kurz and Neri Salvadori -- 84. Edward H. Chamberlin (1899-1967) -- Rodolfo Signorino -- 85. Friedrich August von Hayek (1899-1992) -- Peter Boettke -- 86. Michał Kalecki (1899-1970) -- Michaël Assous -- 87. Roy Forbes Harrod (1900-1978) -- Michaël Assous -- 88. Abba Ptachya Lerner (1903-1982) -- Volker Caspari -- 89. John von Neumann (1903-1957) -- Manfred J. Holler -- 90. Frank Plumpton Ramsey (1903-1930) -- K. Vela Velupillai and Ragupathy Venkatachalam -- 91. Joan Violet Robinson (1903-1983) -- Harvey Gram -- 92. George Lennox Sharman Shackle (1903-1992) -- Brian J. Loasby -- 93. Jan Tinbergen (1903-1994) -- Mark Knell -- 94. John Richard Hicks (1904-1989) -- Harald Hagemann -- 95. Oskar Ryszard Lange (1904-1965) -- Michaël Assous -- 96. Richard Ferdinand Kahn (1905-1989) -- Geoffrey C. Harcourt -- 97. Wassily W. Leontief (1905-1999) -- Olav Bjerkholt -- 98. Heinrich von Stackelberg (1905-1946) -- Ulrich Schwalbe -- 99. James Edward Meade (1907-1995) -- Volker Caspari -- 100. Nicholas Kaldor (1908-1986) -- John E. King -- 101. Ronald Harry Coase (1910-2013) -- Élodie Bertrand -- 102. Richard Abel Musgrave (1910-2007) -- Richard Sturn -- 103. Tibor Scitovsky (1910-2002) -- Viviana Di Giovinazzo -- 104. Maurice Allais (1911-2010) -- Alain Béraud -- 105. Milton Friedman (1912-2006) -- Christian Philipp Schröder and Peter Spahn -- 106. Abram Bergson [Abram Burk] (1914-2003) -- Antoinette Baujard -- 107. Paul Anthony Samuelson (1915-2009) -- Carl Christian von Weizsäcker -- 108. Herbert Alexander Simon (1916-2001) -- K. Vela Velupillai and Ying-Fang Kao -- 109. James Tobin (1918-2002) -- Robert W. Dimand -- 110. James M. Buchanan (1919-2013) -- Viktor Vanberg -- 111. Hyman Philip Minsky (1919-1996) -- L. Randall Wray -- 112. Kenneth Joseph Arrow (1921) -- Maurice Salles -- 113. Gérard Debreu (1921-2004) -- Alan Kirman -- 114. Don Patinkin (1922-1995) -- Goulven Rubin -- 115. Michio Morishima (1923-2004) -- Toichiro Asada -- 116. Robert Merton Solow (1924) -- Peter Kalmbach -- 117. John Forbes Nash (1928-2015) -- Robert W. Diamand and Khalid Yahia -- 118. Robert Alexander Mundell (1932) -- Oliver Sauter and Peter Spahn -- 119. Takashi Negishi (1933) -- Toichiro Asada -- 120. Amartya Kumar Sen (1933) -- Wulf Gaertner -- 121. Robert E. Lucas (1937) -- Arash Molavi Vasséi snd Peter Spahn -- 122. George Akerlof (1940) -- Olivier Favereau -- 123. Joseph Eugene Stiglitz (1943) -- Max Gödl -- 124. Paul Robin Krugman (1953) -- Max Gödl.