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BACKGROUND: Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. METHODS: We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. FINDINGS: We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17·2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 15·4-19·2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2·39 billion, 2·30-2·50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2·36 billion (2·35-2·37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20-30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. INTERPRETATION: Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Background: Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. Findings: We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17·2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 15·4-19·2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2·39 billion, 2·30-2·50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2·36 billion (2·35-2·37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20-30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Interpretation: Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. ; Theo Vos, Christine Allen, Megha Arora … Azmeraw T Amare . Ratilal Lalloo … Yohannes Adama Melaku … et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators)

Background: Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. Findings: We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17·2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 15·4–19·2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2·39 billion, 2·30–2·50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2·36 billion (2·35–2·37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20–30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Interpretation: Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available.

Background Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. Findings We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17·2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 15·4–19·2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2·39 billion, 2·30–2·50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2·36 billion (2·35–2·37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20–30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available. ; Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. ; Open Access funded by Bill & Melinda Gates FoundationUnder a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Background Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. Findings We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17·2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 15·4–19·2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2·39 billion, 2·30–2·50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2·36 billion (2·35–2·37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20–30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

ObjectiveTo generate a global reference for caesarean section (CS) rates at health facilities. DesignCross-sectional study. SettingHealth facilities from 43 countries. Population/SampleThirty eight thousand three hundred and twenty-four women giving birth from 22 countries for model building and 10045875 women giving birth from 43 countries for model testing. MethodsWe hypothesised that mathematical models could determine the relationship between clinical-obstetric characteristics and CS. These models generated probabilities of CS that could be compared with the observed CS rates. We devised a three-step approach to generate the global benchmark of CS rates at health facilities: creation of a multi-country reference population, building mathematical models, and testing these models. Main outcome measuresArea under the ROC curves, diagnostic odds ratio, expected CS rate, observed CS rate. ResultsAccording to the different versions of the model, areas under the ROC curves suggested a good discriminatory capacity of C-Model, with summary estimates ranging from 0.832 to 0.844. The C-Model was able to generate expected CS rates adjusted for the case-mix of the obstetric population. We have also prepared an e-calculator to facilitate use of C-Model (). ConclusionsThis article describes the development of a global reference for CS rates. Based on maternal characteristics, this tool was able to generate an individualised expected CS rate for health facilities or groups of health facilities. With C-Model, obstetric teams, health system managers, health facilities, health insurance companies, and governments can produce a customised reference CS rate for assessing use (and overuse) of CS. Tweetable abstractThe C-Model provides a customized benchmark for caesarean section rates in health facilities and systems. Tweetable abstract The C-Model provides a customized benchmark for caesarean section rates in health facilities and systems. ; NICHD NIH HHS ; World Health Organization ; Univ Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto Med Sch, Dept Social Med, Av Bandeirantes, BR-3900 Ribeirao Preto, Brazil ; WHO, World Bank Special Programme Res Dev & Res Traini, UNDP UNFPA UNICEF WHO, Dept Reprod Hlth & Res, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland ; Univ Paris 05, Sorbonne Paris Cite, UMR 216, Inst Dev Res, Paris, France ; WHO Reg Off Amer, Women & Reprod Hlth CLAP WR, Latin Amer Ctr Perinatol, Montevideo, Uruguay ; Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA ; Paris Descartes Univ, Ctr Epidemiol & Biostat, Obstetr Perinatal & Pediat Epidemiol Res Team, Inserm U1153, Paris, France ; Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Populat Hlth Res, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico ; Univ Technol, Fac Hlth, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Natl Ctr Child Hlth & Dev, Dept Hlth Policy, Tokyo, Japan ; Ctr Rosarino Estudios Perinat, Rosario, Argentina ; Lindsay Stewart R&D Ctr, Off Res & Clin Audit, Royal Coll Obstetricians & Gynaecologists, London, England ; London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Hlth Serv Res & Policy, London WC1, England ; Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Med, Xinhua Hosp, Shanghai Key Lab Childrens Environ Hlth,Minist Ed, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China ; Univ Estadual Campinas, Sch Med Sci, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Campinas, SP, Brazil ; Family Hlth Bur, Minist Hlth, Colombo, Sri Lanka ; Fiocruz MS, ENSP, BR-21045900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil ; Natl Inst Hlth & Welf, Helsinki, Finland ; Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Paediat, Tokyo, Japan ; Bayer Krankenhausgesellschaft, Bayer Arbeitsgemeinschaft Qualitatssicherun Stati, Munich, Germany ; Khon Kaen Univ, Fac Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Khon, Kaen, Thailand ; Univ Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto Med Sch, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, BR-14049 Ribeirao Preto, Brazil ; Minist Sante, Direct Sante Famille, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso ; Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA ; Univ Mongolia, Hlth Sci, Sch Publ Hlth, Ulaanbaatar, Mongol Peo Rep ; GLIDE Tech Cooperat & Res, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil ; Univ Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto Med Sch, Dept Paediat, BR-14049 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil ; Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol & Global Hlth Sci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA ; Khon Kaen Univ, Fac Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat & Demog, Khon Kaen, Thailand ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Sch Med Sao Paulo, Dept Obstet, Sao Paulo, Brazil ; Inter Amer Dev Bank, Social Protect & Hlth Div, Mexico City, DF, Mexico ; Fortis Mem Res Inst, Gurgaon, Haryana, India ; Hosp Nacl Itaugua, Itaugua, Paraguay ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Sch Med Sao Paulo, Dept Obstet, Sao Paulo, Brazil ; NICHD NIH HHS: T32 HD052460 ; World Health Organization: 001 ; Web of Science

ObjectiveTo generate a global reference for caesarean section (CS) rates at health facilities. DesignCross-sectional study. SettingHealth facilities from 43 countries. Population/SampleThirty eight thousand three hundred and twenty-four women giving birth from 22 countries for model building and 10045875 women giving birth from 43 countries for model testing. MethodsWe hypothesised that mathematical models could determine the relationship between clinical-obstetric characteristics and CS. These models generated probabilities of CS that could be compared with the observed CS rates. We devised a three-step approach to generate the global benchmark of CS rates at health facilities: creation of a multi-country reference population, building mathematical models, and testing these models. Main outcome measuresArea under the ROC curves, diagnostic odds ratio, expected CS rate, observed CS rate. ResultsAccording to the different versions of the model, areas under the ROC curves suggested a good discriminatory capacity of C-Model, with summary estimates ranging from 0.832 to 0.844. The C-Model was able to generate expected CS rates adjusted for the case-mix of the obstetric population. We have also prepared an e-calculator to facilitate use of C-Model (). ConclusionsThis article describes the development of a global reference for CS rates. Based on maternal characteristics, this tool was able to generate an individualised expected CS rate for health facilities or groups of health facilities. With C-Model, obstetric teams, health system managers, health facilities, health insurance companies, and governments can produce a customised reference CS rate for assessing use (and overuse) of CS. Tweetable abstractThe C-Model provides a customized benchmark for caesarean section rates in health facilities and systems. Tweetable abstract The C-Model provides a customized benchmark for caesarean section rates in health facilities and systems. ; NICHD NIH HHS ; World Health Organization ; Univ Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto Med Sch, Dept Social Med, Av Bandeirantes, BR-3900 Ribeirao Preto, Brazil ; WHO, World Bank Special Programme Res Dev & Res Traini, UNDP UNFPA UNICEF WHO, Dept Reprod Hlth & Res, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland ; Univ Paris 05, Sorbonne Paris Cite, UMR 216, Inst Dev Res, Paris, France ; WHO Reg Off Amer, Women & Reprod Hlth CLAP WR, Latin Amer Ctr Perinatol, Montevideo, Uruguay ; Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA ; Paris Descartes Univ, Ctr Epidemiol & Biostat, Obstetr Perinatal & Pediat Epidemiol Res Team, Inserm U1153, Paris, France ; Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Populat Hlth Res, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico ; Univ Technol, Fac Hlth, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Natl Ctr Child Hlth & Dev, Dept Hlth Policy, Tokyo, Japan ; Ctr Rosarino Estudios Perinat, Rosario, Argentina ; Lindsay Stewart R&D Ctr, Off Res & Clin Audit, Royal Coll Obstetricians & Gynaecologists, London, England ; London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Hlth Serv Res & Policy, London WC1, England ; Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Med, Xinhua Hosp, Shanghai Key Lab Childrens Environ Hlth,Minist Ed, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China ; Univ Estadual Campinas, Sch Med Sci, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Campinas, SP, Brazil ; Family Hlth Bur, Minist Hlth, Colombo, Sri Lanka ; Fiocruz MS, ENSP, BR-21045900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil ; Natl Inst Hlth & Welf, Helsinki, Finland ; Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Paediat, Tokyo, Japan ; Bayer Krankenhausgesellschaft, Bayer Arbeitsgemeinschaft Qualitatssicherun Stati, Munich, Germany ; Khon Kaen Univ, Fac Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Khon, Kaen, Thailand ; Univ Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto Med Sch, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, BR-14049 Ribeirao Preto, Brazil ; Minist Sante, Direct Sante Famille, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso ; Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA ; Univ Mongolia, Hlth Sci, Sch Publ Hlth, Ulaanbaatar, Mongol Peo Rep ; GLIDE Tech Cooperat & Res, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil ; Univ Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto Med Sch, Dept Paediat, BR-14049 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil ; Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol & Global Hlth Sci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA ; Khon Kaen Univ, Fac Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat & Demog, Khon Kaen, Thailand ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Sch Med Sao Paulo, Dept Obstet, Sao Paulo, Brazil ; Inter Amer Dev Bank, Social Protect & Hlth Div, Mexico City, DF, Mexico ; Fortis Mem Res Inst, Gurgaon, Haryana, India ; Hosp Nacl Itaugua, Itaugua, Paraguay ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Sch Med Sao Paulo, Dept Obstet, Sao Paulo, Brazil ; NICHD NIH HHS: T32 HD052460 ; World Health Organization: 001 ; Web of Science

Ponencia presentada al Congreso Internacional Comunicación, Sociedad Civil y Cambio Social: #Comunicambio celebrado los días 20, 21 y 22 de mayo de 2015. Universitat Jaume I de Castellón (España) ; La irrupción política de Podemos en el panorama mediático y electoral español supuesto no sólo una revolución política sino también comunicativa. El 15M significó la crisis definitiva de la hegemonía indiscutible del Modelo Difusión en política, como ya se había verificado en otros espacios de comunicación social. Con su "no nos representan", el 15M fue ante todo un proceso de disolución enunciativa. Tras él Podemos es el único caso de un experimento de hibridación integral del Modelo Difusión y el Modelo Reticular, intentando propiciar su sinergia. El desembarco de Pablo Iglesias en la televisión resulta crucial, pues se trata de un intento de abrochar la enunciación mediático-electoral con la enunciación popular-reticular. La consecuencia es que Podemos se está construyendo con la lógica de partido clandestino a plena luz mediática. Nuestro propósito, es estudiar el nuevo reto comunicativo, semiótico y hermenéutico de Podemos, que le ha llevado tanto a un evidente éxito mediático como a ser continuamente motejado de populista. Para ello, partiremos de la ruptura epistemológica llevada a cabo por Ernesto Laclau y Chantal Mouffe en el seno del marxismo e intentaremos acotar el campo de discursivo conjunto tanto de los medios reticulares que usa Podemos (sobre todo los perfiles de Facebook y los hilos reddit de Plaza Podemos) como del tratamiento televisivo que ha recibido Pablo Iglesias en su tránsito de tertuliano a político en activo con especial atención a si su puesta en escena obedece a los patrones del líder populista radical-democrático (al estilo de los líderes populistas latinoamericanos) o bien al líder mediático liberal-parlamentario (propio de las democracias noroccidentales) atendiendo no sólo una cuestión de audiencias y otros patrones métricos, sino de estructura del sistema comunicativo y de posición enunciativa ; Podemos political breakthrough in the Spanish media and electoral landscape has brought not only a political but also communicative revolution. 15M movement meant the definitve crisis of the undisputed hegemony Broadcasting Model in politics, already verified in other areas of social communication. With its slogan "They don't represent us," 15M was primarily a process of enunciative dissolution. After 15M movement Podemos is the only case of a comprehensive hybridization experiment between the Broadcasting and the Reticular communication Model, trying to promote their synergy. The landing of Pablo Iglesias on television is crucial, because it is an attempt to do up the media-election statement with the popular-reticular enunciation. As a consequence Podemos is being built with the logic of an underground party in full media light. Our purpose is to study the Podemos new communicative, semiotic and hermeneutic challenge, which has led both to be considered a glaring media success and to be continually labeled as a populist party. To do this, we focus the epistemological breakin conducted by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe within Marxist Theory and we'll try to narrow the field of discursive set both the reticular means that Podemos uses (especially Facebook profiles and reedit trheads) and the television coverage received by Pablo Iglesias in transit from commentator politician with special attention to his staging reflecting patterns of radical-democratic populist leader (in the style of Latin American populist leaders) or the media liberal-parliamentary leader (typical of the North Western democracies) attending not just a matter of audiences and other metrical patterns, but structure of the communication system and enunciative position ; "Evaluación e indicadores de sensibilidad moral en la comunicación actual de los movimientos sociales" (CSO-2012-34066), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. "De víctimas a indignados: Visibilidad mediática, migración de imágenes, espectacularización de los conflictos y procesos de transformación social hacia una Cultura de Paz" (P1-1A2012), Plan de promoción de la Investigación de la Universitat Jaume I. "La comunicación en red para el desarrollo" de la Convocatoria Actores No Estatales y Autoridades locales en el Desarrollo (Sensibilización sobre cuestiones de desarrollo y apoyo a la educación para el desarrollo de la Unión Europea) de la Comisión Europea.

Ästhetik und Narration neuerer Fernsehserien sowie ihrer Rezeption widmen sich die insgesamt 22 Beiträge des in der Schriftenreihe "Film, Fernsehen, Medienkultur" erschienenen Sammelbandes. Der im Titel Transnationale Serienkultur. Theorie, Ästhetik, Narration und Rezeption neuer Fernsehserien suggerierten Fragestellung wird der Sammelband aber eigentlich nur in seinem Kernkapitel gerecht, in dem es um die kolumbianische Telenovela Yo soy Betty, la fea geht. Untersucht werden Differenzen und Gemeinsamkeiten der unzähligen Adaptionen zwischen preußischem Ernst (Verliebt in Berlin) und US-amerikanischer Comedy (Ugly Betty). "Während die spanische Adaption stärker den Telenovela-Aspekt betont, die deutsche Adaption sehr nah an der Mischung des kolumbianischen Originals bleibt, geben die amerikanische und die russische Adaption den komödiantischen Elementen mehr Gewicht" (S. 264), schreiben Lothar Mikos und Marta Perrotta. Tanja Weber steuert – ausgehend von Yo soy Betty, la fea – einen sehr lesenswerten Beitrag zu Ausformung und historischer Transformation des internationalen Handels mit TV Formaten bei. Anhand der "Forsthaus Falkenau-Entscheidung" (https://www.jurion.de/Urteile/OLG-Muenchen/1990-03-15/29-U-4346_89) des OLG München und dem rechtlichen Disput um die allzu sehr an die britische Sitcom The Office erinnernde deutsche Serie Stromberg lotet Weber die Ambivalenzen umstrittenen geistigen Eigentums aus und versucht geeignete Begrifflichkeiten zur Auseinandersetzung mit der Thematik zu entwickeln. Der tschechischen Adaption von Yo soy Betty, la fea widmet sich der Beitrag von Irena Carpentier-Reifová. Interessant ist die Adaption aufgrund der gleichzeitigen An- und Abwesenheit der realsozialistischen Vergangenheit. Während die Armut der weiblichen Hauptfigur wiederholt mit der sozialistischen Vergangenheit in Beziehung gesetzt wird, bleibt der Ursprung des familiären Reichtums hinter dem Modeimperium und wie dieser sich in wenigen Jahren derart anhäufen konnte, weitgehend im Dunklen. Die "privilegierte Welt [ist] nicht nur reich, sondern außerdem vollkommen in die neue Zeit des Kapitalismus eingetaucht und von der Vergangenheit strikt getrennt" (S. 313), so Carpentier-Reifová, aus deren Sicht Hauptfigur Katrin in der Serie zur "Heldin eines utopischen Kapitalismus" (S. 324) wird. Die Beiträge abseits des Kernkapitels sind von unterschiedlicher Qualität und Relevanz – zwischen medienwissenschaftlicher Pflichtübung und tatsächlich Erkenntnisreichem. Sehr positiv hervorzuheben ist der Text von Herbert Schwaab, der sich ausgehend von Debatten über vermeintliches Quality-TV mit der vergleichsweise glanzlosen Qualität britischer Comedy-Formate beschäftigt. Schwaab entlarvt den Begriff "Quality TV" gekonnt und bezeichnet das, was darunter verstanden wird, in Anlehnung an Debatten aus der soziologischen Stadtforschung treffend als "das gentrifizierte Fernsehen" (S. 208), welches einem tendenziell bildungsbürgerlichen Publikum zur kulturellen Selbstversicherung dient. Auch ironische Formate wie Scrubs, Sex and the City oder How I Met Your Mother böten diesem Publikum "zu sehr die Möglichkeit einer Distanz, die […] das Gefühl gibt, gefordert zu werden", letztlich aber wiederum nur "eine sichere Position als Betrachter vermittelt" (S. 208). Den Begriff der Qualität wirft Schwaab dabei keineswegs über Bord, sondern versucht ihn neu zu füllen. Qualität sollte sich, so Schwaab, "auf Sendungen beziehen, die stärker im Fernsehen selbst verankert sind, statt auf Sendungen, die dazu neigen, Fernsehen zu ignorieren oder gar zu verleugnen und sich damit vom Publikum des Fernsehens dissoziieren" (S. 211). Qualitätsfernsehen sei demnach nicht jenes, das versuchst, möglichst wenig an Fernsehen zu erinnern, sondern eines, das zu einem besseren Verständnis des Fernsehens beiträgt. Als Anschauungsbeispiele dienen ihm The Office und Spaced. Wie bei vielen anderen britischen Sitcoms stehen bei The Office die Schmerzhaftigkeit und die Scham, die durch das Nicht-Funktionieren sozialer Interaktion ausgelöst werden, im Vordergrund. Das Rezeptionserlebnis ähnelt (Stichwort: Fremdschämen) dem von Reality-TV. Letzteres bildet für The Office – einer Mockumentary über den Büroalltag – die direkte formale Vorlage. Die Figuren werden in The Office, wie in vielen anderen im starken öffentlich-rechtlichen Sektor des Vereinigten Königreichs produzierten Sitcoms, "als widersprüchliche Produkte ihres sozialen Umfelds" begriffen "und nicht als Produkte psychischer Dispositionen, die in so vielen amerikanischen Formaten in einer Flashbackstruktur erforscht werden und vorgeben, das Geheimnis einer Figur zu ergründen" (S. 217). Schwaab spricht treffend von der Glanzlosigkeit britischer Fernsehserien, denen es aber gerade dadurch gelingt "sich auf beides zu beziehen, auf die 'wirkliche' Welt und auf die Wirklichkeit (und Geschichte) des Fernsehens – als ein Medium, das unser Leben überwacht (wie in The Office) und als ein Medium, das versucht über den Platz des Mediums in der Alltagskultur nachzudenken (wie in Spaced)" (S. 221). Auch die im Buch veröffentlichte empirische Studie von Sarah Kumpf, die sich mit Distinktion durch Serienaneignung bei AkademikerInnen beschäftigt, ist lesenswert. In Anlehnung an Pierre Bourdieu beschreibt sie, wie bourgeoise Ästhetik von Distanzierung und populäre Ästhetik von Beteiligung geprägt ist. Die Vermarktung von Fernsehen als Quality TV macht dem bürgerlichen Publikum ein neues Angebot: "Auch als Akademikerin oder Akademiker muss man sich nun nicht mehr schamvoll als Serienrezipient outen, sondern kann intellektuell von der hohen Qualität des Quality TV schwärmen" (S. 351). Die Verschiebungen in Bezug darauf, wie RezipientInnen populärkulturelle Produkte deuten und deren Konsum legitimieren, sind dabei zweifellos aufschlussreich. AkademikerInnen tendieren demnach dazu, von ihnen konsumierte TV-Serien in den Bereich vermeintlicher Hochkultur zu rücken; sie grenzen sich "von denjenigen Rezipierenden ab, die das gewöhnliche Fernsehprogramm rezipieren" (S. 363f.). Das Selbstbild der AkademikerInnen ist davon geprägt, zugleich die eigene Rezeption als höherstehend zu legitimieren und sich "von anderen abzugrenzen, die in ihren Augen zu intensiv Fernsehtexte rezipieren und [sich] aneignen" (S. 364). Was Identifikationsstrukturen betrifft, unterscheiden sich jene mit Immatrikulationshintergrund recht wenig von jenen ohne. Auch die "Intellies", wie Kumpf akademisch gebildete SerienrezipientInnen mehr oder weniger liebevoll nennt, neigen dazu, Themen und Probleme ihres Lebens mithilfe der Serienwelt zu verhandeln und legitimieren damit wiederum ihren Serienkonsum. Insgesamt versammelt Transnationale Serienkultur. Theorie, Ästhetik, Narration und Rezeption neuer Fernsehserien trotz des weitgehenden Fehlens einer eindeutigen und stringent verfolgten Fragestellung mehrere interessante und lesenswerte Beiträge, die sowohl für SerienrezipientInnen als auch für FernsehwissenschaftlerInnen Erkenntnisgewinn versprechen. Gegliedert in die Bereiche "Theoretische Aspekte der Serienkultur", "Ästhetik und Narration" sowie "Rezeption" bietet der Sammelband neben dem Kernkapitel zu Yo soy Betty, la fea auch eine allgemein brauchbare, wenn auch nur begrenzt transnationale Einführung in eine wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit TV-Serien. Soviel zum Inhalt, abschließend zur Preispolitik: Es gibt Bücher, die den Eindruck erwecken, ihre HerausgeberInnen würden wirklich alles dafür tun, damit sie von möglichst niemandem gelesen werden. Transnationale Serienkultur. Theorie, Ästhetik, Narration und Rezeption neuer Fernsehserien kostet fast 50 Euro, weshalb auch ich es nicht gekauft, sondern ein Rezensionsexemplar bestellt habe. Hintergrund derart absurder Preispolitiken ist folgender trauriger Umstand: Verlage und HerausgeberInnen wissenschaftlicher Bücher verfolgen heutzutage nicht primär das Ziel, dass ihre Bücher von möglichst vielen Menschen gekauft und gelesen werden. Stattdessen wird darauf gesetzt, diese Bücher primär an mit Steuergeldern finanzierte öffentliche Bibliotheken zu verkaufen, um damit die Kosten des Verlages zu decken. Im konkreten Fall werden so öffentliche Gelder an einen privaten Medienkonzern umverteilt und – so sie sich von ihrem Verlag nicht gänzlich über den Tisch haben ziehen lassen – zumindest zu einem geringen Teil an HerausgeberInnen und AutorInnen. Menschen, die nicht in der Nähe einer wissenschaftlichen Bibliothek wohnen und bereit sind, 50 Euro für ein Buch auszugeben, welches fairerweise für maximal 20 Euro im Handel erhältlich sein sollte, haben dann eben Pech gehabt. Das ist schade, trägt es doch letztlich zur Selbstmarginalisiserung kritischer Kulturwissenschaft bei.

BACKGROUND: Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. METHODS: We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. FINDINGS: We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17·2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 15·4-19·2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2·39 billion, 2·30-2·50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2·36 billion (2·35-2·37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20-30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. INTERPRETATION: Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Background Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. Findings We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17·2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 15·4–19·2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2·39 billion, 2·30–2·50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2·36 billion (2·35–2·37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20–30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Machine generated contents note: About the author -- About the contributors Introduction -- What is a digital strategy? -- What's the story of this book? -- How to get the most from this book 01 What is digital marketing? -- A history of digital marketing -- The 4 Ps of marketing -- Porter's five forces -- Brand or perceptual positioning map -- Customer lifetime value -- Segmentation -- Boston Consulting Group matrix -- Summary -- Further reading -- References 02 Aligning with your business strategy -- Customer centricity -- Business model -- Global strategy -- Brand -- Vision -- Culture -- Research and insight -- KPIs -- Summary -- Further reading -- References 03 Barriers and considerations -- Technology -- Skills -- Budget and resources -- Business priorities -- Regulation -- Summary -- Further reading -- References 04 Planning -- The planning process -- The phased approach -- Goals -- Objectives and strategies -- Action plans -- Controls -- People -- Budgeting and forecasting -- Summary -- Further reading 05 Search engine optimization -- A history of SEO -- Researching your SEO strategy -- Technical SEO -- Site structure -- Content -- Mobile -- Location -- Penalties -- Organizational structure and SEO -- Summary -- Further reading -- References 06 Paid search -- An introduction to paid search -- Setting up a campaign -- Measurement and optimization -- Advanced paid search -- Managing paid search campaigns - humans versus robots -- Summary -- Further reading 07 Display -- A brief history -- Programmatic advertising -- Types and formats of display advertising -- Ad servers and technological delivery -- Types of display campaign -- Planning and targeting display campaigns -- Display campaign measurement and attribution modelling -- Summary -- Further reading -- References 08 Social media -- History of social media -- Should I or shouldn't I? -- Customer service and reputation management -- The SEO angle -- Where to start? -- Types of social media -- Content -- Social advertising -- Measurement -- Summary -- References 09 User experience and transformation -- User experience (UX) -- Digital transformation -- Summary -- Further reading -- References 10 CRM and retention -- Defining CRM and retention -- Contact strategy -- Cross-selling and up-selling -- Predictive analytics -- CRM systems -- Social CRM (SCRM) -- Loyalty -- Summary -- Further reading -- References 11 True personalization -- What is personalization? -- Defining true personalization -- User-defined personalization -- Behavioural personalization -- Tactical personalization -- Single customer view -- Summary -- Further reading -- References 12 Customer service -- Customer service principles -- Channels -- Social customer service -- Measurement -- Summary -- Further reading -- References 13 Content strategy -- What is content marketing? -- What is content? -- What content types should you use? -- Why content marketing? -- People and process for creating content -- Distribution -- Measuring the value of content -- International content -- Audit checklist -- Summary -- Further reading -- References 14 Analytics and reporting -- The data landscape -- The reliability of data-based decisions -- What are analytics? -- Tools and technology -- Attribution modelling -- Reporting -- Summary -- Further reading -- References 15 Presenting your strategy -- Decision making -- Budget -- Key channel benefits -- How channels interact -- Website -- Further considerations -- Structuring your proposal -- Advocacy -- Summary -- Further reading -- References Bringing it all together -- Index

This book discusses the significance of cultural symbols/'images' in the nation-building of Eurasian states that emerged out of the former Soviet Union. It particularly focuses on the cases of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan in the post-Soviet era and argues that the relationship between nation- and image-building has been particularly relevant for Eurasian states. In an increasingly globalized world, nation-state building is no longer an activity confined to the domestic arena. The situating of the state within the global space and its 'image' in the international community (nation branding) becomes in many ways as crucial as the projection of homogeneity within the state. The relationship between politics and cultural symbols/ 'images', therefore acquires and represents multiple possibilities. It is these possibilities that are the focus of Symbols and the Image of the State in Eurasia. It argues that the relationship between politics and cultural symbols/ 'images', became particularly relevant for states that emerged in the wake of the disintegration of the Soviet Union in Central Asia. It extends the argument further to contend that the image that the state projects is largely determined by its legacy and it attempts to do this by taking into account the Uzbek and Kazakh cases. In the shaping of the post-Soviet future these legacies and projections as well as the policy implications of these projections in terms of governmentality and foreign policy have been decisive. Anita Sengupta is Senior Researcher, Calcutta Research Group and Visiting Fellow, Observer Research Foundation, India. She is an area studies specialist and her work has been focused on the Eurasian region with Uzbekistan being her area of special interest. She has also worked extensively on Turkish politics. She has collaborated with academics and policy makers in a number of Universities and Institutes in Tashkent, Bishkek, Almaty, Ankara, Istanbul, Berlin, Washington and has published jointly with scholars in the Eurasian region. She has been associated with the Stockholm International Programme for Central Asian Studies, SIPCAS and the Nordic Network for Research on Migration, Identity, Communication and Security. Her bookHeartlands of Eurasia: The geopolitics of political space(Lexington Books: 2009) was selected by the Oxford Bibliographies Online in 2011 as a must read on the sectionGeopolitics and Geo-strategy. She is also the author ofRussia, China and Multilateralism in Central Asia(Shipra 2005)The Formation of the Uzbek Nation-State: A Study in Transition (Lexington Books 2003)andFrontiers into Borders: The Transformation of Identities in Central Asia(Greenwich Millennium Press 2002) She has edited a number of volumes on Eurasian politics. Her most recent publicationisMyth and Rhetoric of the Turkish Model: Exploring Developmental Alternatives(Springer 2014).

"The first Muslim woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize, Shirin Ebadi has inspired millions around the globe through her work as a human rights lawyer defending women and children against a brutal regime in Iran. Now Ebadi tells her story of courage and defiance in the face of a government out to destroy her, her family, and her mission: to bring justice to the people and the country she loves. For years the Islamic Republic tried to intimidate Ebadi, but after Mahmoud Ahmadinejad rose to power in 2005, the censorship and persecution intensified. The government wiretapped Ebadi's phones, bugged her law firm, sent spies to follow her, harassed her colleagues, detained her daughter, and arrested her sister on trumped-up charges. It shut down her lectures, fired up mobs to attack her home, seized her offices, and nailed a death threat to her front door. Despite finding herself living under circumstances reminiscent of a spy novel, nothing could keep Ebadi from speaking out and standing up for human dignity. But it was not until she received a phone call from her distraught husband--and he made a shocking confession that would all but destroy her family--that she realized what the intelligence apparatus was capable of to silence its critics. The Iranian government would end up taking everything from Shirin Ebadi--her marriage, friends, and colleagues, her home, her legal career, even her Nobel Prize--but the one thing it could never steal was her spirit to fight for justice and a better future. This is the amazing, at times harrowing, simply astonishing story of a woman who would never give up, no matter the risks. Just as her words and deeds have inspired a nation, Until We Are Free will inspire you to find the courage to stand up for your beliefs; advance praise for Until We Are Free: "Shirin Ebadi is quite simply the most vital voice for freedom and human rights in Iran"--Reza Aslan, author of No god but God and Zealot : The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth; "A riveting account of a brave, lonely struggle. Reads like a police thriller, its drama heightened by Ebadi's determination to keep up the quotidian aspects of her family life"--The Washington Post Book World; "A must-read. may be the most important book you could read this year"--Seattle Post-Intelligencer; "As a testament to how a single, inspired voice can rise above the cacophony. The book should be required reading"--The Nation; "Some of her admirers in Iran call her a woman of steel. Sure, ...

En række sociologer har de seneste år peget på, at den postindustrielle serviceøkonomi stiller stadigt større krav til servicemedarbejderes sociale og følelsesmæssige kompetencer. Eva Illouz (2008) argumenterer eksempelvis for, at vestlige samfund kendetegnes af en "emotionel kapitalisme", hvor følelsesmæssige kompetencer er blevet en central stratifikationsfaktor, som marginaliserer især mænd med en traditionel arbejderklasse habitus. Men få studier har undersøgt, hvordan arbejdsgivere rent faktisk vurderer ansøgernes sociale og følelsesmæssige kompetencer. Gennem interviews og observationsstudier har artiklens forfatter undersøgt, hvordan verdens største ambulanceoperatør vurderer og værdsætter ansøgeres sociale og følelsesmæssige kompetencer gennem rekrutteringsprocessen til stillingen som ambulanceredderelev. Artiklen viser med udgangspunkt i fire ansættelsessamtaler med mandlige ansøgere, hvordan ansøgerens primære følelsesmæssige habitus har betydning for samtalens udfald og de sympatirelationer, som skabes i forbindelse med samtalen. Data viser også, at selvom ledelsen fremhæver, at personlighed og empati er afgørende i screeningen af ansøgerne, så anvender virksomheden ikke personlighedstest eller andre psykologiske teknologier i rekrutteringsprocessen. Sociale og følelsesmæssige kompetencer vurderes derimod ud fra ansøgerens institutionaliserede omsorgskapital samt bedømmelsesudvalgets mavefornemmelse af ansøgerens følelsesmæssige dispositioner og evne til at passe ind både i faget og virksomhed.


ENGELSK ABSTRACT:

Morten Kyed: "We Are a Business that Is Really above Average in Empathy": Recruiting "Soft Competences" in Ambulance Service

A number of sociologists have suggested that the post-industrial service economy is placing increasing demands on service employees' social and emotional skills. Eva Illouz (2008), for instance, argues that Western societies are characterised by an "emotional capitalism", in which emotional competencies are pivotal for social stratification and marginalisation of men with a traditional working class habitus. However, few studies have examined how employers actually assess applicants' social and emotional skills. Through interviews and observational studies, the author has studied how the world's largest ambulance operator assesses and evaluates social and emotional skills of ambulance apprentice applicants. Employing four job interviews with male candidates, the article illustrates how the applicant's primary emotional habitus is important for the construction of sympathy relations during the job interviews and the outcome of the conversation. The data also shows that although management emphasises that personality and empathy are crucial when screening applicants, the company does not use personality tests or other psychological technologies in the recruitment process. Assessment of social and emotional skills is based on the candidate's "institutionalised care capital" and the assessment committee's gut feeling about the applicant's emotional disposition and ability to fit into both the vocation and the company.

Keywords: service work, service economy, recruitment, social competences, emotional competences, gender.