Suchergebnisse

The article is devoted to the formation of utopian thought in the history of ancient China. The chronological framework of the topic covers the period of the Eastern Zhou era (770 - 256 BC). The historical preconditions for the emergence of utopia and its features are revealed. Emphasis is placed on the affinity of utopian thought of the region with the ethical and philosophical currents of the time, the peculiarities of worldview. The author draws attention to the relevance of this topic, which is explained by the existing debate in modern humanities about the existence of utopia and utopianism in ancient China. The idea of the presence of certain elements of utopian thought, starting with Confucius and Mo-Tzu, whose works later became the basis for the development of utopia in the future. The methodological basis of the work revealed the main roots of the utopian ideal, to substantiate the characteristics of utopia in line with socio-political thought China. Generic signs of utopia were revealed. It is shown that these features are the product of a socio-political crisis (the fragmentation of the state into warring kingdoms, social contradictions of property and legal nature between social strata). Hence the idea of the "golden age" as an idealized past, the opposite of the real (modern) rolling situation. Weak political power causes the emergence in utopia of the image of a strong wise (and perfectly wise) ruler, who is helped to rule by wise and pious people. In support of this, the article quotes Mo-Tzu, who assesses reality with a degree of pessimism and, putting forward an altruistic idea of universal love, does not believe in its realization. As a result, among the typological features of utopian thought in ancient China are criticism, idealization of the "ideal" past, compensatory (utopia inspires hope) and timeless (ukhronia). ; Статья посвящена рассмотрению формирования утопической мысли в истории Древнего Китая. Хронологические рамки темы охватывают период эпохи Восточного Чжоу (770 г. до н. э. - 256 г. до н. э.). Раскрыты исторические предпосылки возникновения утопии, ее черты. Акцент ставится на родство утопической мысли данного региона с этико-философскими течениями того времени, особенностями мировосприятия. Автор обращает внимание на актуальность данной тематики, что объясняется существующей в современной гуманитарной науке дискуссией по поводу существования в Древнем Китае утопии и утопизма. Выражается идея о наличии определенных элементов уто-пической мысли, начиная с Конфуция и Мо-Цзы, чьи произведения стали впоследствии основой для развития утопии в дальнейшем. Методологический базис работы позволил выявить истоки формирования утопического идеала, обосновать характеристики утопии в русле общественно-политической мысли Древнего Китая. Выявлены родовые признаки утопии. Показано, что эти признаки являются порождением социально-политического кризиса (раздробленность государства на воюющие между собой царства, социальные противоречия имущественного и правового характера между социальными слоями). Отсюда вытекает идея о «золотом веке» как идеализированное прошлое, противоположное реальной (современной) политической ситуации. Слабая политическая власть предопределяет появление в утопии образа сильного мудрого (причем совершенномудрого) правителя, которому помогают править мудрые и благочестивые люди. В подтверждение этого тезиса в статье приводится высказывание Мо-Цзы, который с определенной долей пессимизма оценивает действительность и, выдвигая альтруистическую идею о всеобщей любви, не верит в ее реализацию.Как результат, среди типологических черт утопической мысли в Древнем Китае выделяются критицизм, идеализация «идеального» прошлого, компенсаторность (утопия вселяет надежду) и вневременной характер (ухрония). ; Стаття присвячена розгляду формування утопічної думки в історії Стародавнього Китаю. Хронологічні рамки теми охоплюють період епохи Східного Чжоу (770 р. до н. е. - 256 р. до н. е.). Розкрито історичні передумови виникнення утопії, її риси. Акцент ставиться на спорідненість утопічної думки даного регіону з етико-філософськими течіями того часу, особливостями світосприйняття. Автор звертає увагу на акту-альність даної тематики, що пояснюється існуючою в сучасній гуманітарній науці дискусії з приводу іс-нування в Стародавньому Китаї утопії і утопізму. Виражається ідея про наявність певних елементів уто-пічної думки, починаючи з Конфуція і Мо-Цзи, чиї твори стали згодом основою для розвитку утопії в подальший час. Методологічний базис роботи дозволив виявити основне коріння формування утопічного ідеалу, обгрунтувати характеристики утопії в руслі суспільно-політичної думки Стародавнього Китаю. Виявлено родові ознаки утопії. Показано, що ці ознаки є породженням соціально-політичної кризи (роздробленість держави на воюючі між собою царства, соціальні протиріччя майнового і правового характеру між соціальними прошарками). Саме звідси випливає ідея про «золотий вік» як ідеалізоване минуле, протилежне реальній (сучасній) політичній ситуації. Слабка політична влада зумовлює появу в утопії образу сильного мудрого (причому досконаломудрого) правителя, якому допомагають правити мудрі і благочестиві люди. На підтвердження цього в статті наводиться вислів Мо-Цзи, який з часткою песимізму оцінює дійсність і, висуваючи альтруїстичну ідею про всезагальну любов, не вірить в її реалізацію.Як результат, серед типологічних рис утопічної думки в Стародавньому Китаї виділяються критицизм, ідеалізація «ідеального» минулого, компенсаторність (утопія вселяє надію) і позачасовий характер (ухронія).

Summary. The purpose of the article is to investigate the process of formation of medical personnel of the Podillia region in the postwar period. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematization, scientificity, verification, authorial objectivity, moderate narrative constructivism, as well as on the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (historical-genetic, historical-typological, historical-systemic) methods. The scientific novelty is that for the first time the peculiarities of the formation of medical staff of the Podillia region in the postwar period are studied, as well as the role of local medical schools in the training of highly qualified medical workers. Also, the author of the article for the first time introduces into scientific circulation a number of archival materials. Conclusions. Thus, the Podillia region is one of the regions of Ukraine that suffered the most from the Nazi occupation. All this had a negative impact on its industrial potential and demographic situation. The medical sphere of Podillya was especially affected. In the post-war period, the health care sector of the region was rapidly restored. An extremely positive result of changes in the post-war medical sphere of the Podillya regions was the spread of specialized medical care in rural areas, the association of hospitals and outpatient clinics in rural district centers made it possible to introduce specialization of medical staff in certain specialties substituting general practitioners. However, it was not enough to restore the full functioning of the medical sector in the region. At that time, the Podillia region faced an acute shortage of medical workers: doctors, paramedics, nurses, etc. During the second half of the 1940s and the beginning of the 1950s, the problem of forming qualified medical staff for medical educational institutions in the region was generally solved. We should note here the huge post-war labor enthusiasm of the inhabitants of the Podillia region, thanks to which it was possible to solve the shortage of medical personnel in the region within the shortest possible time. Among medical institutions, a special place is occupied by the Vinnytsia Medical Institute, which, thanks to the efforts of both faculty and students, has become not only a powerful educational alley of the research institution of Podillia. All this in general contributed to the training of highly qualified medical personnel. As for the policy of the Soviet government in this area, to encourage the success of students in education and work, it used the so-called extra-economic factors, the most common of which was the organization of socialist competitions both between medical schools and within them between student groups, faculties, etc. ; Анотація. Мета статті – дослідити процес формування медичних кадрів Подільського регіону у післявоєнний період. Методологія дослідження ґрунтується на принципах історизму, системності, науковості, верифікації, авторської об'єктивності, поміркованого наративного конструктивізму, а також на використанні загальнонаукових (аналіз, синтез, узагальнення) та спеціально-історичних (історико-генетичний, історико-типологічний, історико-системний) методів. Наукова новизна полягає у тому, що вперше досліджуються особливості формування медичного персоналу Подільського регіону у післявоєнний період, а також відзначена роль місцевих медичних навчальних закладів у процесі підготовки висококваліфікованих працівників медичної сфери. Також авторка статті вперше вводить до наукового обігу низку архівних матеріалів. Висновки. Таким чином, Подільський край належить до числа регіонів України, які найбільше постраждали від німецько-фашистської окупації. Усе це негативно відобразилося на його як промисловому потенціалі, так і демографічній ситуації. Особливо постраждала медична сфера Поділля. У післявоєнний період швидкими темпами відновлювалася сфера охорони здоров'я краю. Надзвичайно позитивним результатом змін у післявоєнній медичній сфері областей Поділля стало поширення спеціалізованої медичної допомоги на селі. Замість загального лікаря для лікування усіх захворювань, об'єднання лікарень і амбулаторій у сільських райцентрах вдалося здійснити спеціалізацію медичного персоналу на окремі спеціальності.Однак цих результатів для відновлення повноцінного функціонування медичної сфери регіону було замало. У той час Подільський регіон зіштовхнувся з гострою нестачею медичних працівників: лікарів, фельдшерів, медсестер тощо.Протягом другої половини 40 – початку 50-х рр. ХХ ст., загалом була подолана проблема формування кваліфікованого медичного персоналу для медичних навчальних закладів регіону. Тут слід відзначити величезний післявоєнний трудовий ентузіазм мешканців Подільського краю, завдяки якому вдалося у короткі терміни розв᾿язати питання дефіциту медичних кадрів. Серед медичних закладів особливе місце займає Вінницький медичний інститут, який завдяки зусиллям як професорсько-викладацького складу, так і студентів перетворився не лише на потужну навчальну, але й науково-дослідну установу Поділля. Усе це загалом сприяло підготовці висококваліфікованих медичних кадрів. Стосовно політики радянської влади у цій сфері, то для заохочення успіхів студентства у навчанні та трудовій діяльності, нею застосовувалися т. зв. позаекономічні чинники, найпоширенішим з яких була організація соціалістичних змагань як між медичними навчальними закладами, так і у внутрі них між студентськими групами, факультетами тощо.

In all states governed by the rule of law the administration is subject to the law and supervision by the courts on the same basis as any individual/citizen, in accordance with the principle of the supremacy of the law. The author only represents the most important instruments in the field of international law concerning control over administration, which supervise the implementation of human rights in the country that has ratified the respective instruments. Therefore, the ratification and incorporation of international normative legal instruments in the form of conventions, such as the European Convention on Human Rights within the national legal order, impose the obligation for a certain state to respect or protect the rights guaranteed by the respective Convention, as well as the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights that governs the interpretation and proper application of the Convention, the relevant European Court of Human Rights case-law setting standards for assessing the efficiency and effectiveness of public administration. Hence, this case law should act as a guideline for improving legal regulations and, under certain circumstances, avoiding the initiation of an administrative dispute before competent national courts, if objectively possible. However, due to certain reasons which will be elaborated upon in this paper, some deviations can occur and, for that matter, judicial review means review by courts of administrative action with a view to ensuring their legality as well as providing the protection and realization of the rights and legal interests of citizens in the sphere of administrative law. ; U svim zemljama u kojima je prihvaćena vladavina prava uprava je podvrgnuta pravu i nadzoru od strane sudova na istim temeljima kao i pojedinac/građanin, u skladu s principom supremacije prava. Autor prikazuje samo najvažnije instrumente u području međunarodnog prava koji se tiču kontrole nad upravom, koji osiguravaju nadzor nad ostvarenjem zaštite ljudskih prava u zemlji koja je ramificirala dotične instrumente. Stoga ratifikacija i inkorporacija međunarodnih normativnih pravnih instrumenata u obliku konvencija u nacionalni pravni poredak, poput Europske konvencije o ljudskim pravima, postavlja obvezu državi za poštivanjem ili zaštitom prava garantiranih Konvencijom, kao i presuda Europskog suda za ljudska prava koji se brine o interpretaciji i pravilnoj primjeni Konvencije, relevantnih standarda za procjenu učinkovitosti i uspješnosti javne uprave postavljenih u presudama Europskog suda za ljudska prava. Ove bi presude trebale služiti kao smjernice za poboljšanje pravne regulacije i, pod određenim okolnostima, omogućiti izbjegavanje upravnih sporova pred nadležnim domaćim sudovima, ako je to objektivno moguće. Međutim, zbog određenih razloga, koji će biti elaborirani u ovome članku, može doći do devijacija i zbog toga, sudski nadzor znači nadzor od strane upravnih sudova s ciljem osiguranja zakonitosti kao i osiguranja zaštite i ostvarenja prava i pravnih interesa građana u sferi upravnog prava. ; In Einklang mit dem Grundsatz des Vorrangs des Rechts, ist die Verwaltung in allen rechtsstaatlichen Ländern auf gleicher Grundlage wie Einzelpersonen und Bürger dem Recht und Ge richten unterworfen. Der Autor stellt auschlaggebende Instrumente im Bereich des Völkerrechts in Bezug auf Überprüfung der Verwaltung, welche die Umsetzung der Menschenrechte im Land, das die genannten Instrumente ratifiziert hat, übersieht, dar. Die Ratifizierung und Einführung internationaler Rechtsinstrumente in Form von Konventionen, wie die EMRK, in nationale Rechtssysteme verpflichten den Staat die unter der Konvention gewährleisteten Rechte, sowie die Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Standards für Überprüfung von Effizienz und Wirksamkeit der öffentlichen Verwaltung, zu schützen. Deswegen sollte die Rechtsprechung dazu dienen, die Rechtsvorschriften zu verbessern, sowie, unter bestimmten Umständen, Einleitung Verwaltungsstreitigkeiten vor nationalen Gerichten, falls möglich, zu verhindern. Trotzdem kommt es zu Abweichungen, und gerichtliche Überprüfung bedeute Überprüfung der Verwaltungsakten um ihre Legalität zu gewährleisten und Schutz sowie Verwirklichung von Rechten und Rechtsinteressen der Bürger im Bereich des Verwaltungsrechts zu bieten. ; In tutti gli stati governati dal principio di legalità l'amministrazione è soggetta al diritto e alla supervisione dalle corti sulle stesse basi come qualunque individuo/cittadino, in conformità con il principio della supremazia del diritto. Autore presenta soltanto gli strumenti più importanti nel campo del diritto internazionale relativi al controllo sull'amministrazione, i quali supervisionano l'implementazione dei diritti dell'uomo nel paese che ha ratificato i rispettivi strumenti. Pertanto, la ratificazione e l'incorporazione degli strumenti legali normativi internazionali nella forma di convenzioni, come la Convenzione europea dei diritti dell'uomo all'interno del ordinamento legale nazionale, impone l'obbligo per un certo stato di rispettare o proteggere i diritti garantiti dalla rispettiva Convenzione, proprio come la giurisprudenza della Corte europea dei diritti dell'uomo determina l'interpretazione e l'appropriata applicazione della Convenzione, la giurisprudenza della rilevante Corte europea dei diritti dell'uomo stabilisce gli standard per valutare l'efficienza e l'effettività della pubblica amministrazione. Quindi, questa giurisprudenza potrebbe fungere da linea guida per il miglioramento delle regolazioni legali e in certe circostanze per evitare l'avvio di un contenzioso amministrativo difronte alle corti nazionali competenti qualora questo sarebbe oggettivamente possibile. Comunque, a causa di certe ragioni che saranno elaborate in questo lavoro, alcune deviazioni possono avvenire, come pure delle revisioni giudiziarie, il che significa una revisione dalle corti delle azioni amministrative con una prospettiva sulla garanzia della legalità proprio come fornire la protezione e la realizzazione dei diritti e degli interessi legali dei cittadini nella sfera del diritto amministrativo.

Using mid-infrared star formation rate and stellar mass indicators in WISE (Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer), we construct and contrast the relation between star formation rate and stellar mass for isolated and paired galaxies. Our samples comprise a selection of AMIGA (Analysis of the interstellar Medium in Isolated GAlaxies; isolated galaxies) and pairs of ALFALFA (Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA) galaxies with H I detections such that we can examine the relationship between H I content (gas fraction, H I deficiency) and galaxy location on the main sequence (MS) in these two contrasting environments. We derive for the first time an H I scaling relation for isolated galaxies using WISE stellar masses, and thereby establish a baseline predictor of H I content that can be used to assess the impact of environment on H I content when compared with samples of galaxies in different environments. We use this updated relation to determine the H I deficiency of both our paired and isolated galaxies. Across all the quantities examined as a function of environment in this work (MS location, gas fraction, and H I deficiency), the AMIGA sample of isolated galaxies is found to have the lower dispersion: σ AMIGA = 0.37 versus σ PAIRS = 0.55 on the MS, σ AMIGA = 0.44 versus σ PAIRS = 0.54 in gas fraction, and σ AMIGA = 0.28 versus σ PAIRS = 0.34 in H I deficiency. We also note fewer isolated quiescent galaxies, 3 (0.6 per cent), compared to 12 (2.3 per cent) quiescent pair members. Our results suggest the differences in scatter measured between our samples are environment driven. Galaxies in isolation behave relatively predictably, and galaxies in more densely populated environments adopt a more stochastic behaviour, across a broad range of quantities. © 2020 The Author(s) ; This work is based on the research supported in part by the National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant Numbers UID: 101099 and 111745). JB additionally acknowledges support from the DST-NRF Professional Development Programme (PDP), and the University of Cape Town. MEC is a recipient of an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (project number FT170100273) funded by the Australian Government. THJ acknowledges funding from the National Research Foundation under the Research Career Advancement and South African Research Chair Initiative programmes, respectively. We acknowledge the work of the entire ALFALFA team for observing, flagging, and performing signal extraction. MGJ is supported by a Juan de la Cierva formaci?n fellowship (FJCI-2016-29685) from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci?n y Universidades (MCIU). MGJ also acknowledges support from the grants AYA2015-65973-C3-1- R (MINECO/FEDER, UE) and RTI2018-096228-BC31 (MCIU). This work has been supported by the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the 'Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa' award to the Instituto de Astrof?sica de Andaluc?a (SEV-2017-0709). This publication makes use of data products from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, which is a joint project of the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This work also utilizes data from Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA (ALFALFA) survey data set obtained with the Arecibo L-band Feed Array (ALFA) on the Arecibo 305-m telescope. Arecibo Observatory is part of the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center, which is operated by Cornell University under Cooperative Agreement with the U.S. National Science Foundation. Funding for the SDSS and SDSS-II has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Japanese Monbukagakusho, the Max Planck Society, and the Higher Education Funding Council for England. The SDSS Web Site is http://www.sdss.org/. In addition, we make use of data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS DR7). The SDSS is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium for the Participating Institutions. The Participating Institutions are the American Museum of Natural History, Astrophysical Institute Potsdam, University of Basel, University of Cambridge, Case Western Reserve University, University of Chicago, Drexel University, Fermilab, the Institute for Advanced Study, the Japan Participation Group, Johns Hopkins University, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, the Korean Scientist Group, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (LAMOST), Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy (MPIA), the Max-Planck-Institute for Astrophysics (MPA), New Mexico State University, Ohio State University, University of Pittsburgh, University of Portsmouth, Princeton University, the United States Naval Observatory, and the University of Washington ; Peer reviewed

[EN] Francisco Andreví (*1786; †1853) has been a somewhat mistreated composer, when not postponed, by a number of historiographical prejudices. Radically conservative presbyter, and examining obtaining some positions coveted by many, he monopolized the criticism of some colleagues in his stay at the head of the Royal Chapel, and even had to suffer exile and some ostracism on his return, which relegated him to a position of second order in the peripheral Catalan territory. Fruit of that, despite, at the time, the enormous social weight of his work and teaching, soon fell into oblivion. Fled from the monarchical purge led by the regent Maria Cristina in favor of her daughter and the successive liberal governments, he found refuge in Bordeaux, from where, gradually, he was regaining the previous prestige of which he was ousted by a new political situation in Spain, until arriving in Paris, where he led a life of discretion, undoubtedly tending to reclaim his former position and obtain the possibility of an honorable return. Finally, he managed to return to his country, although not to a cathedral or high visibility position, but to the church of La Merced in Barcelona, where, little by little, by means of a quiet and tenacious industriousness, he was again winning over an environment that still posed no small reluctance to him. His death, when he was barely 67 years old and predicted his early professional rehabilitation, left an extensive musical production, model for many, as many were his disciples and many copies of his works, which were performed regularly in Spain and Latin America. As important was also his personal figure, related to Rossini, Berlioz, Cherubini or Carnicer, and even his theoretical-musical legacy, through an influential treaty of harmony, praised by Auber. Andreví represents an author, in short, fruit of his time, which demands his prompt rehabilitation, as well as the uninhibited attention of current musicology. ; [ES] Francisco Andreví (*1786; †1853) ha sido un compositor en cierto modo maltratado, cuando no postergado, por no pocos prejuicios historiográficos. Presbítero radicalmente conservador, y opositor que se hizo con puestos ansiados por muchos, acaparó las críticas de algunos colegas en su estancia al frente de la Real Capilla, e incluso hubo de padecer el exilio y cierto ostracismo a su regreso, que le relegó a un puesto de segundo orden en el periférico territorio catalán. Fruto de aquello, a pesar de, en su momento, el enorme peso social de su obra y magisterio, pronto cayó en el olvido. Huido de la purga monárquica protagonziada por la regente María Cristina en favor de su hija y de los sucesivos gobiernos liberales, halló refugio en Burdeos, desde donde, de manera paulatina, fue recobrando el anterior prestigio del que fuera desbancado por una nueva situación política en España, hasta llegar a París, donde llevó una vida de discreción, sin duda tendente a reclamar su anterior posición y obtener la posibilidad de un regreso honroso. Finalmente, consiguió volver a su país, aunque no a un cargo catedralicio o de gran visibilidad, sino a la iglesia de la Merced en Barcelona, donde, poco a poco, mediante una laboriosidad callada y tenaz, fue ganándose nuevamente a un entorno que todavía le planteaba no pocas reticencias. Su muerte, cuando apenas contaba con 67 años y auguraba su pronta rehabilitación profesional, dejó una amplísima producción musical, modélica para muchos, pues fueron muchos sus discípulos y muchas las copias de sus obras, que se interpretaron con asiduidad en España y Latinoamérica. Como importante fue también su figura personal, relacionada con Rossini, Berlioz, Cherubini o Carnicer, e incluso su legado teórico-musical, a través de un influyente tratado de armonía, elogiado por Auber. Un autor, en suma, fruto de su tiempo, que reclama su pronta rehabilitación, así como la atención desinhibida de la musicología actual. ; El presente artículo, que se ha ofrecido en dos partes (de las que la presente es la segunda y última), cuyo germen parte de una investigación realizada en una primera fase gracias a la obtención de la "III Beca de la Fundació Ernest Lluch de Recerca Musicològica", edición 2010, se enmarca en los resultados del Proyecto de Investigación Coordinado de I+D+i (Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia) titulado El patrimonio musical de la España moderna (siglos XVII-XVIII): recuperación, digitalización, análisis, recepción y estructuras retóricas de los discursos musicales (HAR2017-86039-C2-1-P), del que A. Ezquerro es Investigador Principal. Puede verse un estudio ampliado del mismo, de donde se extraen abundantes informaciones, en: Ballús Casóliva & Ezquerro Esteban, 2016. ; Peer reviewed

We present the results from a search for the electromagnetic counterpart of the LIGO/Virgo event S190510g using the Dark Energy Camera (DECam). S190510g is a binary neutron star (BNS) merger candidate of moderate significance detected at a distance of 227 ± 92 Mpc and localized within an area of 31 (1166) square degrees at 50% (90%) confidence. While this event was later classified as likely nonastrophysical in nature within 30 hours of the event, our short latency search and discovery pipeline identified 11 counterpart candidates, all of which appear consistent with supernovae following offline analysis and spectroscopy by other instruments. Later reprocessing of the images enabled the recovery of six more candidates. Additionally, we implement our candidate selection procedure on simulated kilonovae and supernovae under DECam observing conditions (e.g., seeing and exposure time) with the intent of quantifying our search efficiency and making informed decisions on observing strategy for future similar events. This is the first BNS counterpart search to employ a comprehensive simulation-based efficiency study. We find that using the current follow-up strategy, there would need to be 19 events similar to S190510g for us to have a 99% chance of detecting an optical counterpart, assuming a GW170817-like kilonova. We further conclude that optimization of observing plans, which should include preference for deeper images over multiple color information, could result in up to a factor of 1.5 reduction in the total number of follow-ups needed for discovery. ; Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey. The Collaborating Institutions are Argonne National Laboratory, the University of California at Santa Cruz, the University of Cambridge, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas-Madrid, the University of Chicago, University College London, the DES-Brazil Consortium, the University of Edinburgh, the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, the Institut de Ciències de l'Espai (IEEC/CSIC), the Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, the University of Michigan, NFS's NOIRLab, the University of Nottingham, The Ohio State University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, the University of Sussex, Texas A&M University, and the OzDES Membership Consortium. Based in part on observations at Cerro Tololo InterAmerican Observatory at NSFs NOIRLab (NOIRLab Prop. ID 2012B-0001; PI: J. Frieman), which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The DES data management system is supported by the National Science Foundation under grant Nos. AST-1138766 and AST-1536171. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MICINN under grants ESP2017-89838, PGC2018-094773, PGC2018-102021, SEV2016-0588, SEV-2016-0597, and MDM-2015-0509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/ 2007–2013) including ERC grant agreements 240672, 291329, and 306478. We acknowledge support from the Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) e-Universe (CNPq grant 465376/2014-2). This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under grant No. 1744555. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. R.M. thanks the LSSTC Data Science Fellowship Program, which is funded by LSSTC, NSF Cybertraining grant #1829740, the Brinson Foundation, and the Moore Foundation; his participation in the program has benefited this work. F.O.E. acknowledges support from the FONDECYT grant No. 1201223.

The article deals with topical problems of social protection of internally displaced persons during the accrual and payment of pensions, the author analyzes the general reasons for suspension of such payments and grounds for their renewal, the appeal of such actions by representatives of the Pension Fund of Ukraine, as well as explores the most common problems of exercising the right of internally displaced persons to receive pensions. benefits earned by previous work and which is a form of social protection. Pursuant to Part 4 of Article 9 of the Law of Ukraine "On Ensuring the Rights and Freedoms of Citizens and the Legal Regime in the Temporarily Occupied Territory of Ukraine" bodies (officials) established in a temporarily occupied territory are allowed solely for the purpose of securing the national interests of Ukraine, protecting the rights and freedoms of Ukrainian citizens, fulfilling international treaties, agreeing to obligations the nature of which was provided by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, facilitating the restoration within the temporarily occupied territory of the constitutional order of Ukraine. Therefore, the procedure for the exchange and confirmation of information between state bodies concerning the establishment of relations and interaction of state authorities of Ukraine, their officials, local self-government bodies and their officials with illegal bodies (officials) established in a temporarily occupied territory is allowed. for the purpose of securing the national interests of Ukraine, protecting the rights and freedoms of Ukrainian citizens, fulfilling international treaties, the consent of which was rendered compulsory by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, assistance from the restoration within the temporarily occupied territory of the constitutional system of Ukraine, and is the responsibility of such state bodies directly. Relevant jurisprudence on the subject has been analyzed and proposals have been made to simplify the exercise and protection of the social rights of displaced persons. According to Art. 55 of the Constitution of Ukraine, the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen are protected by a court, everyone is guaranteed the right to appeal in court the decisions, actions or omissions of state authorities, local self-government bodies, officials and officials. However, according to Part 2 of Article 19 of the Constitution of Ukraine, state authorities, local self- government bodies, their officials are obliged to act only on the basis, within the powers and in the manner provided by the Constitution and laws of Ukraine. Therefore, the Pension Fund of Ukraine in its activities is obliged to act only in the manner prescribed by law, and strictly respecting the rights of such legitimate interests of internally displaced persons, in particular. ; Стаття присвячена актуальним проблемам соціального захисту внутрішньо переміщених осіб при нарахуванні та виплаті пенсій, автором проаналізовано загальні підстави зупинення таких виплат та підстави їх поновлення, оскарження таких дій представників Пенсійного фонду України, а також досліджені найпоширеніші проблеми реалізації права внутрішньо переміщених осіб на отримання пенсії, як виплати, заслуженої попередньою працею, і яка є однією з форм соціального захисту. Відповідно до ч.4 ст.9 Закону України «Про забезпечення прав і свобод громадян та правовий режим на тимчасово окупованій території України» встановлення зв'язків та взаємодія органів державної вла- ди України, їх посадових осіб, органів місцевого самоврядування та їх посадових осіб з незаконними органами (посадовими особами), створеними на тимчасово окупованій території, допускається виключно з метою забезпечення національних інтересів України, захисту прав і свобод громадян України, виконання міжнародних договорів, згода на обов'язковість яких надана Верховною Радою України, сприяння відновленню в межах тимчасово окупованої території конституційного ладу України. Отже, порядок обміну та підтвердження інформацією між державними органами з приводу встановлення зв'язків та взаємодії органів державної влади України, їх посадових осіб, органів місцевого самоврядування та їх посадових осіб з незаконними органами (посадовими особами), створеними на тимчасово окупованій території, допускається виключно з метою забезпечення національних інтересів України, захисту прав і свобод громадян України, виконання міжнародних договорів, згода на обов'язковість яких надана Верховною Радою України, сприяння відновленню в межах тимчасово окупованої території конституційного ладу України, і є обовязком безпосередньо таких державних органів. Проаналізована відповідна судова практика з даної проблематики та зроблені пропозиції щодо спрощення здійснення та захисту соціальних прав вимушених переселенців. Згідно ст. 55 Конституції України права і свободи людини і громадянина захищаються судом, кожному гарантується право на оскарження в суді рішень, дій чи бездіяльності органів державної влади, органів місцевого самоврядування, посадових і службових осіб. При цьому, згідно ч.2 ст.19 Конституції України, органи державної влади, органи місцевого самоврядування, їх посадові особи зобов'язані діяти лише на підставі, в межах повноважень та у спосіб, що передбачені Конституцією та законами України. Отже, Пенсійний фонд України у своїй діяльності зобов'язаний діяти лише у встановлений законом спосіб, та суворо дотримуючись прав так законних інтересів внутрішньо переміщених осіб, зокрема.

A partir de la lucha por la vivienda, experimentada en Bogotá hacía la década de los sesenta del siglo pasado, se resignificaron diversos procesos heroicos de constitución y consolidación de nuevas formas de ocupación urbana que proporcionaron una nueva identidad a la ciudad. El Policarpa Salvarrieta, cuya primera ocupación data del 29 de junio de 1961, fue una de estas nuevas formas de ocupación insignia de los destechados: la invasión. Esta forma de construir ciudad está marcada por una ideología dada por el Partido Comunista, lo cual le ayudó a desarrollar procesos de transformación y desarrollo progresivo de la vivienda, que se expresan en modos de habitar característicos desde sus inicios hasta la actualidad. Investigar la dimensión física de las transformaciones de la casa que se han dado a pequeñas dosis permite no solo hacer evidente al habitante, sino entender sus maneras de ocupar, de vivir y de establecer sus relaciones con los espacios dentro de la vivienda, pues demuestra cómo el desarrollo urbano de un barrio se convierte en indicador de las transformaciones de la ciudad. Por esta razón, el objetivo principal de este trabajo apunta a la reconstrucción nítida de los modos de habitar que, finalmente, hicieron posible la construcción de las viviendas y, al mismo tiempo, el barrio. La metodología utilizada en la reconstrucción de los modos de habitar recoge experiencias de la autora y de habitantes permanentes y flotantes, artículos de revistas, periódicos y otros escritos que facilitaron la construcción de una base social, cultural, política, económica, urbana y arquitectónica, donde se resaltan los modos de habitar dentro de una dimensión física; es decir, se localizan en el espacio todas las palabras y relatos existentes. De allí nace una doble lectura, evidente en la utilización de dos fuentes tipográficas distintas y en la presencia de ilustraciones que muestran los procesos de vida y transformación sufridos en el barrio. Al entender, desde otra perspectiva, esos modos de habitar, se abre un nuevo panorama sobre el análisis urbano de barrios como el Policarpa. En Definitiva historias como esta son las que desdibujan los límites de esas dicotomías con las que se han leído las ciudades en los últimos años, pues muestran un modelo de ocupación a largo plazo que se había formado gracias a la experiencia, convirtiendo a barrios como el Policarpa en ese indicador que nos muestra la realidad de cómo se ocuparon territorios en la ciudad. ; The struggle for housing, experienced in Bogota in the sixties of the last century, develop some heroic processes of constitution and consolidation of new forms of urban occupation that were resignified providing a new identity to the city. The Policarpa Salvarrieta, whose first occupation dates from June 29, 1961, wasthe representative one of these new forms of occupation of the poorest people: invasion. This way of building city is marked by an ideology given by the Communist Party, which helped it to develop processes of transformation and progressive development of housing, which are expressed in characteristic ways of living from its beginnings to the present day. To investigate the physical dimension of the house and the transformations that have been given at small doses, not only show people, it help to understand their ways of occupying, living and establishing their relations with the spaces inside the house; it shows how the urban development of a neighborhood becomes an indicator of the transformations of the city. For this reason, the main objective of this paperwork is the clear reconstruction of the ways of living that finally made possible the construction of the houses and, at the same time, the neighborhood. The methodology used in the reconstruction of the ways of living gathers experiences of the author and the inhabitants, articles from magazines, newspapers and others that help with the construction of a social, cultural, political, economic, urban and architectural base, in where the ways of living within a physical dimension are highlighted; that is, all existing words and stories are located in space. In that way a double reading was born, evident in the use of two different type o letters and in the presence of illustrations that show the processes of life and transformation suffered in the neighborhood. To understand, from another perspective, these ways of living, opens up a new panorama on the urban analysis of neighborhoods like Policarpa. Stories like this blur the boundaries of these dichotomies with which cities have been read in recent years, as they show a model of long-term occupation that had been formed through experience, turning neighborhoods like Policarpa into an indicator that shows us the reality of how territories were occupied in the city. ; Maestría

Purpose
Telephone triage or hear and treat (H&T) describes the process of UK ambulance services nurses and paramedics undertaking enhanced telephone assessments of patients to determine the most appropriate response, which can sometimes result in no ambulance being sent. Given, however, that 999 is not considered an advice service, it may be reasonable to assert that the expectation of those calling 999 is always an immediate ambulance response. This may not always be realised and may affect patient experience. The purpose of this paper is to ascertain the following: to what extent are the views of UK ambulance telephone triage service users being gathered? In answering this research question, this review also aims to explore the findings to determine service users' expectations of ambulance telephone triage and the possibility that these expectations are influenced by the UK media. The findings of which could be used to inform the need and nature of future research.


Design/methodology/approach
Phase one consisted of a computerised literature search of online databases CINAHL, Pubmed, Science Direct, Cochrane library, Web of Science and UK government-funded databases. Phase two consisted of searches of all UK ambulance services websites and the submission of freedom of information requests. Phase three consisted of a computerised literature search of the ProQuest international news-stream database.


Findings
A total of 78 results were identified and after further screening 34 results were excluded, leaving 44 for final review. The extent to which users experience of ambulance service telephone triage are being gathered is low; and often limited to one off pieces of non-peer reviewed work. Patients felt overall that they were treated with respect, dignity and care. However, being listened to, reducing anxiety and a need for prompt assurances remain important to those whose overriding expectation is that an ambulance should attend every time a 999 call is made. There appears to be a balanced media portrayal of H&T with the UK media. However, unrealistic public expectations represent a significant barrier to providing sustainable care that users consider to be of high quality.


Research limitations/implications
Some user experiences may have been gathered in more broad research exercises which explored various aspects of 999 ambulance service experience. This was not included if it could not be clearly differentiated as being related to H&T and thus may have resulted in data being omitted. It was not possible to systematically search social media platforms (such as facebook or twitter) for any media results related to this search strategy; only traditional print and online media platforms. This also may have resulted in data being omitted. The inclusion of non-peer reviewed research results and grey literature represents a possible limitation to the conclusions drawn within this review. The concept of Insider Research Bias cannot be ignored within this review. The author himself practices in telephone triage within a UK ambulance service; however, this insider bias is mitigated by the clearly articulated systematic methodology and use of the Critical Appraisal Skills framework. In a similar vein, reviews of this nature are also often conducted as part of a team, to reduce bias, increase objectivity and ensure the validity of findings. This review was a sole effort, and while this is not uncommon, there were no cross checks by peers of the search terms, strategy, paper selection, exclusion criteria or data extraction. This lack of peer critique is considered a possible limitation in mitigating selection and reviewer bias.


Practical implications
The results of this review would suggest a need to increase the amount of research and patient feedback gathered from those being assessed and managed by ambulance service telephone triage within the UK. Ambulance services could hold regular monthly small-scale qualitative interviews with patients and families to ascertain their views, perceptions and anxieties which can then provide an up-to-date understanding of user expectations and the health educational needs of local communities. Patient feedback received directly to ambulance services or via the Patient Advice and Liaison Service could be retrospectively analysed by researchers to determine key themes of positive practice or negative patient experience. Such feedback can be tracked through time and be used as a pre and post community intervention measure, to determine any changes. Moving forward, nationally standardised research frameworks should be adopted to provide more easily collated local and national data, which can monitor improvement strategies and provide a comparison between services to aid the sharing of best practice principles.


Originality/value
There is no other piece of work published which has reviewed the data in this area of clinical practice within the UK.

State is society's need for the existence of an organized power, equipped with the right equipments of coercion and able to run the society, by imposing the choices that seem reasonable to them, through legal norms. State is an organization of state power; it is an organized power which imposes its will to all the society and has a whole mechanism to execute this will. The state realizes its functions through power, which is a mechanism to accomplish its relevant functions. The power's concept is a social concept, which can be understood only as a relation between two subjects, between two wills. Power is the ability to impose an order, a rule and other's behavior in case that he doesn't apply voluntary the relevant norm, respectively the right. Using state power is related to creation and application, respectively the implementation of law. To understand state power better, we have to start from its overall character. So, we notice that in practice we encounter different kinds of powers: the family's one, the school's one, the health's one, the religion's, culture's etc. The notion of powers can be understood as a report between two subjects, two wills. Power is an order for other's behavior. Every power is some kind of liability, dependence from others. In the legal aspect, supremacy of state presents the constitutive – legislative form upon the powers that follow after it. Supremacy, respectively the prevalence, is stronger upon other powers in its territory. For example we take the highest state body, the parliament as a legislative body, where all other powers that come after it, like the executive and court's one, are dependable on state's central power. We can't avoid the carriage of state's sovereignty in the competences of different international organizations. Republic, based on ratified agreements for certain cases can overstep state's power on international organizations. The people legitimate power and its bodies, by giving their votes for a mandate of governance (people's verdict). It is true that we understand people's sovereignty only as a quality of people, where with the word people we understand the entirety of citizens that live in a state. The sovereignty's case actualizes especially to prove people's right for self-determination until the disconnection that can be seen as national – state sovereignty. National sovereignty is the right of a nation for self-determination. Sovereignty's cease happens when the monopoly of physical strength ceases as well, and this monopoly is won by another organization. A state can be ceased with the voluntary union of two or more states in a mutual state, or a state can be ceased from a federative state, where federal units win their independence. In this context we have to do with former USSR's units, separated in some independent states, like Czechoslovakia unit that was separated in two independent states: in Czech Republic and Slovakia. Former Yugoslavia was separated from eight federal units, today from these federal units seven of them have won their independence and their international recognition, and the Republic of Kosovo is one amongst them.
Every state power's activity has legal effect inside the borders of a certain territory and inside this territory the people come under the relevant state's power. Territorial expansion of state power is three dimensional. The first dimension includes the land inside a state's borders, the second dimension includes the airspace upon the land and the third dimension includes water space. The airspace upon inside territorial waters is also a power upon people and the power is not universal, meaning that it doesn't include all mankind. State territory is the space that's under state's sovereignty. It is an essential element for its existence. According to the author Juaraj Andrassy, state territory lies in land and water space inside the borders, land and water under this space and the air upon it. Coastal waters and air are considered as parts that belong to land area, because in every case they share her destiny.
Exceptionally, according to the international right or international treaties, it is possible that in one certain state's territory another state's power can be used. In this case we have to do with the extraterritoriality of state power. The state extraterritoriality's institute is connected to the concept of another state's territory, where we have to do with diplomatic representatives of a foreign country, where in the buildings of these diplomatic representatives, the power of the current state is not used. These buildings, according to the international right, the diplomatic right, have territorial immunity and the relevant host state bodies don't have any power. Regarding to inviolability, respectively within this case, we have two groups to mention: the real immunity and the personal immunity, which are connected with the extraterritoriality's institute.
Key words: Independence, Sovereignty, Preponderance, Prevalence, Territorial Expansion.

Estudo bibliográfico que visa compreender a experiência existencial no pensamento freiriano, atentando para três questões principais: 1. Em que consiste a experiência existencial em Freire? 2. Por que ela é fundamental ao trabalho que pretende ser realmente educativo? 3. Por que a experiência existencial, como princípio educativo, e educação bancária não se correspondem? Esses questionamentos conduziram ao aprofundamento do conceito, em torno do qual gravitam outras noções básicas da Pedagogia da Humanização. Pautada na educabilidade dos homens e das mulheres e no seu inacabamento, a teoria freiriana é esperançosa, amorosa em relação ao mundo. Trata-se de uma contínua busca da conscientização e libertação humana em relação ao império de ações afogadoras de suas experiências reais, desrespeitando homens e mulheres como intérpretes insofismáveis de sua própria existência. O modo existencial de viver é próprio aos humanos, configurando-se na busca de ser com os outros, possibilitando a comunicação, a convivência e a experiência compartilhada realizada na mediação das ações em torno do mundo. Na imediata leitura de mundo é que reside a experiência existencial primária e fundamental dos humanos, em que se experimenta o existir inédito e se apreende subjetivamente a realidade. Para o autor, é impossível a educação que desconsidere a cotidianidade transcorrida nessa esfera existencial. Por fim, a situação, que se constitui num dos aspectos indispensáveis relacionados à experiência existencial, não se constituem aspecto caro aos agentes educativos bancários que apresentam sua proposta em pauta pronta, padronizada, montada sobre premissas fixas cujos questionamentos são tidos por improdutivos.Palavras-chave: Experiência. Existência. Freire.Existential experience in freirian thoughtABSTRACTA bibliographical study in order to understand the existential experience in Freirean thinking, considering three main questions: 1. What is the existential experience in Freire? 2. Why is it fundamental to work that is meant to be truly educational? 3. Why do existential experience, as an educational principle, and banking education, do not correspond? These questions led to the deepening of the concept, around which basic notions of the Pedagogy of Humanization gravitate. Based on the educability of men and women and their incompleteness, the Freirian theory is hopeful, loving towards the world. It is a continuous search for human awareness and liberation in relation to the empire of drowning actions of their real experiences, disrespecting men and women as unmistakable interpreters of their own existence. The existential way of living is proper to humans, configuring itself in the search of being with others, enabling the communication, the coexistence and the shared experience realized in the mediation of the actions around the world. In the immediate reading of the world lies the primary and existential experience as humans, in which one experiences the unprecedented existence and subjectively grasps reality. For the author, it is impossible education that disregards the everyday life passed in this existential sphere. Finally, the situation, which constitutes one of the indispensable aspects related to existential experience, does not constitute an important aspect for the banking educational agents who present their proposal according to a ready agenda, standardized, based on fixed premises whose questions are considered as unproductive.Keywords: Experience. Existence. Freire. Experiencia existencial en el pensamiento freirianoRESUMENEstudio bibliográfico que pretende comprender la experiencia existencial en el pensamiento freiriano, respondiendo a tres cuestiones principales: 1. ¿En qué consiste la experiencia existencial en Freire? 2. ¿Por qué es fundamental para el trabajo que pretende ser realmente educativo? 3. ¿Por qué la experiencia existencial, como principio educativo, y educación bancaria no se corresponden? Estos cuestionamientos condujeron a la profundización del concepto, en torno al cual gravitan otras nociones básicas de la Pedagogía de la Humanización. En la educación de los hombres y de las mujeres y en su inacabado, la teoria freiriana es esperanzada, amorosa en relación al mundo. Se trata de una continua búsqueda de la concientización y liberación humana em relación al imperio de acciones ahogadas de sus experiencias reales, desatendiendo a hombres y mujeres como intérpretes insofi ables de su propia existencia. El modo existencial de vivir es propio a los humanos, configurándose en la búsqueda de ser con los demás, posibilitando la comunicación, la convivencia y la experiencia compartida realizada en la mediación de las acciones en todo el mundo. En la inmediata lectura de mundo es que reside la experiencia existencial primaria y fundamental en cuanto humanos, en que se experimenta el existir inédito y se aprehende subjetivamente la realidad. Para el autor, es imposible la educación que desconsidere la cotidianidad transcurrida en esa esfera existencial. Por último, la situación, que se constituye en uno de los aspectos indispensables relacionados con la experiencia existencial, no se constituye en un aspecto caro a los agentes educativos bancários que presentan su propuesta en pauta acabada, estandarizada, montada sobre premisas fijas cuyos cuestionamientos son considerados por improductivos.Palabras clave: Experiencia. Existencia. Freire.

This paper deals with the issue of the European Union (EU) accession to the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) which has become one of the most discussed issues since obligatory Opinion 2/13 of the European Court of Justice (CJEU). Besides, this Opinion 2/13 concluded that the Draft Agreement on the EU Accession to the ECHR is not in accordance with article 2, paragraph 2 of the Treaty on the European Union (TEU) and therefore is unlawful judging by EU law. The paper firstly outlines the characteristics of existing mechanisms for the protection of human rights established by the EU and the Council of Europe (CoE). Secondly, it briefly explains the evolution of the idea of the EU accession to the EU in order to help to understand the complexity of this process. Thirdly, the paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the Opinion 2/13 of the Court of Justice and together with the opposite views on Opinion created by Advocate General Kokott and certain academics, ensures the apprehension of failure of the EU in human rights protection. Finally, concluding remarks will explain two possibilities of potential EU and CoE actions regarding the ECHR accession based on article 218 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU. One is to amend the TEU in a way that the accession of the EU is not anymore an obligation stemming from the article 6 TEU. The other solution should require a joint decision of 47 member states of the CoE, unanimously approved by the European Council, ratification within the European Parliament and agreement on every point stated in the negative Opinion 2/13 of the CoJ. Both possibilities represent a set of political decisions that currently seems impossible due to the political situation in Europe and the EU. The author additionally suggests that the member states of the EU should sustain from the CoJ decision on accession and take individual actions concerning the protection of human rights even though this may lead to the infringement procedures within the EU. In the end, the conclusion will answer to inquiries such as what the EU accession to the ECHR would bring to the individuals in the human rights protection order and why this is not compatible with the CoJ preferences. Furthermore, negative opinions towards the CoJ decision stated by the academic community and EU citizens, support a critical opinion of this paper and brace common conclusion stating that Opinion 2/13 is the evidence that the CoJ primarily shows concerns regarding EU supremacy and not the protection of human rights. ; Rad se bavi pristupanjem Evropske unije (EU) Konvenciji za zaštitu ljudskih prava i osnovnih sloboda (Konvencija) Saveta Evrope, koje kao problem postaje još zastupljenije u akademskim debatama nakon negativnog Mišljenja 2/13 Suda pravde Evropske unije (SPEU) o usklađenosti Nacrta sporazuma o pristupanju EU Konvenciji sa primarnim pravom EU. Ovim radom daje se pregled postojećih mehanizama zaštite ljudskih prava EU i SE, i njihovih osobenosti, a zatim se predstavlja razvojni put ideje o pristupanju EU Konvenciji. Naredni deo rada daje prikaz Mišljenja 2/13 u kome se kroz pet odeljaka obrazlaže neusklađenost Nacrta sporazuma o pristupanju sa Konvencijom, a zatim zajedno sa suprotstavljenim argumentima Opšte pravo zastupnice Kokot i akademskih kritičara pruža celokupna slika o suštini i kompleksnosti procesa pristupanja EU Konvenciji. Takvim kritičkim pregledom prikazuju se nedostaci i nekoherentnost institucionalnog sistema EUu nastojanju da očuva i zaštiti sistem ljudskih prava.U zaključnom delu rada predlažu se tri moguća pravca na daljem putu EU ka Konvenciji. Jedan od pravaca tiče se izmene člana 6 stava 2 Ugovora o EU kojim pristupanje EU Konvenciji više ne bi bila obaveza. Drugi pravac tiče se izmena Nacrta sporazuma o pristupanju EUKonvenciji za koji je neophodna saglasnost 47 država članica SE, jednoglasnost Evropskog saveta, ratifikacija u Evropskom parlamentu, kao i otklanjanje nedostataka izloženih u Mišljenju 2/13.Ijedan i drugi pravac predstavljaju skup teških političkih odluka, ali i jedine propisane mogućnosti članom 218 Ugovora o funkcionisanju EU. Kao treći pravac, i najmanje moguć, predlaže se tzv. neposlušnost država članica suprotstavljanjem Mišljenju SPEU u svojim pojedinačnim akcijama, sa ciljem zaštite ljudskih prava i borbe protiv politizacije procesa pristupanja EU Konvenciji. U zaključnom delu rada navodi se šta bi pristupanje EU pružilo pojedincu kao jedinki koja je osnov zaštite u Konvenciji, nasuprot kritičkom osvrtu na Mišljenje 2/13 kojim se kao osnov zaštite ističe suprematija EU prava i SPEU. Posledično, pitanje pristupanja EU Konvenciji ocenjuje se kao irelevantno u sistemu zaštite ljudskih prava EU, s obzirom na nivo stagniranja samog procesa kao rezultat Mišljenja 2/13.

The state governance model is established by Constitution. In the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, there is a separate section dedicated to local self-governance and its management, that shows not only the state's recognition of local self-governance, but also the principles of local self-governance mentioned in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania. There are sixty separate territorial administrative units in Lithuania, which are guaranteed the right of self-governance, which is implemented by municipal councils elected during secret elections. After the frst direct elections of mayors held on March 1, 2015, even in sixteen municipalities (Birštonas municipality, Druskininkai municipality, Ignalina district municipality, Jonava district municipality, Kaunas district municipality, Lazdijai district municipality, Marijampolė municipality, Neringa municipality, Pagėgiai municipality, Palanga municipality, Pasvalys district municipality, Rietavas municipality, Šakiai municipality, Šalčininkai municipality, Vilkaviškis district municipality, Vilnius district municipality) one of the political parties or political organizations (movements) in the municipalities and districts of Lithuania won an absolute majority, which further emphasizes the importance of securing the rights of the minority (opposition).The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania has also noted that taking into account the fact that the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania implies the defense of the parliamentary minority, the minimum requirements for the protection of the opposition of the Lithuanian parliament, as well as the fact that the recognition of parliamentary opposition is an essential element of pluralistic democracy. The Statute of the Lithuanian parliament (Seimas) may establish guarantees of opposition activities: certain places and positions in the committee, opposition leader status, initiation of work places and commissions, etc. The systematic appraisal of the provisions of the Law on Local Self-Government of the Republic of Lithuania shows that the obligation to form in each municipality the Control Committee, the Anti-Corruption and Ethics commissions, whose candidacy is delegated by the municipal council's opposition, is one of the ways provided by the legislator to ensure the minority rights recognized in pluralistic democracy in self-governance. As there are 60 separate territorial administrative units (municipalities) in the Republic of Lithuania, in which there is a different demographic and political situation, different regulation of municipal councils, composition of municipal councils, therefore different management traditions are formed in them. In the absence of a suffcient defnition of minority rights of municipal councils, which ensure the possibilities of opposition activities, the medium develops into oligarchic tendencies. The poor control of decisions taken by municipal councils and administrative actions as well as a flawed legislative framework make it possible to form situations in which the democratic values and the protection of individual rights and freedoms are threatened. The abundance of the problems of the legal regulation of municipalities is indicated by the fact that since 1994, the Law on Local Self-Government of the Republic of Lithuania has been amended even 124 times. In the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania (25th October 1992), a separate section is devoted to local selfgovernance and its management. This is understood as the importance given by the state to self-governance, as an independent state of governance, which unconditionally depends on legal regulation. Therefore, this article overviews the gaps in the legal regulation and the political problems that affect the principles of democracy and the system of leverage and balance between the majority of municipal councils and minorities in the local selfgovernance of the Republic of Lithuania. In each municipal council, the presence of an opposition (minority) is not only a normative phenomenon, but also a necessary expression of democracy. In essence, the opposition has two main functions: frstly, this does not allow one party to entrench and curtails government selfshness as well as helps to maintain the constitutional model of governance. Secondly, because the political decisions are not perfect, the opposition points out the mistakes and shortcomings of the governance. Opposition works as an instrument to restrict governance and cultivate social peace. Depending on the subject matter, the aim and objectives of the research paper, the document analysis method was used for data collection and analysis. Data sources are as follows: National legislation, European Union and international legal acts, rulings of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania, current Case law, related scientifc works, and offcial statistical indicators. The method of systematic analysis is applied in complex examination of legal norms and relevant jurisprudence in the aspect of ensuring the rights of minority municipal councils. The monitoring method was used in making proposals for the improvement of the Law on Local Self-Government of the Republic of Lithuania. The author of the article has accumulated practical experience in the area of legal regulation of local selfgovernance of the Republic of Lithuania, starting from 2011 until now as a member of the municipal council. The method of summarizing was used to summarize the collected and analyzed research data and to formulate conclusions and suggestions.

Єдність судової практики є однією з фундаментальних цінностей сучасного судочинства. Єдиний підхід до застосування закону найкращим чином відповідає вимогам передбачуваності, верховенству права й ефективному захистові прав людини. З огляду на це доброякісність кримінального процесуального законодавства (далі – КПЗ) як високий ступінь відповідності його форми та змісту системі стандартів його якості набуває величезного значення для забезпечення узгодженості судової практики. Розробка досконалого законодавства є основою єдиного його розуміння та застосування на практиці. За таких умов вкрай актуальною є розробка концепту стандартів якості КПЗ. Все викладене вимагає комплексного дослідження проблематики системи стандартів якості КПЗ на сучасному етапі правового розвитку суспільства. Мета даної статті полягає у формулюванні системи стандартів якості КПЗ у світлі оновленої національної правової доктрини з урахуванням європейських еталонів щодо сприйняття засадничої вимоги верховенства права та виокремленні окремих положеньстандартів КПЗ, дотримання яких має вирішальне значення для єдиного застосування закону. На підставі проведеного дослідження автор робить висновок про те, що норми закону мають бути сформульовані чітко та виключати двозначність його розуміння правозастосовниками. КПЗ має містити достатньо прозорі, зрозумілі і передбачувані орієнтири реалізації в тому чи іншому обсязі дискреційних повноважень. КПЗ має містити правову технологію забезпечення належної якості процесуальних рішень. Наявність ефективних нормативних механізмів апеляційного та касаційного перегляду судових рішень. Встановлення необхідного ступеня категоричності обов'язковості рішень Верховного суду як суду вищої інстанції (цей рівень має забезпечувати баланс між суддівською незалежністю та обов'язковістю правових позицій суду вищої інстанції). ; Единство судебной практики является одной из фундаментальных ценностей современного судопроизводства. Единый подход к применению закона наи лучшим образом соответствует требованиям предсказуемости, верховенству права и эффективной защите прав человека. Учитывая это, доброкачественность уголовного процессуального законодательства (далее – КПЗ) как высокая степень соответствия его формы и содержания системе стандартов его качества приобретает огромное значение для обеспечения согласованности судебной практики. Разработка совершенного законодательства является основой единого его понимания и применения на практике. При таких условиях крайне актуальным является разработка концепта стандартов качества КПЗ. Все изложенное требует комплексного исследования проблематики системы стандартов качества КПЗ на современном этапе правового развития общества. Цель данной статьи состоит в формулировке системы стандартов качества КПЗ в свете обновленной национальной правовой доктрины с учетом европейских стандартов относительно восприятия основополагающих требований верховенства права и выделении отдельных положений-стандартов КПЗ, соблюдение которых имеет решающее значение для единого применения закона. На основании проведенного исследования автор делает вывод о том, что нормы закона должны быть сформулированы четко, исключать двусмысленность его понимание правоприменителем. КПЗ должно содержать достаточно прозрачные, понятные и предсказуемые ориентиры реализации в том и другом объеме дискреционных полномочий. КПЗ должна содержать правовую технологию обеспечения надлежащего качества процессуальных решений. Наличие эффективных нормативных механизмов апелляционного и кассационного пересмотра судебных решений. Установление необходимой степени обязательности решений Верховного суда как суда высшей инстанции (этот уровень должен обеспечивать баланс между судейской независимостью и обязательностью правовых позиций суда высшей инстанции). ; The unity of jurisprudence is one of the fundamental values of modern litigation. A unified approach to applying the law best meets the requirements of predictability, the rule of law and the effective protection of human rights. Against this background, the good quality of criminal procedural law (hereinafter – the CPL) as a high degree of conformity with its form and content to the system of standards of its quality is of great importance for ensuring the consistency of case law. The development of perfect legislation is the basis for a common understanding and application of legislation. In such circumstances, it is extremely important to develop the concept of quality standards of the CPL. All of the above requires a comprehensive study of the problems of the quality standards of the CPL at the current stage of legal development of society. The purpose of this article is to formulate a system of quality standards for the CPL in the light of updated national legal doctrine, taking into account European standards for the perception of the fundamental requirement of the rule of law and the identification of certain provisions of the standard of the CPL, compliance with which is crucial for a uniform application of the law. Based on the research, the author concludes that the rules of the law should be clearly formulated and exclude the ambiguity of its understanding by law applicants. The CPL should contain sufficiently transparent, understandable, and predictable implementation benchmarks for both levels of discretion. The CPL must contain legal technology to ensure the proper quality of procedural decisions. Effective regulatory mechanisms for appeal and cassation review of court decisions. Establishing the necessary degree of clarity in the abidingness of decisions of the Supreme Court as a higher court (this level must strike a balance between judicial independence and the binding legal position of a higher court).

[EN] Paradigm of a religious composer of the Hispanic Eighteenth Century, the Catalan Francisco Andreví (*1786; †1853) probably has been -and perhaps till very recently- one of those who has suffered the most from the prejudices of later historiography. "Militant" priest associated with the most radical and conservative environment of the first Carlism -which led him into exile- his abundant production has not yet deserved a single monographic audio record. And all this, in spite of the enormous social visibility that he reached at the time, like maestro de capilla of the Spanish Royal Chapel and active musician in the Paris of Berlioz, Cherubini and many others. In his facet as a composer, he won all the oppositions he attended (Segorbe, Santa Maria del Mar, the cathedrals of Valencia and Seville, the Spanish Royal Chapel or, in his last stage, the church of Our Lady of Mercy in Barcelona). In the meantime, during his stay in France, he ruled the musical magisterium of the cathedral of Bordeaux, and then the organ of the Parisian church of Saint Pierre de Chaillot. But, as a man of his time, not only devoted himself to religious music, but also cultivated instrumental music (orchestral and chamber music), frequenting the halls and theatres both in Madrid and Paris, and teaching classes in the first conservatory of Madrid. A friend of Rossini, who later became interested in him, the author of operas Auber praised in writing his well-known Treatise on Composition, published in Madrid, Barcelona and Paris, which was considered as an academic model by Spanish creators until the end of the 19th century. But over time, he was unjustly seen as an example of a type of Spanish music self-indulgent and debtor of the Italian opera, being relegated to oblivion. The attractiveness of his career and his "politically incorrect" professional profile mean that today, from the most strict and dispassionate historical and musicological positioning, it is now possible to review his contribution to the international musical scene of the moment. ; [ES] Paradigma de compositor religioso del Ochocientos hispánico, el catalán Francisco Andreví (*1786; †1853) ha sido -tal vez, y hasta fechas muy recientes- uno de quienes más ha sufrido los prejuicios de la historiografía posterior. Presbítero "militante" asociado al entorno más radical y conservador del primer carlismo -lo que le llevó al exilio-, su abundante producción todavía no ha merecido un solo registro discográfico monográfico. Y todo ello, a pesar de la enorme visibilidad social que alcanzara en su momento, como maestro de la Real Capilla española y músico activo en el París de Berlioz, Cherubini y tantos otros. En su faceta de compositor, ganó todas las oposiciones a las que se presentó (Segorbe, Santa María del Mar, las metropolitanas de Valencia y Sevilla, la Real Capilla española o, en su última etapa, la iglesia de "la Mercè" en Barcelona). Y entretanto, durante su estancia, expatriado en Francia, rigió el magisterio de la catedral de Burdeos, y luego, el órgano de la iglesia parisina de Saint Pierre de Chaillot. Pero, hombre de su tiempo, no sólo se dedicó a la música religiosa, sino que cultivó también la música instrumental (orquestal y de cámara), frecuentando los salones y teatros de Madrid y París, e impartiendo clases en el primer conservatorio de la capital española. Amigo de Rossini -que años más tarde se interesaba por él-, el operista Auber elogió por escrito su conocido Tratado de composición, publicado en Madrid, Barcelona y París, tenido como modelo académico por buena parte de los creadores españoles hasta fines del siglo XIX. Pero con el paso del tiempo, fue injustamente visto como ejemplo de un tipo de música española del primer Ochocientos, autocomplaciente y deudora de la ópera y maneras italianas -provista de ciertas ínfulas orquestales, e incluso a veces, frívola-, siendo relegado al olvido. Lo atractivo de su trayectoria, y su perfil profesional "políticamente incorrecto", hacen que hoy, desde el más estricto y desapasionado posicionamiento histórico y musicológico, sea ya posible revisar su aportación al panorama musical internacional del momento y reivindicar su producción, para que ésta vuelva a sonar, sometida al juicio de sucesivas generaciones, nuevamente disfrutada. ; Se enmarca en los resultados del Proyecto de Investigación Coordinado de I + D + i (Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia) titulado El patrimonio musical de la España moderna (siglos XVII-XVIII): recuperación, digitalización, análisis, recepción y estructuras retóricas de los discursos musicales (HAR2017-86039-C2-1-P), del que A. Ezquerro es Investigador Principal. ; Peer reviewed