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The article touches upon peculiarities of interaction of the Republic of Azerbaijan with new NATO members in military sphere by the example of Bulgaria and the Czech Republic. The objective of the work is to show that post-Soviet states, having chosen a successful pattern of cooperation with European countries, are able to gain their place on the international arena even not being a member of a European block. To reach the goal the author of the article gives a review of literature covering different aspects of military policy of Azerbaijan and studies the factors that provoked Baku to advance collaboration with Prague and Sofia in military sphere. Historical and genetical scientific method, decision-making system analysis, case study, institutional, and elements of germenevtic method are applied. The results of the research are the following: after the defeat in the First Karabakh war Azerbaijan focused on modernization of economy and military forces while it continued to conduct negotiations on the conflict settlement under the authority of the OSCE Minsk Group. To achieve this goal Azerbaijan started to collaborate with Ukraine, Belarus, Israel, Russia, Turkey, Pakistan, South Africa and other states in military sphere. The improving of mutually beneficial collaboration with new NATO members was an essential focus area. Nevertheless, Azerbaijan tended to solve both military problems including strengthening the potential of armed forces and political problems aimed at receiving support in the Karabakh settlement. The latter played more important role for Baku than purchasing different arms systems, because by the time Azerbaijan had already had access to weapons markets of Israel, Russia, Ukraine, South Africa, Jordan and Turkey. Thus, two patterns of interaction were constructed – the first case concerns the Czech Republic and full-scale military and political cooperation, the second deals with Bulgaria where the military aspect was an approach to the political integrant. The analysis shows that expertly combining military and diplomatic interaction and military and technical cooperation with new NATO members Baku managed to win the support, even if unofficial, and it became obvious in the Second Karabakh war.

In this article, the author analyzes the formation in Muslim literature of the twelfth — thirteenth centuries of the eponym of the dynasty of Khorezm rulers, whose power in this region begins in 1097 and ends in the era of the Mongol invasion. We are discussing the Anushteginid dynasty and the father of the first Khorezmshah, Qutb ad-Din Muhammad, after whom this dynasty was named by researchers. According to medieval Muslim historians, Anush-tegin or Nush-tegin Garcha/Garja himself never ruled Khorezm, but his descendants not only managed to gain a foothold in these lands, but also created one of the most powerful Muslim states of the Middle East, which was destroyed only by the Mongol conquerors. Despite the close attention to the power of the Khorezmshahs in the research environment, which has been reflected in numerous special works, to this day we do not see in Russian and foreign literature a single study devoted to the ancestor of the Anushteginid dynasty, or rather, the analysis of the description of his biography in Muslim sources. Researchers, relying mainly on reports on this subject by the historian of the first half of the thirteenth century, Ibn al-Asir, broadcast his story about Anush-tegin, often not taking into account the nature and volume of information about this eponym as part of earlier sources. We will also attempt to understand what Muslim authors of the twelfth century write about Anush-tegin, how fully his biography is reflected in these texts in comparison with 'al-Kamil fi-t-Tarikh' by Ibn al-Asir, and what is the specificity of their description of the biography of the ancestor of the Khorezm rulers. In addition, we will try to consider what pre-Mongol texts Ibn al-Asir and subsequent historians could rely on in their reconstructions of the history of Anush-tegin's life and work, as well as what contradictions in this case could arise between individual authors. We hope that this work will be useful to specialists in the history of the Middle East in the pre–Mongol period, as well as to researchers of Muslim historical literature of the twelfth-thirteenth centuries.

The article examines the development of three key components of the UK fuel and energy industry during the 1967 and 1973–1974 oil crises. The object of research was studied in the context of European energy policy, which in the 1960s–1970s was codified in a form of directives and was practically implemented by creating fuel reserves in case of a decrease in fuel supplies from the Middle East. The article focuses on the special place the UK held in the EEC, and specific policy that the country maintained to develop the national fuel and energy industry. All this is because the UK had an elaborate management system within the industry, possessed significant amount of energy resources and owned prospective fuel fields in the North Sea, discovered in the mid-1960s. During the researched period, the UK government implemented measures targeted at the reduction of the national coal mining industry, which failed to meet economic needs of the country. At the same time, the UK started the development of oil and gas fields in the North Sea, which gained momentum after the 1967 and 1973–1974 oil crises were over. The management structures of gas and coal industries served as an interface of the national energy industry. This enabled the government to consistently substitute coal with natural gas, while still allowing it to play a significant role in the economy. Oil exploration and production companies with a high degree of autonomy adopted an independent policy while working on domestic and foreign markets. However, they suffered the most during the 1973–1974 crisis, which led to a partial loss of the national fuel market, an increase in prices on resources, and a strain in their relations with the government. In conclusion, the author states that the developed fuel and energy industry, fuel fields' exploitation and validated management techniques allowed the UK to smooth out the effects of the 1967 and 1973–1974 crises and continue the modernization of the national fuel industry in the years to come.

The article deals with the short story by the English writer Thomas Hardy An Imaginative Woman (1894), which has not been translated into Russian. The author of the article analyzes this work from the point of view of genre features and classifies it as a piece of photoekphrastic prose. The argument in favor of this categorization is photographic ekphrasis, penetrating into such poetological levels of the story as plot-and-composition, character-related, spatiotemporal, narrative, motive-thematic. The perception of photography had a particular impact on the poetics of ekphrasis in the works of the Victorian era: it was not instantaneously perceived as a new and independent art form. Photo ekphrasis viewed through the prism of the Victorian times allows assuming its genre-forming function. It is not surprising that the mysticism of the photographic is reflected in photoekphrastic prose. According to the plot of the story, a photograph of a poet has an inexplicable impact on Ella Marchmill: looking at the photograph, she falls in love with him and commits adultery with him in her imagination and fantasies. After the suicide of the poet, whom she never met in reality, Ella dies. Having accidentally found the photograph in his house, the husband discovers some similarity between the child and the photographic portrait and kicks the child out of the house. The genre of Victorian short story, 'open' and developing, turned out to be the most organic form for photoekphrastic experiments. Thus, the functionality of photo ekphrasis in a short story is very versatile: it creates external and internal eventfulness in the story; reveals the psychology of the characters; serves as an impetus for expanding the historical and cultural context of the Victorian era; acts as a link between two worlds – the real and the ideal, built with the help of the imaginary; embodies the motives of 'meeting' and 'recognizing', as well as the theme of death and identity (personal, social) of the characters. The participation of photo ekphrasis in the organization of all levels of the artistic system of the story allows us to classify it as the genre ofphotoekphrastic short story.

The article is devoted to the study of stylistic figures employed to increase the effectiveness of social advertising. The purpose was to describe the figures of speech that are most often used when developing the argumentation of messages. The material was collected from various media banks on the Internet by a continuous sampling method. We have analyzed environmental social advertising posters, more than 4,000 units in total. Stylistic figures are traditionally classified into the figures of addition, omission, transposition, and comparison. The figures of addition in social advertising are represented by various forms of repetitions; the most actively used is anaphora, which helps the author of the text to emphasize the main idea of the message. The figures of addition clarify what has been said, they are a noticeable means of enhancing the expression of the text. Omission figures are much more common. This group includes ellipsis (the most frequent of all the described figures), asyndeton, aposiopesis. The main function of transposition figures is to facilitate assimilation of the thesis of the message: they are mainly employed to place logical accents, required for understanding the thesis of the message. They are divided into symmetrical (chiasm, inversion, parallelism) and asymmetric (parcellation, paronomasia). Comparison figures constitute more than a third of the total number of the figures found, which shows their high popularity on social advertising posters. They are represented in social advertising by identity (periphrasis), contrast (antithesis), alogism (amphiboly), and gradation. This group includes antithesis, which is considered the most frequent and important figure for social advertising since basic alternatives of groups, clusters, rubrics are based on antithesis. The special argumentative value of this figure is that antithesis makes it possible to double the declared attribute, by not only approving the correct behavior model but also simultaneously condemning the wrong one. That is why almost all forms of the antithesis construction are presented in social advertising: alloyosis, acrothesis, paradiastole, etc.

The article is written on the empirical basis of 20 semi-structured in-depth interviews with architects, representatives of the tourism industry, and cultural managers, collected in March-June 2021. The author formulates models of work with material objects of the cultural heritage of Lviv Region. The visions were formed on the example of 16 objects that were submitted for participation in the "Great Construction" program; however, in fact, these models are universal for monuments of this type throughout Ukraine. If we talk about the general functions of architectural monuments in the modern world, based on the visions of the experts we interviewed, here they are: a monument as a tourist object; a monument as a place of memory; a monument as a place to learn about history and culture as a communication tool; location for events. While talking about the general vision of working with the specified 16 architectural monuments, the interviewed experts see the algorithm as follows: 1) search for an idea, the "highlight" of a place; 2) research of the condition of the object, including the legal side of the issue (ownership, etc.); 3) study of the activity of the local community, its interest and readiness to be included in the processes of work on the object; 4) selection of a manager and formation of a team that will work on each individual object; 5) determination of the target audiences to which the functioning of the location will be directed and the development of a marketing strategy based on the formed ideas, and "highlights" of the place; 6) direct work on the object. The main emphasis of the article is on the vision of work with heritage until February 24, 2022, but the article also includes a description of the situation after a full-scale invasion and reflections on work with heritage in the future. The text can serve as a road map for the restoration of the objects of the cultural heritage of Ukraine after the end of the war.

The Author analyzes the role of Ukrainian women in the war with the Russian aggressor. Attention is focused on the gender dimension of modern warfare, including in the context of NATO"s political principles on gender issues. It is noted that this war also has a "female face", as was said, for example, by the first lady of Ukraine, Olena Zelenska. Today, 17% of the Ukrainian Armed Forces are women. All of them in the army of Ukraine even before this war were 23% of the total number of personnel. More than 1,000 female servicemen became commanders. Today, Ukraine remains a NATO partner country, therefore compliance with provisions 1325, 1820, 1888, 1889, 1960, 2106, 2122, 2422, 2467 and 2493 of the UN Security Council Resolution on women, peace and security, which are the basis of gender policy as a United Nations, as well as NATO, is not canceled. It is noted that a number of military professions (sharpshooters, scouts, hospitalists) are more successfully performed by women, as the experience of the Second World War and NATO military operations proved. The life strategies of not only combatants, but also non-combatants are analyzed. Attention is also paid to such an irritating topic as the participation of women in the fight against Ukraine on the side of the separatists in ORDLO. Examples of the participation of women in Ukrainian territories in military operations in historical times are also given. The modern civilized world perceived with great surprise and amazement the ability of Ukrainians to resist the aggressor. The foreign press is actively searching for the roots of courage, dignity and stability of the Ukrainian people. As for Ukrainian women, it will not be superfluous to turn to the historical past, which has many heroic pages that will help to understand the truth about the Ukrainian people. The article concludes that gender consolidation, mutual respect and understanding of women and men fighting together against the Rashism will only contribute to the movement towards Ukraine"s victory in the war against the Russian aggressor.

In scientific research, the artistic images and meanings of the mythology of the Russian-Ukrainian war; their influence on the society and cultural space of Ukraine and its image in the world are outlined and broadly classified. The research focuses on the events after the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by Russia on February 24, 2022. The mythology of war has several vectors. First of all, it is the creation of new myths and an appeal to the archetypal images of Ukrainian culture, to the archaic layers of our worldview, actualized in the conditions of a fullscale war. Through art, you can convey the images of a new mythology that is being created before our eyes. Today, the Cyborgs (defenders of the Donetsk airport), the militarized image of Taras Shevchenko, have already become the core images of the mythology of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The full-scale invasion gave rise to new images and meanings: The Ghost of Kyiv, Bucha, Azovstal, Chornobaivka, Zmiiny, Zmiiebaivka Red Forest, Patron Dog, Crimean Dog, Bavovniatko. Among the characteristic features of artistic reflections of war events, the following can be distinguished: "glamorization" of war images, their humorous and satirical depiction and interpretation; dehumanization of the enemy (Orcs, Russians, Rashists); a powerful array of song creativity (the curse song "It will be like the witch will say!" became especially popular); creative depiction of acute social problems caused by the war (experience of war by women, children, less mobile groups of people, animals); creative understanding of the personal experience of war. It has been proven that russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, the occupation of territories, the destruction of civilian infrastructure, and the abuse of peaceful people became the impetus for serious worldview changes for many Ukrainians. It can be argued that russian aggression contributed to the process of Ukrainization. This also affected art reflections, especially among singers, artists, and actors. In this research, the author only outlines certain trends and vectors of the mythology of the war, which were reflected in art practice.

The author of this article analyses the history of the complex and contradictory relations of Michel Vovelle (1933–2018), an outstanding French researcher of the Revolution of the eighteenth century, with Russian historians in the Soviet and post-Soviet times. It is noted that, unlike most French left-wing historians from A. Sobul's entourage, cooperation with whom was a priority for Soviet researchers, Vovelle invariably maintained a certain distance in relation to the latter: he did not publish his works in the USSR and did not go there for regular Russian-French colloquiums. The situation changed only when Vovelle, after Sobul's death, became head of the scholarly programme of the Bicentennial of the French Revolution. In this capacity, he made his first visit to the USSR in 1982. However, despite the warmest reception given to him by Soviet historians, he, as his memoirs demonstrate, still tried to keep a certain distance in his relations with them and was not much interested in the real situation in Soviet historical science, limiting himself to reproducing stereotypes common in the foreign press. Even less did Vovelle like his arrival in the USSR in the year of the Bicentennial of the French Revolution, when at a large conference in Moscow held at the height of Perestroika, the ideas of left-wing French historians were sharply criticised not only by their Soviet colleagues but also by the general public. The negative impressions left from that visit to Moscow were apparently so strong that in subsequent years, Vovelle refrained from any active cooperation with historians of post-Soviet Russia. And only a meeting with many of them at the colloquium in Visile (2006) showed Vovelle that, despite ideological and methodological differences with him, his Russian colleagues were infinitely far from the militant anti-communism that dominated in Eastern Europe and that they were open to fruitful cooperation with left-wing historians of France. He was finally convinced of this by a visit to Moscow in the same year, which, unfortunately, turned out to be the last for him.

The article aims at studying the approaches of international investment tribunals to the definition and protection of the legitimate expectations of investors in the renewable energies sector in case where a host state changes or cancels the previously established investment incentive schemes. The author also provides recommendations for Ukrainian authorities regarding the treatment of investors in order to settle existing conflicts and prevent them in future. The research methodology consists of the system-structural method, methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative and prognostic methods. At the beginning of the 21st century, many countries (including those in the European Union) enacted schemes, such as feed-in tariffs (FITs) or other special rates, to encourage long-term investment in the renewables. Confronted with a global financial crisis in 2008–2009, however, many of these countries reduced or eliminated altogether their original investment incentive frameworks. These amendments have prompted a significant number of investment disputes based on claims of breaches of investors' legitimate expectations over the stability of remuneration schemes, alleged to amount to an infringement of the fair and equitable treatment (FET), under the second sentence of Article 10 (1) of the Energy Charter Treaty. Ukraine now faces the same problem in its own relations with investors in renewable energies. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully study the existing (particularly negative) foreign experience in order to mitigate the risks of both losing disputes and inhibiting the development of the "green" energy sector. In order for the state not to bear the burden of compensation payments over the lawsuits by investors, changes in the regulatory regime should be proportionate, reasonable, non-arbitrary and in the public interest, but not radical or unpredictable. At the same time, any lawsuit by an investor poses a risk for the state, since the outcomes of the investment disputes resolution are unpredictable. In this regard, proper communication and negotiations with investors are extremely important to prevent lawsuits, which also carry the danger of creating a negative information background for green energy.

The article examines narratives as a historical source and a unique form of information not only about the personality of the author but also about their special individual view on events, facts, people, and their actions. The study demonstrates that by means of assessing and evaluating the events described for compliance with their own ideals, the heroes of biographies transform themselves and their surroundings not so much into an object of narrative proper as into an object of analysis. At the same time, self-identification of the authors of women's ego-documents is a specific form of attitude towards self, which is reflected in the assessments of everyday life and the characteristics of social reality. Memoirs are a representative source, with the help of which it is possible to retrace self-identification of the authors, i.e. to establish the identity of a person with any social community according to a set of features by means of their comparative study. On the basis of concrete examples, it is shown that self-identification of an individual in narratives largely reflects the features of the development of society as a whole and its problems. Comparative analysis of the memoirs of M. Bock, M. Kschessinska, M. Klyucheva, A. Ostroumova-Lebedeva, and M. Tenisheva, made it possible to consider the issues of self-identification based on gender, social status, level of material wealth, professional and social activities, and the attitude to social reality, including the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 and the Russian Revolution of 1905–07. The memoirs under analysis indicate that the priorities identified in the narration of the events of the memoirists' lives are largely a reflection of their gender identity and also demonstrate a gradual expansion of the scope of women's activities and the perception of this trend by society. The memoirists appear as independent, mature personalities, whose self-identification has common and specific features. The latter, among other things, being dependent on mentality and life priorities, determine the means to achieve the goals.

The purpose of the study is to provide a comparative analysis of democratic leadership effectiveness in the relatively large presidential and semi-presidential countries of the world. Providing powerful political leadership is the essential task for presidents and institutions of the presidency in presidential and semi-presidential democratic republics. Countries with presidential and semi-presidential systems of government should be combined under the term "countries (states) with the executive presidency or presidential states (countries)" that reflects their common feature, namely: critical role of the institution of the presidency. Two main indicators of political leadership effectiveness in democratic states are the EIU's Democracy Index (DI) and comparable GDP (PPP) per capita that reflect the current situation and comparative dynamics in the political and economic fields of societal development. The United States confidently hold economic leadership in the group of polities with an executive presidency, but the DI in this country during the last 15 years has steadily declined. In the subgroup of presidential republics, three Latin American states – Uruguay, Chile and Costa Rica – have noticeably outranked the United States (and South Korea) by the EIU's DI. The experience of Chile deserves attention: there had been a dramatic upsurge of social unrest in late 2019, but the Chilean president, Sebastián Piñera, and his government took the political initiative and led the process of changing the constitution successfully. In 2020 the semi-presidential Republic of China (Taiwan) had been the absolute leader in political development and economic growth among the states with an executive presidency. The president, Tsai Ing-wen, played a crucial role in implementing and realizing democratic leadership there. Lithuania is the apparent leader in democracy and economic improvement among the European semi-presidential states during the last two decades. The next research of the author in this direction will be devoted to the comparative institutional analysis of the presidency functioning in the United States and Ukraine as the sample countries with presidential and semi-presidential systems of government systems respectively at the present stage of development.

The purpose of the article is to reveal the communicative potential of the master's biography, to prove its influence on the cultural dialogue between humanity and the achievements of the artist. The research methodology is to apply a number of approaches: analytical – to comprehend the literature on the topic of the article; interdisciplinary - for a comprehensive study of factual material and in obtaining new knowledge; systemic using a whole range of methods (biographical, semiotic, culturological, hermeneutic, historical, theoretical generalization) – comprehending the stated quest, etc. Scientific novelty – for the first time in the national humanities, biography is explained as the way of civilizational contact between the creator and the public, the translator of the most important meanings of the era. Conclusions. The publication states that the artist's biography is an important component of the communicative space of nowadays. It embodies the anthropological dimensions of history, the worldview of the day through the coverage of the hero's life, his significant achievements. The author of the chronicles builds the life strategy of the master in such a way that he becomes clear to the recipients of any period. An analysis of the chronicle reveals the richness of symbolic forms of cultural contact associated with works of art, epoch-making features and social circumstances, and so on. In unity, they affect the perception of the artist's image. This process is carried out by the public as a result of decoding spiritual information in accordance with existing norms, traditions of a particular time, awareness of the existential and creative experience of the character. Biography as a means of communication demonstrates freedom from ideological, social limitations, as it allows communication of individuals of different eras, removes territorial, speech, social, and others barriers. Due to their ability to embody the universal concepts of civilization, the chronicles express not only the story of the artist, but also allow the modern recipient to express himself. Thus the listener (viewer) through the biography is in contact with the master, his time, humanity.
Keywords: biography, cultural communication, artist, audience.

Актуальность статьи обусловлена необходимостью развития профессионально-значимых компетенций студентов архитектурно-строительных специальностей. Деятельность выпускников данных профессий оказывает существенное влияние на окружающую нас материальную среду и вследствие этого имеет особую социальную значимость. Для осуществления профессиональной деятельности в этой области помимо технических знаний наиболее важными оказываются компетенции в области культуры. Все это вместе требует развития профессионально-культурной идентичности студентов архитектурно-строительных специальностей. Автором проведен SWOT-анализ условий развития профессиональной и культурной идентичности студентов архитектурно-строительных специальностей, осуществлена периодизация и обоснованы организационно-педагогические условия формирования профессионально-культурной идентичности, включающие в себя описание каждого этапа с оценочной привязкой к курсу обучения студента, рассмотрены задачи, требующие решения на каждом из описанных этапов. Выработка у студентов архитектурно-строительных специальностей профессиональной картины мира с позиции культуросообразности в дальнейшем должна отразиться на результатах их деятельности по созданию предметного окружения, отражающего внутренние потребности человека и общества в конкретном культурном контексте.
The relevance of the article is due to the need to develop professional competencies of students majoring in architecture and construction. The activities of graduates of these professions have a significant impact on the material environment and, as a result, have particular social significance. In addition to technical knowledge, cultural competencies are the most important for professional activities in this field. This fact conditions the development of the vocational and cultural identity of students majoring in architecture and construction. The author carried out SWOT analysis of the conditions for the development of professional and cultural identity of students majoring in architecture and construction, carried out periodization and substantiated organizational and pedagogical conditions for the formation of vocational and cultural identity, including the description of each stage with an evaluation link to the student's course of study, considered the tasks at each stage. The development professional picture of the world at students majoring in architecture and construction from a cultural perspectiveis supposed to affect the results of their activities to create a substantive environment that reflects the internal needs of a person and society in a specific cultural context.

The article, based on the unpublished documents from the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, reveals for the first time details of a little-known episode in the history of the Russian diplomatic service – the mission of Empress' Elisabeth I minister plenipotentiary Count of Courland Hermann Karl von Keyserlingk to Frankfurt am Main and Regensburg during the War of the Austrian Succession. The mission's goal was to achieve recognition of the Russian imperial title from the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. The author managed to find out, it was Keyserlingk who had the idea to send the official representative of Russia to the election of the Emperor in Frankfurt in 1745 and then in 1746 to the Imperial Diet in Regensburg, which approved the election results. Keyserlingk proposed the most straightforward plan that did not damage the prestige of Elisabeth I – to transfer the credentials with the imperial title to the College of Electors and to receive a recreditive (leave-letter), trying to get the title included in the text. The same should have been done at the Imperial Diet. The main task of the diplomat was to prevent the issue of the title from becoming the subject of discussion at meetings of the College of Electors and at the Diet, since the details of the discussion would undoubtedly get into the official documents of these institutions and become public. The moment for solving this delicate issue turned out to be a good one: the continued hostilities forced the Imperial Estates to seek help from Russia. As a result, they were ready to do Elisabeth I a favor. This largely explains the success of Keyserlingk's mission, which enjoyed the support of imperial diplomats – representatives of the Electors of Mainz, Saxony, Bohemia and at the final stage – of the Elector of Brandenburg, King of Denmark and Emperor Franz I. The article also examines Keyserlingk's participation in recognizing the seventeen-year-old Grand Prince Peter as Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, a legal major a year early.