Suchergebnisse

In this article on the basis of previously unknown documents, learned by the author from the State archive of the Stavropol region, the State archive of the contemporary history of the Stavropol region, the State archive of Karachay-Cherkess Republic, the branch of the State archive of Karachay-Cherkess Republic "The Centre of documentation of contemporary history", the Central State archive of Republic of Dagestan, the author studies the Institute of censorship in Karachay Autonomous Region during the years of cultural construction. For the first time in the historiography she examines censorship in national book in Karachay regional national Publishing House. The author found that during the formation of the State regional Litho special attention was paid to social origin for censor, as it must have been a member or a candidate for VKP(b), komsomol and proletarian. The formation of the Institute of political control of books began in the 1930s, however, and at the beginning of the 1940s the State of Karachay Regional national publishing house has not been strengthened. Karachay regional Litho widely used normative documents Glavlit and North Caucasus Regional Litho. Archival documents testify to arrests of authors, compilers and interpreters of educational-methodological and socio-political literature that stood at the origins of the formation of the Karachay books. The holdings of libraries, bookstores and warehouses carried out regular withdrawal of books in the karachay language. On the basis of the analysis of the extensive archival material involved into scientific circulation for the first time, the author comes to the conclusion that the formation of the institution of censorship in Karachay autonomous region, which was started in 1930, continued till 1940. The political control of books and manuscripts was established in the publishing house. The author concludes that Karachay national book was under total control of censors, political editors and reviewers.

The author studies the specifics of lace in the territory of the South Black Earth Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries. The author has analyzed the history of lace crafts in the Yelets and Mtsensk districts of the Orlovsk province, and in the Zadonsk district of the Voronezh province. Based on archive materials the article determines such features of lace crafts development as the uniqueness of lace; the dependence of the growth of the influence of buyers on the pace of industry development; presence of the qualitative indicators of the manufacturing process inversely proportional to the quantitative; expanding the range of manufactured lace; the expansion of the sales area of lace; activation of the attention of individuals and public institutions to revive the specificity and individuality of local products lace. It was concluded that the impact of identified features on the pace of development of the lace industry in the South Black Earth Russia and on the development of Russian business in general.

Analyzing the history of lace crafts, the author describes the conditions of industrial activity lace, which showed the formation of the capitalist forms of lace makers' work. The features of the capitalist forms of labour which characterized crafts activity are pointed out. The peculiarities of lace sales organization in local and distant markets are studied. In addition to interprovince and interdistrict markets the author investigates the material on exporting goods abroad. The main reasons for the expansion of sales geography determine the change in product mix.

The author raises the issue related to the history of the preservation of unique lace made following the traditions of Russian folk art of their ancestors. The problem consisted in the fact that the buyers were not interested in the originality and identity of the goods. As a result, this led to the reduction of the original performance by increasing the amount of work on the standard models.

The author analyzes the evolution of foreign policy of new Russia, identifies trends and patterns of transition to various courses, prerequisites of the "eastern turn", and characterizes the specificity of this direction in the contemporary realia. The author proposes a number of clarifying concepts within the analysis of the foreign policies of Russia. The foreign policy of Russia for the last decades underwent a number of the changes connected with its orientation to various groups of the countries. However, in connection with the events which took place in 2014, the Russian foreign policy carried out the "eastern turn" that entailed certain consequences and prospects by estimates of experts. The relevance of the research consists in the opportunity to estimate realities of a foreign policy of Russia, to analyse the reasons of its acceptance, possible risks and reaction of the western partners who changed in their turn a course concerning Russia.

Scientific novelty of the present work consists in the systematization of the issue on the evolution of a foreign policy of Russia and the analysis of current trends taking into account the "eastern turn". Besides, scientific definition of "eastern turn of the Russian foreign policy" and its consequence in the conditions of development of modern Russia is worked out. The author considers the main actions and the directions which formed the basis of the updated foreign policy of Russia from 2009 to 2013. The author made the conclusions concerning the analysis of modern Russia's foreign policy and its turn to the east.

Two stages are revealed in the development of state labour reserves. The first period lasted from 1945 to 1948, and the second period - from 1949 to 1952. The distinctions of these two stages were determined. The author analyzes the dynamics of quantity and the structure of institutions in the system of state labour reserves in the Astrakhan, Saratov and Stalingrad regions in postwar years. The social and economical factors that had influence on this system were identified. The characters of principal patterns of SSLR's education institutions is provided, the common lines and singularities, significance changes were denoted. The share of young ones from the childish houses into the industrial, handicraft and railways schools in Low Volga River is exposed. The criteria of entering into the education institutions were determined. The interaction of SSLR with children houses was exhibited. The author highlights the status of stuff basis of SSLR in postwar years: shortage of educational buildings and student's homes, equipment's deficiency in industrial workshops and textbooks. The positive changes in staff-technical guarantee of educational institutions to the end of learning period are opening; their causes were analyzed. The author reveals the alterations in staff structure of SSLR and calculates the number of preparing workmen from factory and plant instruct schools; industrial, handicraft and railways schools for enterprises of the Lower Volga region in the fourth five-year plan. The article marks the significance of SSLR in the solution of economic and social problems in postwar society. The author distinguishes the common and the individual in the development of SSLR in the Lower Volga region and in Russia on whole. (author's abstract)

The author believes that the governmental regulation of a society is one of the bases of conservatism. He thinks that the state exists in order to protect society and a person from forcible manifestations and free understanding of personal liberty, from non-state coercion and even violence, from manifestation of egoistical personal and corporate interests. Power of the state considerably increases when it relies on traditions of the past rather than the ideals of the future.

The conservatism as a political trend historically developed as force fastening a public organism. The author of this article believes that only conservatism possesses the real stabilizing resources capable to consolidate society of modern Russia. The author also recognizes that nowadays government and public institutes make certain efforts for overcoming certain social diseases.

The continuity and progressiveness of the state and social development define fundamentals of ontology of conservatism as the world outlook and a political trend. The Russian State is still at the stage of transition period. The formation of strong democratic institutes has not yet been completed. One of the main problems is the need for public consolidation. Now only the conservatism has sufficient resources and opportunities for the solution of this problem.

The article examines the knowledge as an «invisible asset» of a company produced in the course of entrepreneurial activity and the activity of the company's employees. It is assumed that the entrepreneurial knowledge generated at the company can be transmitted, generally only from one person to another, because this knowledge is difficult to not only formulate but also articulate. The article presents knowledge classification on the basis of its formalization and accessibility for business entities. The author offers the hypothesis that the type of entrepreneurial knowledge owned by the organization is a major factor in the establishment, implementation and application of innovative technologies in the economy. Calculated by the author econometric model of multiple linear regression describing the dependence of advanced manufacturing technologies developed in Russia on various factors indirectly confirms the proposed hypothesis.

A. de Montchretien is known mainly by the fact that in 1615 coined the term «political economy», which became the name of science. The purpose of this publication is to consider what the author puts in this concept. At this angle the first time in the domestic literature was analyzed «Treatise on political economy» by A. de Montchretien (used the publication of 1889 in the edition T. Funk-Brentano). The article shows that Montchretien uses the phrase «political economy» for the presentation of a set of rules of economic activity across the state. The ideal of Montchretien – economically active people, honest and hardworking and the country, similar to a well-managed company. In his treatise the author tries to answer the main questions of political economy – what is national wealth, where is its source and what are the methods to increase it? An analysis of his book leads to the conclusion that he came to an understanding of wealth as a natural product created by labor. This allows to put Montchretien between mercantilists and economists of the classical school of political economy.

The article is devoted to the events that took place on the Crimean peninsula during the Eastern War (1853-1856) beyond the main battle fields. The author describes overall picture of what was happening in the Crimean cities on the background of heroic defense of Sevastopol, names cities which experienced invasion and tells about the consequences of their occupation. The article mainly focuses on Simferopol and Bakhchisaray as the front-line cities that played a significant role in defense of Sevastopol and experienced all the consequences of military actions on the Crimean peninsula. The author names the famous participants of the Crimean War whose lives were closely connected with those cities, and tells about historical monuments related to the events of those years. The aforementioned participants include the famous writers L. N. Tolstoy and N. V. Berg, who spent significant amount of time in those cities during the war. Another personality that draws the author's close attention is N.I. Pirogov, a surgeon whose professional activity on the peninsula at that time was tightly connected with Simferopol. The article also tells about active participants of military operations – generals P.A. Vrevskiy and P.V. Veimarn who lost their lives during the battle at the Chornaya river and were buried in Bakhchisaray. The author believes that knowledge of events that were happening on the entire territory of the Crimean peninsula substantially improves our understanding of the scale of the Crimean War, reveals the drama of the War and its impact on nations, cities and individuals – whether well-known to us or not – and provides additional material for patriotic education. The article describes in detail the work on preservation of memorials of the Crimean War and promotes the attitude of care towards the monuments located all over the Crimean peninsula.

The author teaches mathematical and economic-mathematical disciplines, such as "Linear Algebra", "Mathematical Analysis", "Theory of Probability and Mathematical Statistics", "Modeling", "Econometrics", "Economic and mathematical methods and applied models", "Assessment and risk Management "and others for over 30 years. Experience of teaching in high school, work in selection committees in math and physics gives grounds to assert that the average level of schooling of entrants falls from year to year.

The article deals with the issues of participation of Yakutia in the international scientific cooperation in the Arctic during the last decade of the 20th and the first years of the 21st century. The author describes the history of realization of the international initiatives for studying social and cultural transformations and challenges of life of Arctic Indigenous Peoples, studying natural phenomena and processes, as well as environmental protection in the Yakutia's Arctic and their main results on the basis of a set of archival documents, English- and Frenchlanguage materials. The author called the most important factors that determine the extent of joint research of Russian scientists and their foreign colleagues, identified the key participants (scientists from Great Britain, Germany, Canada, Russia, Finland, France and Japan), forms (collection of field data, its processing and laboratory analysis; provision of academic institutions of Yakutia, their research base, provision of special equipment for foreign partners; coordination of research and the exchange of the data obtained; organization of conferences and workshops; organization of protected areas; publication of research results), and mechanisms (organization of special structures to intensify and coordinate research; association of research through a unified methodology; elaboration of international programs and projects, taking into account the potential of the involved parties - financing, tools and staff) of international scientific cooperation development. (author's abstract)

The research is devoted to the analysis of the landownership system of palace in Kazan district in the second half of the 16th century. The author dwells upon the features of palace village such as the granary or the Orthodox church. The church was mandatory attribute for villages with the local population professing the Orthodox religion. The next passage covers the information on the legal status of the land of the palace in the legislation and the cadasters. Further we can learn the ways of forming land of the palace in the district. The composition of the lands of palace was not permanent. Firstly, the formation of the fund land of the palace administration occurred as a result of seizures of other forms of ownership with the change of their status. Secondly, the peasant land was transferred to the category of palace. Land of the palace administration was actively transferred into the possession of the temporal and monasteries landowners. The next part contains the data on documentation of land ownership in the cadasters. The author reconstructs the composition of palace settlements in the 1560s and reviews the domains at the end of the 16th - early 17th century. In the end, overview of this type of land tenure shows an important role in the integration of multinational region in Moscow State and the economic development of the region. (author's abstract)

The article deals with the analogue forms of civil society in the Islamic countries of the South. The author analyzes the formation and development of the civil society in this region of the world, its specifics and peculiarities. The author also shows that burgeoning civil society models of non-western area have their own specific features, which are determined by a unique way of civilizational development and by significant impact of the religious factor. The present research brings up a methodological novation – an analogous civil society. According to this novation, the developing political system (which takes part in civilizational competition with other systems and tries to use their historical experience and accumulated resources explicitly, for example, by attracting ideas, technologies, investments, or implicitly – by creating the same resources through modernization and social mobilization) does not imply an organic link between ideologically reflected meaning of this system's existence, the forms of such existence, and the main institutions' functionality. Moreover, this smoothness is not very important and desirable for the analogue system or its components. The meaning of such system's existence is using the forms, principles, mechanisms, elaborated through historical development of social and political systems for their own specific purposes, for the sake of diametrically opposed goals that sometimes are not very detailed.

The article deals with international negotiations as a situation of intercultural and interpersonal communication as well as the influence that culture and its main structural features have on the behavior of participants in intercultural interaction. The author provides a comparative analysis of the stages in negotiation process matching them to the levels of interpersonal interaction, identifying possible situations of cultural misunderstanding in order to improve the process of negotiations. The article also outlines criteria for assessing effectiveness of a negotiator in situations of intercultural communication.

The article deals with oncoming Neoindustrialization (New Industrial Revolution) influence on logistics' nature. The author analyzes the impact of the Internet of Things and additive technologies for economic development. Special attention is paid to the basic tendencies of transformation of logistics in terms neoindustrialization. Basic ways for logistic transformation under the Industrie 4.0 are considered on the base of modern changes in the supply chains management. Conclusions of this research can be used as recommendations for to design of logistics strategy of the company and process descriptions.

Modernization of the social institution of education has caused changes in the forms, technologies and training tools. Increased demands on the labor market to graduates of higher education institutions in the transition to put competence approach to learning. The author poses the problem of finding the point of descent of the network form of training and competence-based approach, as a way to achieve such knowledge and skills that are in demand in the professional sector in the chosen field of study, as well as a method of establishing cooperation with the professional community.