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James A. Beckford ed. Numéro sur les Témoins de Jéhovah ; International audience ; The Watchtower movement saw considerable expansion in Northern of France, especially in the mining basin where it recruited Polish emigrant workers, but also French workers in lesser proportions. The author attempts to retrace the history of the spread of the movement in this region and examine the causes of its unique development in France. These causes could be linked to the social conditions of this population : social and cultural change, unsatisfied expectations, absence of political power, a cris of confidence in the Catholic Church. They could also be subsumed under a more global hypothesis according to wich the Watch Tower movement would have constituted a substitute homeland for the emigrant Polish workers. As for the Franch Jehovah's Witnesses, it was seen that they partially shared the Polish workers'fate, and individual particularities had to be taken into account. ; Le Jéhovisme a connu une expansion importante dans le bassin minier du Nord de la France où il a recruté essentiellement des travailleurs émigrés polonais mais aussi des français dans une proportion moindre. L'auteur tente de retracer l'histoire de l'expansion de cette religion. Il examine les causes de ce développement unique en France. Celles-ci sont liées aux conditions sociales de cette population : changement culturel et social, espoirs non satisfaits, absence de rôle politique, crise de conscience envers l'Eglise catholique. Elles peuvent renvoyer à une hypothèse plus globale selon laquelle le Mouvement Jéhoviste aurait été une patrie pour les travalleurs polonais émigrés. Les recrues d'origine française auraient partagé partiellement le destin des travailleurs polonais. Des particularités individuelles doivent aussi être prises en compte.

James A. Beckford ed. Numéro sur les Témoins de Jéhovah ; International audience ; The Watchtower movement saw considerable expansion in Northern of France, especially in the mining basin where it recruited Polish emigrant workers, but also French workers in lesser proportions. The author attempts to retrace the history of the spread of the movement in this region and examine the causes of its unique development in France. These causes could be linked to the social conditions of this population : social and cultural change, unsatisfied expectations, absence of political power, a cris of confidence in the Catholic Church. They could also be subsumed under a more global hypothesis according to wich the Watch Tower movement would have constituted a substitute homeland for the emigrant Polish workers. As for the Franch Jehovah's Witnesses, it was seen that they partially shared the Polish workers'fate, and individual particularities had to be taken into account. ; Le Jéhovisme a connu une expansion importante dans le bassin minier du Nord de la France où il a recruté essentiellement des travailleurs émigrés polonais mais aussi des français dans une proportion moindre. L'auteur tente de retracer l'histoire de l'expansion de cette religion. Il examine les causes de ce développement unique en France. Celles-ci sont liées aux conditions sociales de cette population : changement culturel et social, espoirs non satisfaits, absence de rôle politique, crise de conscience envers l'Eglise catholique. Elles peuvent renvoyer à une hypothèse plus globale selon laquelle le Mouvement Jéhoviste aurait été une patrie pour les travalleurs polonais émigrés. Les recrues d'origine française auraient partagé partiellement le destin des travailleurs polonais. Des particularités individuelles doivent aussi être prises en compte.

A model is specified of a representative defense contractor. The contractor is assumed to maximize the expected utility of managerial emoluments, performance of the contractor's product and corporate annual net income over a finite planning horizon. This maximization is constrained by the technology of research and development, test and evaluation, manufacturing and a centralized warehouse-inventory operation. There are commercial sales as well as a number of on-going and potential DOD projects. An extensive accounting model of the contractor is included. Corporate financial management involves the issuing the retiring of short- and long-term debt and equity in addition to the choice with respect to dividends and retained earnings. The inputs of the contractor include plant and equipment (both contractor and government supplied in T and E), engineering support labor (both contractor and government supplied in T and E). administrative labor, manufacturing labor, weapon system operators (both contractor and government supplied in T and E), material, purchased parts, subcontracted items, and government furnished items. Risk is introduced by considering each possible alternate event due to such factors as rivals' actions, technological risk, capital market conditions and variation in government and commercial sales to be grouped in states-of-nature. Thus, the contractor is assumed to plan for a variety of future state-of-nature (contingencies) and chooses a complete plan (inputs, outputs, financing, proposal bids, etc.) for each contingency. (Author) ; supported both by the Foundation Research Program of the Naval Postgraduate School ; http://archive.org/details/representativede00jone ; Chief of Naval Research ; Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

It is remarkable how little is known about current contraceptive practice, family planning, and population growth in the People's Republic of China. Since so little is published by the Chinese themselves - virtually nothing since the mid 1960s - nearly all western literature on these topics comes from professional "China-watchers" (primarily social scientists) and from occasional first hand reports of travellers. This latter group has not included experts in contraception and family planning nor, with one notable exception, have physicians who have recently written on medicine in China addressed themselves to the topic of fertility control, so that, until now, hardly anybody seems to have bothered about "contraceptive hardware" especially of the sophisticated type such as steroid oral contraceptives. Yet this is precisely the area where one could gain a real insight into Chinese chemical and clinical competence. Indeed, if production figures of such contraceptives could be ascertained, this would be the first hard numerical evidence about the extent of contraceptive practice in the People's Republic. I am convinced that, at this stage, it is impossible to write a definitive treatise on contraceptive practice in China. The country is too large, national statistics are unavailable, many areas are not yet open to foreigners and the extent of contraceptive usage - qualitative and quantitative - is still very uneven. The current need is for individual reports by professionally qualified observers citing data which, as far as possible, are backed up by hard facts. Once a sufficient number of such studies has appeared, then the time might be ripe for someone, ideally a Chinese author, to discuss the topic authoritatively from a national perspective.

This paper is concerned with the role of the traditional council of authorities (cabildo) in a Columbian community of Indian origin. It is shown that its evolution reflects that of the community, since the cabildo has always been essentially an interaction mechanism between the community and the external society, more than the head of an autonomous body. Moreover, this mechanism has mostly been a tool, in the hands of the colonial and, later, national upper class, for manipulating the Indians.The institution was first imposed upon the Indians to ensure their political submission to and economic integration into colonial capitalistic society. In Columbia, this leads to a relatively rapid acculturation of the Indians. During the Republic, a major change occurred when the national economy ceased to rest upon a tributary exploitation of the Indians: landlord/tenant relationships made local community structures useless. Many managed to survive, though, when they were able to keep a certain amount of land on which their members could lead an independent life. The community under study was among these, although its lands were drastically reduced (the better parts being grabbed by adjacent landowners). The local authorities, left without any power to stop these abuses, saw their roles confined to the solution of internal petty disputes. From 1920 on, the further integration of the community in the national economy, through intensive cash‐cropping, has gradually made even this reduced role redundant.The author believes that in the study of peasant political systems, a diachronic study of the interrelationships between the economic and the political level is necessary if the understanding is to be complete.

The mathematical theory of optimal control/differential games is used to study the structure of optimal allocation policies for some tactical allocation problems with combat described by Lanchester-type equations of warfare. Both deterministic and stochastic attrition processes are considered. For the optimal control of deterministic Lanchester-type attrition process, a general solution algorithm for the synthesis of the optimal policy is developed. Optimal allocation policies are developed for numerous one-sided optimization problems of tactical interest in order to study the dependence of the structure of these optimal policies on model form. Consideration has been given to singular extremals, multiple extremals (including dispersal surfaces), and state variable inequality constraints. It is shown how to apply the theory of state variable inequality constraints to determine the optimal control of deterministic Lanchester-type processes in order to treat non-negativity restrictions on force levels and thus to study the dependence of optimal policies upon the force levels. Various attrition models are considered (reflecting different assumptions as to target acquisition process, command and control capabilities, target engagement process, variations in range capabilities of weapon systems). Solutions are developed for Lanchester-type equations of modern warfare with variable attrition-rate coefficients. The optimal control of the Lanchester stochastic process is studied. (Author) ; Naval Analysis Programs, Office of Naval Research under ONR Project Order PO2-0150 and Task Number NR 276-039. ; http://archive.org/details/applicationofdif2111tayl ; Research sponsored by Naval Analysis Programs, Office of Naval Research under ONR Project Order P02-0150 and Task Number NR 276-039 -- Cover. ; NA

In 1945, H. J. Hilton, Jr., published an excellent article in the Department of State Bulletin entitled "Commercial Arbitration in the Treaties and Agreements of the U.S.S.R." which assessed the Soviet record in this area up to the end of the Second World War. The purpose of the present study is to carry the inquiry forward to the present, concentrating, however, exclusively on the problem of execution of foreign commercial arbitral awards in Soviet bilateral treaty practice during this period.Before proceeding though, a quick review of the salient points of Mr. Hilton's survey will furnish useful background information.First, in analyzing the corpus of Soviet treaties and agreements that feature statements concerning arbitration of commercial disputes, the author found that, while the relevant provisions ranged in detail from a single phrase to comprehensive conventions containing as many as 15 articles, the data did not reveal a pattern of historic evolution in the type of formulas regarding arbitration. In other words, although the Soviet regime passed through several phases of development between 1921, when such a reference initially appeared in a treaty signed by the R.S.F.S.R., and 1945, this did not entail technical changes reflecting specific policy shifts; the various approaches used recur throughout the span of observation without any determinable regularity and no correlation could be fixed between the choice of a particular solution and the prevailing conditions at home or abroad at a given juncture. The conclusion here, then, was that "the provisions referring to arbitration included in the treaties and agreements of the U.S.S.R. vary considerably in content; however, these variations cannot be established precisely by periods of time."

The paper presents a historiographical review of the works of historians, psychologists, and philosophers on the named subject. The author develops the idea of social psychology being a multilateral phenomenon in history. The investigator should take into account social-individual and group-psychology of actual event partakers – representatives of different social groups and classes as well as social psychology of event contemporaries and non-contemporaries, who had assessed the events before him. Examples of how underestimation of this can lead to distortion or modernization of reality are given. Social psychology assists in deeper analysis of not only political life, class struggle and culture but economic life as well. Reference is made to sources to be addressed in the investigation of social psychology in the past. ; Straipsnyje analizuojama socialinės psichologijos samprata, jos objektas, metodai, teorinis statusas bei jos taikymo istorijos tyrimuose galimybės. Teigiama, kad tyrimo objektas yra grupinė (kolektyvinė, masinė) psichologija, kuri pasireiškia kaip bendros veiklos pagrindu atsirandantis tarpusavio psichologinis bendrumas, taip pat psichinė individo padėtis kolektyve ir jo elgesio ypatybės. Socialinės psichologijos objekto turinį arba jos kategorijas sudaro reikmės, interesai, jausmai, nuotaikos, įpročiai, papročiai, tradicijos, mados, susižavėjimai, įsitikinimai, valia, visuomeninė nuomonė. Socialinė psichologija labiau už ideologiją priklauso nuo ekonominių-socialinių sąlygų, todėl ji judresnė, joje stipriau pasireiškia stichiniai elementai. Ideologija, mokslas ir socialinė psichologija atspindi tam tikros epochos visuomenės sąmonę. Socialinės psichologijos uždaviniai yra susiję pirmiausia su priežastingumo istorijoje supratimu, taip pat su visuomenės struktūrine analize. Daroma išvada, kad socialinės psichologijos problemų sprendimas istorijos tyrimuose padeda objektyviau atskleisti visuomenės vystymosi dėsningumus, spręsti bendrus istorijos metodologijos klausimus.

A guide to the literature in econ theory covering the period 1964-1967 is given; it also updates 'Theoretical Economics' by the same author which appeared in this journal in 1964, 354, Mar, 152-164. An attempt is made to provide for the nonspecialist reader some indication of ideas developed in major monographs or in journal articles in major professional publications here & abroad. Topics included are demand theory, the theory of the firm, production theory, conservation analyses, market structures, the special problems of advertising, some unconventional analyses of entrepreneurial motivation, antitrust literature, peak-load pricing with application to public utility enterprises, the newer treatment of uncertainty aspects in decision-making, & the newer insights into the cost of capital of the firm. On the overall macroecon view, the content of recent work on general equilibrium, on the theory of money & the implications for monetary policy, on the structure of interest rates, & the recent approaches to the inflation issue, including the Phillips curve stress on relations of unemployment to wages & prices is conveyed. Extensions in growth theory are also noted. The theory of income distribution is undergoing some transformation & the developing literature & ideas are elaborated. Major theoretical importance can also be attached to a recent series of papers on 'capital reswitching' in which skepticism is cast on the traditional view that lower interest rates lead to the use of more capital per employee. Also of some sociol'al concern are the arguments on induced invention, concerning which it is suggested that improvements in the wage share have as their consequence technological changes which tend to reduce labor inputs. Current directions taken by welfare econ's are also outlined. Modified AA.

In 1829 Zachariah Allen, a lifelong resident of Providence, Rhode Island, published his book, The Science of Mechanics. Neither the title nor a casual glance at the contents of the book suggests that it contains material of major interest to economists or economic historians. Allen's book was intended as a manual for American mechanics and manufacturers. It summarized that portion of the industrial arts of its day which the author considered most useful and relevant for the edification of his American readers. The book contains elementary tables of conversion, arithmetic and geometric rules and formulas, a good deal of simple physics, and extensive descriptions of the workings of machinery—especially water wheels, steam engines, and millwork generally. In particular, Allen attempted to summarize much of what he had learned during a recent tour of the major manufacturing districts of England and France, so as to bring Americans up to date on the "latest improvements in mechanical invention in those countries.' Unobtrusively placed in the back of this book, however, is a chapter, "Comparative View of the Relative Advantages Possessed by England, France and the United States of America as Manufacturing Nations,' which records his more strictly economic impressions of his tour, taken in 1825. His observations in this short chapter, often trenchant and occasionally pungent, invite comparison with some of the better known European travelers to the United States. Anyone who can write, as Allen does (p. 355), that "An industrious New-England mechanic commonly appears to take pleasure in his business; but the French mechanic is rather inclined to make a business of his pleasures,' is obviously entitled to a sympathetic hearing.

This collection is an address from Raymond Nakai, Chairman of the Navajo Nation, to the Association on American Indian Affairs. Nakai credits former President of the Association and author of 'Laughing Boy', Oliver LaFarge, for siding and encouraging Mr. Nakai in retaliating against forces attempting to squash freedom of expression for the Navajo. Mr. Nakai also speaks to the concerns and needs of the Navajo and American Indian nations which include more housing, a steady work force, quality K-12 education, higher educational opportunities and vocational education. Nakai thanks the association for advocating that American Indians are in an era of self-determination and helping themselves. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE: Raymond Nakai, a Navajo Indian, was born in 1918 in Lukachukai, Arizona, on the Navajo Reservation. Raymond Nakai is noted as being the first modern Navajo political leader serving as Chairman of the Navajo Nation from 1963-1971. As chairman, the issues most important during his tenure were self determination in Navajo Education, reservation unemployment, developing Navajo economy, further development of the tribal government and improving relations with the federal government and surrounding states. Nakai had much unprecedented success as Navajo Tribal Chairman: In 1967 the Navajo Nation Bill of Rights was created, in 1968 Navajo Community College opened being the first tribally controlled community college, the Tribal Scholarship Trust was developed, relations with off reservation natural resource companies began, he was supportive of religious freedom of the Native American Church on the Navajo Reservation. Raymond Nakai led an active personal and political life and was an innovative leader for the Navajo People. The Raymond Nakai Collection contains material documenting his activities as Chairman of the Navajo Nation from 1963 - 1971.

SUMMARYEconomists are often puzzled by the fact that impoverished tenants in poor countries are frequently crowded on to inadequate holdings, while much immediately available land remains unused. This paper sets out to explain this phenomenon in terms of the monopoly or oligopoly power of the landlord class. Individual landowners with this power will find it in their interest to rent out land only up to the point at which its annual marginal value product equals the annual outlay involved in bringing it into use. The latter can be expressed as the yearly interest payments on the original investment (clearing, levelling, and draining charges etc.) plus some annual maintenance costs.More terrain may be cultivated if the monopoly power of landlord can be broken. This would mean that land would be employed up to a level at which the value of its marginal product, as opposed to its marginal value product, equalled the annual cost of bringing it into use. In addition, the VMP and MVP curves on a particular landlord's holdings would be rendered more rent‐elastic if their produce could be sold in wider national and international markets. This too would bring more land under the plough. Sharp price declines associated with increased production in isolated areas may be an important reason why monopolistic landowners keep much of their land unused. The author admits that this is but one among a number of alternative explanations, but he asks that it be given equal consideration with the others. Statistical data pertaining to the South American republic of Ecuador are used in support of the argument.

The sociol'st of law or legal scholar who is interested in comparative studies of legal systems is hindered by the absence of a systematically collected & organized body of information essential to such studies. The HR Area Files are cited as an instance of the value of an organized compilation of cross cultural data in soc sci res, but their value for the sociol of law is limited because they are confined largely to pre-literate societies. It is proposed that an analagous archive pertinent to the sociol of law be created by sending a questionaire to the ministries of justice of 115 nation-states. The content of this questionaire would be based on the concept of a legal system, tentatively defined as 'a set of instit's comprising norms, roles, & patterns of behavior pertaining to judicial, legislative, executive, & admin'ive processes of a society.' A provisional list of items, based on this definition, is given in an Appendix. The processed data might be published, at 10 yr intervals, under the title, `A Sociol'al Almanac of Legal Systems.' It is suggested that once such data were available, it would be possible to develop quantitative indices of the characteristics of legal systems. This proposal was approved by the Res Committee on the Sociol of Law of the Internat'l Sociol'al Assoc during its 1964 meetings. The admin'ive & intellectual problems connected with its implementation are briefly discussed, & the interested reader is invited to submit proposals for the questionaire to the author, or to Renato Treves of the U of Milan, Chairman of the above Committee. P. Metzger.

Social scientists are finding an increasingly useful and stimulating tool in the application of statistical techniques to their problems. As in the employment of any new tool, both the utility and the limitations of this one must be learned. It seems beyond reasonable doubt, however, that quantification of data in the social sciences will become a more widely used and rewarding procedure as time goes on.Prudence dictates that stress be laid on its limitations. The enthusiasm with which a new tool—toy, some would say—is adopted should not blind the user to dangers which may be implicit in its overuse. One cannot squeeze more juice from an orange than the orange contains, no matter how modern the squeezer. Care must be exercised, too, lest the bitter essence of the rind become mixed with the nourishing juice of the fruit itself.The present analysis is an attempt, in not too complex a fashion, to make use of such techniques to organize and validate data which might otherwise permit only the broadest sort of generalizations by way of conclusion, conclusions unsatisfactory roughly in proportion to their breadth. The senior author of this article has for more than a decade and a half been interested in the problem of objective measurement of certain aspects of political change in Latin America with particular respect to the sum total of phenomena falling under the rubric of "democracy." On four occasions, 1945, 1950, 1955, and 1960, he conducted a survey among groups of specialists on Latin America to elicit evaluations which then, with the help of such statistical procedures as seemed useful, were summarized and analyzed.

AbstractThe national economic accounts provide the framework for a comprehensive numerical description of the economy. The most significant work of this decade in U. S. national accounting will be the integration of the related informational systems that have been developed in the past decade into the basic income and product accounts. This paper discusses one of the related bodies of estimates — real factor cost (input) and product (net output) by industry—developed by the author. These estimates are a link between the national production account and the interindustry matrix.There is wide dispersion among industries and variability over a time period, in the rates of change of output in relation to the factor inputs, singly and in combination. But in almost all industries and over most decadal periods in this century, total factor productivity has risen. Capital has grown faster than labor input, but savings in capital as well as in labor have been recorded in most industries. There also have been substantial savings in purchased materials in many sectors, but in agriculture, purchased products have risen significantly faster than gross output. There are interesting systematic relationships among the several major "partial" productivity ratios.Logistics and general economic or business forecasting and planning must allow for changing input‐output relations, especially over longer time periods. Productivity time‐series are a necessary background for projections, but they must be supplemented by special studies.See The National Economic Accounts of the United States. Hearings before the Subcommittee in Economic Statistics of the Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1957), especially the Appendix containing the Report of the National Accounts Review Committee, National Bureau of Economic Research.