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The enthusiasm in the Tahfidz House (TH) education program especially for children shows an increasing trend in Padang, a modeling city in developing Islāmic character for children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Tahfidz House program trends development in early childhood in Padang. This study uses qualitative methods with data collection tools, namely inter- views, direct observation, and document analysis. The results showed that: First, the Tahfidz House program attracted public interest because it offered dimensions of character formation such as in- creasing Intelligence Quotient, Emotional Quotient, and Spiritual Quotient. Second, there is a theo- logical reason in the landscape of local people to think that the Qur'an offers a blessing concept in our lives. Third, Tahfidz House existences as non-formal education has two dominant affiliations, namely pure education and based on market interests or capitalization. Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Tahfidz House Program, Market Interest Reference Abdullah, N. M. S. A. N., Sabbri, F. S. M., Athirah, R., & Isa, M. (2019). Challenges and Difficulties in Memorizing the Qurʾan in the Tahfiz Classes Among Secondary Learners. Al Burhan- Journal of Qurʾān and Sunnah Studies Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, 3(2), 1–14. Afriami, Z., & Rahmah, E. (2017). Pembuatan Direktori Rumah Tahfidz Quran se Kota Padang. Jurnal Ilmu Informasi Perpustakaan Dan Kearsipan, 6(September), 86–94. Ahmadi. (2018). Pembentukan Karakter Anak Dengan Pendekatan Berbasis Pendidikan Al- Qur ' an. ALFIKR:Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 4(1), 23–31. Akbar, Ali & Islmail, H. (2016). Metode Tahfidz Al-Qur"An di Pondok Pesantren Kabupaten Kampar. Jurnal Ushuluddin, 24(1), 91–102. Al-fadhil, M. (2016). Mazhab Pendidikan Kritis; Proses Humanisasi Pendidikan. MUDARRISUNA (Media Kajian Pendidikan Agama Islam), 6(1), 33–52. Ali, Z. Z. (2017). 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학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :사범대학 체육교육과,글로벌스포츠매니지먼트전공,2019. 8. 김기한. ; 본 연구는 한국의 스포츠인재개발 시스템의 효율성과 효과성을 탐색하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 이를 위해 스포츠전문화, 스포츠인재개발시스템 등과 관련된 국/내외 문헌들을 고찰하여 연구의 이론적 배경으로 활용하였다. 그리고 이론적 배경을 토대로 스포츠 인재의 조기 발굴과 조기 전문화가 높은 경기력(국제경쟁력)을 가지고 있는 우수 선수를 효과적으로 육성하기 위한 전제조건이라는 결론을 도출하였다. 한국의 스포츠인재개발 시스템의 효율성과 효과성 탐색을 위한 연구 대상으로 정부와 대기업의 광범위하고 지속적인 지원에도 불구하고 상대적으로 두드러진 성과를 창출하지 못하고 있는 것으로 평가되는 '육상' 종목을 선정하였다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 설정한 연구 문제는 다음과 같다. 1. 스포츠 인재의 조기 발굴과 조기 전문화가 동 종목의 최고 경기력 달성을 위한 필수 요소인가? 2. 육상에서 상위 경기력을 보유하게 된 선수들의 특징은 무엇인가? 대한육상연맹의 선수 기록 데이터를 기반으로 기초 연구자료를 수집하고 구체적인 연구대상을 파악하였으며, 웹기반 설문조사를 통해 양적연구를 위한 주요 변인들을 수집하는 한편, 국제육상연맹에 등재된 선수 랭킹 자료 등을 활용하여 종속변인 설정을 진행하였다. 구체적으로 2000년에서 2018년까지 육상 단거리 종목별 (남자 100m, 200m, 400m / 여자 100m, 200m, 400m) 국내 상위 100위 이내의 선수 명단들을 교차 분석하여 총 399명의 설문 대상이 파악되었고, 설문진행 결과 294명(응답율:73.68%)의 연구대상이 설문조사에 참여하였으나, 종속변인 설정에 부합되지 않는 4명의 응답자를 분석대상에서 제외시킴에 따라 최종적으로 290명의 응답자료를 기반으로 통계적 처리를 진행하였다. 주요한 통계적 처리로는 연구 문제 1의 답을 도출하기 위한 상관관계 분석과 연구 문제 2의 답을 도출하기 위한 회귀분석이 진행되었고, 분석결과에 따른 추가적인 기술통계 분석도 진행되었다. 본 연구를 통해 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 스포츠 인재의 조기 발굴 및 조기 전문화와 선수의 향후 경기력 간의 정적 상관관계를 발견할 수 없으며, 특히 남자의 경우에는 유의한 역상관 관계가 발견되었다. 둘째, 성공적인 육상 선수들은 한국의 스포츠인재개발모델이 추정하고 있는 시기보다 더 늦게 전문적인 훈련에 참가하는 것으로 파악되었다. 더불어, 여자의 경우에는 육상 전문화 전 기타 종목 참여 여부와 향후 경기력 간의 상관관계가 나타나지 않은 반면, 남자의 경우에는 사전 종목 참여가 향후 경기력과 유의한 정적 관계에 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 엘리트 선수 양성을 위해 도입된 제도적 도구가 높은 수준의 선수 양성에 활용되기 보다는 특혜를 취득하기 위한 수단으로써 활용되고 있는 것으로 파악된다. 특히, 남자의 경우에는 군면제 특혜에 대한 동기와 향후 경기력 간에 유의한 관계가 나타나지 않았고, 상급학교 진학 특혜에 대한 동기와 향후 경기력 간에는 유의한 부적 관계가 나타났다. 결론적으로, 한국의 스포츠인재개발 모델은 '육상' 종목에서 그 목표하는 바를 효율적이고 효과적으로 달성하지 못하고 있다고 평가할 수 있다. 따라서, 천편일률적으로 모든 종목에 적용하는 스포츠인재개발 모델을 넘어서, 육상 종목을 포함하여 각 스포츠 종목의 특성을 고려한 차별화된 접근법이 요구된다. ; The aim of this research was to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of Korea's sport talent development system in accomplishing its intended goals. As first step for this assessment, theoretical framework of the research was formed by identifying common characteristics evident in western literature on specialization, and relevant law and literature on sport talent development system of Korea. The established theoretical framework posited that early specialization of early talents are necessary components of producing eventual high performing (internationally competitive) athletes, in the Korean Model for Sport Talent Development. Next, a sport perceived to be under-performing despite extensive and continued support granted by government agencies and conglomerates in Korea, the sport of athletics, was chosen as subject sport of research. The research questions formulated were as follows: - RQ 1. Are early talent and early specialization in athletics prerequisites for eventual top performance in the same sport? - RQ 2. What are the characteristics of eventual top performers in athletics? Research method involved a quantitative analysis of Korean athletics by incorporating reliable athletes' performance data available at the national governing body of the sport, Korea Association of Athletics Federations, data recalled (via web-based survey) from the memory of subject athletes, and other reliable published resource (i.e. from International Association of Athletics Federations). Specifically, by cross-referencing the Top 100 Lists of sprint events (Men's 100m, 200m, 400m, and Women's 100m, 200m, 400m), 399 subjects of survey were identified. With 73.68% response rate to web-based surveys, and exclusion of 4 respondents whose performance(result) was beyond the scope of reference data for dependent variable, 290 athletes resultantly became the sample population for quantitative analysis. Major statistical analysis involved was a correlational analysis conducted in an attempt to answer RQ1., and linear multiple regressions for RQ2 ; and in relevance to the results of analyses further descriptive statistics were presented on certain variables. Results revealed, firstly, not only that there wasn't any significant correlation between 'early talent and early specialized' athletes and their eventual performance, but also an inverse correlation was found in men's case. Secondly, successful athletes started athletics specialization later than it is presumed in the Korean Model of Sport Development. Furthermore, whereas sampling variable(prior sport participation) had no significant relationship with eventual performance in women's case, positive relationship was found in men's case. Thirdly, the results seem to hint that some of the institutional tools put in place by Korea's sport policy to encourage elite athlete development, were being exploited to attain the benefits rather than functioning as stepping stones to produce high level athletes. In men's case especially, there wasn't any significant relationship between the motivation for military service exemption benefit and later performance, but a negative relationship was found between the motivation to advance to higher education through sporting achievements and eventual performance. Results of this research negate the presumptions inherent in the Korean Model of Sport Talent Development, which posits early identification of talent and early specialization as key and necessary requirements in reaching eventual high performance. Therefore, beyond the generalized approach of Korea's sport talent development system, it calls for implementation of a more differentiated, sport-specific model to elite sport development in Korea. ; Abstract i Table of Contents v List of Tables ix List of Figures xi Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Current Context 1 1.1.1. Korean Athletics 2 1.2. Scope and Outline 3 1.3. Research Significance 4 Chapter 2. Literature Review 7 2.1. Standard Model of Talent Development (SMTD) 7 2.2. Sports Specialization 8 2.2.1. Existing Definition of Sports Specialization in Literature 8 2.2.2. Early Specialization 9 2.2.3. Doubts on early specialization in sport. 10 2.2.4. Early diversification(sampling), and late specialization. 10 2.3. Long Term Athlete Development (Istvan Balyi) 12 2.3.1. Early Specialization and Late Specialization Models 12 2.4. Historical Background on Korea's Sport Development 14 2.5. Korea's Sport Talent Development System 18 2.5.1. School Sports (athletic club) Policy 19 2.5.2. Special Sport Talent System (or Athletes Admission and Scholarship Policy) 20 2.5.3. Lowest Grade of Academic Abilities Policy 21 2.5.4. Sports Schools and Sports Promotion Act 21 2.5.5. National Games/Competitions Structure 22 Chapter 3. Theoretical Framework and Research Questions 25 3.1. Theoretical Framework 25 3.1.1. Research Subjects 26 3.2. Research Questions 29 Chapter 4. Methodology 30 4.1. Overview 30 4.2. Research Parameters and Definitions 30 4.2.1. KAAF Athletes' Database 30 4.2.2. Drawing a line between Early and Late Specialization 31 4.2.3. Operational Definition: Specialization 34 4.2.4. Operational Definition: Early Talent and Early Specialization 34 4.2.5. Critical Periods (of Development) 34 4.3. Overview of Research Methods for each Research Question 35 4.4. Conduct of Data Collection and Analysis 39 4.4.1. Procedure ONE: Initial data collection 39 4.4.2. Procedure TWO 41 4.4.3. Procedure THREE 43 4.4.4. Procedure FOUR 44 4.4.5. Procedure FIVE 45 4.4.6. Procedure SIX: Memory Recall Survey 45 4.4.7. Procedure EIGHT: Merging, Adjusting and Finalizing Data Set 2 Alpha 47 Chapter 5. Results and Findings 55 5.1. Descriptive Statistics in relevance to the RQs. 55 5.1.1. Elementary Division Statistics 55 5.1.2. Distribution of Athletics Main Events (Survey Respondents) 56 5.2. Answering RQ1: Are early talent and early specialization in athletics prerequisites for eventual top performance in the same sport? 58 5.3. Answering RQ 2: What are the characteristics of eventual top performers? 59 5.3.1. Multiple Regression ONE 60 5.3.2. Multiple Regression TWO 61 5.3.3. Multiple Regression THREE(M) and THREE(F) 63 5.4. Further Investigations and Findings 67 5.5. Summary of Results and Interpretations 70 5.5.1. RQ1. Early talent and early specialization 70 5.5.2. RQ 2. Characteristics of eventual top performers 72 Chapter 6. Discussion and Limitations 76 6.1. Discussion and Suggestions 76 6.1.1. Korean Model of Sport Talent Development 76 6.1.2. Diversification or Sampling Period 78 6.1.3. Appearance of secondary sex characteristics 80 6.2. Limitations 81 6.2.1. Definition of "Sampling" 81 6.2.2. Critical Secondary Factors 82 6.2.3. Nature of Research 83 6.2.4. Scope of Research 84 Bibliography 86 Appendix 112 ; Master

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gudigere North-4microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 373 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soil and 1 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 7 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  Entire area in the microwatershed is clayey at the surface.  About 78 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  Entire area in the microwatershed is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 97per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 2 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 6 per cent area of the soils.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 202(54) Sapota - - Maize - 202(54) Pomegranate - 201(54) Bajra - 202(54) Musambi - 201(54) Groundnut - - Lime - 201(54) Sunflower - 201(54) Amla - - Redgram - 201(54) Cashew - - Bengal gram - 202(54) Jackfruit - - Cotton - 201(54) Jamun - - Chilli - 202(54) Custard apple - 202(54) Tomato - - Tamarind - - Brinjal - - Mulberry - - Onion - - Marigold - 202(54) Bhendi - 202(54) Chrysanthemum - 202(54) Drumstick - - Jasmine - - Mango - - Crossandra - - Guava - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Gudigere North-4 is located at North latitude 150 23' 32.567" and 150 22' 14.481" and East longitude 750 55' 17.567'' and 750 53' 48.995" covering an area of about 386.01 ha coming under Bannikoppa and Hallikere Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Gudigere North-4 micro watersheds of Gudigere subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 21 (60.00 %) were marginal, 5 (14.29%)were small and 4 (11.43 %) were Semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 75 (53.96%) men and 64 (46.04 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (38.85%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 32.37 per cent illiterates, 58.99 per cent pre university education and 7.91 per cent attained graduation.  About, 71.43 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 20.00 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 56.12 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 97.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 91.43 per cent possess TV, 88.57 per cent possess mobile phones and 40.00 per cent possess motor cycles.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 9.50, women available in the micro watershed was 1.17, hired labour (men) available was 9.43 and hired labour (women) available was 9.5.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (34.42 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Bengala gram and Sorghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 85.47 per cent.  About 28.57 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Bengala gram and Sorghum was Rs.38226.83 and 28298.62 with benefit cost ratio of 1:3.02 and 1:2.30 respectively.  Further, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 60000.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 60000.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 8 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1000.00 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 17.14 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities. 2  Regarding marketing channels, 102.86 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 102.86 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 71.43 per cent of the households and 28.57 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 17.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 48.57 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (88.57%) and oilseeds (31.43%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (71.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (5.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.00%), high rate of interest on credit (48.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (48.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (57.14%), inadequate extension services (5.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (57.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh bukti empiris sejauhmana pengalaman kerja, time budget pressure dan risiko audit mempengaruhi kualitas audit. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Badan Pemeriksan Keuangan Republik Indonesia (BPK-RI) Perwakilan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan memberikan pertanyaan tertulis kepada responden. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer melalui penyebaran kuesioner kepada responden. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh auditor yang bekerja pada BPK-RI Perwakilan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Pemilihan sampel penelitian ini menggunakan teknik purposive sampling dan diperoleh 32 auditor. Teknik analisis yang digunakan yaitu analisis regresi linear berganda dengan menggunakan SPSS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial pengalaman kerja dan risiko audit berpengaruh positif dan signifikan sedangkan time budget pressure berpengaruh positif dan tidak signifikan. 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WOS:000478045600005 ; The almost hermetic coverage of the CMS detector is used to measure the distribution of transverse energy, E-T, over 13.2 units of pseudorapidity, eta, for pPb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of root s(NN) = 5.02 TeV. The huge angular acceptance exploits the fact that the CASTOR calorimeter at -6.6 < eta < -5.2 is effectively present on both sides of the colliding system because of a switch in the proton-going and lead-going beam directions. This wide acceptance enables the study of correlations between well-separated angular regions and makes the measurement a particularly powerful test of event generators. For minimum bias pPb collisions the maximum value of dE(T)/d eta is 22 GeV, which implies an E-T per participant nucleon pair comparable to that of peripheral PbPb collisions at root s(NN) 7 = 2.76 TeV. The increase of dE(T)/d eta with centrality is much stronger for the lead-going side than for the proton-going side. The i dependence of dE(T)/d eta is sensitive to the eta range in which the centrality variable is defined. Several modern generators are compared to these results but none is able to capture all aspects of the eta and centrality dependence of the data and the correlations observed between different eta regions. ; BMBWF (Austria); FWF (Austria)Austrian Science Fund (FWF); FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO; CNPq (Brazil)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); CAPES (Brazil)CAPES; FAPERJ (Brazil)Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); FAPERGS (Brazil)Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS); FAPESP (Brazil)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS (China)Chinese Academy of Sciences; MoST (China)Ministry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC (China)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia)Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSES (Croatia); CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER (Estonia); ERC IUT (Estonia)Estonian Research Council; ERDF (Estonia)European Union (EU); Academy of Finland (Finland)Academy of Finland; MEC (Finland); HIP (Finland); CEA (France)French Atomic Energy Commission; CNRS/IN2P3 (France)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); BMBF (Germany)Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); DFG (Germany)German Research Foundation (DFG); HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece)Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT; NKFIA (Hungary); DAE (India)Department of Atomic Energy (DAE); DST (India)Department of Science & Technology (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland)Science Foundation Ireland; INFN (Italy)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); MSIP (Republic of Korea); NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE (Malaysia); UM (Malaysia); BUAP (Mexico); CINVESTAV (Mexico); CONACYT (Mexico)Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT); LNS (Mexico); SEP (Mexico); UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE (Poland); NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; JINR (Dubna); MON (Russia); RosAtom (Russia); RAS (Russia)Russian Academy of Sciences; RFBR (Russia)Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI (Spain); CPAN (Spain); PCTI (Spain); FEDER (Spain)European Union (EU); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter (Thailand); IPST (Thailand); STAR (Thailand); NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK (Turkey)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK); TAEK (Turkey)Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; NASU (Ukraine); SFFR (Ukraine)State Fund for Fundamental Research (SFFR); STFC (United Kingdom)Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE (USA)United States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF (USA)National Science Foundation (NSF); Marie-Curie program (European Union)European Union (EU); European Research Council (European Union)European Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); Leventis Foundation; A. P. Sloan FoundationAlfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt FoundationAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy OfficeBelgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; F.R.S.-FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO [30820817]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic; Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary)Hungarian Academy of Sciences; New National Excellence Program UNKP (Hungary); NKFIA (Hungary) [123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, IndiaCouncil of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; European Union, Regional Development FundEuropean Union (EU); Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education; National Science Center (Poland)National Science Centre, PolandNational Science Center, Poland [Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406]; Qatar National Research Fund; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu [MDM-2015-0509]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; Thalis program; Aristeia program; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand); Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); Welch FoundationThe Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (USA); Horizon 2020 Grant (European Union)European Union (EU) [675440]; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium)Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT); HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; Science and Technology Facilities CouncilScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) [ST/N000242/1] Funding Source: researchfish ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detectors provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, Contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science-EOS" Project No. 30820817; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendulet ("Momentum") program and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research Grants No. 123842, No. 123959, No. 124845, No. 124850, and No. 125105 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, Contract No. C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gudigere North-3microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 549 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soil and 2 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  Entire area in the microwatershed is clayey at the surface.  About 69 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An about 18 per cent of the area has slight erosion and 80 per cent has moderate erosion.  An area of about 81 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 17 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 4 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 17 per cent area of the soils.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 177(32) Sapota - - Maize - 177(32) Pomegranate - 177(32) Bajra - 177(32) Musambi - 177(32) Groundnut - - Lime - 177(32) Sunflower - 177(32) Amla - - Redgram - 177(32) Cashew - - Bengal gram - 177(32) Jackfruit - - Cotton - 177(32) Jamun - - Chilli - 177(32) Custard apple - 177(32) Tomato - - Tamarind - - Brinjal - - Mulberry - - Onion - - Marigold - 177(32) Bhendi - 177(32) Chrysanthemum - 177(32) Drumstick - - Jasmine - - Mango - - Crossandra - - Guava - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Gudigere North-3 is located at North latitude 150 22' 53.336" and 150 21' 0.438" and East longitude 750 55' 54.74'' and 750 54' 11.289" covering an area of about 499.96 ha coming under Bannikoppa and Kavalur Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Gudigere North-3 micro watersheds of Gudigere subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 16 (45.71 %) were marginal, 9 (25.71%)were small, 4 (11.43 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 79 (56.83%) men and 60 (43.17 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (33.81%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 28.78 per cent illiterates, 69.06 per cent pre university education and 4.32 per cent attained graduation.  About, 94.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 58.99 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 97.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 85.71 per cent possess TV, 82.86 per cent possess mobile phones and 34.29 per cent possess motor cycles.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.47, women available in the micro watershed was 1.17, hired labour (men) available was 9.37 and hired labour (women) available was 9.43.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (39.94 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Bengala gram and Sorghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 77.52 per cent.  Out of the sample households 48.57 percent possessed bank account and 48.57 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 48.57 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households 11.76 per cent from cooperative/ Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Bengala gram and Sorghum was Rs.41446.91 and Rs 29399.43 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.30 and 1: 2.26 respectively.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 58571.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 57714.29 comes from agriculture. 2  Sampled households have grown 3 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4628.57 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 71.43 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 97.14 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 94.29 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (82.86%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 82.86 per cent of the households and 14.29 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 45.71 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 34.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 91.43 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 5.71 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (91.43%) and oilseeds (51.43%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (80.00%), inadequacy of irrigation water (22.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (82.86%), high rate of interest on credit (54.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (57.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (65.71%), inadequate extension services (5.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market(51.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bhanapur microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 575 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soil, 3 per cent by water bodies, settlements and 200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 0.75%).  Available phosphorus is low(57 kg/ha) in 56 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 73 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 24 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 68 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 8 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 21(4) 197(34) Sapota 21(4) 67(12) Maize 21(4) 197(34) Pomegranate 21(4) 185(32) Bajra 60(10) 401(70) Guava 21(4) 67(12) Redgram 21(4) 175(30) Jackfruit 21(4) 67(12) Bengal gram - 118(21) Jamun - 30(5) Groundnut - 334(58) Musambi 21(4) 185(32) Sunflower 21 (4) 175(30) Lime 21(4) 185(32) Cotton - 196(34) Cashew 21(4) 67(12) Chilli 21(4) 197(34) Custard apple 60(10) 401(70) Tomato 21(4) 79(14) Amla 60(10) 283(49) Brinjal 21(4) 79(14) Tamarind - 30(5) Onion 21(4) 79(14) Marigold 21(4) 197(34) Bhendi 21(4) 197(34) Chrysanthemum 21(4) 197 (34) Drumstick 21(4) 67(12) Jasmine 21(4) 79(14) Mulberry 21(4) 67(12) Crossandra 21(4) 79(14) Mango - 30(5) - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Bhanapur is located at North latitude 150 24' 24.027" and 150 22' 44.233" and East longitude 760 2' 18.333'' and 760 0' 48.567" covering an area of about 588.83 ha coming under Bhanapur and Talabal Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Bhanapur micro watersheds of Bhanapur subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Bhanapur micro-watershed among households surveyed 9 (25.71%) were marginal, 9 (25.71%) were small and 12 (34.29 %) were semi medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 77 (57.04%) men and 58 (42.96 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 3 and semi medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (28.15%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 29.63 per cent illiterates, 71.86 per cent pre university education and 5.93 per cent attained graduation.  About, 80.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 8.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 62.22 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 100.00 per cent possess TV, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 14.29 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 8.57 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.57 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.52, women available in the micro watershed was 1.03, hired labour (men) available was 8.55 and hired labour (women) available was 8.55.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (52.31 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Bengala gram, Sorghum, Red gram, Maize and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 79.78 per cent. 2  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Bengala gram, Sorghum, Red gram, Maize and Groundnut was Rs.33769.42 , 28457.09, 22768.30, 24934.98 and 44621.34 with benefit cost ratio of 1:3.50, 1: 2.00, 1: 1.30, 1: 1.60 and 1:2.10 respectively.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 79325.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 71011.43 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 28 horticulture trees and 121 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4342.86 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 45.71 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 100.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 100.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (74.29%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 94.29 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 97.14 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (94.29%) and oilseeds (2.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (2.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (77.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (5.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (82.86%), high rate of interest on credit (5.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (77.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.86%), inadequate extension services (2.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Le présent ouvrage fait suite à celui paru en 2002: «La politique agricole commune des origines au 3e millénaire», auquel il se réfère fréquemment (LEDENT, BURNY, 2002). Dans le temps, il couvre en partie les périodes de programmation et financières 2000-2006 et 2007-2013. Dès le 29 septembre 2003, la Communauté a adopté une réforme fondamentale de la PAC dite «révision de la PAC à mi-parcours». Cette révision instaure un paiement unique (ou direct) par exploitation de l'Union européenne, indépendant de la production et lié au respect de normes en matière d'environnement, de santé publique, de santé des animaux et des végétaux, de bien-être des animaux et de bonnes conditions agricoles et environnementales ("écoconditionnalité"). La révision renforce la politique de développement rural, qu'elle dote de moyens financiers accrus. En outre, elle opère une réduction des paiements directs ("modulation") attribuables aux exploitations et atteignant au moins 5.000 euros par année, afin d'être en mesure d'accroître le financement du développement rural. Un événement majeur enregistré au début du siècle réside en une vague d'adhésion de 12 pays à l'Union européenne: - au 1er mai 2004 : Chypre, Estonie, Hongrie, Lettonie, Lituanie, Malte, Pologne, République tchèque, Slovaquie, Slovénie; - au 1er janvier 2007: Bulgarie, Roumanie. En élargissant l'Union à tant d'États, on la fait évoluer vers une zone de libre- échange; on s'écarte indubitablement du fédéralisme, auquel aspiraient, rêvaient la plupart des pères fondateurs de l'Europe et bien d'autres citoyens. Cette évolution est appréciée des États-Unis d'Amérique et de certains États membres: Royaume-Uni, Suède, Malte, Danemark, Pays-Bas, République tchèque, . La réglementation régissant la PAC est particulièrement abondante et complexe bien que la Commission européenne et le Conseil de l'Union européenne (dénommé auparavant Conseil des ministres) s'attachent à sa simplification sur le plan législatif. Le règlement (CE) n°1234/2007 du 22 octobre 2007, dit règlement «OCM unique», portant organisation des marchés dans le secteur agricole et dispositions spécifiques en ce qui concerne certains produits de ce secteur (JO L 299 du 16.11.2007, 149 pages) est le fruit de longs efforts ; il était attendu. À mesure que la législation en matière d'organisation des marchés est modifiée ou complétée, le règlement OCM unique est mis à jour. Le règlement (CE) n° 1782/2003 (voir chapitre 1) prévoit le calcul du paiement unique (aides directes) aux agriculteurs en recourant à la méthode historique ou à la régionalisation du régime de paiement. En vue de l'application de ces méthodes, il est fixé un montant de référence qui est la moyenne sur trois ans (2000, 2001 et 2002) des montants totaux des paiements accordés à un agriculteur. Pour chaque État membre, le total des montants de référence ne peut être supérieur au plafond national. Dans l'application de la méthode historique proprement dite, le montant de référence est spécifique à chaque agriculteur. Au plus tard le 1er août 2004, un État membre pouvait décider de mettre en œuvre le régime du paiement unique prévu à l'échelle régionale. Il devait définir les régions selon des critères objectifs et en respectant le plafond national prévu. L'État membre subdivise celui-ci entre les régions. Chaque plafond régional ainsi obtenu est réparti entre les agriculteurs dont les exploitations sont situées dans la région concernée et en fonction du nombre des hectares admissibles au bénéfice de l'aide de montant uniforme. Les critères historiques prévalent essentiellement dans les anciens pays de l'Union européenne en vue du calcul des aides directes. Ils sont dépassés. En effet: -la période de référence retenue (2000-2002) est éloignée et la technique ainsi que l'économie évoluent rapidement ; - le régime de paiement unique intègre de plus en plus de secteurs productifs ; - la répartition de l'aide directe au revenu entre les agriculteurs se caractérise par l'octroi d'une part importante des paiements à un nombre relativement peu élevé de bénéficiaires (distorsions liées au système). Le bilan de santé de la PAC (voir chapitre 7) s'est efforcé d'atténuer (insuffisamment) cette grave inégalité. Le règlement (CE) n° 73/2009 coule en termes juridiques les propositions introduites à cette fin. Il devient possible de réviser le montant des droits au paiement fondés sur des critères historiques (article 45) ou sur un régime régionalisé (article 46 sq.). Il peut être procédé à un «lissage» des aides directes fondées sur des critères historiques. Le lissage consiste en un rapprochement, en 2010 ou ultérieurement, de la valeur des droits au paiement unique. À cette fin, on prélève sur les montants les plus élevés et relève les plus bas tout en ne permettant pas de créer de nouveaux droits et donc de couvrir des hectares qui n'avaient pas de soutien. Les États membres qui ont accordé le régime de paiement unique sur une base historique peuvent décider d'appliquer ce régime, en 2010 ou ultérieurement, sur une base régionale. Ils répartissent le plafond national entre les régions et peuvent décider que les plafonds régionaux font l'objet de modifications progressives annuelles qui s'opèrent au maximum en trois étapes et selon des critères objectifs et non discriminatoires tels que le potentiel agricole ou les critères environnementaux. Les États membres qui ont initialement préféré le modèle régional peuvent revoir la valeur des droits au paiement sur une période transitoire appropriée. L'octroi du paiement unique peut se faire sur une base exclusivement dérivée de données historiques ou sur une base totalement ou partiellement régionale. À noter que dans le cadre du bilan de santé, les États membres peuvent répartir jusqu'à 50 % des plafonds régionaux applicables entre tous les agriculteurs dont les exploitations sont situées dans les régions concernées, y compris ceux qui ne détiennent pas de droits au paiement. L'adaptation de la valeur des droits au paiement unique va dans le sens de l'équité, qu'elle n'atteint toujours pas. L'opération n'est pas simple ; elle est, cependant, moins délicate, surtout moins dangereuse pour les agriculteurs, que ce qui s'annonce pour l'après 2013 en vue de la fixation du budget pour la période de programmation et financière 2014-2020 et de la fixation du destin de la politique agricole commune, qu'il importe de sauvegarder pour l'Europe et le Monde, le Monde où survivent près d'un milliard de victimes de la sous-nutrition et qui serait peuplé de neuf milliards au moins d'habitants en 2050. Les négociations commerciales multilatérales d'Uruguay (1986-1993) ont conduit à la création de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) et révélé bien des conflits d'intérêt dans le secteur agricole, que l'on s'efforçait de libéraliser (LEDENT, BURNY, 2002, p. 169 à 216). L'accord sur l'agriculture également issu de ces négociations prévoit la poursuite du développement du processus de réforme devant aboutir à des réductions progressives et substantielles du soutien et de la protection de l'agriculture. À cette fin, est créé un Comité de l'agriculture, au sein duquel ont débuté, à partir du 27 mars 2000, des pourparlers, qui, le 14 novembre 2001, ont été intégrés dans le cycle global dit «Millenium Round», décidé à Doha (Qatar). Cette dernière date marque le début du cycle de négociations multilatérales de Doha, qui ont connu bien des épisodes et qui ne sont toujours pas terminées. La crise financière, dont le début se situe en août 2007 (Jacques ATTALl, novembre 2008), et qui sévit en Europe le 6 octobre 2008, est le déclencheur de la crise économique, qui contrarie les pourparlers. La hausse du chômage dans nombre de pays a remis en cause l'objectif de libéralisation des échanges. Au début de 2010, le volontaire et avisé directeur général de l'OMC, Pascal LAMY, s'attache à faire le bilan des négociations et propose de déterminer s'il est possible de les conclure cette année. Le Comité de l'agriculture poursuit, à Genève, ses travaux techniques. Le nouveau commissaire européen au commerce, Karel DE GUCHT déclare le 12 février, à Genève, que: «Un des meilleurs moyens de tenir le protectionnisme à l'écart est de conclure le cycle de Doha le plus tôt possible (Agra Europe n° 3.240 du 22.02.2010, p. 19). Et, il ajoute de sages propos : «Dans ce but, je ferai de mon mieux pour assurer qu'un accord satisfaisant soit trouvé pour toutes les parties» (ibidem), conformément à ses fortes convictions. MM. LAMY et DE GUCHT, dont le rôle est considérable, ne peuvent perdre de vue la position de Olivier DE SCHUTTER, expert de l'ONU pour le droit à l'alimentation, qui a mis en garde les membres de l'OMC contre un accord sur l'agriculture aggravant la faim dans le monde. L'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture (OMA, FAO) estime, quant à elle, que la production alimentaire devra augmenter d'au moins 70 % afin de pouvoir nourrir la population de neuf milliards de personnes en 2050. Dès lors, la mission de l'agriculture européenne consiste à produire plus, tout en étant le plus économe possible des ressources naturelles.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti alasan efisien dan inefisien anggaran belanja daerah bidang kesehatan di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat baik secara teknis biaya maupun teknis sistem dan bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran perbaikan input maupun output pada daerah yang inefisien agar bisa mencapai efisiensi. Objek penelitian ini adalah kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Kurun waktu tahun 2012 hingga 2015. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif.Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa secara umum Kabupaten Kubu Raya, Kabupaten Landak, dan Kabupaten Sanggau tidak efisien dikarenakan rasio jumlah perawatnya yang dibawah standar ideal, infrastruktur jalan yang tidak memadai dan produksi listrik yang rendah. Anggaran belanja daerah kesehatan yang tinggi juga menyebakan Kabupaten Sanggau tidak efisien secara teknis biaya. Sementara Kabupaten Kayong Utara bisa efisien dikarenakan anggaran belanja daerah kesehatannya yang rendah dan juga rasio jumlah perawat yang tinggi disebabkan oleh jumlah penduduk yang rendah. Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu bisa mencapai efisisensi teknis biaya dikarenakan rasio jumlah puskesmas yang tinggi dan juga produksi listrik yang tinggi. Kota Singkawang bisa mencapai efisiensi karena rasio jumlah perawat yang sangat tinggi, produksi listrik tinggi dan jalan yang rusak sedikit. Untuk daerah yang tidak efisien secara teknis sistem, seperti Kabupaten Sambas, Kabupaten Kayong Utara, dan Kabupaten Ketapang dikarenakan outcome berupa AHH masih rendah, distribusi air bersih yang rendah, dan AKB yang tinggi. Selain itu, wilayah Kabupaten Ketapang yang luas juga menyebabkan tidak efisien secara teknis sistem. Kabupaten Bengkayang bisa efisien dikarenakan memiliki AHH yang sangat tinggi, rasio jumlah puskesmas yang tinggi dan rasio jumlah perawat yang tinggi. Kabupaten Landak bisa mencapai efisiensi teknis sistem dikarenakan AHH yang tinggi dan AKB yang rendah. Kabupaten Kubu Raya bisa mencapai efisiensi karena AKB yang rendah, pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tinggi, jaraknya dekat dengan Ibu Kota Provinsi. Kota Pontianak bisa efisien karena AHH yang tinggi, AKB yang rendah, dan distribusi air bersih yang tinggi. Kata kunci: Efisiensi, DEA, Anggaran Belanja Bidang Kesehatan, Efisiensi Teknis Biaya, Efisiensi Teknis Sistem DAFTAR PUSTAKA Adisamita, R. (2011). Pengelolaan Pendapatan dan Anggaran Daerah: Edisi Pertama. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu. Badan Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Pendapatan Daerah Kabupaten Kayong Utara. (2014). APBD Murni Kabupaten Kayong Utara Tahun Anggaran 2015. Kayong Utara: BPKPD. Badan Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Pendapatan Daerah Kabupaten Melawi. (2014). APBD Murni Kabupaten Melawi Tahun Anggaran 2015. Melawi: BPKPD. Badan Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Pendapatan Daerah Kabupaten Sambas. (2014). APBD Murni Kabupaten Sambas Tahun Anggaran 2015. Sambas: BPKPD. Badan Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Pendapatan Daerah Kabupaten Sanggau. (2014). APBD Murni Kabupaten Sanggau Tahun Anggaran 2015. Sanggau: BPKPD. Badan Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Pendapatan Daerah Kota Singkawang. (2014). APBD Murni Kota Singkawang Tahun Anggaran 2015. Singkawang: BPKPD. Badan Pusat Statistik Bengkayang. (2013). Bengkayang dalam Angka 2013. Bengkayang: BPS. _________ . (2014). Bengkayang dalam Angka 2014. Bengkayang: BPS. _________ . (2015). Bengkayang dalam Angka 2015. Bengkayang: BPS. _________ . (2016). Bengkayang dalam Angka 2016. Bengkayang: BPS. Badan Pusat Statistik Kalimantan Barat. (2013). Kalimantan Barat dalam Angka 2013. Pontianak: BPS. _________ . (2014). Kalimantan Barat dalam Angka 2014. Pontianak: BPS. _________ . (2015). Kalimantan Barat dalam Angka 2015. Pontianak: BPS. _________ . (2016). Kalimantan Barat dalam Angka 2016. Pontianak: BPS. Badan Pusat Statistik Kapuas Hulu. (2013). Kapuas Hulu dalam Angka 2013. Kapuas Hulu: BPS. _________ . (2014). Kapuas Hulu dalam Angka 2014. Kapuas Hulu: BPS. _________ . (2015). Kapuas Hulu dalam Angka 2015. Kapuas Hulu: BPS. _________ . (2016). Kapuas Hulu dalam Angka 2016. Kapuas Hulu: BPS. Badan Pusat Statistik Kayong Utara. (2013). Kayong Utara dalam Angka 2013. Kayong Utara: BPS. _________ . (2014). Kayong Utara dalam Angka 2014. Kayong Utara: BPS. _________ . (2015). Kayong Utara dalam Angka 2015. Kayong Utara: BPS. _________ . (2016). Kayong Utara dalam Angka 2016. Kayong Utara: BPS. Badan Pusat Statistik Ketapang. (2013). Ketapang dalam Angka 2013. Ketapang: BPS. _________ . (2014). Ketapang dalam Angka 2014. Ketapang: BPS. _________ . (2015). Ketapang dalam Angka 2015. Ketapang: BPS. _________ . (2016). Ketapang dalam Angka 2016. Ketapang: BPS. Badan Pusat Statistik Kubu Raya. (2013). Kubu Raya dalam Angka 2013. Kubu Raya: BPS. _________ . (2014). Kubu Raya dalam Angka 2014. Kubu Raya: BPS. _________ . (2015). Kubu Raya dalam Angka 2015. Kubu Raya: BPS. _________ . (2016). Kubu Raya dalam Angka 2016. Kubu Raya: BPS. Badan Pusat Statistik Landak. (2013). Landak dalam Angka 2013. Landak: BPS. _________ . (2014). Landak dalam Angka 2014. Landak: BPS. _________ . (2015). Landak dalam Angka 2015. Landak: BPS. _________ . (2016). Landak dalam Angka 2016. Landak: BPS. Badan Pusat Statistik Pontianak. (2013). Pontianak dalam Angka 2013. Pontianak: BPS. _________ . (2014). Pontianak dalam Angka 2014. Pontianak: BPS. _________ . (2015). Pontianak dalam Angka 2015. Pontianak: BPS. _________ . (2016). Pontianak dalam Angka 2016. Pontianak: BPS. Badan Pusat Statistik Sambas. (2013). Sambas dalam Angka 2013. Sambas: BPS. _________ . (2014). Sambas dalam Angka 2014. Sambas: BPS. _________ . (2015). Sambas dalam Angka 2015. Sambas: BPS. _________ . (2016). Sambas dalam Angka 2016. Sambas: BPS. Badan Pusat Statistik Sanggau. (2013). Sanggau dalam Angka 2013. Sanggau: BPS. _________ . (2014). Sanggau dalam Angka 2014. Sanggau: BPS. _________ . (2015). Sanggau dalam Angka 2015. Sanggau: BPS. _________ . (2016). Sanggau dalam Angka 2016. Sanggau: BPS. Badan Pusat Statistik Singkawang. (2013). Singkawang dalam Angka 2013.Singkawang: BPS. _________ . (2014). Singkawang dalam Angka 2014. Singkawang: BPS. _________ . (2015). Singkawang dalam Angka 2015. Singkawang: BPS. _________ . (2016).Singkawang dalam Angka 2016. Singkawang: BPS. Daling, M. (2013). Analisis Kinerja Realisasi Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Pemerintah Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara. Jurnal EMBA, 1 (3), 82-89. Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Kayong Utara, (2016). Profil Kesehatan Kabupaten Kayong Utara Tahun 2015, Kayong Utara. Dinkes. Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Kubu Raya, (2015). Profil Kesehatan Kabupaten Kubu Raya Tahun 2014, Kubu Raya. Dinkes Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Sintang, (2016). Profil Kesehatan Kabupaten Kubu Raya Tahun 2015, Kubu Raya. Dinkes Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat, (2013). 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Diakses tanggal 23 Februari 2018. https://kalbar.bps.go.id/dynamictable/2017/03/22/63/umur-harapan-hidup-menurut-kabupaten-kota-di-provinsi-kalimantan-barat-2010-2017.html. Diakses tanggal 26 februari 2018.

The Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo observatories recently discovered gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral. A short gamma-ray burst (GRB) that followed the merger of this binary was also recorded by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM), and the Anti-Coincidence Shield for the Spectrometer for the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL), indicating particle acceleration by the source. The precise location of the event was determined by optical detections of emission following the merger. We searched for high-energy neutrinos from the merger in the GeV–EeV energy range using the ANTARES, IceCube, and Pierre Auger Observatories. No neutrinos directionally coincident with the source were detected within ±500 s around the merger time. Additionally, no MeV neutrino burst signal was detected coincident with the merger. We further carried out an extended search in the direction of the source for high-energy neutrinos within the 14 day period following the merger, but found no evidence of emission. We used these results to probe dissipation mechanisms in relativistic outflows driven by the binary neutron star merger. The non-detection is consistent with model predictions of short GRBs observed at a large off-axis angle. ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; French Atomic Energy Commission ; Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund) ; European Union (EU) ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) ; IdEx program ; UnivEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cite ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02 ; Labex OCEVU ANR-11-LABX-0060 ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ; Region Ile-de-France ; Region Grand-Est ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur ; Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia ; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania ; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO): Plan Estatal de Investigacion FPA2015-65150-C3-1-P FPA2015-65150-C3-2-P FPA2015-65150-C3-3-P ; Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MINECO), Spain ; Prometeo program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain ; Grisolia program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain ; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation ; Grid Laboratory Of Wisconsin (GLOW) grid infrastructure at the University of Wisconsin-Madison ; Open Science Grid (OSG) grid infrastructure ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada CGIAR ; WestGrid and Compute/Calcul Canada ; Swedish Research Council ; Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Sweden ; Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), Sweden ; Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Germany ; Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Germany ; Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS ; FWO Odysseus programme (Belspo) ; Flanders Institute to encourage scientific and technological research in industry (IWT) (Belspo) ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund (NZ) ; Australian Research Council ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; National Research Foundation of Korea ; Villum Fonden, Denmark ; Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark ; Argentina-Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica ; ANPCyT ; Argentina-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) ; Argentina-Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza ; Argentina-Municipalidad de Malargue ; Argentina-NDM Holdings and Valle Las Lenas ; Australian Research Council ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Brazil-Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) ; Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Brazil-Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) 2010/07359-6 1999/05404-3 ; Brazil-Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia, Inovacoes e Comunicacoes (MCTIC) ; Czech Republic Government MSMT CR LG15014 LO1305 LM2015038 CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001402 ; France-Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; France-Conseil Regional Ile-de-France ; France-Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS) ; France-Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS) ; French National Research Agency (ANR) LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63 ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Germany-Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg ; Germany-Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP) ; Germany-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF) ; Germany-Ministerium fur Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen ; Germany-Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Wurttemberg ; Italy-Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Italy-Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) ; Italy-Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR) ; Italy-CETEMPS Center of Excellence ; Italy-Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE) ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) 167733 ; Mexico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) ; Mexico-PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM ; The Netherlands-Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap ; The Netherlands-Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) ; The Netherlands-Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM) ; Poland-National Centre for Research and Development ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11 ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11 ; Poland-National Science Centre 2013/08/M/ST9/00322 2013/08/M/ST9/00728 HARMONIA 5-2013/10/M/ST9/00062 UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198 ; Portugal-Portuguese national funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE) ; Portugal-FEDER funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE) ; Romania-Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS ; Romania-CNDI-UEFISCDI partnership projects 20/2012 194/2012 PN 16 42 01 02 ; Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia ; Spain-Comunidad de Madrid ; Spain-Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) funds ; Spain-Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad ; Spain-Xunta de Galicia ; European Union (EU) FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826 ; Spain-USA-Department of Energy DE-AC02-07CH11359 DE-FR02-04ER41300 DE-FG02-99ER41107 DE-SC0011689 ; Spain-National Science Foundation 0450696 ; Spain-The Grainger Foundation ; Spain-Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET ; Spain-European Particle Physics Latin American Network ; Spain-European Union 7th Framework Program PIRSES-2009-GA-246806 ; Spain-European Union's Horizon research and innovation programme 646623 ; Spain-UNESCO ; EGO consortium ; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India ; Department of Science & Technology (India) ; Science AMP; Engineering Research Board (SERB), India ; Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MHESR) ; Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación ; Vicepresidencia i Conselleria d'Innovacio Recerca i Turisme ; Conselleria d'Educacio i Universitat del Govern de les Illes Balears ; Conselleria d'Educacio Investigacio Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana ; National Science Centre, Poland ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) ; Russian Science Foundation (RSF) ; European Commission European Commission Joint Research Centre ; European Union (EU) ; Royal Society of London ; Scottish Funding Council ; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance ; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance ; Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO) ; National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFI) ; National Research Foundation of Korea ; Industry Canada ; Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) ; Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations, and Communications ; International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR) ; Hong Kong Research Grants Council ; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) ; Leverhulme Trust ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan ; Kavli Foundation ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering (CISE) 1626251 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF- Directorate for Education & Human Resources (EHR) 1242090 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) 1153335 1505230 1403586 1455090 1104371 1607709 1607336 1607520 1404139 1506486 1607199 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) 1455090 1153335 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) 1506232 1607585 1403586 1505296 1607336 1404139 1104371 1607520 1505230 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering (CISE) 1626251 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering (CISE) 1626251 ; Villum Fonden 00013161

It is argued in this paper that demands for critical thinking (CT) will be determined by needs both of political superstructure and productive forces of a competitive society in the 21st century. Phenomenon of CT has to be studied and understood as one of the essential elements of some more complex entities – higher-order thinking, core of work-related skills, etc. CT skill need to be developed in connection with relevant cognitive and affective dispositions. It is pointed out, therefore, that it is more correct not to be limited by teaching CT but to educate a critical thinker, whose CT skill is relied on base of relevant dispositions. The process of educating a critical thinker, or rather – a person who will have CT, for instance, as element of a set of the core work-related skills, should continue during the kindergarten, school and university education at least. It is substantiated that under conditions of Ukrainian higher education it is expediently to use two interconnected courses in the process of CT education: logic with elements of critical thinking – in frame of the bachelor's degree studies – and critical thinking on base of logic – in frame of the master's degree studies. ; В статті аргументовано, що у ХХІ столітті запити на критичне мислення (КМ) визначають­ся потребами як політичної надбудови, так і про­дуктивних сил конкурентноздатного суспільства. Феномен КМ потрібно вивчати і осмислювати як один з суттєвих елементів складніших утворень – мислення вищого порядку, сукупності серцевинних для праці вмінь тощо. Вміння КМ слід розвивати у зв'язку з відповідними когнітивними і афективними дис­позиціями. Тож наголошено, що правильнішим є не обмежуватися навчанням КМ, а виховувати критично мислячу особу, в якої вміння КМ спиратиметься на підвалини відповідних диспозицій. Процес виховання критично мислячої осо­би, а вірніше – особи, яка матиме КМ, наприклад, у складі сукупності серце­винних для її праці вмінь, має охоплювати, щонайменше, дошкільну, шкільну й університетську освіту. Обґрунтовано, що за умов української вищої школи в процесі виховання КМ доцільно використовувати зв'язку двох курсів: логіки з елементами критичного мислення – у межах бакалаврату – і критичного мислення на основі логіки – у межах магістратури. 1. Адаменко Н., Кравченко Ю. (2014) Історія знайомства української педагогічної аудиторії з методикою «Філософія для дітей» / Філософія освіти. Philosophy of Education, 2(15), 188-194. URL: www.philosopheducation.com Adamenko, Nadiya and Kravchenko, Yuliya (2014) The History of Ukrainian Pedagogues' Knowledge of the Methodology "Philosophy for Children" / Філо¬софія освіти. Philosophy of Education, 2(15), 188-194 (in Ukrainian). URL: www. philosopheducation.com 2. Бандурка О. М., Тягло О. В. (2002) Курс логіки. Підручник. Київ : Літера ЛТД. Bandurka, Oleksandr and Tiaglo, Oleksandr (2002) Course of Logic. A Textbook. Kyiv : Litera Ltd. (in Ukrainian). 3. Бандурка О. М., Тягло О. В. (2011) Юридична логіка : підручник для студентів вищ. навч. закладів. Харків : Золота миля. Bandurka, Oleksandr and Tiaglo, Oleksandr (2011) Juridical Logic: A Textbook for the Higher-school Students. Kharkiv : Golden Mile (in Ukrainian). 4. Вайнстейн М. (2005) Каркас для критического мышления / Постметодика, 2(60), 42-45. Weinstein, Mark (2005) A Framework for Critical Thinking / Postmethodika, 2(60), 42-45 (in Russian). 5. Гайденко В. (2006) Філософія освіти в Бразилії : критична педагогіка Пауло Фрейре // Філософія освіти. Philosophy of Education, 2(4), 91-99. URL: www.philosopheducation.comHaydenko, Viktoria (2006) Philosophy of Education in Brazil: Paulo Freire's Critical Pedagogy / Філософія освіти. Philosophy of Education, 2(4), 91-99 (in Ukrainian). URL: www.philosopheducation.com 6. Грегорі М. (2006) Про філософію, дітей та «заборонені теми» / Виховна робота в школі, 6(19), 12-13. Gregory, Maughn (2006) On Philosophy, Children and Taboo Topics / Educational Work in School, 6(19), 12-13 (in Ukrainian). 7. Гриневич Л. (2017) Надто важливий. Чому потрібно прийняти новий за¬кон про освіту? / Українська правда. Життя. URL: https://life.pravda.com.ua/ columns/2017/06/19/224784/ Grinevich, Liliya (2017) Too Important. Why to Adopt a New Law on Education? / Ukrainian Truth. Life. URL: http://life.pravda.com.ua/columns/2017/06/19/224784/ (in Ukrainian). 8. Ліпман М. (2005) Критичне мислення: чим воно може бути? / Постметодика, 2(60), 33-41. Lipman, Mathew (2005) Critical Thinking: What Can It Be? / Postmethodika, 2(60), 33-41 (in Ukrainian). 9. Макларен П. (2010) Революційна критична педагогіка у ХХІ ст. Відповіді на за¬питання Ірини Предборської / Філософія освіти. Philosophy of Education, 1-2 (9), 57-66. URL: www.philosopheducation.com McLaren, Peter (2010) Revolutionary Critical Pedagogy of 21th Century (Interview with Iryna Predborska) / Філософія освіти. Philosophy of Education, 1-2(9), 57-66 (in Ukrainian). URL: www.philosopheducation.com 10. Маркс К. (1959) К критике политической экономии / Маркс К., Энгельс Ф. Со¬чинения. 2-е изд. T. 19. Москва: Госполитиздат. Marx, Karl (1959) A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy / Marx, Karl and Engels, Frederic. 2nd ed. Collected Works, vol. 19. Moscow : State Publishing House of Political Literature (in Russian). 11. Терно С. (2012) Світ критичного мислення: образ та мімікрія / Історія в сучасній школі, 7-8, 27-38. Terno, Sergiy (2012) World of Critical Thinking: Real Form and Mimicry / History in Today School, 7-8, 27-38 (in Ukrainian). 12. Тищенко К. (2016) Зубрити – не вихід. Як у школах вчитимуть критичному і кре¬ативному мисленню / Українська правда. Життя. URL: https://life.pravda.com.ua/society/2016/07/5/214729/ Tyshchenko, Katerina (2016) To bite is not a way out. How in schools will learn critical and creative thinking / Ukrainian Truth. Life. URL:https://life.pravda.com.ua/society/2016/07/5/214729/ (in Ukrainian). 13. Тягло А. В. (1996) Логика критического мышления (в конспективном изложе¬нии). Харьков : Харьковский институт управления. Tiaglo, Alexander V. (1996) Logic of Critical Thinking (In a Concise). Kharkov : Kharkov Institute of Management (in Russian). 14. Тягло А. В. (2001) Критическое мышление на основе элементарной логики. Учебное пособие. Харьков : ХНУ им. В. Н. Каразина.Tiaglo, Alexander V. (2001) Critical Thinking on Base of Elementary Logic. Kharkov, Vasili Karazin Kharkov National University (in Russian). 15. Тягло А. В. (2004) Современная «наука рассуждать» / Постметодика, 2-3(54-55), 2-10. Tiaglo, Alexander V. (2004) Today "Science of Reasoning" / Postmethodika, 2-3(54- 55), 2-10 (in Russian). 16. Тягло А. В. (2013) «Наука рассуждать» в «быстром мире» / Философские науки, 3, 129-136. Tiaglo, Alexander V. (2013) The "Science of Reasoning" in the "Fast World" / Philosophical Sciences, 3, 129-136 (in Russian). 17. Тягло А. В., Воропай Т. С. (1999) Критическое мышление: Проблема мирового образования ХХІ века. Харьков : Университет внутренних дел. Tiaglo, Alexander V. and Voropai, Tatiana S. (1999) Critical Thinking: A Challenge to the XXI-st Century Education. Kharkov : University of Internal Affairs (in Russian). 18. Тягло О. В. (1998) Логіка з елементами курсу критичного мислення. Харків : Ви¬давництво Університету внутрішніх справ, «Основа». Tiaglo, Oleksandr V. (1998) Logic with Elements of Critical Thinking. Kharkiv : University of Internal Affairs Publishing House, "Osnova" (in Ukrainian). 19. Тягло О. В. (2005) Післямова до статей Метью Ліпмана і Марка Вайнстейна / Постметодика, 2(60), 46-47. Tiaglo, Oleksandr V. (2005) Afterword to the Papers of Mathew Lipman and Mark Weinstein / Postmethodika, 2(60), 46-47 (in Ukrainian). 20. Тягло О. В. (2008) Критичне мислення : навчальний посібник. Харків : Видавни¬цтво «Основа». Tiaglo, Oleksandr V. (2008) Critical Thinking : A Manual. Kharkiv : "Osnova" Publish¬ing House (in Ukrainian). 21. Тягло О. (2017) Чи буде культура критичного мислення в новій українській школі? / Українська правда. Життя. URL: http://www.life.pravda.com.ua/ columns/2017/02/9/222533/ Tiaglo, Oleksandr. Will the culture of critical thinking in the new Ukraini¬an school? / Ukrainian Truth. Life. URL: http://www.life.pravda.com.ua/col¬umns/2017/02/9/222533/ (in Ukrainian). 22. Четверта промислова революція (2016) / Tech Today. URL:https://techtoday.in.ua/ news/chetverta-promislova-revolyuciya-56779.html The Fourth Industrial Revolution (2016) / Tech Today. URL:https://techtoday.in.ua/ news/chetverta-promislova-revolyuciya-56779.html (in Ukrainian). 23. Brown, M. Neil and Keeley, Stuart M. (1998) Asking the Right Questions. A Guide to Critical Thinking. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice Hall. 24. Burbules, N. and Berk, R. (1999) Critical Thinking and Critical Pedagogy / T. S. Popewitz & L. Fender (eds). Critical Theories in Education. New York: Routledge. 25. Facione, Peter A. (1990) Critical Thinking: A Statement of Expert Consensus for Pur¬poses of Educational Assessment and Instruction. Executive Summary. "The Delfi Re¬port". Millbrae, CA : The California Academic Press. 26. Gleason, William (2002) Ukrainian Higher Education in Transition: Perspectives and Policy Implications / Conference Proceedings "Democracy and Education", June 1-2, 2001, Kyiv, Ukraine. Washington, D. C. : Montclair State University Global Education Center, Literal Books. 27. Gray, Alex (2016) The 10 Skills You Need to Thrive in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. URL:https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-10-skills-you-need-to-thrive-in-the-fourth-industrial-revolution/ 28. Gregory, Maughn (2004) Practicing Democracy: Social Intelligence and Philosophical Practice / International Journal of Applied Philosophy, 18(2), 161-174. 29. Naji, Saeed and Hashim, Rosnani (eds.) (2017) History, Theory and Practice of Phi¬losophy for Children. NY : Routledge. 30. The Future of Jobs. Employment, Skills and Workforce Strategy for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (2016). URL: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs.pdf

Der Verlust der biologischen Vielfalt stellt eines der größten Umweltprobleme dar. In der 1992 gegründeten Konvention zur Biologischen Vielfalt (CBD) koordinieren sich nun die bislang 196 Mitgliedsstaaten in ihrem Bestreben, die Biodiversität zu erhalten. Jedoch wurden die globalen Biodiversitätssziele für 2010 weit verfehlt. Die Analysen des vierten Global Biodiversity Outlook (GBO-4) sowie aktuelle wissenschaftliche, globale Studien zeigen auf, dass bei derzeitigen Entwicklungen auch die in Aichi (Japan) beschlossenen Biodiversitätssziele des Strategischen Planes für die Periode bis 2021 nicht erreicht werden (Tittensor et al. 2014). Sich dieser Entwicklung entgegenzustellen ist eine besonders schwierige Aufgabe für biodiversitätsreiche Länder des globalen Südens, die Umweltschutzziele mit ökonomischen Interessen koordinieren müssen. Peru ist eines der 20 megadiversen Länder der Erde, Mitglied der CBD und verfolgt eine ambitionierte Strategie zum Schutz und zur nachhaltigen Nutzung von Biodiversität. Zum anderen ist Perus ökonomische Entwicklung auf Expansion und Extraktion von natürlichen Ressourcen ausgerichtet. Politische Maßnahmen zum Schutz der biologischen Vielfalt sind somit stets einem starken Interessenkonflikt ausgesetzt. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, am Beispiel Perus Ansatzpunkte zu identifizieren, mit deren Hilfe die Politik zum Schutz der biologischen Vielfalt effektiver gestaltet werden kann. Nach einer Einleitung in die Debatte der Effektivität der Biodiversitätspolitik und einer Vorstellung der Fallstudie Peru werden die folgenden wissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen untersucht (die Nummerierung entspricht der jeweiligen Publikation): 1. Welcher Narrative bedienen sich peruanische Biodiversitätsexperten, um das Problem des Biodiversitätsverlustes und ihre Perspektive auf eine nachhaltige Entwicklung zu beschreiben? 2. Wie sind Biodiversitätsnarrative im Verhältnis zur geschichtlichen Entwicklung Perus entstanden und welchen Einfluss hatten diese Bewegungen auf den nationalen Diskurs? 3. Wie bewerten lokale Experten die Auslöser und Effekte des Biodiversitätsverlustes und welche Schlussfolgerungen können daraus für die nationale Politik gezogen werden? 4. Inwieweit ist der Schutz der Biodiversität in die Strategien der nationalen, politischen Sektoren integriert? 5. Welche Bedingungen bei der Landnutzungsplanung in Migrantengemeinden in der Pufferzone des Nationalparks Cordillera Azul ermöglichten die Integration von lokalem und technischem Wissen zur Bildung von adaptiver Kapazität? Für die Betrachtung des Problems "Biodiversitätsverlust" und der Herausforderung, Naturschutzpolitik effektiver zu gestalten, war eine Verwendung von verschiedenen methodologischen Blickwinkeln notwendig. So wurden 72 semi-strukturierte, qualitative Einzelinterviews mit Experten, die im Bereich der Biodiversitätsschutzes tätig sind, durchgeführt. Durch die Anwendung des theoretischen Samplings wurde sichergestellt, dass möglichst verschiedene Perspektiven und Akteursgruppen repräsentiert werden. Alle interviewten Experten wurden danach befragt, wie sie das Biodiversitätsproblem bewerten, auf welche Auslöser oder Ursachen es zurückzuführen ist und wie mögliche Lösungsansätze aussehen könnten. Unter Anwendung der Grounded Theory konnten dann die fünf Narrativgruppen "Biodiversity Protectionists", "Biodiversity Capitalists", "Biodiversity Traditionalists", "Biodiversity Localists" and "Biodiversity Pragmatists" identifiziert werden. Publikation 1 analysiert die Narrativgruppen und diskutiert ihre Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede in den fünf biodiversitätsrelevanten Kategorien "Konzept von Biodiversität", "Rolle von Akteuren", "Werte- und Wissenssysteme und Nachhaltigkeit" sowie "politische Lösungsstrategien". Publikation 2 setzt die Narrativgruppen in den historischen Kontext, auf den sie sich aufgrund ihrer Argumentationslinien beziehen. Für Publikation 3 wurden im Rahmen des partizipativen Prozesses zur Entwicklung einer neuen Biodiversitätsstrategie im Jahre 2012 Fokusgruppendiskussionen mit verschiedenen, von Regionalregierungen entsandten Experten aus Politik, Forschung, Wirtschaft und Naturschutzverbänden durchgeführt. In diesen Fokusgruppen - Diskussionen sollten die Experten die wichtigsten Auslöser und Effekte des Biodiversitätsverlustes in ihrer Region bestimmen. Durch die Anwendung einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse wurden diese Auslöser und Effekte charakterisiert und gruppiert. Es wird so ein Kontext des Biodiversitätsverlustes aufgezeigt, anhand dessen sich eine Reihe wichtiger Implikationen für die nationale Biodiversitätspolitik herauskristallisieren. Die Berücksichtigung dieser Implikationen in den Strategien der nationalen, politischen Sektoren wird in Publikation 4 untersucht. Dem Ansatz der "Environmental Policy Integration" (EPI) folgend wird hier untersucht, inwieweit nationale, politische, biodiversitätsrelevante Sektoren in Peru das Ziel des Biodiversitätsschutzes in ihre politischen Strategien integrieren. Für die Untersuchung wurden neben den Strategieplänen der einzelnen Sektoren Experteninterviews geführt und weitere Dokumente analysiert, die sich im Zuge der Untersuchung als für die Fragestellung besonders relevant erwiesen. Für Publikation 5 wurden die Faktoren analysiert, die während der partizipativen Landnutzungsplanung in Migrantengemeinden in der Pufferzone des Nationalparks Cordillera Azul zur Entwicklung von adaptiven Kapazitäten geführt haben. Eine kartographische Analyse von Satellitenbildern half bei der Erhebung der Entwaldungsrate in der Region. Basierend auf qualitativen Interviews mit Gemeindemitgliedern und -vertretern, NGO-Angestellten und den Prozessmoderatoren wurden Faktoren identifiziert, die die erfolgreiche Integration technischen und lokalen Wissens in das Ressourcenmanagement der Gemeinden ermöglichten. In einer abschließenden Synthese ergeben sich vier Faktoren, die sich, basierend auf den Ergebnissen der induktive Forschungsansätze der Publikationen, als wesentlich für die Effektivität der peruanischen Biodiversitätspolitik ergaben. Diese sind: die Definition von Biodiversitätszielen unter Einbindung verschiedener Wissens- und Wertesysteme, das Operationalisieren von Biodiversitätszielen, die Kapazitätenentwicklung für integrierte Biodiversitätsplanung sowie die Bildung von Sozialkapital für Zusammenarbeit. Abschließend wurde untersucht, inwieweit diese Faktoren in den Aktivitäten des Biodiversitätssektors aufgegriffen werden. Als empirisches Material dienten dazu die Peruanische Biodiversitätsstrategie, qualitative Experteninterviews und Beobachtungen aus der Teilnahme am partizipativen Prozess zur Erstellung der Biodiversitätsstrategie. ; Biodiversity loss is one of the most pressing global environmental problems of our generation. Member states to the Convention on Biological Diversity are developing national biodiversity strategies to conserve biodiversity in their countries. In the current global negotiations, different financial mechanisms are developed to particularly support poor, biologically diverse countries in the global South in their conservation efforts. In order to assure effectiveness of those efforts, research is needed to shed light on the policy processes in those countries. My research aims at developing a model to evaluate the effectiveness of biodiversity policies on various levels. As a first step towards this ambitious target, factors that are found to be crucial for the performance of biodiversity policies are evaluated in separate sub-projects and published as articles. Those aspects will later add to a comprehensive model for the assessment of biodiversity policies. Article 1 (Conservation Narratives in Peru - Envisioning Biodiversity in Sustainable Development) use grounded theory to distinguish the five groups of conservation narratives Biodiversity Protectionists, Biodiversity Traditionalists, Biodiversity Localists, Biodiversity Pragmatists and Biodiversity Capitalists. These groups are each presented along comparable aspects, such as the location of biodiversity in relation to the human life, valuation and knowledge systems, participation and leadership, substitutability of natural capital and its predominant political strategy. The presented results present an analytical scaffold to organise the conservation debates in Peru. These findings serve an example of how to break down the complex concepts of biodiversity conservation and sustainability and relate them to their political context and local implementation. Article 2 (Incorporating Biodiversity Conservation in Peruvian Development - A history with different episodes) connects the narrative groups identified in article 1 to historical conservation movements in Peru. This article analyses how these different groups emerged and started to develop a discourse on biodiversity conservation. After conducting qualitative interviews with stakeholders, discourse groups were identified and described with regard to their historical appearance. While those different discourse groups do not automatically contradict or exclude each other, this article sheds light on the different historical situations and motivations underlying these discourses. Article 3 (Learning from local knowledge in Peru—Ideas for more effective biodiversity conservation) explores the causes and effects that experts from Peruvian political regions connect to biodiversity loss. In four macro-regional workshops, experts from 22 Peruvian political regions were asked to state causes and effects of biodiversity loss in focus groups. Analysing this data, I show that even though biodiversity appears as a broad, complex concept of human-nature interactions, it can be clustered into different categories of tangible aspects. Furthermore I propose analysis of the problem of biodiversity loss in three dimensions of ecological impacts, human activities and developments, and political output. I argue that doing so can help enhancing transparency and effectiveness of biodiversity policies. Article 4 (Biodiversity Policy Integration as Conceptual Approach to Mainstreaming - Experiences from Peru) evaluates the inclusion of biodiversity conservation into sectoral policies along the dimensions inclusion, operationalization, coherence, capacity and weighting. Sectoral action plans, the design and institutional arrangement of policy instruments and qualitative expert interviews serve as the main sources for this study. As part of the participatory process leading to the development of the updated Peruvian Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP), the integration of biodiversity targets into the national development plan, and the organisation of the different political actors in a national commission on biodiversity further help integrating the target of biodiversity. However, while the issues of environmental degradation and biodiversity loss are taken up by the strategy plans, they lack operationalization and institutional capacity for its implementation. Economic processes with a high potential of threats to biodiversity, such as overfishing, ecosystem degradation through extractive processes and infrastructural expansion are only marginally targeted. Possible institutional mechanisms for the coordination of political interests, such as an integrated land-use planning on the regional and local level still lack a necessary legal framework and appear to lack the necessary political commitment. Artikle 5 (Building adaptive capacity in changing SES: Integrating knowledge in communal land-use planning in the Peruvian Amazon) analyses adaptive capacity in social-ecological systems (SES) in the buffer zone of Cordillera Azul national Park (Peru). Communal participative land use planning (Zonificación Participativa Comunal– ZPC) is a tool designed for communities to organize their land use integrating conservation measures, while building knowledge on the SES. In this article, we assess to what extent the ZPC process has led to the development of adaptive capacities within SES around local communities along the dimmensions social capital, learning capacities, adaptive management and governance. Analysing these dimensions helps understanding the needs for resilient SES to cope with environmental, political, economic or social changes. It was particularly the long-term process building social capital between the instrument and local stakeholders, as well as continuously integrating, testing and reflecting technical and local knowledge that enabled communities to develop internal mechanisms supporting their adaptive capacities. Furthermore, taking leadership throughout the process, communities could adjust the ZPC to be integrated in existing formal and informal institutions governing resource use. The factors specification of contextual biodiversity targets, operationalization, social capital and the use of integrative planning instruments were identified as conditioning effective biodiversity governance. In a test of the Peruvian National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) strengths and weaknesses are assessed and options for effective implementation are identified.

[spa] El período de crecimiento económico que aquí analizaremos se caracteriza por el foco que pondrá el Estado en el desarrollo de la política industrial, su influencia en el impulso de ciertos sectores considerados estratégicos y también en el papel como agente económico que adquirirá una vez iniciado el proceso. A partir de las reflexiones acerca del período realizadas tanto por economistas de la época como Pinto (1959) y Mamalakis (1976), y también contemporáneos como Meller (2016), parecería que se trató de un proceso fracasado, por la imposibilidad de perpetuar en el tiempo el desarrollo del sector industrial. Con el foco puesto en el crecimiento, la deuda, la inflación, el desarrollo del sector industrial y el estancamiento de la agricultura, la mayor parte de los estudios se han propuesto analizar las limitaciones del período industrializador (Bértola, 2011; Dornbusch & Edwards, 1992; Kaldor, 1971; Mamalakis, 1976; Pinto, 1959). En esta investigación queremos ampliar los elementos de análisis que existen sobre este momento, incorporando no sólo nuevos datos si no presentando un elemento transversal al proceso de crecimiento del período: las/os trabajadoras/es y sus salarios. El interés por los salarios no es injustificado, ya que han sido un elemento principal en el estudio de las ventajas y limitaciones de la industrialización desde fines del siglo XIX en Europa y su centralidad en el análisis histórico y económico hace que continúen los esfuerzos por generar o mejorar series históricas de salarios (Margo, 2000; Scholliers, 1989; Scholliers & Zamagni, 1995). Las remuneraciones, además de su contribución a la comprensión de fenómenos sociales y económicos, han sido objeto de estudio en sí mismas, por el papel que juegan en la historia de los trabajadores y en el estudio de las condiciones del mercado laboral (Goldin & Margo, 1992; Hatton & Thomas, 2010; Margo, 2000; Rosenbloom, 1998). Esta tesis se enmarca en las transformaciones del modelo de crecimiento producto de las políticas industrializadoras, pero también en las posibilidades (y limitaciones) que estos cambios entregaron al sector obrero. En ese sentido, el principal objeto de esta investigación es entregar nuevas series de salarios nominales y reales, y analizar el comportamiento de los salarios en el contexto del desarrollo industrial y económico chileno en el período de crecimiento hacia adentro. Con esto queremos contribuir al debate acerca de las características que tuvo este proceso llevado a cabo en América Latina, centrándonos en un espacio que ha sido central en los debates sobre la industrialización en otras regiones: los salarios. Junto a esto, esperamos aportar a los debates sobre los salarios en general al evaluar el desempeño salarial en un contexto de cambio estructural, a partir del potencial explicativo de variables económicas e institucionales. Los años que abarca la industrialización dirigida por el estado son complejos económica y socialmente. Hemos recorrido estos cuarenta años desde distintas miradas y perspectivas a través de las series de salarios nominales y reales. Se han presentado también series de salarios para espacios olvidados por las estadísticas oficiales, en el caso de la desagregación por sector, la rama agrícola y con una nueva serie de remuneraciones para un sector generalmente olvidado en las estadísticas históricas: las mujeres trabajadoras. El primer resultado de esta investigación son las series de salarios medios nominales, es decir, la serie total del sector obrero, las series por sector y las series desagregadas por género. Y a través de ellas, se aprecia que la Gran Depresión deja una clara huella en la curva de salarios nominales. La desagregación por rama permite ver que las remuneraciones en la etapa de industrialización fueron bajas, ya que la construcción – un sector de baja calificación y precariedad – es el que se mueve durante todos estos años en torno a la media. La evidencia de bajos salarios que nos entregan los salarios nominales se verifica si observamos los salarios ajustados por el costo de vida. La primera conclusión que podemos extraer de la curva de salarios reales es que antes de los sesenta, los incrementos de salarios responden exclusivamente a períodos de recuperación de lo perdido. El análisis de la serie de salarios medios reales se realiza en función de la productividad, la inflación, el desempleo, y la sindicalización y la huelga, como expresión del movimiento obrero. Este análisis permite observar que en los primeros años de la serie el crecimiento de la productividad tiene un papel en el bajo crecimiento de salarios, pero que luego se separa ostensiblemente del rumbo que toma el aumento salarial generando una brecha a partir de mediados de los años cuarenta, tomando el producto por trabajador una velocidad de incremento mayor. Asimismo, la inflación que a primera vista es uno de los elementos que más claramente parecen afectar los salarios parecen tener un rol preponderante pero no exclusivo en el bajo crecimiento de los ingresos, dado que especialmente en la crisis inflacionaria de los años cincuenta, estos disminuyen incluso si son ajustados por el deflactor del PIB como índice alternativo. El desempleo marca su influencia más importante en la crisis de la Gran Depresión, generando altos niveles de desocupación que motivan en gran parte la pérdida de poder adquisitivo de la población en esa época. Finalmente, vemos que la debilidad del movimiento obrero afectado por una gran represión a partir de fines de la década de los cuarenta es una de las variables que explica el estancamiento y la vulnerabilidad de las remuneraciones a los eventos inflacionarios, los que no parecen afectar al crecimiento y se concentran casi exclusivamente en la capacidad de compra del sector obrero. Así, la historia de los salarios en Chile durante el período industrializador dirigido por el Estado se ve fuertemente afectado por los bajos salarios y las pocas posibilidades de incremento que nos muestra la serie salarial media así como las series desagregadas. La curva de la productividad por otra parte, muestra que si existió en ese período espacio para el crecimiento de los salarios obreros que no se realiza principalmente como consecuencia de la represión de que fue objeto la organización sindical. Bibliografía citada en este documento Bértola, L. (2011). Bolivia, Chile y Perú desde la Independencia: una historia de conflictos, transformaciones, inercias y desigualdad. En Institucionalidad y desarrollo económico en América Latina. Santiago: Cepal. Dornbusch, R., & Edwards, S. (1992). Macroeconomía del populismo en la América Latina. Fondo de Cultura Económica. Goldin, C., & Margo, R. A. (1992). Wages, Prices, and Labor Markets before the Civil War. En Strategic Factors in Nineteenth Century American Economic History: A Volume to Honor Robert W. Fogel (pp. 67–104). National Bureau of Economic Research. Hatton, T. J., & Thomas, M. (2010). Labour markets in the interwar period and economic recovery in the UK and the USA. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 26(3), 463– 485. Kaldor, N. (1971). Los Problemas Económicos de Chile. En Ensayos sobre Política Económica. Madrid: Tecnos. Mamalakis, M. (1976). Growth and Structure of the Chilean Economy: From Independence to Allende. New Haven: Yale University Press. Margo, R. A. (2000). Wages and Labor Markets in the United States, 1820-1860. National Bureau of Economic Research. Meller, P. (2016). Un siglo de economía política chilena (1890-1990) (2a. ed). Chile: Uqbar. Pinto, A. (1959). Chile, un caso de desarrollo frustrado. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Universitaria. Rosenbloom, J. L. (1998). The Extent of the Labor Market in the United States, 1870–1914. Social Science History, 22(3), 287–318. Scholliers, P. (1989). Real Wages in 19th and 20th Century Europe: historical and comparative perspectives. Berg Publishers Limited. Scholliers, P., & Zamagni, V. (1995). Labour's Reward: Real Wages and Economic Change in 19th and 20th century Europe. Edward Elgar Publishing. ; [eng] This thesis looks to contribute, through new wages series, with the debate about the problems and limitations of the import substitution period in Chile. The series that exist now do not comprehend the entire period or are calculated from different sources with various methodologies. For that, the first goal is to estimate a new average wage series, sector and gender series for the period of 1927/1928-1973. The new series show that the average wages of this period are low and that they don't grow until the sixties. The prior three decades were marked by almost no growth and wages crisis as result of inflation peaks. But the analysis also shows that there was space for growth due to a growing gap between productivity and wages after the forties, even after adjusting wages by the product deflator. In this scenario, labour movement history and data about unionization and strikes shows that the relationship between the governments and the labour unions, with long periods of repression, had an important role in the weakness and slight capacity of workers to demand for better wages.

A principios del siglo XX reinaba en España Alfonso XIII, abuelo de nuestro actual monarca, y era Presidente del Gobierno el liberal Manuel García Prieto. Las continuas crisis políticas, la inestabilidad de los Gobiernos extremadamente efímeros, las revueltas sociales y los numerosos conflictos con Marruecos desestabilizaron al Gobierno, por lo que en Septiembre de 1923 el General Miguel Primo de Rivera, jerezano de nacimiento, proclama la Dictadura, que en realidad fue aceptada por gran parte de la sociedad, por algunos partidos políticos y por el propio Rey, pues veían en ella un mal menor. Primo de Rivera nombra en la segunda fase de su mandato, Diciembre de 1925, a Rafael Benjumea y Burín Ministro de Fomento. Rafael Benjumea, por entonces un ilustre ingeniero de caminos, afincado en Málaga pero nacido en Sevilla, había llevado a cabo numerosas obras públicas, sobre todo en la Comarca malagueña del Guadalhorce, como por ejemplo la construcción del Pantano del Chorro, actuación por la que Alfonso XIII, en señal de agradecimiento, le concedió en 1921 el título de Conde de Guadalhorce. Este político, fervoroso defensor de las obras públicas impulsó un ambicioso Plan de Ferrocarriles con el que se pretendía vertebrar las comunicaciones ferroviarias, establecer vínculos militares y estratégicos y extender la red ferroviaria a todo el territorio nacional, algo deficiente por aquella época. A raíz de ello proclama mediante Real Decreto-Ley de 5 de Marzo de 1926 el Plan Preferente de Ferrocarriles de Urgente Construcción, publicado en la Gaceta de Madrid Nº 65 al día siguiente. En este Plan aparecen las líneas Jerez a Villamartín y Olvera a la Sierra, a la postre renombradas como línea Jerez a Almargen. Hasta esta fecha las líneas ferroviarias eran construidas y explotadas por compañías privadas, lo que suponía que normalmente sirvieran más a sus propios intereses que a los del Estado, por ello el Plan abordaba por primera vez la construcción de líneas por cuenta del Estado, y de hecho la mayoría de ellas se iniciaron de inmediato a cargo del Estado, pero la crisis financiera de 1929, el declive del Gobierno de Primo de Rivera y la llegada de la II Republica hicieron que las obras se ralentizaran e incluso paralizaran. Posteriormente se desata el conflicto civil del 36, lo que motivará que las obras e infraestructuras realizadas quedaran gravemente dañadas y muy pocas se concluyeran, de hecho solo 3 de las 17 líneas del Plan Preferente están actualmente en funcionamiento. La línea Jerez-Almargen tendría sus orígenes años atrás, en 1900, cuando en la sede de la Cámara de Comercio de Jerez de la Frontera, se creaba la sociedad anónima Estudios del Ferrocarril de Jerez a Villamartín y Setenil, la cual encarga al ingeniero jerezano Antonio Gallegos y Sánchez un proyecto de construcción de línea en ancho ibérico (1.672 mm), pero la idea queda aparcada al no encontrar la sociedad financiación para su construcción. En Marzo de 1908, a raíz de la nueva Ley de Ferrocarriles Secundarios y Estratégicos, que premiaba la construcción de líneas de vía estrecha, se modifica el proyecto para un ferrocarril secundario (ancho de vía 1 m.), y se presenta al Estado para su aprobación, pero los sucesivos cambios de Gobierno, la falta de financiación, las ineficaces leyes de ferrocarriles y el desinterés de la compañías hicieron fracasar de nuevo la idea. Tras varios años de incertidumbre e intentos frustrados, entre ellos el traspaso de la concesión y los estudios a una empresa inglesa, no será hasta 1925 con Primo de Rivera en el poder y con Rafael Benjumea como Ministro de Fomento, cuando la línea salga adelante, gracias sobre todo al carácter estratégico y militar que le configuraba el Ministerio de Guerra, ya que junto a otra de las líneas del Plan, Totana a La Pinilla (Murcia), se podrían conectar directamente y por el interior de la península las Bases Navales de Cádiz y Cartagena, para salvaguardarse de hipotéticos ataques marroquíes. Las obras se inician en Agosto de 1926, pero jamás se concluyeron, excepto el tramo entre Jerez y Arcos de la Frontera donde por sus primeros 22 Km. Circularon algunos trenes de mercancías para abastecer a la azucarera que se implanta allá en 1970 en Jédula, pedanía de Arcos de la Frontera. Sin embargo, la irrupción cada vez mayor del automóvil en la sociedad, el periodo autárquico en el que vivía España y el negativo Informe del Banco Mundial del año 1962, en el cual se aconseja abandonar varias líneas férreas, entre ellas la Jerez-Almargen, hacen que la línea acabe definitivamente abandonada a su suerte y sometida a numerosos actos vandálicos, robos e inclemencias meteorológicas, sin ningún tipo de conservación, pese a lo cual sus infraestructuras están en buen estado actualmente y los edificios que no han sido rehabilitados aún se mantienen en pié. Esta línea de 127 Km. sería para su época una magnífica obra de ingeniería, lo mismo que las restantes del Plan, considerando los escasos medios técnicos con los que se disponía. La línea con origen en Jerez, discurría por las estaciones de El Rizo, Jédula, Arcos, Bornos, Villamartín, Puerto Serrano, Coripe, Zaframagón, Navalagrulla, Olvera y Corbones para enlazar en Almargen con la línea Algeciras- Bobadilla-Granada. Durante su recorrido se han perforado 55 túneles, se han tendido 12 puentes y viaductos, además de varios pontones, muros y trincheras. Actualmente de este largo recorrido se han recuperado 36 Km. para la Vía Verde de la Sierra, una de las mejores vías verdes del país, con varios premios y distinciones en su haber. El presente trabajo de investigación analiza en los dos primeros Capítulos el marco histórico del periodo político donde se gesta la línea, así como la evolución histórica del ferrocarril en España y Andalucía. El Capítulo 3 hace un breve análisis del Plan Preferente de Ferrocarriles y las 17 líneas que lo integraban, pero será en el Capítulo siguiente donde se aborde el origen, evolución y abandono de la línea Jerez- Almargen, además de su identificación y situación geográfica. En el Capítulo 5, que tiene entidad para ser por sí mismo otro trabajo de investigación, se hace un exhaustivo inventario y diagnóstico de la traza y todas las infraestructuras, incluido el tramo reconvertido en Vía Verde. En los tres siguientes Capítulos se proponen y justifican las figuras medioambientales elegidas para la reconversión completa del trazado, teniendo como referencia el tramo intermedio reconvertido en la Vía Verde de la Sierra, a la cual se le ha dedicado otro Capítulo específico. Pero el objetivo final de la tesis es analizar y plantear la posibilidad real de recuperar el recorrido completo para ser utilizado como itinerario verde. Esta tarea se lleva a cabo en el Capítulo 9, donde se propone su recuperación completa mediante dos Caminos Naturales que acometan por ambos extremos de la Vía Verde. Por la zona occidental se diseña el Camino Natural Jerez-Puerto Serrano, de 65.960 Km., que en su mayor parte discurre por el antiguo trazado ferroviario, aunque en los tramos donde no es posible se proponen varias rutas alternativas. Por la zona oriental se diseña el Camino Natural Olvera-Almargen, de 26.435 Km., que igualmente discurre en su mayor parte por el antiguo trazado ferroviario, excepto dos cortos tramos donde no es posible y se proponen dos rutas alternativas. En la última parte de este Camino, al no haberse concluido el trazado, se ha diseñado una combinación de caminos rurales, cañada reales y sendas de nueva construcción que nos llevan hasta las puertas de Almargen, en lo que se ha denominado Ruta Alternativa 3. En el Capítulo último se hace un estudio medioambiental del trazado con algunas propuestas paisajísticas de mejora y se aborda la integración física y turística de los municipios y núcleos urbanos por donde discurre el trazado. De esta forma se podrá recorrer todo el trazado completo en términos similares a como lo hacemos por una carretera, pero con medios de transporte no motorizados y compatibles con el medio ambiente. En caso de prosperar la idea, por la que se encuentran interesadas varias Administraciones locales y regionales, sería el primer Camino Natural de España y Andalucía reconvertido en su totalidad de un antiguo trazado ferroviario que comunicaría municipios de 3 provincias diferentes.

The Intergenerational Justice Review (IGJR) has been published by the Stuttgart-based think tank Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations (FRFG) since 2002. The 2012 edition was published in cooperation with the London-based Intergenerational Foundation (IF), and likewise the 2015 edition. For the latter as well as for the 2016 editions, the FRFG and IF have been joined by the University of Tübingen. The 2016 (2) edition will have the additional help of Professor Bruce Auerbach of Albright College, Reading PA, who will be serving as a guest editor.Founded in 1997, the FRFG has played a leading role in gathering and supporting research in intergenerational issues at the academic level – research that usually falls within the compass of university departments of law, politics and philosophy. The Intergenerational Justice Review reflects this academic focus. Articles, submitted by senior academics and researchers in the field, are peer-reviewed and published only on the recommendation of two reviewers.From 2016, there will be two editions of the IGJR annually. The topic of the second 2016 edition will be: "Constitutions and Intergenerational Justice" We welcome submissions for this issue of the Intergenerational Justice Review that address the tension between constitutions and intergenerational justice, and how that tension can be resolved. How can constitutions be written to protect the rights and/or interests of future generations without at the same time becoming a barrier to future generations exercising full political sovereignty in the future?We also welcome submissions that address creatively constitutions and intergenerational justice from other points of view, and from the perspective of other cultural and political traditions; and that test the feasibility of new ideas, such as a 'permanent constitutional convention', that reassess the current constitution every five years or so.In addition to the above, other related questions include the following:How could a permanent constitutional convention (see above) be organised? What powers should it possess, and what should be its limitations? On the one hand such limitations should prevent a constitutional convention from being too dominant, while on the other its powers should be sufficient to ensure that it is more than merely symbolic.How can the legitimacy problems of such a constitutional convention be resolved? For example, parliaments, which usually propose constitutional amendments, are legitimised through elections.Are there any examples of countries where constitutions are regularly reviewed and amended? If so, how has this practice worked?What role should constitutional courts play? Are they the guardians of earlier regulations and therefore opponents of constitutional change?Are eternity clauses (clauses which prohibit changes to certain or all provisions of a constitution) generationally fair? To what extent do such guarantees take away from future generations the possibility to determine their own future?Where and how are young people actively engaged in debates about the constitution in force in their country? What lessons can be learnt from their experience? Background: By their very nature, constitutions are intergenerational documents. With rare exceptions, they are meant to endure for many generations. They establish the basic institutions of government, enshrine the fundamental values of a people, and place certain questions beyond the reach of simple majorities. Constitutions, especially written ones, are often on purpose difficult to modify.The question of constitutions and future generations has at least two different aspects. On the one hand, constitutions provide the opportunity to guarantee consideration of the rights of future generations, and may serve to protect future generations against the actions of current electoral majorities. On the other hand, the provisions of a constitution may become outmoded, restricting the ability of majorities in the future to respond to the real problems in ways they see as necessary and proper. We want constitutions to provide firm guarantees of fundamental rights, including those of future generations. But we do not want those same guarantees to become fetters on future generations, preventing them from exercising the same rights of sovereignty we enjoy.Ideally, constitutions strike a balance between seeking to protect and perpetuate those values and rights the present generation understands to be fundamental, while ensuring the right of future generations to define for themselves the values and rights they see as essential, and to modify the institutions they have inherited in light of their own experience.This tension between durability and flexibility finds expression in Edmund Burke's concept of a constitution as an intergenerational covenant. It also informs the discussion among Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), James Madison (1751–1836) and Thomas Paine (1737–1809) in the course of founding the United States of America. Jefferson represented the position that every law and therefore every constitution should lose its validity after 19 years, so that every generation can organise itself, with a freedom comparable to the preceding one. Madison disagreed and referred to the uncertainty that would emerge from such an arrangement. Thomas Paine sided with Jefferson and formulated the following famous sentence: 'Every age and generation must be as free to act for itself in all cases as the ages and generations which preceded it.' This statement, written in 1795, defended the right to engage in revolution. This right was even enshrined in the French Constitution of 1793. Article 28 stated: 'Un peuple a toujours le droit de revoir, de réformer et de changer sa Constitution. Une génération ne peut pas assujettir à ses lois les générations futures.' ('A people always has the right to review, reform, and amend its constitution. One generation may not subject future generations to its laws.')The preservation of the same number of options and opportunities for action is also regarded as the one of most important elements of intergenerationally just behaviour in modern generational ethics. Edith Brown Weiss, for example, made such arguments, as have Gregory Kavka in 'The Futurity Problem', and Brian Barry in 'Circumstances of Justice and Future Generations'. Size limit of each submission: Up to 30,000 characters (including spaces, annotation etc.) For questions about style and presentation, please visit our website at www.igjr.org for our guidelines for authors.Deadline for submissions: 1 August 2016Proposed date of publication of IGJR 2016 (2): November 2016Articles may be submitted electronically to: editors@igjr.orgIntergenerational Justice Prize 2015/16: Note that this topic is also be the subject of the Intergenerational Justice Prize 2015/16, promoted by the Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations (FRFG) and the Intergenerational Foundation (IF). Young researchers may also wish to participate in this essay competition, and it is hoped that this edition of the IGJR will contain a selection of the best prize submissions in English. For more information, see www.if.org.uk/prizes. Recommended literatureAuerbach, Bruce / Reinhart, Michelle (2012): Antonin Scalia's constitutional textualism: The problem of justice to posterity. In: Intergenerational Justice Review, 17-22.Barry, Brian (1978): Circumstances of intergenerational justice. In: Sikora, Richard / Barry, Brian (eds.): Obligations to future generations. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 204-248.Beckman, Ludvig (2013): Democracy and future generations. Should the unborn have a voice? In: Merle, Jean-Christophe (ed.): Spheres of global justice. Volume 2: Fair distribution – global economic, social and intergenerational justice. Dordrecht: Springer, 775-788.Brown-Weiss, Edith (2002): Intergenerational fairness and rights of future generations. In: Intergenerational Justice, vol. 2 (3/2002), 1-5.Brown-Weiss, Edith (1989): In fairness to future generations. Tokyo/New York: United Nations University/Transnational Publishers.Gosseries, Axel (2008): Constitutions and future generations. www.uclouvain.beGosseries, Axel / Meyer, Lukas H. (eds.) (2009): Intergenerational justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Kavka, Gregory (1978): The futurity problem. In: Sikora, Richard / Barry, Brian (eds.): Obligations to future generations. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 286-203.Kley, Andreas (2003): Die Verantwortung gegenüber künftigen Generationen – ein staatsphilosophisches Postulat von Thomas Jefferson. In: Hänni, Peter (ed.): Mensch und Staat. Festgabe der rechtswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Freiburg für Thomas Fleiner zum 65. Geburtstag. Fribourg: Universitätsverlag, 505-523. http://www.rwi.uzh.ch/lehreforschung/alphabetisch/kley/container/jefferson_pages_505_523.pdf.Tremmel, Jörg (2009): A theory of intergenerational justice. London: Earthscan.Tremmel, Jörg (2015): Parliaments and future generations: The four-power model. In: Birnbacher, Dieter / Thorseth, May (eds.): The Politics of sustainability: Philosophical perspectives. London: Routledge, 212-233.Tremmel, Jörg / Wilhelm, James (2015): Democracy or epistocracy? Age as a criterion of voter eligibility. In: Tremmel, Jörg / Mason, Antony / Dimitrijoski, Igor / Godli, Petter (eds.): Youth quotas and other efficient forms of youth participation in ageing societies. Dordrecht, NL: Springer, 125-148.Wolf, Clark (2008): Justice and intergenerational debt. In: Intergenerational Justice Review, 13-17.