New public management challenges the way in which ethical aspects of public service had been treated. Newperspective requires evaluating existing public service values and communicating them, coordinating institutionaland private attempts seeking new quality of public service, creating an ethical infrastructure first of all on the nationallevel.The author concentrates on conceptual codes of conduct's framework and the implementation issues. Thedescription of creation codes of conduct for Lithuanian politicians and public servants are provided trying to evaluatethem in the broader context.
The overview of various theories allows us to conclude that civil society is an important scientific concept and a multi-layeredphenomenon. Philosophical ethical and cultural paradigm stresses the importance of the personality in civil society initiatives, also ittakes the role of the State as an absolute factor. Civic consciousness and responsibility when linked to education, is broadly understoodas civility. Variety of social systems and their change is interpreted with reservation and in relative terms. Political scientists areinterested in a more narrow aspect of civil society – into its manifestation and development under conditions of the democratic State.For them the basic is concept of interest groups is essential therefore public opinion and public discourse are in the focus of the research.Recently topic of corruption, interpreted as a reflection of the civic values functional in the given society, became very popular amongthe researchers. Sociologists view civil society as a political, social and economic complex. High importance is attributed to suchconcepts as volunteerism, philanthropy, trust, etc. Specialists of public administration base their insights on the background defined bythe above-described theories and try to confer them practical meaning, recognize applicable elements, apt to managerial knowledge,create realistic strategies how to foster civil society that is considered to be an important, positive phenomenon that could be improvedby the legal and managerial instruments.
The functions and powers of local self-governance are broadly discussed at all levels of government institutions,non-governmental organizations and communities. There is an expressed position that local communities andtheir local self-governing institutions should be given the power of subsidiary decision making in locally specificissues. However, year after year, the unanimous attitude is suppressed by financial and fiscal dependence upon thecentral government, unreasonably large territorial units with high population density. These circumstances limitdown the decision-making and, moreover, the implementation of the decisions. From this point of view, the financialand fiscal powers of local self-governing institutions and, consequently, the decision-making strata are significantlydifferent from those in other Baltic and Central European countries, as well as Scandinavian states. This articledeals with the analysis of local self-governing administration in terms of its fiscal and financial empowerment, thesize of the local communities and its impact on decision-making. A comparison is drawn with Scandinavian, centralEuropean and Baltic countries.
The Lithuanian academic community groundlessly pays little attention to the State security policy, even thoughit was of considerable importance in Lithuania's joining to the NATO and EU. In autumn 2002 the efficiency of thepolicy was positively evaluated in the general context of the country and Lithuania eventually received an officialinvitation to join the structures.The article analyses the Lithuanian State security policy, its peculiarities, development from 1990 to 2002, aswell as provides suggestions for the development periods and gives prognosis on its development perspectives.
The article discusses a successful rearrangement of the economy which was carried out in German FederalRepublic. It's "godfather" became Professor Liudwig Erhard whose personality combined whose theoretical knowledgeand an experience of a head leader of economy. Drastic reforms were performed on his initiative and underhis command. Thanks to these reforms defeated, ruined and disgraced during 10 postwar years Germany threw outideological stereotypes and all schemes of planned economy into the dump of history. Besides that it presented tothe world "an economic miracle" which made Germany a prosperous and powerful state.Socially orientated conception of market economy, always showing its best result during a short period of time,was raised into the rank of official GFR doctrine and become the basis of economic programmer or ChristianDemocrats Alliance.The article tells about the neoliberalism credo's founder – Freiburg's School.Particular attention is paid to Professor Walter Eucken and his social notions. Besides that it discusses thetransformational problem of classical liberalism and shows social guides produced by Erhard.The article pays attention to the role of the state in the terms of social market economy. It discusses the threatsof father state.The article presents Erhard's conception of "formed community" and discusses it's parallels with the opencommunity and legal state.
Seit den 1990er Jahren stossen viele der 2'842 Schweizer Gemeinden, bei der Erfüllung ihrer Aufgaben anLeistungsgrenzen. Als Antwort auf dieses Problem sind im Alpenland mit 7 Millionen Einwohnern durch dieGemeinden unterschiedliche Reformen eingeleitet worden. Der Beitrag fokussiert auf die interkommunaleZusammenarbeit (IKZ) und Gemeindezusammenschlüsse, welche in der Schweiz zu den am Häufigsten verbreitetenReformen gehören. Eine postalische Befragung aller Schweizer Gemeinden und 13 Fallstudien zeigen, dassGemeindezusammenschlüsse tendenziell in leistungsschwachen und in kleinen Gemeinden durchgeführt werden.IKZ ist hingegen bei allen Gemeindetypen verbreitet. Reformwillige Behörden, intensive soziale Kontakte zwischenden Einwohnern der Gemeinden, eine günstige topografische Lage und die Politik der übergeordneten Staatsebenenfördern die Reformfreudigkeit. Nach Zusammenschlüssen und Kooperationen steigt in der Regel dieDienstleistungsqualität. Hingegen findet nur selten eine Entlastung des Gemeindehaushaltes statt. Obwohl dieGemeinen in der Schweiz um einiges kleiner sind als in Litauen, lassen sich auch für den baltischen StaatSchlussfolgerungen ziehen
[First paragraph of Introduction]: In this paper, we investigate the evolving relationship between government and voluntary organizations in Ontario that is occurring in the wake of a prolonged period of funding cuts. The cuts are a manifestation of a major philosophical shift in government-third sector relations. We have already examined the impact of this shift on voluntary organizations in several papers (Foster and Meinhard, 2002; Meinhard and Foster, 2003a & b). We now turn our attention to the government sector and its vision for the future. Keywords: CVSS, Centre for Voluntary Sector Studies, Working Paper Series,TRSM, Ted Rogers School of Management Citation: ; Meinhard, A. G., Foster, M., Berger, I., and Moher, L. (2003). The Evolving Relationship Between Government and the Voluntary Sector in Ontario. (Working Paper Series Volume 2003(2)). Toronto : Ted Rogers School of Management, Centre for Volunteer Sector Studies, Ryerson University.
The main problems and priorities of regional social and economic development in Lithuania and other East –and Central European countries are described in the article. Innovation activities as the most important direction ofregional development are analyzed too.The main priorities of regional development oriented policy are characterized as follows:• specialization of regional social, economic and technological development,• establishing and modernization of the networks and infrastructure of industrial enterpises and industrialknots, multiindustrial clusters, social oriented groups of factories as well as innovation centres, businessincubators, science and technologies parks, investment and regional economic development agencies,• interregional and international cooperation with different regional economic and innovation systems, especiallyin EU.Idea of "oazis" policy in the regional development.Possibilities and necessity to prepare and realize regional development oriented national innovation policy aredescribed in the article as well.
The aims of this article are to describe the fundamental connection between State government, counties andmunicipalities and to expose peculiarities of interaction of State government subjects and Local Self-governmentinstitutions. The survey method is grounded on the systemic research and analysis of the Lithuanian legal acts: Lawon the Local Self-government, Law on the Governing of the County and Law on the Regional Development. Themain conclusions of the article are following: a) the objects, functions and responsibility of Regional institutions andCounties are separated by legal acts, but in fact Regional institutions and Counties are indivisible unit; b) in realitymunicipalities become subordinate to the State government and restraint from Self-government institutions appreciableby limited liberty of decision making and finance resources, and intensive state inspection of procedures; c)there is not fully realized principle of decentralization. In the future State government system and Local Self-governmentreforms could take the way of self-governmental regions making and the power, functions and decisionmaking competence of municipalities could be extended.
The article defines and discusses the New Public Management as well as indicates its need for public administrationand local government. The first part discloses the concept of the New Public Management and presents its"ideal model". The second part analyses the examples of implementing the New Public Management in some countriesof the European Union – the Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Germany. The third part evaluates the signs,juxtaposes and perspectives of the New Public Management in Lithuania.
In 2004, Europe will undergo a significant historicalchange in 2004. Several of the former communistcountries of Central and Eastern Europe willjoin the European Union (EU) in creating an unprecedentedvoluntary association of democratic stateswith market economies. Thus, the whole structureof political, economic and social relations in the regionwill change. What will be the impact of thischange be toon public policy and administration inthe countries inside and outside the EU borders?What actions will be needed to harmonize the waypublic interests are followed on the whole continent?
In order to contribute to the effectiveness ofpublic and private organizations, in the last twentyyears organizational climate has been analyzed frommany points of view, as of public administration togroup psychology. While some authors have alreadyidentified the importance of organizational climate(Williamson, 1997; Guldenmund, 2000) on organizationalefficacy issues, many investigators state thatthe relationship between the two has been insufficientlyexplored (Silva, 2003). Organizational climateperceptions in bureaucratic organizations place somedoubts for the researchers thus far (Meyer, 2003). Asin the twenty-first century public sector organizationsexperience the tensions that arise between the demandsof government, business, and civil society, thesurveys on different aspects of organizational climateand effectiveness continue to be important up to now.In addition, the relationship between organizationalclimate and effectiveness in public sector of EastEuropean countries has mainly been a theoreticalproposition. Therefore, the main purpose of this researchwas to evaluate the relationship between organizationalclimate and effectiveness in Lithuanian Government which is one of the principal public organizationsthat serve in public interest for Lithuaniansociety.
The traditional state administrative paradigm and it's connection with educational institutions is the focus of thisarticle. So, bureaucracy as the political institution is formed within the framework of universal educational paradigm. Thebureaucracy is connected with dysfunctions. The sociological research conducted in Republic of Komi has demonstrated,that, as a rule, managing posts takes the people with humanitarian university education. It is quite possible, that themodernisation of a system of a state and municipal service can begin from the development of regional educationaltraining institutions that would help "discovering" local elites that in turn would help in building public sector institutions.
Continuously developing socio-economic context poses many challenges to public administrators. Public decisionmakingaffects not only those interest groups that are directly concerned by the decisions but also the general public.Therefore strict professional requirements to civil servants are justified and need to be adapted to the changes in theenvironment as well. This paper focuses on theoretical analysis of civil service professional competence and qualificationsstandards and their presence in Lithuanian civil service legislation.
During the third decade of XX century in the administrative machine of Lithuanian government the old officialdom,which has graduated studies in czarist Russia was dominant. The main attribute of that generation ofofficials was experience of life together with the maladies inherited from Russia, namely: sycophancy, patronage,reserve and reserved view to innovations. However already in the fourth decade [the second decade of independentLithuania] the new young administrations, graduates of the Western and Lithuanian schools started work at theinstitutions of public administration. The functional style of public administration, that was dominant at that time inWestern countries was more acceptable for them.The interwar Lithuania was a young nation which faced a lot difficulties, typical for the nations with the lack ofmanagement experience: malpractice of the officials, lack the education, instability of legal system etc.During the last decade of interwar Lithuania the government was putting its efforts to rationalize managementtaking into account the influence of global economical crisis and public opinion.