Suchergebnisse

Erstes Kapitel Die Stellung Der Ethik Im Rahmen Der Phänomenologie -- § 1. Das Grundanliegen der Philosophie als Phänomenologie -- § 2. Die phänomenologische Methode -- § 3. Gliederung und Aufbau -- Zweites Kapitel Die Idee Einer Reinen Ethik -- «I. Abschnitt» Die Keine Ethik als Apriorische Wissenschaft -- § 4. Subjektivistische Grundauffassungen in der Ethik -- § 5. Lust und Wert -- § 6. Die Staatslehre Hobbes' als eine "einseitige Konstruktion einer bloß egoistisch fundierten Sozialität" -- § 7. Egoistischer (Eudämonismus) und altruistischer Utilitarismus -- § 8. Die Widerlegung eines jeglichen ethischen Skeptizismus -- § 9. Ethischer Psychologismus und die Idee einer reinen Ethik -- «II. Abschnitt» Tie Keine Ethik Als Wissenschaft von der Wertenden und Wollenden Vernunft (,,Gemütsmomente in der Ethik") -- § 10. Idealistische Grundauffassungen in der Ethik -- A. Rationalismus in der Ethik -- § 11. Parallelisierung der Ethik mit der Mathemathik-Urteilende und praktische Vernunft -- § 12. Ethischer Rationalismus und Theologismus -- § 13. Sachgesetze und Wesensgesetze -- § 14. Die reine Ethik als Korrelat der praktischen Vernunft -- B. Der Formalismus in der Ethik -- § 15. Das "Gefühl" und die Konstitution des Ethischen -- § 16. Das Vermögen des Gefühls und die materiaie Bestimmung des Willens -- § 17. Die Fundierung der Idee einer reinen Ethik in einer "Gefühlslogik" -- «III. Abschnitt» Gefühlsmoral Und Phänomenologische Ethik -- § 18. Das Apriori des Emotionalen -- §19. Gefühlsethik und eudämonistischer Egoismus -- § 20. Moral als Sonderfall des Ästhetischen -- § 21. Das Prinzip der Sympathie als Grundprinzip der Moralität -- § 22. Das Verhältnis von Verstand und Gefühl -- «IV. Abschnitt» Die Idee Der Reinen Ethik Als Theoretische Und Normative Disziplin -- §23. Die Idee der reinen Ethik -- § 24. Die Begründung der Analogie zwischen der Idee der reinen Ethik und der Idee der reinen Logik -- § 25. Die reine Ethik als theoretische und normative Wissenschaft -- Drittes Kapitel Die Ethik Im Aufriss -- § 26. Der Wert -- «I. Abschnitt» Die Reine Axiologie -- A. Formale Axiologie -- § 27. Die formale Axiologie als Analogon der formalen Logik -- § 28. Der Wert als formal axiologischer Gegenstand als solcher -- § 29. Wertverhältnisse -- § 30. Wertsteigerungsverhältnisse -- § 31. Wertsummation 93 -- § 32. Wertganze und Wertteile - Wertkomposition und Wertproduktion 96 -- § 33. Die Idee eines,,Wertekosmos" - Teleologie in formaler Sicht - Summum bonum formaliter spectatum -- B. Wert und,, Wertnehmen" -- § 34. Objektive Wertgesetze und Nonnen des Wertens -- §35. Normen richtigen Wertens -- § 36. Wert und Werterfassen -- C. Materiale Axiologie -- § 37. Die Forderung eines materialen Apriori in der axiologischen Sphäre -- § 38. Der regionale Gedanke in der Philosophie Husserls - Gliederung des ertbereichs im Hinblick auf die Wertträger -- § 39. Die eigentliche materiale Wertordnung -- §40. Ästhetische und ethische Werte -- «II. Abschnitt» Die Reine Praktik -- §41. Axiologie und Praktik -- A. Formale Praktik -- § 42. Normen vernünftigen Wollens und Strebens -- § 43. "Richtiger" und "unrichtiger" Wille - Das "Seinsollende" -- § 44. Die Komponenten des objektiv Gesollten -- § 45. Das höchste Gut als Norm des Handelns -- § 46. Der beste Wille -- § 47. Der kategorische Imperativ -- § 48. Die formale Bestimmung des kategorischen Imperativs und seine Beziehung zum handelnden Subjekt -- B. Materiale Praktik -- § 49. Das ethische Subjekt in seiner Totalität und Einheit als wertendes und handelndes Subjekt -- § 50. Strebende Akte als motivierte Akte -- § 51. Die Selbstbestimmung des Ich als zentrale ethische Aufgabe des Menschen -- § 52. Ethisches Subjekt und Schicksal -- § 53. Sittlichkeit und Glückseligkeit -- § 54. Die Vollendung des ethischen Subjektes als Glied einer ethischen Sozialität -- Schluss.

In the literature of diplomacy and military strategy, there has long been a gulf between the concepts of deterrence and defense. Glenn Snyder bridges this gulf, offering a systematic analysis of the two ideas, with the aim of integrating them in a framework of theory. He proposes criteria for making rational decisions in national security policy and deals with the critical issue of the balance between deterrence of, and defense against, military attacks. The author augments the scattered literature on the subject with original contributions on this increasingly important facet of international relations. Originally published in 1961. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Focusing on the relationship between the Soviet Union and the leading Afro-Asian neutralists, Professor Rubinstein studies Soviet policy and behavior in international organizations concerned with promoting the economic and social welfare of developing countries. He has made a thorough examination of the records of many such organizations, including the Economic and Social Council, the Technical Assistance Committee, and the International Labor Organization. To gain insight into the conduct and objectives of Soviet representatives at meetings of these groups, and into the behavior of Soviet nationals employed in international secretariats, the author undertook extensive interviewing of neutralist, Communist, and Western officials in New York, Geneva, Vienna, Bangkok, and New Delhi. Originally published in 1964. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

How is it that Sweden has been able to combine political stability with an entrenched multiparty system? How is it that she has produced such remarkable achievements in economic policy, social welfare, labor relations, and international cooperation? In this first comprehensive study of Swedish parties and cabinet government in English the author examines the delicate yet effective means of compromise worked out by the political parties. The first three chapters are a concise history of Swedish politics, from the time when the parliament consisted of four estates to the present, while the succeeding chapters give a systematic account of the four groups responsible for representative government in Sweden: the electorate, parties, legislature, and cabinet. Originally published in 1955. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

"This book deals with the sociology of rural life, emphasizing the analysis of social institutions in the rural environment and the various forms of social interaction among rural groups. Part I consists of a review (Chapter 1) and a preview (Chapter 2). Part II deals with the problem of human adjustment to physical environment, an especially critical matter for farm people. Part III deals with population trends, characteristics, and movement. The section on population is deliberately shortened, not because the author does not consider the topic important, but because more extended treatment is not justified in a beginning course. Much of the population data ordinarily treated in separate chapters is discussed in the book in such chapters as the family, school, church, and other institutions. Ethnic data are considered somewhat in the chapter on assimilation. However, the teacher who wishes to do so may supplement and expand the population material by outside reading. Following the treatment of the role of physical environment in rural society, and the characteristics of the population, there is in Part IV a series of chapters dealing with the basic forms of social interaction, or the social processes. Finally, in Part V is the analysis of the basic institutions of rural society"--Preface. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)

I Frankreichs Herrschaft in Afrika von den Anfängen bis 1952 -- 1. Kapitel Historische und landeskundliche Einführung -- 2. Kapitel Die Struktur des französischen Kolonialreichs vor dem zweiten Weltkrieg -- 3. Kapitel Der zweite Weltkrieg und die Konferenz von Brazzaville 1944 -- 4. Kapitel Die Verfassung der Vierten Republik -- 5. Kapitel Die französische Afrikapolitik von 1946 bis 1952 -- II Entwicklung der Politischen Bewegungen in Afrika 1954 bis 1958 -- 6. Kapitel Das Syndikat der Häuptlinge — ein politischer Fehlstart -- 7. Kapitel Die Afrikanische Demokratische Sammlungsbewegung (RDA) -- 8. Kapitel Die Sozialistischen Parteien und die Gründung der MSA -- 9. Kapitel Vom Demokratischen Block des Senegal (BDS) zur Partei für die Neugruppierung Afrikas (PRA) -- 10. Kapitel Regional begrenzte Sonderentwicklung in AOF und AEF -- 11. Kapitel Das Treuhandgebiet Kamerun -- 12. Kapitel Das Treuhandgebiet Togo -- 13. Kapitel Gewerkschaften — Jugendverbände — Frauenorganisationen -- III Reformen und Umsturz 1952 bis 1960 -- 14. Kapitel Das Arbeitsgesetzbuch von 1952 -- 15. Kapitel Kommunalreform und Rahmengesetz -- 16. Kapitel Zwischen Föderation und Liquidation -- 17. Kapitel Geburt der Fünften Republik und der Communauté -- 18. Kapitel Das unabhängige Guinea -- 19. Kapitel Von der Communauté zur erneuerten Communauté -- IV Die Neugruppierung Ist im Fluss -- 20. Kapitel Die Mali-Föderation und die PFA -- 21. Kapitel Der Conseil de l'Entente und die neue RDA -- 22. Kapitel Mauretanien 1958–1960 -- 23. Kapitel Extremistische Splittergruppen in Westafrika -- 24. Kapitel Die Unabhängigkeit Äquatorialafrikas -- 25. Kapitel Die Unabhängigkeit Kameruns -- 26. Kapitel Die Unabhängigkeit Togos -- 27. Kapitel Die Gewerkschaften 1959/60 -- Zwischenbilanz -- Dokumente -- Louis Faidherbe: Aufruf zur Assimilation -- Jules Ferry: Recht auf Kolonisation -- Verfassungsprojekt der Vichy-Regierung -- Charles de Gaulle: Rede zur Eröffnung der Konferenz von Brazzaville -- Verfassung der Vierten Republik (Auszug) -- Die wichtigsten Übersee-Reformdekrete von 1946 -- Erster Kongreß der RDA, Bamako 1946: Politische Resolution -- Félix Houphouet-Boigny: Rede in Abidjan am 6. 10. 1951 -- Dritter Kongreß der RDA, Bamako 1957: Politische Resolution -- Léopold Sédar Senghor: Rede in Straßburg am 9. 1. 1953 -- Konferenz zur Neugruppierung der afrikanischen Parteien (Paris 17. 2. 1958) -- Anonymes Flugblatt aus Mittelkongo (November 1957) -- Offener Brief an Um Nyobé -- Memorandum der Führer von RDA und PRA an de Gaulle (17. 7. 1958) -- Charles de Gaulle: Rede in Brazzaville, 24. 8. 1958 -- Verfassung der Fünften Republik (Auszug) -- Sekou Touré: Rede vor der UN-Voliverversammlung (10. 10. 1960) -- Léopold Sédar Senghor: Für einen afrikanischen Weg zum Sozialismus -- Manifest der UPTC (Januar 1959) -- Personenverzeichnis -- Zeittafel -- Literaturübersicht -- Karten -- Ergebnis der Wahlen zur Territorialversammlung von Kamerun 23. 12. 1956 -- Ergebnis der Wahlen zu den Bezirksräten in Guinea 18. 5. 1958 -- Übersichtskarte: Das Schwarze Afrika französicher Prägung, territoriale Gliederung nach dem gegenwärtigen Stand -- Tabellen -- 1: Die Staaten des Schwarzen Afrika französischer Prägung -- 2: Wahlberechtigte und Wahlbeteiligung 1945–1957 -- 3: Zahl der Vertreter Afrikas im Pariser Parlament (eventuell Ergänzung laut Tabelle) -- 4: Organisationsschema der RDA -- 5: Entwicklung der Gewerkschaften in AOF von 1952 bis 1955 -- 6: Ergebnisse der Territorialwahlen vom 31.3. 1957 -- 7: Ergebnis des Referendums vom 28. 9. 1958 -- 8/9: Schema der Verwaltung Guineas 1957/58 und nach der Unabhängigkeit -- 10: Die Regierung Guineas 1957–1961 -- 11: Wahlen von Personaldelegierten in der Republik Kongo 1958/59 -- 12: Parlamentswahlen in Kamerun, 10. 4. 1960 -- 13: Projekte der EWG im Schwarzen Afrika französischer Prägung -- 14: Das Schulwesen am 1. 1.1958 -- 15: Gesetzlich festgelegter Mindestlohn in Westafrika 1954–1960 -- 16: Einfuhr alkoholischer Getränke 1958.

"The development of a science of human nature is primarily a semantic problem. Man dwells in a self-made world of meanings, established through the use of words, and an equally self-made world of values, brought into being by the creation of procedures and techniques. Important psychological abstractions like love, mercy, and honesty must be understood in depth, which means that they take on a permanent core of meaning which can be readily communicated. If abstractions which describe human nature are to be understood in depth they must be seen in relationship to the experiences which give them depth. Everything of importance in human nature has a paired quality, because it is part of the reciprocal relationship between the submissive and the dominant in the life process. Love takes on its real meaning only in relationship to power; power finds its true value in relationship to love. In this book, Jove and power are considered together, and all important concepts concerned in human nature are placed in similar pairs. This book takes a psychoanalytic approach to civilization, beginning with the abstractions that describe human nature. The author argues that men do not have to fear being abstract in viewing human nature; what they have to fear is the production of abstractions which have no relationship to the concrete world of the life of action"--Preface. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).

Scholars concerned with the diplomatic history of the United States have largely neglected the subject of American relations with the Middle East during the four decades before World War I. With this study, Professor DeNovo fills the gap by describing and assessing the United States' cultural, economic, and diplomatic relations with Turkey, Persia, and the Arab East in that period. He traces, chronologically and topically, the activities of such American interest groups as Protestant missionaries, educators, philanthropists, archaeologists, businessmen, and technical advisers, as well as the official actions of their government. The account falls roughly into three chronological periods. The first section traces the interest groups through the pre-World War I years of political and cultural stirring in the Ottoman Empire and Persia. Special attention is given to the Chester Project for railroad development in Turkey. The second part deals with the upheavals accompanying World War I and the tasks of peacemaking from the Mudros armistice through the Lausanne settlement of 1923. The latter chapters detail the rise of the Turkish national movement, the deepening Persian and Arab nationalism, and the accommodation of American cultural and economic groups to these conditions. The author points out that before World War II began, Americans had acquired a significant interest in Middle Eastern oil and had become emotionally involved in the Arab-Zionist tension. In 1939 the United States was on the verge of a new phase in its Middle Eastern relations when that region would become more intimately linked to America's national security

"This book springs from the pronounced reaction of the several thousand men I have trained under conditions of combat realism, and from my own convictions of its necessity. The chapters to follow speak for many. In the support of realism in training, I have experienced strong and genuine support from those above and below me. The only point of argument has been: "How best to implement realism?" This text deals with implementation. Its primary mission is to provide imaginative ideas, acknowledging that no single person, service, or staff has a monopoly on imagination. The men who have experienced the measures of realism I projected in training, have always wanted and asked for more--not in degree--but in more hours and days of it. Realistic training is dangerous, unless carefully controlled. This training is conducted under rigid control and safety supervision. Of the very few "casualties" resulting from the variety of courses and exercises I have conducted, I became the only serious hospital case. Of negative reaction, there were two soldiers who foolishly blasted a tree down on themselves and swore to get the author for creating a course that would kill them. Battles are fought by rifle squads, tank crews and companies, artillery batteries and battalions, combat engineer platoons, and multiplied combinations of these elements. This text is devoted to the training of these men and those who immediately support them. This text is not designed to develop strategy, or tactics, but to help these units"--Preface. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).

Who are the people comprising the Communist movement in Eastern Europe? What is their motivation in joining the party? In a comparative analysis of the eight East European Communist parties-Polish, Czech, Magyar, Romanian, Bulgarian, Yugoslav, Greek, and Albanian-R. V. Burks offers precise knowledge about Communism's adherents. The author conducted interviews with repentant Communists held in Greek prisons, with exiled members of the anti-Communist opposition, and with active members of the party; he also made a critical analysis of election returns and of original sources in a dozen languages. The-result is a wealth of specific information on the participants' age, sex, education, professional training, social class, and ethnic origin. Basing his comparisons and conclusions on this data, Mr. Burks is able to point to some interesting discoveries: social class (at least as Marxism conceives of it) is hardly a factor in drawing these people to Communism, and the industrial worker is not the backbone of the movement. Instead, the effects of cross-cultural education, shifting world prices, and what might he called ethnic politics have directed these people to Communism. Mr. Burks has provided a close analysis of the anatomy of Communism in a crucial part of the world.Originally published in 1961.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

"Historically, the cure of souls has been the distinctive task of the church and its ministry. Today, however, dynamic medical psychology is ministering so effectively to sick souls that many religious leaders are aware of a need for rigorous self-criticism. This study re-examines Christian ideas of self-acceptance, ideas of the way man should look at himself, of the way he should accept himself and his relation to others, of the manner in which he should treat himself--all in the light of modern psychotherapy's discovery of the role of self-acceptance in spiritual well-being. From a psychotherapeutic viewpoint three great historical pathways to self-acceptance can be distinguished within Christianity, Each stresses different values and has distinctive strengths and weaknesses for mental health. Each pathway is analyzed in this study, defined as 1) the self-rejectionist, 2) the forensic, and 3) the meliorist. The author presents both the theological doctrine behind each view of the self, and the actual steps to self-acceptance advocated by each. He then devotes a chapter to a psychotherapeutic view of self-acceptance, illustrated by seven case histories from dynamic psychology of particular relevance to Christian theory. Finally, he evaluates the three pathways, points out positive and negative elements common to all three, and relates the whole to the findings of psychology. Christianity's representatives, he concludes, may regain their respected place in the eyes of the spiritually needy only if they assimilate some of the healing knowledge unearthed by their secular brethren. Members of all religious groups will find here a challenge they cannot ignore"--Jacket. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).

"Of the writing of texts in social psychology there is no end. The author or each of them believes that he has a special justification for offering his own particular version of the common theme, and I am no exception to this general rule. Perhaps I can formulate the raison d'etre of this volume by outlining a little of its history and by expressing my indebtedness to a few of the individuals from whom its main ideas have been borrowed. These and other converging influences have led me to frame nearly every kind of social-psychological problem in terms of psychological processes which take their particular form from the interactional context in which they occur. And I have come to see group memberships as providing the sine qua non for specifying the interactional context of human social behavior. Groups provide their members with shared frames of reference--particularly in the form of positions and roles, in terms of which they perceive themselves as well as one another. So little social behavior is immune to such shared influences, and so much of it is very largely determined by them, that I have come to accord them a central place in my own thinking. I hope that, in so doing, I have not fallen into the fallacy of assuming that social behavior springs merely from the interiorizing of social norms. This would be quite as disastrous as to ignore social norms altogether. At any rate, this point of view has led me to view social behavior as occurring on the part of biological organisms which are also group members. To understand it we must study both individual life and group life, in terms of a single body of coherent concepts and principles. I have therefore tried to sketch an outline of the psychology of group membership in a way which is neither merely psychological nor merely sociological but which, I hope, may contribute to the growth of a body of concepts and principles of truly social-psychological nature"--Preface. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)

I. From Autocracy to Democracy: Political Institutions at the End of the Ch'ing Dynasty -- 1. Transformation from Absolute to Constitutional Monarchy -- 2. Causes of the Constitutional Movement -- 3. Preparation for Constitutionalism -- 4. The Principles of Constitution, September 22, 1908 -- 5. The National Legislative Council (Tse-cheng Yüan) -- 6. The Provincial Assembly (Tse-I Chu) -- 7. The Beginning of Local Self-Government -- 8. The Revolution and the Nineteen Articles of November 3, 1911 -- II. Democracy in Experiment: Political Institutions During the Early Republican Period -- 1. Preparations for a Provisional Government -- 2. Analysis of the Organic Law of the Provisional Government -- 3. Inauguration of the Provisional Government at Nanking -- 4. The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, March 11, 1912 -- 5. The Change of the Provisional Presidency and the Seat of Government -- 6. The Establishment of Parliament -- 7. The Drafting of the Constitution and the Election of President -- 8. The Judicial System of the New Republic -- 9. The Local Government System -- III. Monarchism VS. Republicanism: Political Institutions under the Dictatorship of Yüan Shihk'ai -- 1. Yüan Shih-k'ai vs. Constitutional Democracy -- 2. Yüan Shih-k'ai and the Constitutional Compact of 1914 -- 3. The Reorganized National Government Under Yüan Shih-k'ai -- 4. Th Local Government System Under Yüan Shih-k'ai -- 5. The Rise and Fall of Yüan's Monarchial Movement -- IV. Split Between the North and the South: Political Institutions During the Period of Internal Dissensions -- 1. Developments Under the Regime in Peking -- 2. The New Parliament and the New Constitutional Draft -- 3. Parliament's Second Restoration and its Adoption of the 1923 Constitution -- 4. The Constitution-Protecting Government in the Southwest -- 5. The Peking Government Under Provisional Chief Executive Tuan -- 6. The Local Government System -- V. The Nationalist Party in Power: Unification of China under Kuomintang Programs -- 1. The Reorganization of the Nationalist Party in 1924 -- 2. Basic Principles and Programs of the Nationalist Party -- 3. The Northern Expedition and the Unification of China -- 4. The Beginning of Political Tutelage -- VI. The Five-Power Constitution at Work: Political Institutions During the Period of Political Tutelage -- 1. The National Government Before 1928 -- 2. The National Government Since 1928 -- 3. The National People's Convention and the Promulgation of the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China for the Period of Political Tutelage -- 4. Nationalist Efforts to Carry Out Party Principles and Programs -- 5. The Preparation for Constitutional Rule in China -- 6. The Local Government System During the Period of Political Tutelage -- VII. Communism Versus Nationalism: The Chinese Communist Party and Soviet Regimes (1921–1945) -- 1. The Formation of Communist Organizations in China -- 2. The First United Front of the Nationalists and Communists -- 3. Armed Uprisings and the Change of Leadership -- 4. The Establishment of Soviet Regimes in China -- 5. The Second United Front and Expansion of the Communist Regimes -- VIII. China at War: Political Institutions During the Period of the Sino-Japanese War -- 1. The Hostilities Between China and Japan -- 2. The Formal Establishment of Chiang Kai-shek's Leadership -- 3. Wartime Party Alignments -- 4. The Supreme National Defense Council — The Highest Organ of Wartime China -- 5. The Triple-linked Administrative System -- 6. The Wartime National Government -- 7. The People's Political Council -- 8. The Wartime Local Government -- 9. The Local Representative Bodies -- IX. From the Mainland to Taiwan (Formosa): Political Institutions During the Postwar Period -- 1. Peace Negotiations Through the Political Consultative Conference -- 2. The Convocation of the National Assembly and the Constitution of 1946 -- 3. The Central and Local Governments Under the Constitution of 1946 -- 4. The First Session of the First National Assembly -- 5. The Nationalist Debacle and Retreat to Taiwan -- 6. The National Government in Taiwan -- 7. The Local Government System in Taiwan -- 8. Taiwan Today -- X. The Communist Party in Power: Mao's Political Thought and the Party Organization -- 1. On the Road to Victory -- 2. The Political Thought and Strategy of Mao Tse-tung -- 3. The Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party and Its Guiding Principles -- 4. The Organization and Functions of the Communist Party -- 5. The Communist Youth League -- 6. The Communist Relationship with Minor Political Parties and Mass Organizations -- XI. Fundamental Laws of the People's Republic: From the Common Program to the Constitution of 1954 -- 1. The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) -- 2. The Common Program of 1949 in the Nature of a Provisional Constitution -- 3. The Central Government System, 1949–1954 -- 4. The Local Government System, 1949–1954 -- 5. The Adoption of the Constitution by the National People's Congress -- 6. General Principles of the Constitution of 1954 -- XII. The Government of "Democratic Centralism": Political Institutions under the Constitution of 1954 -- 1. The Present System of Government -- 2. The National People's Congress -- 3. The Head of the State -- 4. The State Council -- 5. The People's Courts and Procuratorates -- 6. Local People's Congresses and Councils -- 7. Self-Government Organs of National Autonomous Areas -- 8. The Communist Government in Action -- Appendices.