Suchergebnisse

Political attention has increasingly focused on limiting warming to 2êC. However, to date the only mitigation commitments accompanying this target are the so-called Copenhagen pledges, and these pledges appear to be inconsistent with the 2êC objective. Diverging opinions on whether this inconsistency can or should be resolved have been expressed. This paper clarifies the alternative assumptions underlying these diverging view points and explicits their implications. It first gives simple visualizations of the challenge posed by the 2êC target. It then proposes a decision tree, linking different beliefs on climate change, the achievability of different policies, and current international policy dynamics to various options to move forward on climate change.

TRABAJO SOCIAL FAMILIAR (3A. ED.) -- PÁGINA LEGAL -- ÍNDICE -- INTRODUCCIÓN -- I. FAMILIA Y SOCIEDAD -- 1.1. Contexto actual de la familia: el proceso de modernización -- 1.2. ¿Qué se espera hoy de la familia? -- 1.3. Familia-sociedad: una relación compleja -- 1.4. Tendencias de cambio en las familias chilenas -- 1.5. Familia y equidad -- 1.6. Las familias pobres -- 1.7. Política social y familia: una relación esquiva -- 1.8. El papel mediador de la familia en las políticas sociales -- 1.9. ¿Política familiar o enfoque familiar de las políticas? -- 1.10. La perspectiva familiar en el análisis de las políticas -- 1.11. ¿Por qué es necesario invertir en la familia? -- 1.12. Profesionales, sociedad y familia -- Referencias Bibliográficas -- II. El TRABAJO SOCIAL Y LA FAMILIA -- 2.1. Recuperando una historia -- 2.2. Nuestra tradición en el trabajo con familias -- 2.3. ¿Qué es hoy el Trabajo Social con familias? -- 2.4. Lo antiguo y lo nuevo en el Trabajo Social Familiar -- 2.5. Trabajo Social Familiar: funciones y niveles de intervención -- 2.6. Intervención profesional y estratificación social -- 2.7. Trabajo Social Familiar: un tema abierto -- Referencias Bibliográficas -- III. DIFERENTES PERSPECTIVAS PARA ANALIZAR LA FAMILIA -- 3.1 Un panorama diverso -- 3.2. La familia como sistema -- 3.3. El enfoque ecológico de la familia -- 3.4. La perspectiva intergeneracional -- 3.5. La teoría del ciclo de vida familiar -- 3.6. La construcción social de la realidad -- 3.7. La perspectiva del poder y de las fuerzas en la familia -- Referencias Bibliográficas -- IV. TRABAJANDO CON LAS FAMILIAS -- 4.1. Aspectos generales -- 4.1.1. Definiendo el nivel de intervención -- 4.1.2. Aspectos éticos en el trabajo con familias -- 4.2. El trabajo directo con familias -- 4.2.1. El inicio de la intervención -- 4.2.l.1. La vinculación con la familia.

This thesis critically analyzes the H-2C temporary worker program (TWP) that was part of the 2006, Senate-approved Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act. Employer opinions and lessons from past U.S. TWPs are presented, resulting in recommendations for changing H-2C's design in order to maximize its potential as a core component of future immigration reform in the United States. The paper finds that small businesses, which comprise the majority of the businesses in the United States, and are among the heaviest users of foreign labor, consider the 2006 H-2C program to be unaffordable. Policy makers must redesign H- 2C to be affordable for small businesses while still offering an effective system for protecting domestic worker interests. The paper concludes that the best means to achieve both program affordability for small businesses and effectual domestic worker protections is likely a user -friendly, electronic program process

Volume III of National Accounts of OECD Countries comprises Volume IIIa - Financial Accounts - Flows and Volume IIIb - Financial Balance Sheets - Stocks . In both volumes, data, based on the System of National Accounts (SNA 1993), are expressed in national currency (in euros for euro area countries). Volume IIIa covers financial accounts of OECD countries and includes financial transactions (both net acquisition of financial assets and net incurrence of liabilities), by institutional sector (non-financial corporations, financial corporations, general government, households and non-profit insti

The G20 has produced mixed results. After initial high hopes and some success, negotiations within the G20 forum have slowed, progress is less visible and disagreement rather than agreement has come to the fore. Against this background, this paper revisits the basic economic and geopolitical motivations for the G20, in order to review its performance and attempt to draw lessons for the path ahead. We conclude that: (1) in today's global economy (with its trade and financial market integration and its institutional architecture) a 'G20-type' institution is necessary - if it didn't exist, it should be created; (2) the G20 had its high noon moment in 2008-09 and some recalibration of expectations was inevitable, but its achievements in 2010-11 have nevertheless been disappointing; (3) to be fair there is, in detailed and technical work, more progress than there seems to be at first sight; (4) from a governance standpoint, the G20 is not an efficient forum; improvements in working methods are urgently needed; (5) more fundamentally, for the G20 to retain its role, its members need to develop a common vision of global economic problems and the way to approach them.

"The Communication Yearbook annuals" publish diverse, state-of-the-discipline literature reviews that advance knowledge and understanding of communication systems, processes, and impacts across the discipline. Sponsored by the International Communication Association, each volume provides a forum for the exchange of interdisciplinary and internationally diverse scholarship relating to communication in its many forms. This volume re-issues the yearbook from 1999

Managementforschung informiert jährlich über neueste Erkenntnisse und Trends der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion.Band 22 (2012) enthält Beiträge zu folgenden Themen:§ Formalisierung und Wohlbefinden am Arbeitsplatz§ Regulatorische Unsicherheit und private Standardisierung§ Die Bedeutung des institutionellen Gründungskontexts für die Übernahme der Richtlinien des Deutschen Corporate Governance Kodex§ Eine anomietheoretische Analyse des Managements von Innovativität in Organisationen § Abusive Supervision als stabile Ko-Konstruktion dysfunktionaler Beziehungsrealität§ Regelsysteme in grenzüberschreitenden Geschäftsbeziehungen

The Netherlands has a tradition in public spatial planning and design. In the past 20 years, we have seen an increasing role for the market in this field, and more recently, growing attention for sustainability. Sustainability has become an economic factor. Not only at the building level, but also on the level of large-scale area development projects. More and more local governments have high ambitions for sustainable development. Increasingly, during project development, buildings are developed on a sustainable basis. Most of the time, the focus in this approach is on energy. However, sustainability also comprises social aspects. Energy measures have a direct relation to an economic factor such as investment costs, and payback time can be calculated. The economic aspects of social sustainability are more complex. Therefore, for all sustainability development projects, especially in large-scale projects planned over a longer period, it is necessary to make presumptions, which are less reliable as the planning period is extended. For future larger-scale developments, experience in the Netherlands points to two design approaches: 'backcasting', or using a growth model (or a combination of these two). The power of design is the ability to imagine possible scenarios for the future. The layer approach helps to integrate sustainability into public spatial planning. And more specifically, Urban Design Management (UDM) supports an integrative and collaborative approach also on the operational level of a project in which public and market partners work together. This article outlines how design, based on these approaches, can contribute to sustainable development based on the 'new playing field', where spatial problems should be solved in networks. Dutch projects in Almere (Benoordenhout) and Rijswijk are used to illustrate this approach. ; Real Estate and Housing ; Architecture

Intro -- PROGRESS IN ECONOMICS RESEARCH. VOLUME 22 -- PROGRESS IN ECONOMICS RESEARCH. VOLUME 22 -- LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: DYNAMIC INVESTOR RISK PREMIA AND RECESSIONS -- THE INVESTMENT DECISIONS OF FIRMS -- THEORETICAL DYNAMICS OF THE RISK PREMIUM -- ASSET PRICING MODELS AND THE RISK PREMIUM -- MACROECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS AND THE FAMA-FRENCH RISK PREMIA -- DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION -- NEW DIRECTIONS IN RESEARCH -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2: TRANSITIONAL DYNAMICSAND WELFARE EFFECTS OF THE PUBLIC INVESTMENT/OUTPUT RATIO -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. TheEnvironment -- 3. The Equilibrium, the Calibration, the Simulation and the Government Problem -- 4. The Public Investment Policy under Alternative Tax Scenarios -- 5. Sensitivity Analysis -- 6. Conclusions -- Appendix: Solving the Dynamics -- References -- Chapter 3: CUSTOMER RELATED FACTORS IN PARTNER SELECTION, MARKET ORIENTATION, AND PERFORMANCES OF INTERNATIONAL JOINT VENTURES IN TAIWAN -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESES -- 3. METHODS -- 4. RESULTS AND ANALYSES -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4: THE CHOICE OF EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES IN TRANSITION ECONOMIES: EVOLUTION AND DETERMINATION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES IN TRANSITION ECONOMIES: CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION -- 3. DETERMINATION OF EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES IN TRANSITION ECONOMIES -- 4. CONCLUSIONS -- APPENDIX -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5: MANAGING EXTERNAL VOLATILITY: CENTRAL BANK OPTIONS IN LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. THE MODEL -- 2. FISCAL AND MONETARY RULES -- 3. LINEARIZATION AND CALIBRATION -- 4. MANAGING AID SHOCKS -- 5. SHOCKS AND INTERVENTION POLICY -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES.

Marine ecosystems around the globe are increasingly affected by human activities such as fisheries, shipping, offshore petroleum developments, wind farms, recreation, tourism and more. Whereas the necessity and urgency to regulate and plan competing marine spatial claims is growing, the planning and regulation of these claims is even more difficult than on land, among others because of insufficient data and knowledge on how ecosystems are affected, the international dimension of marine ecosystems and, as yet, poorly validated Marine Spatial Planning practices. The main question in this paper is: what exactly defines the high level of complexity of Marine Spatial Planning (MSP), and, given the strong transnational dimension of MSP, what can be done to integrate and harmonize the various planning practices of the EU member states? In this paper, the authors present the use of an international simulation-game (with 68 international MSP professionals in Lisbon, 3 November 2011) to conduct an expert panel study on MSP, both in the real and gamed countries. In order to analyze the panel and in-game data, several scales on MSP-outcome and process were defined and validated. In this paper the authors present the main insights of the pre-game panel study. They conclude that the differences in approaches to the MSP process and outcomes among the real countries are significant. ; Multi Actor Systems ; Technology, Policy and Management

Ports are known to be one of the most polluting sectors, and therefore provide an opportunity to reduce emission significantly. Until now, the attention has been given to reduction of emissions in transport and shipping. The scope of research must expand to include port infrastructures, which should be made more sustainable. In many industries, sustainable purchasing and procurement is already integrated, but the procurement by port authorities for construction works seems to be lagging behind. The objective of this paper is to promote sustainable procurement, through preparing a tool, method or model that can be easily used by all stakeholders. The research has been divided into four phases: Analysis, Synthesis, Simulation and Evaluation. In the first phase, i.e. Analysis, insight is gained in the processes for (sustainable) procurement of different institutions and stakeholders, e.g. governments, port authorities and contractors. In addition, the legal aspects of procurement are examined. In the next phase, i.e., Synthesis, a procurement model is set up. This requires a selection of procurement criteria based on Life Cycle Analysis, and a selection of weight factors to be assigned to the various criteria. The format and type of model too needs to be determined based on requirements such as flexibility, stability and user-friendliness. During the third step, i.e., Simulation the model is tested using reference contracts from current or existing projects. The impact of different criteria can be examined in this manner and, eventually, the model can be adapted. In the last step, Evaluation and recommendations over the application of the model will be given. ; Hydraulic Engineering ; Civil Engineering and Geosciences

The Washington Conference regulated the inter-war naval race between the world powers. In the era when it was still believed that battleships were the epitome of naval power and a sign of a country's strength, this conference led to limitations on the building of such weapons by the naval powers of Britain, the USA and Japan. This collection of essays deals with many aspects of the conference; the factors that caused it, the interests of the participating nations both present and future, and the results

In Swahili Forum III Elena Bertoncini-Zubkova (1996) discussed some of the political criticisms, expressed in the form of literary motifs and imagery, that emerged in the works of the Tanzanian Swahili writer Euphrase Kezilahabi since 1978 onwards. She situates this emergent critique in the new political discoursive context where critical reviews of the Ujamaa policy could now be publicly voiced since President Nyerere himself admitted the failure of Ujamaa in his delivery Azimio la Arusha baada ya Miaka Kumi (The Arusha Declaration Ten Years Later, 1977). According to Bertoncini this admission `clear[ed] the way for critical literary works` of which Kezilahabi satirical play Kaputula la Marx (Marx`s Shorts, 1978) and his short story Mayai- Waziri wa maradhi (Eggs- Minister of Sickness, 1978) were among the first.