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Tom L. Van Cleave, May 29, 2013 ; The Weber State University Oral History Project began conducting interviews with key Weber State University faculty, administrators, staff and students, in Fall 2007. The program focuses primarily on obtaining a historical record of the school along with important developments since the school gained university status in 1990. The interviews explore the process of achieving university status, as well as major issues including accreditation, diversity, faculty governance, changes in leadership, curricular developments, etc. ; This is an oral history interview with Tom Van Cleave conducted on May 29, 2013 by Ruby Licona. During the interview, Tom discusses his memories of attending Weber as a student as well as his career at Weber State University. Tom retired from Weber State University in 2011 as the Director of Planned Operations. ; 52p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 sound disc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program Tom L. Van Cleave Interviewed by Ruby Licona 29 May 2013 i Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Tom L. Van Cleave Interviewed by Ruby Licona 29 May 2013 Copyright © 2014 by Weber State University, Stewart Library ii Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in Special Collections. The Stewart Library also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description The Weber State University Oral History Project began conducting interviews with key Weber State University faculty, administrators, staff and students, in Fall 2007. The program focuses primarily on obtaining a historical record of the school along with important developments since the school gained university status in 1990. The interviews explore the process of achieving university status, as well as major issues including accreditation, diversity, faculty governance, changes in leadership, curricular developments, etc. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Van Cleave, Tom L., an oral history by Ruby Licona, 29 May 2013, WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, University Archives, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. iii Tom Van Cleave May 29, 2013 Abstract: This is an oral history interview with Tom Van Cleave conducted on May 29, 2013 by Ruby Licona. During the interview, Tom discusses his memories of attending Weber as a student as well as his career at Weber State University. Tom retired from Weber State University in 2011 as the Director of Planned Operations. RL: I'm Ruby Licona, faculty member in the Stewart Library at Weber State University. Today, May 29, 2013, we are talking with Tom Van Cleave who retired as Director of Planned Operations at Weber State in 2011. He has been on campus for quite a while and we thought it would be good for him to tell us his perspective of things that have occurred on campus during that time. Tom, why don't you start out telling us a little bit of your background and how you happened to become associated with Weber State? TV: I was born right here in Ogden, Utah 66 years ago. I went to Ogden High School and graduated in 1965. I took my first class here at the university in 1966. I was working at the Marqus ROT Corp as a painter at the time, and I took a drafting class here. Actually, it was a blueprint reading class which sparked my interest. At the time, in order to register they had the old punch cards. Registration was in the shop area of the technical education building where you showed up and went place to place to get your cards so you could register. I took most of my drafting classes in the technical education building. I'd take one class a quarter because I had a job and a family, so I couldn't really stay focused with my education. I would take a few classes and drop out and then take a few more classes later. RL: You were not a four-year student. 1 TV: I was not. I was most definitely a nontraditional type of a student. I went from job to job and I ended up at a place called the Amalgamated Sugar Company. You would know it as White Satin Sugar. I furthered my education there working for a mechanical engineer. His name was Harvey Bingham. I will never forget this man as long as I live. He was the mentor type. I would ask him a question and every engineer had a boatload of books, so he would pull a book and say, "Okay here's the section. I want you to read this, then come back and we will talk about it." In that process, he became more of my mentor than anything else. In 1973, the engineering section I worked in as a draftsman decided they wanted the engineer group at the sugar factories. They wanted me to move to Nyssa, Oregon, but I wanted to continue my education. Nysaa, Oregon is 50 miles away from Boise State or anyplace where I could get my degree. As a consequence, I had to decline that. I ended up working for a family-owned business called Precision Built Homes which later became Precision Built Systems. It didn't take me too long to realize that the growth opportunities were just not there. I saw an ad in the Ogden Standard Examiner that they wanted an architectural draftsman. I applied for it and so did two other people that I worked with at Precision Built Systems. I interviewed with Bob Folsom, who was the Director of Campus Planning at the time. Bob was an architect and a very intelligent guy. RL: Was he Director of Campus Planning for Weber State? TV: Yes, that's right. Anyway, I interviewed with him and then time went by and I thought the university had forgotten all about me. I didn't know what the 2 bureaucracy was. I was used to private industries where it was, "You want the job? Okay, you're hired." They finally called and wanted me to come to work. Needless to say, I was elated because I had a long association with Weber State and I really thought this was going to be ideal for me. Plus, I could continue my education. I used to ride motorcycles at the time. I had a Yamaha YZ 400 and I was into racing and things like that. Just one week before I came to work here, I had a motorcycle crash and separated my shoulder. Of course, it was my right shoulder. RL: Which you used as a draftsman. TV: That's right. Bob Folsom hired a two-armed draftsman and a one-armed one showed up. He kind of looked at me and was a little bit surprised that I showed up with my arm in a sling. I thought, "Oh no, I'm out of here." He dealt with it pretty well. I learned how to draw by grabbing my sling with my left hand and moving the pencil with my right. That was back when we did all board drafting. I realized that this was my opportunity and I had to make the best out of it. Bob was very encouraging in that he wanted people to take advantage of what Weber had to offer. RL: That was in 1978? TV: Yes. That was 1978 that I was hired in. I'd take classes and I finally got into the mechanical engineering program which was basically nonexistent prior to 1979. Over time, I was able to take enough classes to finally graduate. I had graduated with my Associate's in Engineering Graphics in 1974. 3 RL: When did you graduate with your Bachelor's? TV: That wasn't until 1986. RL: Better late than never. TV: Oh yes. I'll tell you, it was a tough uphill climb for me. I had a family to support and a lot of times I'd have to work two jobs to make ends meet. RL: Do you remember any of the faculty that you worked with when you first got here? TV: I most certainly do. I took my first drafting classes in the engineering technology building on the west wing down on the south side. Later on, I took more classes at what we used to call the "TUB" which was the temporary union building. It was on the east side of building four. I remember taking drafting classes there in the wintertime and you could almost hear the wind whistling through. It was an old barracks is what it boiled down to. That's where the union building was housed in the late 1950's while the permanent union was being built. You never knew what you were going to get in that building. One of the more memorable professors I had was Park Guymon. He was a chemistry professor. He was tough, but even though I took those classes over 30 years ago, I still know the periodic chart fairly well. He worked us hard, but he was fair with everyone. He was one of the best professors I have ever had. He was super intelligent and just a great guy. Especially when you'd get him talking about horses, he could talk about horses forever. He was one of the better ones. Another professor, Carl Wood, in the mechanical engineering program was a hands-on type of a guy. He might still be here, or it's just been a few years 4 ago that he left or retired. He could give you not just the theory of things, but the practical application of things. It was the same thing with Robert Parker. Dr. Parker was the type of professor that when you walked into the classroom and sat down, you'd have everything in front of you and a pencil in hand because the second he hit the door he was walking, talking and asking questions. By the time you realized what he asked, he would call you up to the board to explain the problem. You had to be on top of your game to stay with Dr. Parker. He was a great guy. RL: What did he teach? TV: He taught strength of materials, finite element analysis, and other classes within the mechanical engineering program. RL: You mentioned that while you were with Amalgamated Sugar, Mr. Bingham was a mentor for you. Was there a faculty member at Weber that took on that role when you came back as a student? TV: Some did in limited roles. Carl Wood was one and Bob Parker was another. There were others, but the names escape me right now. RL: You've mentioned several and obviously they made an impression, but sometimes somebody stands out more than others. TV: If anyone it would have to be Park Guymon. He was not in my major, but he taught me how to work hard, how to be prepared and how to think and rationalize things out. I have to tell you a story about a final exam I took from Park Guymon. I remember the final exam I was pumped, I was primed, I was ready. I walked in there and he handed me the test and I'd been studying and studying, but I 5 started down and went through a whole page and none of the questions looked familiar to me. I started to sweat. That's when you wish, "I hope the hole opens up and swallows me right now." I looked around and everybody has just got their head down and they're going. I thought, "I'm a dead man." Finally, on the second page, I found one that I knew. That started the process rolling. I took the full two hours to do that test. When I was done, I walked out to the parking lot on the east side of the science lab building and I couldn't find my car. I had no clue where that thing was. As I walked around I thought, "Oh my heck, somebody stole my car." It finally occurred to me that I had parked on the west side. I'll never forget that chemistry final as long as I live. RL: Did you finally go back and answer some of the things on the first page? TV: Oh yes. I got the ball rolling and I think I got a 92 or a 90 on that test. It was one of those feeling I've never had a feeling like that in my life—the "I am sunk" feeling. If anybody was a mentor I think it would be Park. I still see him to this day and I stop and say, "Hi," to him. His wife is absolutely wonderful, I remember her too. He is just a great guy. It's been all these years. RL: He's been mentioned to me by several people, not necessarily in interviews, but around different situations. Actually, one of my surgeons and another physician also had him as undergraduate students here at Weber State. You're right. They are delightful people. TV: I had a lot of professors, but he's the one that just stands out the most. Dr. Parker was from Chicago and he had kind of an accent. You'd ask him a question and he'd say, "Yea, yea, yea, yea." That was one of the more humorous 6 things. Then you'd take some of his exams and you'd think, "Oh my, the humor is over." Another one I had was Norman Smith. He taught thermodynamics and heat transfer. I remember Dr. Smith gave us take home exams. I had never had a take home exam before in my life. I thought, "Alright, we have a take home exam. I am living large. Life is going to be good." Of course, I postponed it and started working on it on a Sunday and we had class on Monday. I must have spent eight to ten hours working on that one exam. It was a total nightmare. I learned really fast about take home exams. I had a couple more and they lived up to the expectations. He was a very intelligent man. We did a lot of formula derivation. Back then I was thinking, "Okay, I really don't need to derive those formulas. Guys a lot smarter than me came up with them so they must have figured it out so I don't have to, right?" No. We went through them step-by-step. It got you thinking. Rather than thinking, "I need this class to get out of here." It got you thinking about the applications. He was a brilliant man. He didn't stay with us too long before he moved on. I think from every professor I had I took something with me. Carl Wood was just one of the nicest guys you ever want to be around. I remember in one class he had the class down to his house for a barbeque after the class was over just to treat us. He was very patient and was able to explain everything. I was able to use a lot of that on the job through the analysis type of thing. RL: So you were working full-time at that time? TV: Yes. RL: Were you able to take advantage of a tuition cut or anything? 7 TV: Back then we were on the quarter system and we'd get five credit hours free and 10 percent off at the bookstore. I remember my first drafting book I bought at the bookstore. I thought, "This is outrageous." It was this big, thick drafting book. I think it was $22.00. I about died. RL: That was a fortune at the time. TV: It was. Considering I was making about $2 an hour back then, so that gives you an idea. RL: What about on the work scene? You mentioned Folsom. Were there other people that functioned as mentors for you in the workplace? TV: I replaced a guy named Wayne Venable. Wayne had a heart attack and died rather suddenly. At the time, we only had about 7,200 students here. When I was hired in, there was me, Bob Folsom, and a guy named Fred Kendall. He (Fred) was the nicest guy I've ever run across in my life. Fred was the type of guy who would never speak an ill word about anybody. He was just that type of a personality. There was also a secretary and a student aid. That was it for the whole campus. They called it Campus Planning and Construction. As things grew and progressed we were able to hire more people. A lot of what I learned was from the guys in the shops. We were in the Architectural Services Department on one corner of the campus and the guys in the shop were up on the hill in what is now the Facilities Management Building. I tried to involve these guys in the shops especially in the practical applications. I could punch all the numbers in the world and I knew what had to happen and knew the design parameters of a particular piece of equipment. But, then you 8 start getting into installs and what actually makes it work and how to control it. That's when I started talking to the guys in the shops. I gravitated toward these people because they were very smart individuals and very good at their trade. I learned a lot of practical things from the people in the shops. There were guys that had been plumbers for 30 years and guys that had been electricians for about the same amount of time. They knew how everything was supposed to work. I learned a lot from those people. I also learned a lot from Division of Facilities Construction and Management inspectors. They were on the construction end and they managed most of our major projects on the campus like the new buildings and major remodels and things like that. RL: The things that we now have to contract out. TV: Yes. I just had a vast variety of influences on that. Bob was very much an architect and more of an artist. I remember I took a class in art and architecture. I remember Bob saying that if engineers designed all the buildings on campus, they would all look like boxes. They have to have an architectural element to them. Historically, engineer types and architecture types have clashed. The engineer types want mechanical rooms with all the space in the world, while architects say that's very valuable space that could go to other things. There's always this clash type of a thing, which leads me to my next step. In 1991, Weber State College became a university. I remember that quite well, they had quite the celebration. I moved from working for Bob and he said he was disappointed to lose me because I'd like to think I did a really good job. I did get a lot of compliments from the faculty. 9 RL: You had been here at least ten years by that time. TV: It's interesting because I only planned on spending four years. I knew when I had it good. It didn't take me too long to figure that out. Anyway, I went to work for Dave Maxson, who was the Director of Physical Plant. Dave was one of the nicest guys that ever walked the face of the earth. He had a hospital background. My job was to bridge the gap between the architectural side and the practical side. I knew both ends of the business. I think I was successful in doing a lot of that. When I was working for Bob Folsom, I got here right after the Dee Events Center was dedicated and the Engineering Technology building was dedicated the year after. The next building was the Wattis business building. We had so much trouble with that building from the operations and maintenance end. It had stacked fan systems so if you have something go wrong with one fan system you have to disassemble one to get to the other. It had very cramped and compact mechanical rooms. It was very impractical. It had great big cooling coils on the fan systems and you had to actually cut a hole in a wall to get the old coils out and the new ones in. Be it my influence or complaining or whatever you want to call it, I was the go-between. As the next building, student services, was to be built it was the first time we were actually involved in the planning process. I went to all the planning meetings and the construction meetings. Sometimes my suggestions weren't taken well and other times they were. It was a give and take kind of a thing, realizing that the architects had their point of view and the maintenance side had our point of view and we were trying to make those two 10 things mesh. Student Services was the first building that I was heavily involved in and it was a valuable learning experience. I learned a lot from a lot of people. I was able to temper my own feelings. That's when I learned how to realize the other person's point of view. I take a lot of pride in that one. RL: It's growing up. TV: Yes, that right. Of course, it served me well as my career progressed with personnel issues. I worked for Dave for about ten years. Back then, we had a Director of Architectural and Engineering Services, Director of Physical Plant, and we also had a Director of Electronic Systems and Repair whose name was Sid Jensen. I had one of these projects going on that we had to have his help on right away. I went down to explain my problem to him and Sid says, "I need all this paperwork filled out in quadruplicate. It has to be signed off by anybody and everybody and you're six weeks out to get the parts." He proceeded for about five minutes and I thought, "My gosh, I will never get this done." He finally talked himself down and says, "Oh okay, will this afternoon be okay?" Sid was the type of guy that had to get a chunk out of you. He had to do it and he loved it the entire time. Once you caught onto him, he had a heart of gold and he'd do anything in the world for you, but you'd have to endure it first. They did some studies across campus and they decided it didn't make a whole lot of sense to have three separate directors running three separate entities and they should all be working together. RL: You needed an umbrella to cover. 11 TV: That's right. They hired consultants to analyze our whole situation and that has evolved into what is called the facilities management department. Mike Perez was the guy that showed up on the scene. He came from SMU. They had a structure at SMU that was kind of what we were looking for, so Mike knew the ropes. He was quite a personality and you always knew when he was in the room. He was just the type that would attract people, very outgoing and a smart guy. He was a super sharp individual. We were used to the old ways of doing things and Mike started out by learning the ropes. He and his wife came from Texas. RL: When did he come here? TV: It must have been in 2000 that he came. RL: Is he still here? TV: No, he went on to the University of Utah. Anyway, I remember they were born and raised in Texas and I remember the day he got here we had an April 1st snowstorm. His wife had one of those big trench coats like what the football players wore with a hood. She was all huddled up and she looked like, "What in the world did Mike drag me into? The frozen tundra of Utah?" Their son, Michael, was out throwing snowballs and he thought it was the greatest thing. I'll never forget the look on his wife's face. Mike went through a whole series of meetings, planning sessions and mentoring and we evolved. RL: What was his title? TV: At the time, he was Director of Facilities Management. 12 We used manage this place by reacting. If there was a problem, we reacted. There wasn't anything that was planned as far as maintenance was concerned or anything preventive. We ran it until it broke and then we repaired it. We had limited resources and limited technology to enable us to start planning this. We had started our facilities management work order system just before Mike got here. The realization was that we needed to start planning better. I remember the old Maximo program that just basically generated work orders. Prior to that time, the work orders were scribbled on a piece of paper and we called whoever on the radio to go fix it. That was the extent of it. We started refining. He was only with us for about three years, but he made a lot of changes. He brought us all under the same umbrella. Don't get me wrong, there was resistance. To Mike's credit, he pulled it off. He's a high energy guy who would send emails at three in the morning or he'd be in Texas and send me emails. The University of Utah recruited him so that gives you an idea of the type of job he was doing for us. He replaced one of the legends down at the University of Utah, Randy Turpin. Randy even had a building named after him at the University of Utah. He was the Director of Physical Plant or Plant Operations. RL: They stole our person to improve their situation. TV: They had a void they needed to fill and they needed the right guy to do it. RL: What was your position under him? TV: I was the assistant director under Mike. When Dave Maxson, Bob Folsom and Syd Jensen all left within a short period, I assumed the role of the director. Dave had brought me along enough that I knew how things worked. I knew how the 13 budget worked and I was able to use that information that Dave gave me to manage that for quite a spell. It must have been six months or better before they hired Mike Perez. After Mike left, there was another long period because they couldn't find the right person for the job. We had interview after interview as the university was looking for the right person. I was managing the department during this time period also. RL: You mentioned that Kevin Hansen managed Air Force bases all over the world. Did we recruit him away from Hill Air Force Base or did he come in from elsewhere? TV: He retired from the Air Force. He'd managed Air Force bases in Anchorage, Alaska and Cape Canaveral, Florida. We're talking multi-million dollar budgets that he managed. He retired from the Air Force and ended up in Logan City Public Works. This was a long process that we went through. We had candidate after candidate showing up, but it was just not the right fit for us. The administration wanted the right person for that job. I remember the first time I met Kevin I thought, "Oh my gosh, a retired colonel, we're all in a boatload of trouble." We had several downloading sessions. He brought me under his wing more or less. We talked department-to-department and person-to-person about how we each saw things. We had several sessions of that. We were going to a conference in St. George and we talked the whole way there. Kevin saw things in an entirely new light than we were used to seeing. He said the first thing he noted was that the Administration Building had an old wooden sign. It was actually a metal sign framed with 4x4's and it was kind of leaning up against the west wall. 14 Those were the kinds of things he saw, but we had been seeing it all along so it was just part of the landscape for us. That's just one small example of what he saw. RL: Is that when we went through that major signage change all over the campus. TV: That's right. He wanted to turn this place into a first class organization. It wasn't without pain, don't get me wrong, because we had people that were pretty much entrenched, that could not see the light and resisted. You're bound to get resistance with any change. I remember back when we used to go down to the state surplus and get our service vehicles. By the time they hit state surplus, these things had been used to death. RL: 300,000 miles on a little truck. TV: Right. That's not outside the realm of possibility. We were trying to piece things together and it was a mish mash of things. We had an old Popsicle truck that the plumbers used. That's where we were at the time. Kevin was able to change that through budget management. You'll notice all the service vehicles now match. They're all in good shape and we rotate them. We don't have to worry that much anymore about them starting in the wintertime. That's just another example of the things he accomplished. RL: That relates back to some of the old Mike Perez thinking where you don't just react, you plan ahead. TV: That's right. It adds a professionalism that was lacking. At the loading dock at the facilities management building, we had a lineup of old beat up chairs that were scavenged from gosh knows where sitting on the dock out there. The guys would 15 go sit out there in the summertime. These things were worn out and beat up. We had a yard full of transformers that were taken out when we upgraded from 4160 volt to 12470 sitting out in the back lot. Our back lot was a junk yard. Kevin really drove the point home that this was not the way were going to run this facility. The chairs disappeared, the transformers disappeared and he was going to change this into a first-class organization. He asked me one day which section within facilities management I wanted to manage. I told him immediately that I am more in tune with the maintenance operations. That's how my job title got changed to Director of Plant Operations. I managed what they call skilled crafts like the electricians, the plumbers, the carpenters, the painters, and HVAC personnel. RL: The ones who would be licensed and certified in the outside world. TV: Right. I also oversaw energy management. I remember my first energy project when Dave Maxson was still here. It was in 1995. We got a grant from the state of Utah for changing light bulbs. We had T-12's and we were changing them to T-8's. There were all these people trying to promote certain things and that's where the analysis I performed came in. RL: What does T-12 and T-8 relate to? TV: These are florescent tubes that have two types of ballasts in them. They had the old magnetic ballasts and the new ones were electronic. That's when I started to get involved in the energy management end. It kind of got to be my passion. I did a lot of analysis of the wattage and the light levels to determine which was going to be the best. They had several different types out there at the time. People 16 were trying to promote T-10's and a primitive form of LED's. I finally had to make the decision while working with other engineers and the first building we changed to the new T-8's was the science lab building. That was the first building we retrofitted under this grant that we got from the Department of Energy for the state of Utah. The Lind lecture hall soon followed. At the time, Allied Health Science building phase one was already in place and they were looking at the Allied Health Sciences Building phase two. I had to convince architectural engineers and administrators that the T-8's were the best thing to put in the new health sciences building rather than the T-12's. I had to show them all the energy efficiency and so on. The numbers just really fell out and I was able to convince them to put the T-8's. The Allied Health Science building phase two was the first new campus building to have the T-8 florescent tubes in it. RL: Then you went around and retrofitted the other buildings. TV: That's right, over time. We still stumble into the T-12's sometimes, but pretty much all of them are now T-8's. RL: The experience you had with that is what led to your part-time position that you took on after retirement. TV: Bingo. RL: That's energy analysis? TV: Yes. I'm the Utility and Energy Analyst now. I do the fun stuff. I tell everybody my story and say that I basically went from four meetings a day down to one or two a 17 week, which suits me just wonderfully. I think I got away from my passion when I got promoted up. RL: We've gotten a picture of how you've progressed through your work career here on campus. You said you grew up here in Ogden, do you have early memories of Weber prior to coming here as a student? I know people talk about Weber and I'm sure at that time were referring to it as Harrison High School, kind of looking down their nose. After people get here they have a whole different perspective on things. I've also spoken to some people who remember running around on the campus and sledding down the hills when we got snow. What are your early memories of the campus? TV: My brother graduated from the old Weber College down on 25th Street. I remember the Moench building. I couldn't have been any more than five or six years old when he graduated. I remember the gym especially because of all the ramps going up to the spectator area. It was so fun for a five of six year old kid to go running down those ramps. RL: Was that the building down by the public library? TV: Yes, that's was old Moench building. It was a very striking building. I'm sure you've seen pictures of it. My best friend, Brent, used to live near me on 28th Street just below Harrison and moved right across the street from the current university site. There used to be a big white two story building at the front of campus at about 3400 South. It had a pond out in the front that had little mosquito fish and goldfish in it. We'd sneak in there at night and try to catch them, but were very unsuccessful at that. 18 RL: It sounds like they were the kind of thing that even if you had caught them you couldn't do anything with them. TV: We couldn't, but we were kids and we didn't think too far ahead. I remember the old married student housing on the west side of the Browning Center where the visual arts building is now. Another friend of mine had a sister that lived in there with her husband back in 1963 or 1964. I've had a long association with Weber State. RL: You've been here as a student and as an employee under quite a few different presidents on campus. I would imagine that when you came President Miller was still here? TV: President Miller was still here, but he was no longer president. He was still very much a presence. I was working for Bob Folsom as a draftsman and this gentleman came through and stopped by to talk to me and wanted to know how it was going. I didn't know this guy. He just seemed like a pretty cool guy. RL: Was he president when you came as a student? TV: Yes he was, but I didn't know him personally. I remember President Miller and his wife also. They were just the sweetest people you ever want to be around. After he came through that day, I went to Bob Folsom and asked, "Who's that guy that just came through?" He said, "Oh, that's President Miller." The president's home at the time was right at the top of 4100 South. It is office space for the athletics department now. His wife lived there. I met her and got to know her better when I was working for Dave Maxson. She was just the most wonderful person you ever want to be around. She was very appreciative of 19 anything you could do for her. She would bring us treats up at the office every once in a while when I worked for Dave. She would just stop by with donuts or cookies as a note of appreciation for what we did. RL: Each administration had its own flavor, doesn't it? When you started working here it would have been President Bishop? TV: I came right after President Bishop left. President Brady was the first president that I worked under. I got to know him and his wife somewhat. They had a home here on Edgehill Drive. The college bought it off the market, but it needed some renovations. I was put in charge of the renovations, so I got to meet with President Brady. One thing about President Brady, he had a closet full of blue suits. Every time I saw him he was wearing a blue suit. His rationale was that it was one less decision he had to make in the course of a day. I worked with his wife, Mitsy, quite a bit. She was a wonderful lady. She was highly appreciative and a very classy lady. RL: You actually were in a position where you interacted with them at their home and not just on campus. TV: That's right. RL: Any particular incidents that you remember with that home? TV: President Brady liked to play basketball and I remember we put a basketball court in his backyard. I made all the drawings and our carpenters did all the form work and poured the concrete. That was one of the more notables. We made some changes to the lighting and landscaping over there that she appreciated. I 20 was able to work with them at their own home which is one of the little perks of my job. RL: I've heard a lot of stories about his walking around the campus knowing a lot of the students, and of his interaction with the faculty. Was he just as approachable for the staff? TV: I was nervous about approaching people like the president who was really up there when I was just a lowly draftsman at the time. I was hesitant to approach him. I remember he had signs all over campus. He would write his thoughts and put them on signs and put them around campus. That was another little thing that he did. He was a very nice man, but very formal. I interacted much better with his wife who was less formal. My interactions with him were strictly on little projects. RL: After he left, we would have had President Nadauld. He was also fairly formal, wasn't he? TV: At times. I've got to tell you a funny story about President Nadauld. This was before the Stromberg Center was built. We used to have faculty-staff basketball leagues at the old Swenson Gym. President Nadauld was very competitive and he loved basketball, but he is not all that big of a man. At the time, I was about my present size. I was in better shape, but I was a pretty good-sized boy. Anyway, we were playing basketball with teams and I went out to set a pick. President Nadauld ran into me and then hit the floor. I went about as white as your sweater. I thought, "Oh my gosh, I just decked the president." I thought my employment was over, but he actually got up and he smiled about it. He said, "Nice pick." There's still a guy on campus that will never let me forget that. His 21 name is Mike Whetton, and every time I see him, to this day, he reminds me of the time I decked President Nadauld. We used to have fishing derbies at the campus in the pond. Physically challenged kids would show up and we'd plant fish in the upper pool and the guys from physical plant would go down and help these kids catch fish. You'd see these kids that are confined to wheelchairs who would just light up with their first fish. It was so rewarding to witness that. It was an annual thing with President Nadauld. After he left, the derbies pretty much died off. I really thought that President Nadauld was a very personable individual. I appreciated what he did, especially with that fishing derby. That was an indicator of what the man was really like. He was very compassionate and just a good man all the way around. RL: He was president when I arrived here. From my perspective, I didn't approach him because he was the president. There were a couple of times when we interacted and he really wasn't unapproachable, it's just what you build into the position. When he left, we got Paul Thompson. He made a lot of changes on campus and had more of an emphasis on recruitment and diversity issues in terms of expanding the faculty and bringing in more people of color. I don't know if that began with President Nadauld, but I know that there were internships that he and Bob Smith made possible for faculty members and there was more emphasis for students. The campus face has changed in terms of the student population with more international students and Asian, Latino, and African American students. What have you seem in terms of the makeup of the staff? 22 Since you have worked with people on the staff in different buildings, did you notice any particular changes as far as diversity when we started having the push on campus? TV: Not so much immediately. I was on the construction end. One of my favorite people on this campus is Forrest Crawford. RL: Absolutely. TV: He is absolutely the greatest guy I have ever met in my life. RL: He started out here as a football player. TV: That's right. I'm going to digress further. There was a guy here, Darnell Haney, who used to play football for the Oakland Raiders, who came from Utah State. I knew Darnell because I was coaching little league football at the time in Washington Terrace and I coached his son. That's how I got to know Darnell. I remember I was doing a project in the union building and I was talking to Lynn Kraaima when I noticed his eyes kind of shift. At the time, there was a promotion going across campus about a new club and restaurant opening up in town called Bigfoot's. Anyway, I looked at Lynn kind of funny and then this great big furry paw hit my shoulder. I turned around and the most enormous creature I've ever seen in my life in a Bigfoot costume had ahold of me. It was Darnell Haney. I think I set the world record for the standing high jump thanks to Darnell. I wasn't directly involved in the diversity effort, but I reaped the benefits by getting to know these people. RL: What were the changes that you noticed that were brought about? 23 TV: That is a hard one for me because I had the benefit of getting to know the people that got hired here, some of the guys I think back on like Henry Yamaguchi who worked up there. RL: I just wondered if you saw a difference in the face of the staff. TV: I'd have to stop and think about that because I didn't really pay much attention to it. To me they were just good guys and that's what matters. One of the better interactions I've had. I love to work out at the gym and I lift a lot of weights up there and I love interacting with the student athletes. These young men and women are about as fine a people you'll ever meet in your life. I love to talk to people and getting to know these student athletes has been one of the more amazing experiences in my life. I have people stop me that I don't recognize and they say, "I work out at the gym, we talk about this and this." I've got to tell you a story about Fine Unga. He used to be a running back under Mike Price. I've seen him around for years. He looks like he could still play. One of his relatives, I think it was his nephew, was BYU's all-time leading rusher, Harvey Unga. I've been a Chicago Bears fan since I was a little kid. I just mentioned it to Fine and asked if it was a relative of his who got drafted by Chicago. We got to talking and I mentioned to him that one of the things on my bucket list is to go back to Bears Stadium to see a Bears game. Later on, said to me, "Well, if Harvey makes the team, we'll go back and see a game." I just spaced it off again and then he brought me a hat that said, "Number 45, Harvey Unga." I said, "What is up with this?" He said, "Harvey made the team." I said, "Wow, that's cool!" He said, "You pick the game and we'll go back." 24 RL: Did you get seats on the sideline? TV: We are going back on August 15, 2013 to see the Bears game at the Chicago Stadium versus the San Diego Chargers. One of the other notables was Frank Otis who played basketball for us. I'd be out and about and he'd stop me and I'd get to know him. RL: Did you get to play basketball with Damien? You couldn't pull a pick on him. TV: Damien's about five leagues ahead of me. He'd probably jump over the top of me. There again, Damien is another fine man. I was in a meeting and Kyle Tresnack stopped me because he recognized me. Bonnie and I are the ones with the towels behind the basket and we wave them at the opposing players when they're trying to make free throws. He picked up on that. The things you pick up on and just these wonderful experiences, you cannot put a price tag on them. It's just part of the overall experience up here. RL: With Thompson, there was an era when we started having more strategic planning on campus, which falls in line with what you were seeing in facilities management. I don't know if the two are related or if it was just individuals that happened to be working on the same kinds of things. After President Thompson, we got Ann Milner, who is very highly thought of and I have not heard of anyone who was not sad to see her step down. TV: I am among those. I've known President Milner for a long time. I knew her when she was working for continuing education. Right after she became president here in about 2004 or 2005, we had a request from her to tour the infrastructure of the campus. She was very interested in the infrastructure of the campus wanted to 25 go see the chilled water plant, and the heat plant, and wanted to go through the tunnels. I didn't know quite how to take this. Kevin Hansen assigned me to take President Milner on a tour. RL: Through all the mole holes on the campus? TV: Some of the places I'd say, "President Milner, you really don't want to go down here." She's the only one that wanted to know how this place worked and what the infrastructure was like. We didn't have any centralized air conditioning on this campus until 1968. They put two lithium bromide steam powered absorption chillers in the basement of the science lab building. As the campus grew, we had to add another central chiller. It was our first centrifugal that was installed in a separate vault way below basement grade on the south end of the science lab building. Once we got the new electric powered centrifugal in place, we abandoned the old absorption chillers which were a maintenance nightmare because they were old and antiquated. RL: It's like the difference between air conditioning and swamp coolers. TV: Pretty much. The absorbers were an energy hog, very inefficient, troublesome, and a constant maintenance issue. The centrifugal at the time was a 1250 ton carrier and it pretty much took care of the campus. We're talking the early 1980's. The campus continued to grow and expand and we were running that chiller for all it was worth. We had no redundancy. We didn't have a backup plan if that chiller went down. I remember on a July 4th weekend in the late 1990's, the central campus chiller went down. At the same time, we had a stand-alone unit at 26 the Browning Center, which was installed during construction in the late 1960's that went down on the same day. This was July 4th weekend, we had two chillers down and we had nowhere to turn. We couldn't get anyone up here because people were out of town. We finally got ahold of someone from Carrier Corporation and he worked on the central chiller throughout most of the weekend. The Browning Center chiller was 24 feet down and it had two lines, one is the chilled water line that goes to the building and the other is the condensing line which goes to the cooling towers. The ground shifted and sheered the condenser lines, so we started digging. We had to bring in great big track hoes and we just started digging and digging. When we got down there we ran across all these cables that were sagging. Those were the feeder cables to the transformers in the basement. We had to get electricians up here to take care of that. In the meantime, we struck hardpan and hit groundwater and the basement of the Browning Center started to flood. You wonder how many things could go wrong with that project. Scott Jensen was the director of the Browning Center and had events scheduled. Needless to say, he was pretty anxious to get this done. An employee named Destry Labrum and I tried to line up electricians and anybody we could find. I lived here for two or three days until we got that done. I hardly slept at all. I remember telling Destry that the sweetest sound I've ever heard in my life was that central campus chiller. There was a reason we used to have earphones right there at the door. That thing was a high pitched screamer. 27 At that time, I thought that that old carrier finally getting back online was the prettiest sound I've heard in my life. It underscored the whole idea that if we lose a chiller, we're dead in the water. That started the process rolling. In the meantime, we were doing a make-do kind of thing. We took out the old absorption chillers and we kept adding new chillers, but I did a lot of studies, which showed that we were still running out of capacity. The campus was growing faster than what we could keep up with and what we could support. I think that was part of the reason why President Milner wanted to see what was going on. I explained to her everything that we were doing. I even took her down to the vault with the old screamer and we both had our hands over our ears. We needed more capacity and redundancy in our plant. RL: She was very successful in her time in getting funding for new buildings and for remodeling on campus. We had Elizabeth Hall… TV: There was some visionary stuff going on with Vice President Simkins. He could see the need, so the cooling towers were in place before we got the central plant. President Milner was successful in convincing people to support the new chilled water plant. We're talking 5 or 6 million dollars. Now, we have full redundancy. We are totally backed up. If we lose a chiller, we have total back up. Same with the heat plant. RL: We'll continue as we get the funding for the new science building. TV: That's right. We have capacity there to handle it. RL: Were you around during the construction of the science buildings or was that already in place? 28 TV: The science lab constructed before I arrived as part of the major building boom on campus, which happened between 1968 and 1972. RL: So you would have been here as a student? TV: I would have been here as a student. As a matter of fact, I took classes from Park Guymon and we had our labs in the science building. RL: You'll come full circle because now they will get a new building. TV: That is a good thing. Honestly, the science labs have been a maintenance nightmare for us. Back then, the way they used to fireproof everything was with that spray-on asbestos. We have to be careful because they can't do a lot in that building without removing the asbestos first. We can't even work on things. It's old and worn out. A lot of the components, like the exhaust fans on the roof, you can't get parts for anymore because they don't make them. We have to buy brand new exhaust fans with a little bit of a different configuration and adapt them to keep the building operational. RL: You described President Milner as very much hands-on from the ground up. I would imagine that having that type of an administrator makes life a little easier for facilities management operations. That area did not report directly to the president, it always reported to a vice president, is that correct? TV: That's correct. RL: You just mentioned Vice President Al Simkins. Was there someone else in his place prior to his arrival that you remember? Were there influences on facilities management? 29 TV: The first vice president I remember really well was Dr. Folger who was a very personable type of guy and a very intelligent individual and he was very approachable. Even being a lowly draftsman, I was able to talk to him on a limited basis. I was very rank conscious, but he was very approachable. He came from the business end of things and had a doctorate in business. I wasn't here too many years when Dr. Folger retired. RL: Did he come in from faculty? TV: He came in from faculty I believe. He could have been an academic dean. After that was Dr. Jerry Story. I didn't interact with Dr. Story very much. Bob Folsom interacted with him quite a bit as far as anything to do with the campus. I didn't really know the man very well. He seemed like he was a nice enough guy and he'd talk to you, but I wasn't able to interact with him on a one-on-one basis. After that it was Dr. Simkins. RL: He was here for quite a while. TV: Until Dr. Tarbox showed up. RL: That would have been about 2005. With Al Simkins, you mentioned earlier that he had been interested in setting the plan in place to prevent catastrophes and to plan ahead for some redundancy and so forth. TV: Dr. Simkins was the visionary. He could see what was coming down the pike and saw the need to combine his departments. He saw what had to happen and was able to implement that. I was able to interact with Dr. Simkins through one of my all-time favorite people named Craige Hall. RL: Who became vice president over there in 1991. 30 TV: Yes, he was the associate vice president, I believe. I knew Craige when he was the director of the library here. We did some remodeling projects. He was one of the most approachable and fun guys I've ever been around, a super golfer who was terrific. We had a lot in common and he was very approachable. I just can't say enough good things about Craige Hall. RL: He was the director of the library for twenty something years and also happened to be put over the computer center. I believe when he went to the vice president's office, they moved the computer center so that it was still under him. He had quite a variety of things. He had physical plant, all of the budget and financial stuff, the athletes and the NCAA relationships and all of the facilities things. You just thought you went to a lot of meetings. TV: I remember when Craige got appointed to what we called mahogany row on the third floor. My previous dealings with certain faculty members that had been promoted to that level had not been very good. I got the feeling that once they were promoted to that level that they became very rank conscious. I didn't know what to expect when I had my first meeting with Craige Hall in his new office. I was kind of sitting at attention and he looked at me kind of funny and said, "Thomas, how the hell are you?" I said, "Fine." I guess I still didn't loosen up enough because he took his shoes off and put his feet on the desk and said, "Well, take your shoes off, put your feet up, let's talk about things." It just put me at ease. We were able to interact in that manner, keeping in mind that he's still at vice president level and I'm not, but he had that way of putting you at ease and he'd listen to you and address your concerns. He was every bit a manager who 31 could bring people together. Define the term "manager," that would be Craige Hall. I got to know his wife, Deanna, very well also. She was a wonderful person too. Those two matched up so well. I remember some of the stories Craige would tell me about the younger days when he was running for student body president of high school and some of the things they did like an airplane drop with all these leaflets. They got in trouble for that for all the litter they were throwing out of airplanes. Some of the stories that he would tell were just absolutely wonderful. I was able to interact very well with Craige Hall. He's a great guy. Vice President Tarbox was without a doubt one of the smartest individuals I've ever been around. He is extremely intelligent. RL: He didn't come in from faculty, he came in from outside. TV: That's right. He came in from the Board of Regents. We always called him Norm from the Board of Regents. You found out early on that if you have a meeting with Norm, you better have all your ducks in a row and be able to answer any question that he could throw at you. He's very detailed and highly intelligent, but he was kind of pressing the need for the new chilled water plant and later on the new boiler addition in our heat plant to replace the two worn out boilers. Both of the boilers were over 50 years old. On the facilities side, he was very much the visionary. No doubt, Craige had some influence there. RL: You had Simkins who laid all the ground work. 32 TV: He did lay all the groundwork. Norm was able to take over and run with it. Our whole energy management program as we see it was championed by Norm. RL: Okay, that's been the era that we've been in for the last few years with this ongoing green project and so forth. TV: Actually, the revolving loan fund. He championed this idea. We hired a young man as an energy manager, Jake Cain, who ended up working for me. He undertook this project to prove to administration that conserving energy and revolving and taking the energy savings and reinvesting it in the institution was actually a good idea. I remember he presented that to Norm and it's something I'd been pressing for years to get a portion of our energy savings to reinvest in new energy products. We basically proved to Norm that we were getting a much higher rate of return on our investment through energy savings than we were in any other investment that the university had at the time. Norm championed that whole idea and we now have other universities coming to us and asking, "How did you do that?" That's the type of visionary he was. He still is as a matter of fact. I think the world of Norm. He and Craige are wonderful. Every once in a while I run across Simkins in the grocery store and of course my wife, Bonnie, knows everybody. RL: She was in Human Resources for a while, wasn't she? TV: Yes, that's right. At one time she was working with the football team under Dave Arslanian. She was in charge of all the travel arrangements and had to feed the athletes and things like that. These are 18 or 19-year- old kids that have never been away from home before and she was kind of the team mom. I met her in 33 1990 when she was working for Sam Zeveloff. She went from Sam to football, and then went to work for Nandi in Student Affairs. She worked for Jan Winneford for a while and then went to Human Resources. As a consequence, she knows everybody on this campus. My standing joke when it comes to Bonnie is, "People know me not as Tom, but as Bonnie's husband." My real name is Bonnie's Husband Van Cleave. I kid her a lot about that. I could carry on about Bonnie, but that's not part of this here. We just have so much fun together. RL: Well, she's part of the campus history too. TV: She is. Absolutely. She was my gift. She keeps me grounded and we get along so wonderfully. RL: In your working with buildings and construction around campus and so forth, you probably also had involvement with some of the deans and the different colleges. Anyone in particular that had an impact? TV: Warren Hill. I enjoyed working with Warren. RL: Warren Hill who is kind of grounded came here from Pueblo, Colorado and he got here in the early nineties. TV: Right. I got to know Warren. I still see him on occasion. He's one of the greatest guys and super smart, very analytical. We got along pretty well. He was very influential and he has the type of personality that you go out of your way to try to help him out. People just gravitate to him. He's very outgoing and just a great person to be around. My interaction with other deans has not been that extensive. RL: We had some long-term people like Dean Sadler over in social sciences. 34 TV: I took a class with Dean Sadler right after he got here. I think he got here in 1968. I've known Dr. Sadler since forever ago and he's just another one of those great individuals. I interacted with him quite a bit. He was super charismatic and a great individual. He'd appreciate anything you could do for him and he'd listen to you. RL: They had some major problems in the social science building. TV: We had several problems in that building, which was built in the sixties We had insect infestations. I know that. We tried re-caulking and that building was another constant battle for us. The infrastructure is very dated. We also had heating and air conditioning problems. RL: I was thinking about the leaky roof. TV: Yes, we did have roof leaks. That building is an old building and it's in need of a total renovation. It's been a nightmare for us. RL: Was that one of the first major buildings on this campus? TV: Yes, it was built in that time period between 1968 and 1970. I do a lot of analysis of these buildings and there was a big building boom on this campus that took place between 1968 and 1973. The whole north end of the campus was totally torn up at that time. The education building was built soon thereafter. I remember seeing a campus master plan at one time and there was supposed to be a skyway bridge between the social science building and the education building. You can still see where it was supposed to be, especially on the social science building. On the second floor, midway on the east side of the building, there are some glass panels that don't quite match up with the rest of them. At one time 35 they were double doors. We finally realized that the sky bridge was not going to be built, so there was a remodeling project to get rid of those double glass doors. We've had our share of leaky roofs. Right after Mike Perez got here, we had one of those canyon winds that was super bad. We lost a lot of roofs that day. Perez and I went to the top of the stadium to see what the damage was. We were out there hanging on for dear life watching the roof of the Allied Health Science Building disappear. RL: That building was fairly new. TV: Yes, at that time it was fairly new. I also remember all of our campus roofs had to be red. They had the tar and gravel build up type of roof made with what they call Red Scoria, which is lava rock. Canyon winds tend to pick those things up and make unguided missiles out of them. We replaced a lot of windshields after that windstorm. RL: Broken windshields of the employees? TV: Students and employees had broken windshields from the flying Red Scoria, especially in the A-1 parking lot. The social science building had that Red Scoria roof as did administration. As we started replacing roofs, we started the single ply roofs. That's what started the process rolling. We still had to have red because those were the campus standards at the time. I have a confession. The first white roof on this campus is on the science lab building. I was responsible for that project and I picked white. RL: Were you thinking of heating? 36 TV: Absolutely. I was thinking about the air conditioning and the reflection of that roof in the summertime. I kind of violated the campus standard and I don't know if Bob Folsom realized that or not. Anyway, that is my confession. RL: They can't get you for it now. TV: They can't come after me. Now we are all going with cool roof as our standard. The Stromberg Center roof is being replaced now. I think the Browning Center still has the Red Scoria roof on it as does student services. RL: When the student union building was remodeled and added to, was the roof changed then? TV: That's right. That was built with the cool roof concept. There are a lot of lighting innovations and a lot of variable frequency drives in there. In a nutshell, rather than a big fan system with a 100 horsepower motor that ramps up right away, when you hit the switch, the variable frequency drives allow you to ramp up slowly to avoid sudden starts and a big spike in your energy consumption. That's hard on the motor, the bearings, the belts and you name it. There are two different ways that we're billed for energy. First, is our consumption in kilowatt hours and second, is our demand in kilowatts. When you get a big spike on an electric motor and you've got them all coming on within a certain timeframe, your bill goes up. The variable frequency drives are now our standard. We started incorporating those in the late 1990's. Another great energy saving feature of VFD's is that they provide us with the ability to run our fan systems at a reduced percentage of total load, depending upon the demands of the building. 37 RL: I would imagine those white roofs have made quite a bit of difference in reflection. TV: Absolutely. We have done so many things and those cool roofs have definitely paid off. RL: You've been here long enough that you were here to deal with that rounded cover that we had over the library. We used to watch when the wind came up and it would be moving and buckling. TV: Are you talking about the skylight? RL: Yes. TV: I remember having to replace that. There was a wind storm and we had the guys from the carpenter shop throwing ropes and cables on trying to tie it down and doing anything we could do to keep that thing from getting airborne. Of course, it was tearing up the roof all the way around it. RL: We made sure we didn't have to walk from wing to wing in there because we didn't know if the roof would disappear and you'd get sucked out too. TV: It was all hands on deck trying to save that skylight. It's one of those things where it's put in place and you don't know what the consequences are going to be until you get a severe event like some of those that we had. There have been some innovations that have failed us. The Dee Events Center was built with an epoxy type of a roof. It was a much different configuration than what you see on the roof now. RL: Epoxy like super glue? 38 TV: Yes. They'd just build it up and coat it in fiberglass and epoxy. The downside is that it was not exactly proven technology at the time, and after a while the combination of all the elements the thing started to peel and we had leaks in the Dee Events Center. The roof looked terrible. It looked like a giant hamburger bun. Through the process of evolution, we ended up with the roof that we have now. It was one of those things that didn't work out very well for us. Sometimes learning experiences come hard and that was one of them. RL: We've progressed through the different buildings. We had the student services building and Elizabeth Hall which is a little bit different. You said that we got away from the campus standard when we got away from the red roof. What about a standard as far as bricks or building colors? TV: Actually, that is still in effect. The brick color is called golden buff. That's our campus standard brick and you see it everywhere. RL: Except the business building. How did that happen to turn out the way it did? TV: That was a sore spot with Bob Folsom. We had a dean at the time that wanted something unique. RL: What year would that have been? TV: That would have been about 1980 or 1982. It was one of the first major buildings built after I arrived on campus. I remember Bob Folsom was very upset about the glass, but Sterling Sessions forced that issue through. He was a very forceful individual and he was determined that he was going to have his way and he got it. It was a major sore spot with Bob Folsom that he was able to do that. There 39 are still some elements on that building that are the standard brick, but it isn't pronounced. RL: At that time, the glass building would have been the trend, wouldn't it? TV: Correct, but Bob was the architect and everything had to match. The student service building is also somewhat innovative with the exposed concrete and things like that. The architect's name was Astel Erickson. I was involved in that building. We had some nightmares in the student services building too. From an energy standpoint, it was highly inefficient. We have all these great big high intensity discharge lighting. They are 175 watt HID and 250 HID and they were pointed upward through a skylight so that people could enjoy the ambience at night. I remember fighting him about that. They're up there 24 feet and I wondered how in the world we were going to change those light bulbs. I was basically told that was a maintenance problem. So, we just let them burn out. That was our energy efficiency. It no longer shines up to the skylight in the middle of the night. I never saw the architect drive by too often to see that. He was the same architect that did the Allied Health Science Building phase one. We had a lot of leaks in that building from the sloped glass. You'd get a pinhole and it'd start to work, but the wind would make it move and it would leak. We've done that about three times to try and keep the leaks out and it still leaks. It's just inherent in that type of structure. RL: The new dorms have normal windows and no big glass feature. It looks as though the new Stromberg addition is going to have a lot of glass. Is that going to 40 have a lot of glass in an open area? What will that do in terms of glass facing toward the west as far as requiring more air conditioning because of the heat with the late afternoon sun? TV: Remember when I was saying that if engineers built everything they'd all look like Wal-Marts? That building was kind of an ugly building and it needed some help. It was not a very welcoming building. I see both sides of the equation. West facing glass is an energy manager's nightmare, but you have to be sensitive to the overall picture of things. That building is going to be spectacular. They've done everything they can as far as minimizing the impact on the HVAC. We have the low emissivity glass that is going to be throughout. The sun shining through is still going to have an impact, but we're trying to minimize that impact. RL: Has it grown as the project has progressed? TV: No, this was from square one. RL: Was it? The early drawings that we had seen, it was a much smaller approach and it was really just going to be an entryway. Now it looks like major facilities are being added. TV: It's funny you should mention that because I kind of picked up on that myself. From the conceptual drawings that I saw, this has grown. I'm not in the project management end anymore, so I'm not sure how this evolved. It is going to be a big addition. RL: Now you're doing the energy analysis, not necessarily having anything to do with construction? 41 TV: Yes. I do a lot of energy analysis and scheduling of our buildings. We waste a lot of energy at night because the lights are on and nobody is home. The building automatic and control is a complex system where all the buildings are tied into our central automation center. Of course, we have controllers, wires, panels, and variable frequency drives in all of our fan systems so there are a lot of things that can go wrong. Part of my job is to look at all the spikes in consumption. I get read outs as often as I want to download them. I can see all the spikes in consumption and I figure out what is causing the spike or the increase in the loads in a specific building. We are soon going to be able to meter every building on this campus for electricity, chilled water, steam, water, domestic water, and natural gas, but to do that we have to have all of these meters installed. They all have to have certain set points and parameters to set them. Another part of my job is to dig out all of the information for a particular building and what it requires so they can adjust the control set points to the demands of the building. RL: While you're working on this project, have you been able to find things that have required big changes that you were able to influence? TV: We've made a lot of big changes. Have you been to Dee Events Center lately? RL: Not lately. TV: The primary responsibility for this belongs to Jake, but I'm kind of a sounding board too. That kid is smart. Don't tell him I said that, okay? In the Dee Events Center arena, we had forty-something 1500 watt HID lamps. Including the ballasts that were probably pulling at least 2,000 watts a piece. Multiply that by forty-something and all of a sudden you've got a big electricity load and also a 42 big heat load because of the heat coming off the bulbs. The amount of light you get off an incandescent light bulb is about 10 or 15 percent of the actual energy input and the rest is all heat. That gives you an idea of what goes on at the top of that dome where all the heat rises anyway. We're using all LED's now. I give the credit to Jake for this one. RL: That's quite a bit cooler, isn't it? TV: Absolutely, and it's reduced the load on our chilled water plant. Plus, they're so quiet. The humming from the bulbs is gone. The first time I was in there I thought, "My gosh, it's quiet in here and all the lights are on." It's one of those side benefits from an operations perspective. We had so much trouble with those ballasts on those HID lamps. The heat was killing them and we were replacing some pretty high priced ballasts on a frequent basis as well as the light bulbs. Those LED's are supposed to last for about 20 years or some phenomenal number. It cuts back on the maintenance burden. This is a win-win. We actually had engineers show up to see how we did it. We had the University of Utah show up and ask how we did it. We have people calling us from all over the nation asking how we did it and they want to come see it. Needless to say, that makes Kevin Hansen just delighted. One of his goals was that he wanted people to come to Weber State and see what we're doing, rather than us going to them to see what they're doing. RL: You save travel money. TV: Absolutely. Plus, it puts us on the map. It's one of those really neat things that we're doing. Have you seen all the solar panels on the roof of the Swenson 43 Building? That supplies all the hot water for the swimming pool. It's almost a freebie. It cuts back on spending for natural gas. RL: Well, it cuts back on the whole global warming thing as well. TV: Absolutely, anything we can do. We've also seen a huge savings from our central chilled water plant. We send water out of the chilled water plant at 44 degrees. It goes down the campus through the pipes and goes to all the buildings and it comes back to us at about 56 degrees. When it hits the building, you don't want 44 degree air coming out of the registers, so we temper it by running a boiler. It hits the reheat coils which are supplied by hot water. So, basically, we're cooling off all this air and then heating it up at the room level. There's something wrong with this picture. So, when we had to shut down our central steam system for the new boiler installation, we thought, "Let's use this opportunity to accomplish several things, like some much needed repairs in our tunnel system and raise the set point on our chilled water plant to where we are now pushing down 54 to 55 degree water, and let's see what happens." Last year, we hit one million dollars in savings over our base year by doing just that. Rocky Mountain Power has kind of a love-hate relationship with us. They've built new plants to supply us, but we're saving a lot of energy and a lot of money for the campus. Those are the fun things that we get to do. I remember Jake telling me that, after we raised the set-point on our chillers, Rocky Mountain Power sent their technicians to our sub-station on two separate occasions to verify that the meter was working properly. The energy savings were that substantial. 44 We're working on projects now where I'm still identifying each individual fan system and scheduling when it runs and how often we should change the filters from both an energy perspective and an operational cost savings perspective. It takes more energy to push air through a dirty filter than it does a clean one. We still have to maintain a certain quality of air coming through our campus. I think we overachieve in that aspect. We're using a Merv-13 filter, to replace the old Merv-8. The rating has to do with the amount of particles that are trapped. The higher the number, the more particles you trap. With these Merv- 13's we're able to maintain the air quality and we only have single stage filters instead of two-stage filters to do the same thing. We're saving money on the operations end and by changing them on a regular basis we save energy. You make it a win-win situation for everybody. The customer is happy and we're happy. We're saving money from not only energy, but from our operations maintenance budget. RL: I was going to ask you if we are making enough power that it does not have to be purchased by Rocky Mountain. TV: We're not to that point yet. We have several proposals in the works. Right now between the Davis campus and the union building, we might be at 8 percent of our total usage. We have plans in the works for Davis in particular. There's a lot of wide open space out there. It's in the planning stages and we're running the numbers to see if we can fund it. We want to generate at least 40 percent of our energy consumption for the Davis. This is in the future. That's what keeps me hanging around and showing up to see what happens next. 45 RL: Could you have windmills? TV: We're thinking about that. The permitting is a nightmare. I think a guy at the mouth of Weber Canyon found that out the hard way that it's a nightmare. You have to have a certain velocity of wind. The mouth of the canyon is really high velocity wind. RL: It can't be sporadic. It has to be steady. TV: You don't want this thing to get airborne on you. It has to be somewhat constant wind flow rather than in the morning the wind blows like heck at the mouth of the canyon and it dies off in the afternoon. I don't know if Davis has the velocity. There are a whole bunch of studies that we have to do. RL: Solar panels are good anyway. TV: Solar panels are great. The cost is coming down and the efficiency is going up and that's why I bought them for my house. I'm looking at a four to five year payback on my investment with all of the tax incentives and rebates applied. They become more and more viable all the time. It's also a good recruiting tool. Students show up and they see the solar panels everywhere. The new generation is thinking green and they pick up on these things. It's a recruitment tool, an energy efficiency tool, and it cuts down on the wear and tear on our equipment. RL: Earlier you talked about people who mentored you over the years. Have you had opportunities to pay it forward? TV: I try and take every opportunity. We have a bunch of young guys up there. RL: A lot of enthusiasm, but you have to curb it a little bit, don't you? 46 TV: I'm able to mentor these young guys and show them the how and the why. Jake is to the point now that he can fly on his own. He knows about the politics and how to get things done. I'm still kind of a sounding board and we discuss things. In my many years there, we had a lot of people who were content to complain about their position in life, but didn't want to do anything about it. I remember one young man that used to work for me. He came to me and told me that he wants my job. I said, "Okay, well here's what you have to do." I started laying it out for him and said, "You need your degree and you already have one of those, but the next person that sits in my chair will have a master's degree." His response was, "I can't do that." I said, "If you still want my job, this is the way you're going to have to get it." He decided not to go back to school and all I heard were his reasons why not rather than, "I can do that." The person who took over in my position has a master's degree. It has become more prevalent in what is now a profession thanks to Mike Perez and Kevin Hansen. It is now a profession, not just a bunch of maintenance guys in bib overalls. RL: It's not an internship. TV: That's right. We have some bright young guys coming up. There's a young plumber up there named Dustin. He's a real character in his own right. He wants to know how things work. He's planning his future, he's taking classes, and he's getting his degree. I have an electrician who is the same way. They can see what they have to do to succeed. RL: It's not just hands-on, it's got to be an underpinning understanding. 47 TV: Right. The hands-on is the foundation. You know how things work, but now you have to figure out why it works. Those are the type of guys you try and mentor. There's another young lady who works for us named Jenn Bodine. She's about the smartest person I've run across too. She has her master's degree, but now she's curious about mechanical type stuff. She's going back to school to get her mechanical engineering degree. I say, "Hey Jenn, I'm going down on campus, do you want to come? Let's go see how this works." That's what I get to do. That's another fun part of my job. I get to do those things now, whereas I didn't have time before. RL: Okay, so we've touched on your time as a student and how you've progressed professionally. We've talked about your relationship with administrators and other individuals on campus. What haven't we covered that's important from your time here at Weber? TV: One of the more outstanding personalities from our facility is John Burkes. John was born and raised in Tupelo, Mississippi, and came to Weber State University about four years after I did. I met John one day at the old racquetball courts in the Swenson Gym. He was looking for a game and so was I. Over the course of the next 20 plus years, we became quite good friends. We played golf together, played a lot of racquetball and went on fishing trips together, the most notable of which was to the Kenai River in Alaska. I learned how to play racquetball by taking classes from Lyn Corbridge. Even though "Corb" is a few years older than I am, I could never beat him one-on-one. I also played a lot of racquetball with Ron Deeter and Scott Loughton. Mike Vause is another real character that I 48 came to know quite well. The English Department seemed to have a lot of them for some reason. RL: Connections that one wouldn't necessarily associate with as someone in your position and yet it's more of a social thing, but I'm sure it comes in handy as you're trying to do your job. TV: It's those intangibles that you cannot put your finger on. It's not all about salary and benefits. It's the other perks like the interpersonal relationships, the gym time, and the ability to interact with the deans and professors. RL: Let's face it, in higher education regardless of your position, you're not here for the money. TV: You're not going to die rich from this place, but it's good all the way around. You have to look at the total picture. That's what kept me here for all these years. Many years ago, the student body president here at the time, Mike Aarve, wanted a "W" on the mountain like the big "Y" at BYU and the "U" at the University of Utah. I remember it went through a whole bunch of stages and I asked, "You want that thing where?" He wanted it above the campus. There's a road there that sits right up on the side of the bald face hill. I thought, "How in the world are we going to do that?" You can't pump the concrete up there. At the time, all they had was a bunch of rocks or a white wash that was the "W." Anything to do with concrete or anything like that was totally impractical. So, they hatched this idea that they wanted a living "W" on the mountain made out of trees. This was in 1982, and I remember that specifically because Dean Hurst 49 and I were on top of the administration building with a transit and we had guys all over the side of this mountain laying out this "W." RL: Was Dean over in development at the time? TV: I think he was. I had a broken collarbone at the time from the same motorcycle that I got my separated shoulder from. I had the radio and Dean had the transit and we were making these guys move all these 2x6's. They were going all over this mountain laying out this great big "Flaming W" and it was huge. The students all got together and raised the funds. We put a drip irrigation system in with a pump and I think the pump house is still there. I can't remember the exact number, but we hauled up thousands of trees. RL: What kind of trees? TV: They were Dwarf Sumac. We had a daisy chain of students and football players and digging them in with peat moss and we got all those dog gone trees up there. When we finished, we walked down and started admiring our work. Later on, it became apparent that something was going on up there because the trees were disappearing. What happened was we planted all those trees and the deer went nuts. They had a built-in smorgasbord. The official parting line was, "It's all the alkaline in the soil that killed the trees." A young man in our office was doing layout work for the new "Flaming W" a couple of years ago and he told me that the stumps are still there. That was one of our more notable, funny failures. RL: Oops. Was that paid for with student funds? TV: I don't know exactly how they paid for it all, but I think lot of it was donor funds. 50 RL: Well, it was a good idea. TV: Nobody researched that very well. RL: Now we have the flaming "W" that's lit just a couple of times a year. Is that done on extension cords or did you actually have to wire the mountain side? TV: Actually, they have a portable generator they take up there. Remember I was talking about, Lynn Kraaima? That was his responsibility. He'd haul a generator up there every year for homecoming and light the "W." It's a different configuration now than what it was back then. It's all done by generator now. I don't know who's taken that over since he died. He was one of the other great guys I met up here. I've met a lot of great people up here. RL: There's got to be a reason why we all come back and we all stay here. TV: That's right. There's got to be a reason to get us to keep getting out of bed in the morning. RL: Is there anything else that you want to talk about? TV: I could talk forever about this place, but those are the more notables. RL: I certainly appreciate you taking the time to come and talk with us. TV: I'm honored. I'm really honored with this. RL: You've given us a totally different perspective of the campus. Weber is made up of a lot of people at different levels with different responsibilities and you've shared some things about what you've worked with over the years. It all started out with a Weber education. 51 TV: That's right. It all started out with trying to catch those old fish in front of the campus. We do have an aerial photo of campus that was taken in the early 1960's that shows that house and the pond. RL: What was that house used for? TV: I'm not too sure what the house was used for at the time. We had a lot of residences that were along Harrison Blvd. There used to be a road that came right down past the bell tower. I remember parking my car there so I could go to my classes in the TUB. It connected with the road by the administration building and there was a row of houses in there. The university acquired a lot of houses over the years. RL: Speaking of white buildings and houses. Were you here when the president's residence burned down? TV: I was not. I came right after that. That's when Joseph Bishop was here. RL: So your memories are of different white buildings? TV: Yes, this was on Harrison Boulevard and the aerial photo shows it. It's a validation of what I think I remember from my junior high school days. RL: That's wonderful. Thank you for taking the time to come talk with us. We appreciate it. TV: Thank you for the opportunity. This has been great for me. It's been a lot of fun. 52

Sylvester Daniels, photo taken at his home on October 28, 2013 ; The New Zion Community Advocates worked with community members age 80 years and older to have contributed to the history of Ogden city. The interviews looked at the legacy of the interviewees through armed services, work, social life, church, NAACP and educational systems in an environment where their culture was not predominant. This program has received funding from the Utah Humanities Council and the Utah Division of State history. ; The following is an interview with Sylvester Daniels Sr., conducted on October 28, 2013 by Joan Effiong. Also present is Sylvester�s nephew, Larry Dawson. ; 22p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 sound disc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program Sylvester Daniels Interviewed by Joan Effiong 28 October 2013 Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Sylvester Daniels Interviewed by Joan Effiong 28 October 2013 Copyright © 2014 by Weber State University, Stewart Library Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in Special Collections. The Stewart Library also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description The New Zion Community Advocates worked with community members age 80 years and older to have contributed to the history of Ogden city. The interviews looked at the legacy of the interviewees through armed services, work, social life, church, NAACP and educational systems in an environment where their culture was not predominant. This program has received funding from the Utah Humanities Council and the Utah Division of State history. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management Special Collections All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Daniels, Sylvester, an oral history by Joan Effiong, 28 October 2013, WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, Special Collections, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. iii Sylvester Daniels, photo taken at his home on October 28, 2013 Abstract: The following is an interview with Sylvester Daniels Sr., conducted on October 28, 2013 by Joan Effiong. Also present is Sylvester's nephew, Larry Dawson. JE: Okay Mr. Daniels again we're happy that you allow us to come in and do an oral history on you. So we are going to start by asking you to please tell us your name, your birthdate, and how we're related, and what we are doing now. So tell us your name. SD: My name is Sylvester Daniels Senior. JE: And your date of birth? SD: March 25, 1929. JE: How are we related? We're not related. SD: Not that I know of JE: Okay and what are you doing now? What are you doing now? SD: I'm not doing anything, I'm retired. JE: Okay good for you. What are the most important lessons you have learned in life? SD: Well, just a normal life. I worked for 30 something years for the railroad and now I'm not doing anything, I'm retired. That's about the most important thing in my life that I did. I worked for most of my life. JE: What are you proudest of in your life, one of the most important things you're proud of in your life? 1 SD: My children. Some of them did real well and some of them did fairly. I'm more proud of them than anything else. JE: How long have you lived in Ogden, and what brought you to Ogden? SD: I came to Ogden to visit my brother and I stayed after I got here. Coming to Ogden, I didn't like the city when I first got here, but it grew on me and I enjoyed it. JE: How has it changed over the years? How has Ogden changed over the years? SD: Well, when I first came in they were kind of afraid of the city. I don't know, some people said it was the Mormons and some say it was other things, but I always got along well with both sides. JE: What was it like when you grew up and then when you first move up here? SD: Well it some different at that time. There weren't very many blacks here at that time. Then you have one area of the city downtown it grew on me and I got normal. I moved from here to Los Angeles, stayed there for 20 years and when I retired I moved back here. It was kind of quiet and I liked it. JE: What do you miss most about how Ogden used to be? SD: Well like I said when I first came here it seemed like they were prejudice people here at that time. I don't know if it was the Mormon people or the white folk because there weren't many blacks here at that time and they all stayed in one area of the city. That's about the only thing I noticed different then than now. JE: Who are some of the great characters from here? SD: When you said great characters what do you mean? The people that live here? JE: The people, yeah. 2 SD: Back then, you know, like I say, there weren't many blacks here and we had a guy that ran a club down on 25th street named Billie Weekly. He more or less was one of your top major black persons in the city that time of the ones that I knew. JE: Do you remember any great stories or legends about our town? SD: Great stories huh? The biggest thing I remember about Ogden. Like I said there weren't too many blacks here and most of them down there in the 12 block area of 25th street down towards 22nd street most of them in that area. Like I say I don't know what you would call because that didn't ever bother me, just wasn't enough blacks here for me at the time, but I managed through it and everything. Got along pretty well with them and what few people I worked for then. They treated me fairly. JE: Did you have any nicknames? SD: No more than Sylvester or some people just said Sil. The one's that knew me well said Sil, but other than that that's my one nickname I ever had. JE: Okay I was going to ask how did you get that Sil nickname? SD: Well I don't know they just started calling me Sil. I don't know, they were saying Sylvester and cut it short and said Sil, you know. JE: Who were your best friends and what were they like? SD: Well there were a few guys here then. Wasn't too many guys here. You had Walter Reeve and L.D. Stewart and few people who I run around with, some I worked with you know. There was a guy named Hubert Reeves and we were pretty close. Most other time were hosts who came along later, not the regular pack. I got along well with all of them. If the guys had a squabble or a fight they 3 didn't try to kill each other they would just fight and go on the next day, they'd forgotten about it. JE: After work what did you do for fun? SD: Well I worked on the railroad, so that meant I was out of town quite a bit and I was in town quite a bit. We'd go down to a place called The Club and a place called Sloppy Joe. There were only a couple of places that blacks really could go at that time, so we had drinks and things at those clubs and we had a lot of fun. We started going fishing and hunting and things like that. I enjoyed that pretty much. JE: Alright, what are your best memories of grade school of high school? SD: Well, when I came to this town I had finished my schooling. I had finished schooling and wasn't going to school then. I went to school in Alabama. Most of my schooling was in Alabama so I just enjoyed it then. I played ball, the sports and stuff with the fellows you know. I played some sports after we came out here you know, baseball and things like that. JE: How you doing? SD: I'm doing fine. JE: Shall we go on or do you want to take a break? SD: No I don't want to take a break. JE: Okay. How did you meet your wife? SD: I met my wife in Alabama, my first wife I'll say it that way. She now lives in California, I think, or someplace out there. We met, I was in the service when I first met her. She was a little girl so we met and we went together for a few years 4 then finally we got married. So we stayed together quite a few years then we came to Utah. She came out here with me and we didn't get along too well after we got to Utah. I don't know if something about the area or the atmosphere or something. We both, I guess, just changed quite a bit so we couldn't make it in that marriage so we finally divorced. JE: How has being a parent changed you? SD: Well I don't know. I didn't change much after being a parent. I was kind of ignorant to the parent facts that I should do or shouldn't do. I was a little while and I grew up behind the girls, what few girls there were here, but that didn't change me too much. I was just a regular guy. JE: What do you do for a living? SD: I worked on the railroad for years then I was a bartender for the rest of the years. After I went to Los Angeles I worked down there as a bartender on the railroad. Like I said when I retired from the railroad I moved back here. I had a brother living here then and most of my kids lived here. JE: What did you want to be when you grow up? SD: That's a good question. I wanted to be rich. I did a lot of work for a little money. I never got rich so I just settled with what I had. JE: Were you in the military? SD: Yes that was before I came out here when I was in the navy. I was in the navy for two and half or three years. After I got out of the Navy I went back to Alabama. I stayed in Florida most of the time and then my brother was living out here so he came down to visit and I visit him. That's what got me stuck here. 5 JE: How did war change you? SD: When I was a youngster, a kid during the war. First years they didn't train me at all. I lived the same life as if there was no war. When I went into service the war was over more or less so it didn't change me at all. JE: What lesson did you learn from this time in your life? SD: To try and leave other people's business out of my business and take care of yourself. Try to treat everybody the same equally and that was just about it. That was about all I did. JE: Anything else that you would like to talk about that we didn't cover in this interview? SD: Well you could say when I first came here I didn't like the city at all. I accepted it, but I didn't like it. My brother being here it made it a little bit easier. Then when my job asked me to move a lot I was ready to go because I was glad to leave here. JE: Okay that will conclude our interview. LR: Well I have, would you mind if I asked a couple of questions? Would that be okay? JE: Yes LR: Okay I wasn't sure. You talked about the community, the black community in Ogden and you said it was a 12 block area. SD: Yeah most of them lived on a 12 block area and that's giving them a lot of space. LR: So when you were working on the railroad where did you live? 6 SD: I first lived on 29th street in Ogden, then I moved down on 22nd street in Ogden, I lived down there until I left and went to Los Angeles. LR: I was curious how was Ogden different from where you had come from Alabama and Florida? How was it different because you said you didn't like Ogden very much? SD: I didn't care much for it when I came here. Like I said it was prejudice, course Alabama was prejudice too but I didn't mingle with too many races but the black race when I was down there. Then I come out here and the whites was prejudice to the blacks. To me at that time, maybe some of them might say differently, but to me it was because you all could live in certain areas of the city. LR: So I've heard rumors, they're not rumors. I didn't mean to say rumors. But 25th Street was very segregated. SD: 25th Street on one side of the street was blacks hung out and the other side of the street whites hung out. Very few people would go over on that side of the street because they knew they weren't wanted over there so they stayed on the south sides of the street. LR: I think it's one of the most ridiculous things I've ever heard. It's hard for someone in my generation to imagine that people could be so ignorant. LD: Thing is he's 30 years older than me and I grew up in Alabama too. 30 year span and the same things were happening. SD: When I said people didn't mingle with each other the whites and the blacks didn't mingle too much. The white would come over to the black side if they wanted too, but very few blacks would go on the white side you know. Not only here, you had 7 quite a few of the states have segregation. I even saw segregation in Los Angeles. I saw segregation in a lot of cities. You may not think would happen. I've seen segregation in St. Louis, Chicago all those places because I worked on the railroad and went to those cities. That was places you didn't go as same as Utah. JE: How would you feel now in 2013? Do you feel like the crossing over has been a little easier in this city? Do you think that blacks and whites are mingling or are we still in pockets? SD: Well there is certain pockets you can find them in, but now you can find blacks living in most areas of the city that they can afford to live in. JE: Do they have a relationship in terms of fellowship or what would you say? SD: You might have a few more relationships now than you did then. LD: Well one thing would be the church. You know the white and black church. SD: You can go to black churches. You would probably have to live in order to understand it. A lot of times you would go east of Washington Boulevard and police would stop you and tell you to go back down below the boulevard. LR: I'm sorry I shouldn't interject. SD: Oh no go ahead. Well in this city here like I say in most of the major cities. I was in New York and all those cities back then, Washington. It was back there. Chicago. LR: I'm sorry I just cut you off. I apologize, I shouldn't do that. Were you still in Ogden when oh I just lost his name. Marshall, Marshall White. 8 SD: Marshall White, yes back then he was a policeman. Whether he arrested white folks or not I don't know because I never saw him arrest any of them. More or less he arrested I guess was in my neighborhood the black if you know what I mean because most blacks lived in certain neighborhoods. You had one or two blacks here and there that would live above Washington Boulevard, but most of them lived below Washington Boulevard. LR: Did his becoming a police officer help do you think? SD: No I don't think it helped any. It was the same I guess because he was just a black police officer in a black neighborhood, that's what I would say. The whites would go in any neighborhood they wanted too but I never saw him above Washington Boulevard arresting no one. JE: Again we thank you for… SD: I hope I give you something that would help you. I don't see what will. JE: Gives us education, we love education. LD: You guys only heard a part of it, he got a lot of stories. He didn't know what you were coming out here for, he knew an interview but he got a lot of stories you didn't talk about. JE: Well that's why we asked, "Is there anything you'd like to tell us that we didn't ask?" Is there any story you want to put on the record that is in your mind that you want to leave for us, the next generation? SD: Like I said, by me working on the railroad I traveled a lot in different cities and different states. You found more prejudice here than you would find in Chicago, but it was prejudice there also. You would find more here than in Los Angeles, 9 but it was prejudice there also because I ran into prejudice in most every city that I'd ever been in. I would run into prejudice in Wimbledon, Delaware. Now who in the world would think that I'd be in Wimbledon Delaware? I was in the navy and we was traveling by train and we stopped there. I go in to get a soda and two other guys with me they got up on the stools. I don't know why I didn't, but I didn't I guess because I was used to it by being in the south. The man told them he couldn't serve them on the stool and this is Wimbledon, Delaware. So they refused to move until the man called the policeman then they ran. I didn't do either one, I stood right there. I guess the police wanted to hit me when he came in there, but the guy told him he hadn't done anything. I didn't do anything because I didn't know what to do. I didn't know whether to run. That had never happened in the south, I wouldn't have run. If you come up and said something to me I'll answer you know, but it was yes sir, no sir you know. They ran, I didn't. In the city you would go in and find that somewhere. I was in Los Angeles, we were walking one day and the police pulled up beside us and asked us, "Where you boys walking to?" "Oh we just walking." "Well why don't you turn your ass around and walk the other way?" Those were white folks talking to black people, so I've seen all of it. Some was fair and some was terrible. LR: So was a waiter, I heard that on the railroad the blacks were only allowed to be a waiter or a porter? SD: Yeah you could say that. That's all I ever saw, the waiter's and porter's were blacks. So it wasn't until years later basically that I saw whites be porter's and such. 10 LR: Did you ever run into Joe McQueen? SD: Joe McQueen? LR: Yeah SD: You mean the musician Joe McQueen? LR: Yeah the musician. SD: Yes I run into him I guess when I first came here. He was the musician in the city. LD: Have you ever heard him? LR: Yes LD: Yeah we know Joe McQueen JE: So what story can you tell us when you were in the military? How was the relationship with your cohorts that were white? SD: It was pretty same now. If you was in the navy, if I was in the navy the only thing I could be in the navy was a cook or a waiter. Same thing it was, waiter you know? You were a waiter out there. I guess that's why I followed it as a I come out and move west and wait tables because I was a waiter. It was prejudice in there, but we were segregated there. The white sailors over there and the black sailors over here. JE: Now how does it feel, how does it feel now for you to be able to live on this side? Are you the only black in this neighborhood? SD: I'm the only black I know of in this neighborhood yes. JE: Yes, how does it feel? 11 SD: I never thought much about it really because when I left Ogden and went to Los Angeles I lived downtown in the ghetto. Then when I come back I look for a house anywhere I could find one that I could buy. So I could move anywhere I wanted too. I don't know about up on the east bench now over there in Ogden if you could stay up there or not I never tried to go up there. I come in and find this house it fared well to me and I accepted it. Before I went to Los Angeles I couldn't afford a house like this at that time. Naturally you couldn't stay up here. JE: So how long have you been on this side? SD: Oh up here on the hill? I've been living up here about what 25 years I guess. Close to 25 years. JE: So there would be some neighbors that have come and met you here right? SD: Oh I've met a lot of the white neighbors here. So I haven't had no prejudice. They might be, but I don't know it. They don't bother me and I don't bother them. They accept me as I am and I accept them as they are so I've never had no trouble like that. LR: So is that different than it used to be? SD: I guess so. When I lived here before I went to Los Angeles I didn't even come out here. Like I said most of your blacks lived in the lower Ogden area. West Ogden and that area. I don't' know anybody that lived out here, nobody came out here. At least I didn't because there was nothing for me to come out here for. I come through here going to Salt Lake, but I didn't have a reason to mingle. So I didn't know anyone out here. 12 JE: What I'm trying to find out is since you've been living here do you feel lonely or do you feel open to your neighbors? Do they take care of you, when they see you do they say hello? If you have got to travel you say I'm leaving, keep an eye. SD: They speak to me. My neighbor to the right over here. When I first bought the home I lived in Los Angeles for a couple years later. I had the home the whole time. I let my daughter stay here for a while I was in Los Angeles and I met this guy over here. He was you could tell he had prejudice in him. Anyone that is prejudice, if they feel it in front of you you'll feel it too. I know he's slightly prejudice but he's never been nothing anger towards me. He's always treated me equally and I treated him equally. If he hadn't I wouldn't have said anything to him. The people over here, there's an old man living over there on that side of the house. I knew he was prejudice. I could just tell the way he talked he was prejudice, but he doesn't show it much. So I accepted him as he was. I've never let prejudice bother me not since the south. I was down there a while before I moved out here. I didn't let the prejudice bother me down there, I ignored it. I had seen all of it. I had seen it all. Gosh I see it in Chicago, New York. I saw prejudice everywhere. It wasn't no special place, everywhere I went I saw prejudice. Me, I don't care. If he prejudice let him be prejudice as long as he didn't bother me. If he had bothered me we would have had a confrontation but that never happened. JE: So that is another story by itself? Some tips that you could leave when you mention that you didn't let prejudice bother you? What were some things you did 13 that you could pass on to us and some other folks to be able to not feel—keep on going. SD: I'm sure there's a lot of people who see prejudice now. Me I don't see it because I don't pay no attention. I ignore it. LR: How did you learn to just ignore it? SD: By living in all of it. You going to find it. Some people say this that but you're going to find it anywhere you go. Well at least I did. I found it in the northern, east, western states. Saw it everywhere. In some places you learned to ignore it and you live with it. LR: Would it be fair to say that you learned to be comfortable with you and not let anything else bother you? SD: I learned how to try and accept myself as I am and hope he do the same. I've had confrontations with whites, but nothing real physical you know. As long as he didn't bother me I didn't bother him. I don't care what he do. I don't care what he say. I've heard people get called niggers. Me, if he wasn't talking directly to me, I ignored it. He was showing himself how stupid he was to call another human being a name when you are all human beings. Sometimes I would get angry and people would get out of line with me, nothing physical or bad. When I was living in the south they said nigger and thought nothing about it. You wouldn't think nothing about it because that was a routine thing there. He was prejudice and you know he was prejudice and you didn't mingle. Sometimes you wouldn't mingle with anybody white or black. He didn't want the other whites thinking he 14 mingled with blacks. He figured it made him look bad. Most of them look bad anyway so it didn't bother me. JE: I went through the same thing he did 30 years later. Same town, but you know it got better over the years. It's still there though. SD: Oh gosh yes it's prejudice there. He don't show it as much. He tries to shun from confrontation with you and me I try to shun confrontation with him. I don't care what he say or what he do as long as he's not doing it to me. LR: Things are better though. SD: I would say they're different. It might be better for some people, but to me it's always been this way for me. When I was a kid my daddy didn't allow nobody to mess with his children whether they were white or black. My daddy had some big boys then and it took us all keep him from grabbing his gun and going to see a man about it. He wouldn't see him anyway. This was in the deep south of Alabama. He just didn't bother nobody but didn't let nobody bother his family. He probably would've killed him you know, but I never ran into too much. As I was a kid growing up I guess you could say we knew where our place was and they knew where their place was. You didn't have to run into them too much because he was a label like you were. He didn't show too much prejudice, you could sit down and talk together, eat together. You know that they was prejudice and he knew I knew it so it wasn't no big thing. JE: Alright thank you so much. 15

DeLoss M. Eggleston, September 17, 2013 ; Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. ; The following is an oral history interview with DeLoss Eggleston. The interview was conducted on September 17, 2013, by Lorrie Rands, in Ogden, Utah. DeLoss discusses his experience with 25th Street. ; 24p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 videodisc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program DeLoss M. Eggleston Interviewed by Lorrie Rands 17 September 2013 Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah DeLoss M. Eggleston Interviewed by Lorrie Rands 17 September 2013 Copyright © 2014 by Weber State University, Stewart Library Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in Special Collections. The Stewart Library also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. After World War II, the railroad business declined. Some government agencies and businesses related to the defense industry continued to gravitate to Ogden after the war—including the Internal Revenue Regional Center, the Marquardt Corporation, Boeing Corporation, Volvo-White Truck Corporation, Morton-Thiokol, and several other smaller operations. However, the economy became more service oriented, with small businesses developing that appealed to changing demographics, including the growing Hispanic population. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management Special Collections All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Eggleston, DeLoss, an oral history by Lorrie Rands, 17 September 2013, WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, Special Collections, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. iii DeLoss M. Eggleston September 17, 2013 Abstract: The following is an oral history interview with DeLoss Eggleston. The interview was conducted on September 17, 2013, by Lorrie Rands, in Ogden, Utah. DeLoss discusses his experience with 25th Street. LR: It is September 17th, 2013. We are in the home of DeLoss Eggleston in Ogden talking about 25th street and surrounding Ogden. Caroline Olmstead is doing the camera. So DeLoss, I appreciate you allowing us into your home for this, a lot. Let's start out simple, when and where were you born? DE: I was born at the old McKay-Dee or the Dee Hospital on 24th and Harrison in 1926. LR: Okay, and where did you grow up? DE: I grew up in Eden. That's up in Ogden Valley. You have Huntsville, Eden and Liberty and then you go over the mountain to Paradise. LR: So your family would commute over into Ogden to work and go to school? DE: Well, we had a farm. My father hauled the milk from Eden and Liberty, down to the Weber Central Dairy. That used to be on Ogden Avenue between 25th and 26th street. LR: Where was Ogden Avenue? DE: Between Washington and Adams. So, it's a half street. LR: So kind of like Kiesel. 1 DE: Yes. LR: It's not there anymore, is it? DE: Yeah. Oh yes. LR: Where did you go to school then? DE: I went to Eden Elementary School until I got to the fifth grade and then they closed that school and transferred us to Huntsville. So I went to Huntsville for junior high and then Weber High School. Which was at the time on 12th and Washington, where the market used to be, it's not there anymore. LR: So, you mentioned last time that you had a job on 25th street. So, what were some of your jobs and experiences on 25th street growing up? DE: Well, actually, we ran the milk down there and I would run down if we got a chance to go down to Ross and Jack's for a bowl of soup. They would always give us plenty of crackers, so we would crack up all the crackers and put them in the bowl of soup and this would be our lunch sometimes. After I was a junior at Weber High School, I got a job at Walgreens drug store on the corner of 25th and Washington, in the main floor of the Broom Hotel. And that Broom Hotel was one of the best ones. The Ben Lomond Hotel was on the other side, or across the street from us and we had a lot of business there, in that drug store. LR: How long did you work there? DE: Oh, about six months. LR: So, what was one of the reasons why you quit? 2 DE: I had a little disagreement with my father and I went down to live with my sister who was living in West Ogden and her husband was in the service and he was transferred to San Diego. So she decided to go down there and that left me all by myself there at her place. And I couldn't get up early enough to go to school and I wanted to graduate from high school. So I moved to California to live with my sister, Alice, down there and graduate from a high school down in El Monte, California. LR: So, while you were working there, did you see any interesting things that would occur on 25th? DE: Oh, lots of interesting things. During the war, and this was in '43 or '44, there was a lot of soldiers and they invariably would walk up 25th to Washington and usually stop in for refreshments where we could serve drinks and malts and things of that sort, and we had plenty of pie. We would compete with Ross and Jack's down the street. LR: So you would see a lot of the soldiers coming in. Would you ever have an opportunity to walk down the street? DE: Oh yes. I would walk down the street there, 25th to Lincoln, or, 25th to Grant. There was the Grey Hound Bus Station. I would walk that way and once in a while would go down to the railroad station. It was interesting to watch all the soldiers. LR: It wasn't something that was common practice then to just walk up and down the street. 3 DE: Yes, it was. LR: Why do you think that was? DE: Well, I was just a kid. LR: Okay. You mentioned last time about a friend you had that knew about the tunnels on 25th street. DE: Oh yes. This friend of mine who taught school with me actually, he had business down there and he would go down to stores to get the rent, he owned the buildings and then would rent them out. So he would go in to collect rent and things of that sort. And he talked about the several hotels that had tunnels going from one to the other. So that if anything that happened to one they could just go to the other and close the door and hide themselves. Then once in a while, we would walk down behind the hotels. There was an alley way that we would go down there and it was interesting to see various things and the windows and apartments that were on that street and the red lights. LR: So walking behind in those alleys, did you notice the little cribs they had, behind those buildings? The little shacks. DE: Well, yeah. I always thought they were just storage unit. But they may be. LR: So in 1943, '44 you enlisted correct? DE: I was drafted. When I went to California. I tried to enlist in the navy and they turned me down because of a scar on my shoulder and so I thought I was 4F. So when the army came along, they drafted me. LR: So the story of the bus and… 4 DE: Oh, gas was rationed and there was no automobiles being sold. So automobiles were old. And transportation was a real problem. At the bus stations, the war effort, they told the drivers of the buses that they had to let the soldiers get on the buses first because of their scheduling and such. So soldiers and their wives could get on the bus first. The soldiers who were not married would come up there and there would be a group of young ladies watching them. Well, not necessarily young ladies, but ladies watching them and as soon as they came up and as soon as they realized they were single, they would come up and ask them if they could be their wives, for the purpose of getting on the bus and making the trip. When I was in the army, I went on my 30 day leave before I went overseas, I went to California and I rode the bus from Los Angeles to Baltimore, Maryland, which is a long ride. I had five wives on that trip going there. When I got to Maryland, I went to get my haircut and I didn't realize but it was a long ride and I hadn't had a bath. I went in to get a haircut and the barber looked at me: "I gotta wash your head before I cut your hair." LR: So after the war you, you came back to Ogden. DE: Yes, I came back to California. Then I went on a mission for the church to France and then came back and went to Weber College to get my education. LR: So, while you were at Weber College, did you ever just walk down the hill a little ways? DE: Yeah, I did. There were stores down there that, oh, a couple of them had interesting things, loan shops and such and I used to go down to them. 5 LR: Can you remember any in particular? DE: Well, the one down there, just up the street from Wall Avenue, Ogden. LR: The Gift Shop? DE: Yeah, the gift shop there. LR: And what about that did you find interesting? DE: See, at that time the train station was a big station. They were doing a lot. They had underpasses up there to the various lines that could go out. It was kind of fascinating to watch people. I enjoy people. LR: That seems to be a common thing. A lot of people going on 25th street just to watch. DE: Yeah, yeah. LR: So would you do that often? DE: Not too terribly often, I was too busy. LR: But when you did, it was always fascinating? DE: Yeah. Before, when I was going to Weber High School, this friend of mine had a car, actually it was his dad's car but we drove it and we would run the boulevard and also go up and down and watch people going in there. Once in a while you would find a drunk that was laying on the curb and you'd look at him and wonder what to do with him but we never did anything with them. LR: So after you graduated from Weber College, what did you decide to do as a career? 6 DE: As a career? LR: Yeah, as your career. DE: Well, I went down to the Y and graduated from there. Weber was a two year college and I had been over in France and after I had finished my mission I went to Sorbonne for a quarter. So when I came back to Weber, between military and that language, I could get through a little faster. So in reality, I got through four years of college in three years. Not counting the quarter I did in France. But then I went into education and weird things happened. I was at the Y and I was married. My wife was expecting and I needed a job. So I kept hounding the employment office and one day I was in there and their phone rang and I waited until she answered the phone and then she says: "Have you ever taught driving. Driver education?" I said: "Well I haven't done it but I could do it." "Well they want somebody at Provo High School for adult driver education." So I went down there and got the job, did a little class work to help out. After I graduated I was looking for a job and I would hit the employment office every once in a while. Anyway, one day I was in there and I came out and I was thinking about what they had done, I was concentrating. I came out and I ran right into the superintendent of the Ogden City schools. I didn't really know him but anyway, I somehow got to talking to him and he said well give me an application. So I made out an application and then I moved up back up to Ogden after graduating and graduated from the Y. So I came back up here and I was living with my in-laws, looking for a job. And he came up to the house, this is funny, and I wasn't there but he came up to the house where I was staying and knocked on the door. My 7 wife, who was pregnant and barefoot, greeted him. Anyway, he offered me a job and I started teaching driver education at Ben Lomond High School. I was on the original faculty at Ben Lomond. I got involved in the National Organization for Driver Education. It was just beginning and we went through the legislature and got permission and funding for driver ed. and when you get a driver's license, you give them an extra dollar for driver's education and we got that bill passed. Here in Ogden, they started building automobile driving rangers around the country and so I went to the superintendent and asked him what we could do and he said that we had a location for an elementary school but they were building the elementary school in another place. I asked, "Can I have that land and build a driving range on it." "Yeah go ahead." So, I built the driving range that is used by both Ogden and Ben Lomond High School down here on Mountain Road. The elementary school, Horace Mann, was the one they were going to build down there but they decided to build it up here. LR: So, what year did Ben Lomond open? DE: '53. LR: And you were on the original faculty? DE: Yeah. There are three of us left, of the original faculty. LR: You said Ogden City uses the driving range. Do they use it? DE: Ogden High School, just Ben Lomond High School. Just the high school. LR: Just the high schools. I thought you said the city. DE: No. 8 LR: Now you mentioned last time that you were on the committee to help change the speed limits here in Ogden. DE: I knew the fellow who was the Mayor at the time and he asked me to serve on a traffic and parking coordinating committee that the city council had established. There were about, well it varied, but around 10 to 15 on that committee. As far as I know, I'm the only one still alive of that group. There was a judge that was on there but he passed away last year. And we worked the kind of parking problems that they're still concerned about in town but you're never going to solve all of those. But at the time when the automobiles first started out, the state legislature said that all speed limits in cities would be 25 miles an hour. Now this is the '50s and '60s and cars were much better than when they set that limit. So with the use of radar, which was new, they just started using radar, we could measure the rate of speed which traffic was going and we would use unmarked cars, we would always note the time, location, the weather, and anything else that was important on the streets. We found that in the majority of streets, traffic was going much faster than 25. Personally, and I believe and I persuaded the others, that 85 percent of the drivers, are pretty good drivers. You may want to argue that but anyway, we came to the conclusion that the speed should be set at about what 85 percent of the drivers were driving. So we raised a lot of the speed limits in a lot of the streets. East, west, north, south streets, main streets, we raised that to 35. After we raised that to 35, I have to say there are two streets where the people on those streets, really argued that's too fast, you're going to kill our kids. But anyway, we, after we gave people time to use to driving on the 35, we check 9 the speed they were driving on every street in Ogden but on, the traffic was going slower with the 35 mile per hour speed limit than it was with the 25. Now the next question you ask is what that other street is. The 24th street viaduct. LR: And how fast were they going there? DE: Just slightly over 35. LR: That makes sense. It's a long stretch. DE: Yeah. But the two streets that people objected to, we measured that several times in the driveways of the people who were objecting and found that traffic was slower at the 35 mile an hour speed limit than the 25. Today, the city council has lowered the speed on those two streets and watch out. Because they can set up a road block and give tickets. LR: And those two streets are? DE: 16th Street and Collins Boulevard. LR: And remind me again where Collins Boulevard is? DE: As drive out on Harrison and come past 2nd street, 1st street, there's Collins Boulevard goes down and circles and then goes onto North Street. So if you're going down to Walmart, you out there on Collins Boulevard down to Walmart, or, Lowes, which is on the corner there of North and Washington. And you can also go down to D.I. from there. LR: So being on this committee of parking, did you ever have the opportunity to look at the parking on and around 25th street. 10 DE: Yes. LR: And how did that change? DE: Well, we went from angle parking to parallel parking so that you could have more traffic lanes. LR: Okay. DE: Now they are back to angle parking. LR: Which do you think is more effective? DE: Well it depends on what you want to do. The reason they went to angle parking is because they'd have a lot of people that wanted to park there. But for every person who pulls in and backs out, they block traffic, because there is only one lane. So with the two lanes, our philosophy was, traffic would flow smoother but there wasn't as many parking places. So it's a ball game, there is no answer to those. LR: So did you enjoy being a part of that? DE: Oh yes. LR: Why was that enjoyable to you? DE: I interviewed people after we raised the speed limit and I said: How come you're going slower? And people would say: I don't know, I didn't realize I was. I'm thinking more about traffic and the traffic controls and I don't worry about the speed. Where the speed limit is lower, you're watch your speedometer all the time to watch out and see what is happening. 11 LR: Kind of going back in time a little bit. You mentioned that you would take hay, I assume from up in Eden, down to the POWs during the war. DE: During the second World War, out where the fair grounds are out in the DDO, out in the north area there, approximately where the fairgrounds, the race track and such, that was a cavalry unit. I mean that's cavalry with horses. Just south of that was a prisoner of war camp where the Italian prisoners of war were. We did have a few Germans but the Germans were put up into Idaho. When we were hauling milk for the dairy, we had two trucks. One truck we'd pick it up in Liberty and the other we'd pick it up in Eden and then put it all on one truck to bring it down here, so we'd have the other truck available. So I would use that truck to haul straw from Eden down to the cavalry unit there. The Italian prisoners of war would come over and unload my truck for me. Then so, those Italian prisoners of war were used for the cannery, for beets, sugar beets, if you know what sugar beets were, they were work. To pick the beet up, cut the top off and then throw them in the bin. But they made sugar out of that, the sugar beets. They worked in those areas too. There were a bunch of those after they went back to Italy, they returned here and if you found out whose those names are, there are some prominent names from those Italians who came back. LR: Do you remember some on those? DE: Well, the one had a store, a restaurant, on the corner of 27th and Washington, on the northeast corner. And If I remember right, that was Rigo. I think the Marconi's were involved there too. 12 LR: Were you even able to communicate with these POWs or were they able to communicate with you? DE: I couldn't understand them and they couldn't understand me. No. Although some of them knew a little bit of English. But they were busy doing the work. LR: So, have you been on 25th street in the last 10 years? DE: Oh yes. I go down there, that pawn shop down there at the bottom. I've dealt with him a bit, yes. LR: Do you think it's changed for the better? DE: Yes. They have some real nice restaurants there and this farmer market bit down there on Saturdays, that's big. See, the original building there on 20, well the city and county building that was there, that was built by the WPA. Do you know what the WPA was? LR: I do. DE: WPA, PWA. LR: I couldn't tell you what it stands for but I could tell you what they did. DE: You know what buildings they built here? LR: I do. They build the city and county building here, Ogden High and the Forestry building. Les Hobson designed them. DE: Now, the CCC Boys. Up in The Valley, they had a CCC boy's camp. Actually, the lake covers that location right now but it was right next to where David O. McKay's farm was down there, which is under the lake. The CCC Boys built the 13 road up to snow basin. The reason that old road was so nice and curvy is because they had the maximum of man power and the least amount of equipment and so they took the easiest way and curved that road. You're too young, you don't remember that road. It's closed now, but it was the old road that went up to Snow Basin. This friend of mine worked with the CCC Boys, now they had two scrapers that they would use with teams of horses to pull the scraper. The Fresno was a lower one and I can't remember the name of the other one but it had a big boom on it and you'd raise that one up like this and dig down to get a load of dirt in there and pull back on it to lift the blade so that you could haul that and then dump it where ever you wanted. So this one friend of mine, some of those CCC Boys were not familiar with that kind of work, so this one young man told this one boy: "Always hang onto that bar, don't let go of that bar." Well, what's going to happen if you're digging in there and you hit rock, that blade is going to flip up! And this kid hanging onto that bar hit a rock and sailed over the top of the horses. But anyways, that was a big project for the CCC Boys. They also did a lot of terracing. In 1937, they had a real lot of rain like this and they had floods coming down the canyons. If you go along the highway 89 headed for Salt Lake, you can see some rock figures where they blocked that off. Up in Willard, that flood is so bad that it raised that road and you'll notice that the houses on the west side of Willard are down lower because that mud came down there and they have that one rock fixture for run off of that canyon. That was a wet year. Consequently, the CCC Boys would go up into Willard Bay, in Monte Cristo and terrace, so that the rain wouldn't come down. This is what some of 14 those people need to do with these fire zones, is to go in and terrace those so that the water will not go in an wash down and fill their houses with mud. LR: That would be a smart thing to do. So you were starting to talk about going into the gift shop. DE: The pawn shop. LR: Yeah, in recent years, have you dealt with Scott, the owner of that. DE: Oh, I just know who he is. LR: So you actually went into that shop earlier, right? Do you think his shop has changed much or do you think it's kind of stayed the same? DE: The one part of it had pretty much stayed the same. But he has enlarged a little bit there. He's an interesting person. LR: Yes, he is. I agree with you. So you think 25th street had changed for the better. Do you think there is anything else they could do to make it a better street? DE: I don't know. I think they got the right idea. I think they're going the right direction on it because some of those stores are doing good, of course, they could make museums out of a couple of them. LR: Well, I have pretty much asked all of my questions but I wanted to ask if there was anything else you wanted to add? DE: Well, just that I enjoy this area. I lived in California, down in the Los Angeles area and I'll tell you one story there. This was back in '45, '46, no couldn't have been. '46 or '47. They had just laid out the plan for the freeways and they had a unit 15 down there in Los Angeles where they were showing this and I went in there and I looked at that map of those freeways and this friend of mine, well there were four of us there, and I said: "This is going to be the biggest traffic jam this area has ever seen." And I went to describe that, not realizing that the guy who designed it was standing right behind me. Well, anyway, he didn't change anything, he didn't believe me. Later I went down there and that was the biggest traffic jam down in that area. In fact, we had a convention down there and it was going to be in the big stadium they had at the time. As I got onto that freeway heading in there I was with other people who were going with us to that same location and I took one look at the traffic on there and I jumped off because I had driven around there, because I knew the area, so I used the other streets and I got there to the convention. I was there for an hour and a half before those other people came. LR: So did that experience help you with, I know you didn't design streets, but did that help you with when you were trying to figure out speed and what not? DE: At the time I was on that committee, they built Harrison, the road from Harrison and 21st street to 12th street coming down the hill there. They built that and it was real nice, that's a good street. Our debate, what should the speed limit be on that street. So we put radar up on that street to measure the speed what traffic was going and debated, we had an argument. But I won out and that speed limit was set at 50 miles an hour and today you'll find people going a little faster than 50 miles an hour coming down that hill. But coming down that hill you've got to 16 watch out for deer because the deer will go across there. But anyway, that was one yes. LR: Well, thank you so much for your time. I appreciate the interview you have done with us and we'll wrap up. DE: Well, it's been enjoyable. LR: It has been. DE: Thank you. 17

ÖZET10 Kasım 1938 tarihinde Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün hayatını kaybetmesi ile bir-likte Cumhurbaşkanı olan İsmet İnönü ülke yönetiminde en yetkili kişi haline gelmiştir. İnönü'nün CHP ve ülke yönetimindeki adete tek kişilik hakimiyeti ( Milli Şef ) Celal Bayar başta olmak üzere dönemin CHP'li milletvekili ve yöneticilerinde tepkiye neden olmuştur. Bir şahsın parti ve ülke yönetimindeki hakimiyetine İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın da etkisiyle halkın büyük çoğunluğunda oluşan ekonomik sıkıntının ve iktidarın halkın muhafazakarlığı ile çelişen eğitim ve sosyal alanlardaki uygulamaları CHP ve dışındaki siyasi çevrelerde ve halkın büyük bir bölümünde muhalif bir tutumun oluşmasına neden olmuştur. Bu süreç hükümetin birtakım radikal uygulamaları ile birlikte örgütlü bir mu-halif hareketin doğmasına neden olmuştur. Yukarıda belirtilen nedenlerden kaynaklanan ve açıktan açığa bir söylem ve ey-leme dönüşmeyen CHP milletvekillileri içindeki bireysel tavırlar ilk defa Çiftçiyi Top-raklandırma Kanunu teklifi sırasında ortaya çıkmıştır. CHP milletvekilleri Celal Bayar, Adnan Menderes, Fuat Köprülü ve Refik Koraltan, 14 Mayıs 1945 tarihinde bu kanun teklifinin TBMM'de görüşülmeye başlaması ile birlikte hükümetin bu uygulamasına karşı tavırlarını yaptıkları konuşmalar ile ortaya koymuşlardır. Fakat esasen bu kanun tasarısının TBMM'ye sunulmasından önce CHP içinde muhalif bir grubun oluşması Tevfik Rüştü Aras'ın evinde yapılan perşembe toplantılarıyla başlamıştır. 1945 yılının Nisan ayından itibaren Tevfik Rüştü Aras'ın evinde bir araya gelen Emin Sazak, Adnan Menderes ve Fuat köprülü CHP'nin, İsmet İnönü'nün otoritesi altında olduğunu ifade etmişler ve bu durumu değiştirmek gerektiği üzerinde durmuşlardır. İkinci defa bir ara-ya gelen Adnan Menderes ve Fuat Köprülü demokratik bir merkez oluşturma konusun-da görüş birliğine varmışlardır. Daha sonraki toplantılara Refik Koraltan da katılmıştır. Adnan Menderes, partide ve toplum içinde etkili olan Celal Bayar'ı bu gruba katmak gerektiğini açıklamıştır. Celal Bayar ile yapılan toplantı sonunda o da gruba dahil ol-muştur. Grup üyeleri 18 Mayıs 1945 tarihinde yapılan toplantıda CHP Meclis Grubuna vermeyi düşündükleri Dörtlü Takriri hazırlamışlardır.Takrir verilmeden önce TBMM'de 1945 yılı devlet bütçesinin oylamasına katı-lan üç yüz yetmiş üç milletvekilinden İzmir Milletvekili Celal Bayar, Aydın Milletve-kili Adnan Menderes, İçel Milletvekili Refik Koraltan, Kars Milletvekili Fuat Köprülü ve Eskişehir Milletvekili Emin Sazak bütçeye karşı aleyhte oy kullanmışlardır. Cumhu-riyet Dönemi'nde ilk defa bir bütçeye karşı aleyhte oy kullanılmıştır. Böylece muhalif tavırlarını ikinci defa ortaya koymuşlardır. Grup üyeleri 7 Haziran 1945 tarihinde Celal Bayar, Adnan Menderes, Fuat Köprülü ve Refik Koraltan'ın imzası ile Dörtlü Takrir'i CHP Meclis Grubu Başkanlığı-na vererek muhalif tutumlarını somutlaştırmışlardır. Takrirde CHP'nin işleyişinin de-mokratik ilkelere uygun hale getirilmesini ve TC. Anayasası'nda var olan vatandaş hak ve hürriyetlerinin tanınması talep etmişlerdir. Bu takrir 12 Haziran 1945 tarihinde CHP Meclis Grubu'nda görüşülmüş ve red-dedilmiştir. Takririn reddedilmesi ile birlikte devam eden süreçte bu kadronun CHP içinde siyaset yapma imkanı kalmadığı gibi takrirde talep edilen bir düzenin kurulma-sının CHP içinde mücadele edilerek olamayacağı ortaya çıkmıştır. Takririn, CHP Meclisi Grubuna verildiği günlerde Cumhurbaşkanı İsmet İnönü, Rauf Orbay ile görüşmüş yeni parti kurulması fikrini ona açmıştır. Bu görüşmeden, İnönü'nün yaptığı diğer konuşmalardan cesaret alan grup üyelerine karşı CHP'li yöne-tici ve milletvekillerinin olumsuz tavrı, partinin yayın organı Ulus gazetesindeki ağır sözlerle dolu yazılar grup üyelerinin CHP'den ayrılmalarına neden olmuştur. Zaten Adnan Menderes ve Fuat Köprülü Vatan gazetesinde yayınlanan yazıları nedeniyle CHP Divanı tarafından 25 Eylül 1945 tarihinde CHP'den ihraç edilmişlerdir. Diğer isimlerde istifa etmişlerdir. Partisiz kalan grup üyeleri parti kurma çalışmalarına başla-mışlar ve Demokrat Parti 7 Ocak 1946 tarihinde resmen kurulmuştur. Demokrat Parti, Dörtlü Takrir'in imzacıları: Celal Bayar, Adnan Menderes, Fuat Köprülü ve Refik Koraltan tarafından kurulmuştur. Demokrat Parti'nin simgesi "DP", genel merkezi ise Antalya Milletvekili Cemal Tunca'nın Ankara Sümer Sokaktaki sekiz numaralı binası olmuştur. Demokrat Parti'nin kuruluş gerekçesinde ve programında Türkiye'de demok-ratik bir rejimin kurulacağı, TC Anayasası'nda demokrasiye aykırı kanunların kaldırı-lacağı, vatandaşların hak ve hürriyetlerinin anayasal teminat altına alınacağı dile geti-rilmiştir. Muhalefet yıllarında ise CHP ve iktidar demokratik olmayan tutum ve davra-nışlar sergilemekle itham edilmiştir. Muhalefet yıllılarında iki parti arasında demokra-siye aykırı birçok olay yaşanmıştır. Hatta 7 Ocak 1947 tarihinde gerçekleşen Demokrat Parti Birinci Genel Kongresi'nde kabul edilen Hürriyet Misakı'nda TC Anayasası'na aykırı olan kanunların kaldırılması ve demokrasiye uygun kanunların yapılması talep edilmiştir. Bu istekler yerine getirilmez ise Demokrat Parti Genel Yönetim Kurulu'na sine-i millet kararı ( TBMM'den çekilme ) hakkı verilmiştir. Demokrat Parti yönetici-leri iktidara gelmeleri halinde vatandaşlara hak ve hürriyetlerinin tanınacağı, demokra-siye aykırı kanunların kaldırılacağı ve TC Anayasası'nın demokrasiye uyumlu hale ge-tirileceği sözlerini vermişlerdir. 14 Mayıs 1950 seçim faaliyetlerinde aynı vaatler tekrarlanmıştır. Hatta 2 Nisan 1950 tarihinde Kasımpaşa'da konuşan Demokrat Parti Genel Başkanı Celal Bayar, grev hakkının demokratik hak olduğunu ve demokrasinin olduğu ülkelerdeki gibi toplumsal düzene ve ekonomiye zarar vermeyecek biçimde işçilere grev hakkının verileceğini ifa-de etmiştir. Seçimleri kazanan Demokrat Parti adına Adnan Menderes 22 Mayıs 1950 tarihinde hükümeti kurmuş ve 29 Mayıs 1950 tarihinde hükümet programı TBMM'de onaylanmıştır.Hükümet programında partinin seçim beyannamesinde olduğu gibi iktidar deği-şikliğinin ülkede maddi ve manevi hiçbir sarsıntıya yol açmasına imkan tanınmayacağı ve özellikle devri sabık yaratılmayacağı vurgulanmıştır. Programda, TC Anayasası'nda vatandaş hak ve hürriyetlerine ve millet iradesine dayanan kararlı bir devlet düzeninin gerçekleşmesini sağlayacak düzenlemelerin yapılacağı ifade edilmiştir. Ayrıca CHP hükümetlerinden ( tek parti dönemi ) kalan, demokratik olmayan kanunların, alışkan-lıkların ve anlayışların değiştirileceği vurgulanmıştır. Programda, işçilere grev hakkının sosyal ve ekonomik düzeni bozmayacak şekilde tanınacağı açıklanmıştır. Demokrat Parti İktidarı Programı'nda sadece vatandaşlara tanınacak haklar yer almamıştır. Ayrıca o tarihlerde azınlıkta olsa da bazıları tarafından hak olarak görülen faaliyetlerin yasaklanacağı da yer almıştır. Cumhuriyet'in ve inkılapların korunması için aşırı sol akımlara ( komünizm ) izin verilmeyeceği ve bunlarla etkin bir biçimde müca-dele edileceği ifade edilmiştir. Bunlara karşı kanuni tedbirlerin alınacağı çünkü bu tür düşüncelerin günün şartlarında fikir ve vicdan hürriyeti olarak görülmediği vurgulan-mıştır. Bu fikir akımların hürriyet maskesi altında yayın yapmalarına izin verilmeyeceği çünkü bu düşünce akımlarının amacının özgürlükleri ortadan kaldırmak olduğu iddia edilmiştir. Komünizm fikir akımının yanı sıra irticai hareketlere de asla müsaade edil-meyeceği vurgulanmıştır. Demokrat Parti Dönemi'nde iktidarın sivil toplum kuruluşları ile ilişkilerine özetlemeden önce sivil toplumun örgütü tanımını yapmak yerinde olacaktır. Sivil top-lum kavramı farklı biçimlerde tanımlanan bir kavramdır. Özellikle devlet ile sivil top-lum arasındaki ilişki farklı tanımlamalara neden olmaktadır. Bu tanımlardan bazılarında sivil toplum, devletten tamamen bağımsız, devleti kontrol eden ve hatta devletin alter-natifi olan örgütlü bir güç olarak tarif edilmiştir. Diğer tanımlarda ise devlet ile sivil toplum arasında bu kadar keskin bir ayrılığın olmadığı, sivil toplumun devlete top-lumsal katılımı sağlama amacının var olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Modern anlamda sivil toplum kavramı "Non Govern Mental Organizations" ( devletten bağımsız örgütlen-meler ) olarak tanımlamasının yanı sıra "gönüllü kuruluşlar", "kar amacı gütmeyen ku-ruluşlar" gibi ifadelerle de tanımlanmaktadır. Sivil toplum tanımını yaptıktan sonra Demokrat Parti iktidarları öncesi sivil toplum örgütlenmesine devletin müdahalesinin ne zaman kaldırıldığına kısaca yer verelim. Türkiye'de 28 Haziran 1938 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren 3512 sayılı Cemiyetler Kanunu ile Osmanlı Devleti döneminden kalma 1909 tarih ve 121 sayılı Cemiyetler Kanun'u ve bu kanunda yapılan 353 ve 387 sayılı kanunlar yürürlükten kalkmıştır. Bu kanunun dokuzuncu maddesinin h bendiyle "aile, sınıf, ırk, cins" esasına dayalı der-neklerin kurulması yasaklanmıştır. Bu madde ile sendika ve birçok derneğin kurulması yasaklanmıştır. Bu kanunun kabul gerekçesinde, o dönem de bazı ülkelerde var olan ko-münist ve faşist rejimlerin ülkenin yönetimin ele geçirmesini önlemek olduğu ileri sü-rülmüştür. İsmet İnönü'nün 10-11 Mayıs 1946 tarihinde CHP Kurultayı'nda yaptığı konuşmadan sonra 5 Haziran 1946 tarihinde 4919 sayılı Kanun ile dernek kurma işle-mindeki izin alma formalitesi kaldırılmıştır. Sınıf esasına dayalı dernek kurma yasağı da kalkmıştır. Bu kanunun kabulü sırasında Demokrat Parti adına bir konuşma yapan Adnan Menderes, kanunda yapılan değişikliği demokrasiye giden yolda önemli bir aşa-ma olarak adlandırmıştır. Sivil toplum örgütlenmesinin önündeki engeller Demokrat Parti İktidarı öncesinde kaldırılmıştır. Demokrat Parti İktidarı döneminde sivil toplum kuruluşları ile ilişkiler iki bölü-mde ele alınabilir. Birinci bölüm hükümetin sivil toplum alanında yaptığı düzenleme-lerden oluşur. İkinci bölüm ise iktidarın sivil toplum kuruluşlarına yaklaşımı yani onların faaliyetlerine karşı tutumu, ülke yönetimi ile ilgili alınan kararlara ilgili sivil toplum kuruluşlarının tepkileri ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarının kendi alanları ile ilgili alınan kararlarda bu kuruluşların isteklerinin ve itirazlarının dikkate alıp almamasından oluşur.Demokrat Parti İktidarı döneminde sivil toplum alanında birçok düzenleme yapılmıştır. Hükümetin yaptığı bu düzenlemelere günümüzün demokrasi düzeyi ile yaklaşmak zamanın koşullarını ve demokrasi kültürünün oluşum sürecini dikkate almamak anlamına gelir. Hükümetin sivil toplum alanında yaptığı ilk düzenleme 5680 sayılı Basın Kanunu'dur. Kanunun kabulü demokrasi ilkeleri ile bağdaşan bir uygulama olmuştur. Bu nedenle basın ve basın-yayın örgütleri bu yasayı doğru bir adım olarak görmüşlerdir. Hükümetin sivil toplum alanında yaptığı ikinci kanuni düzenleme 5844 sayılı Komünizm İle Mücadele Kanununu çıkarmasıdır. İktidarın programında komü-nizm fikir akımına ve komünist yayınlara karşı mücadele edileceği, bu fikir akımlarının faaliyetlerinin demokratik bir fikir ve vicdan hürriyeti olarak görülmediği aksine de-mokratik rejimi ortadan kaldırmaya yönelik bir tutum ve tavır olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Muhalefetin de bu konuda iktidarla aynı düşünceye sahip olması bu kanunun çıkarıl-masını kolaylaştırmıştır. Demokrat Parti İktidarı'nın bu tür düşünce akımlarına ve onların faaliyetlerine izin vermemesini değerlendirirken zamanın koşullarını ve demok-rasi kültürünün oluşum sürecini göz önünde tutmak yerinde olacaktır. İktidarın sivil toplum alanı ile ilgili yaptığı bir başka uygulama ise 5816 sayılı Atatürk Kanunu'nun çıkarılmasıdır. Atatürk'ün kişiliğine, ilke ve inkılaplarına saldırıların sonucunda kabul edilmiş olan bu kanun günümüzde de geçerlidir. Bu kanunun çıkarılmasına Atatürk'ün kurduğu parti olan CHP'li milletvekillerinin karşı çıkmış olmaları ise üzerinde durul-ması gereken önemli bir husustur. Hükümetin sivil toplum alanında gerçekleştirdiği bir başka düzenleme ise 6761 sayılı Vicdan ve Toplanma Hürriyetini Koruma Kanunu'nun kabul edilmesidir. Kanun, irticai hareketlerin artarak rejimi tehdit eder hale gelmesinin sonucu çıkarılmıştır. İrticai hareketlere izin verilmeyeceğini, demokratik rejimi koruya-cağını programında ilan eden hükümet bunun gereğini yerine getirmiştir. Dinin siyasi veya diğer çıkarlar için kullanılması ve bu tür örgütlenmelerin kurulmasını demokratik ilkelerle bağdaştırmak mümkün değildir. Hükümetin sivil toplum alanına bir başka müdahalesi Neşir Yolu ile veya Radyo ile İşlenecek Bazı Cürümler Hakkındaki Kanun'u çıkarması ile 6732 ve 6733 sayılı basın kanunlarının bazı maddelerini değiş-tirmesi ile olmuştur. Bu kanunlarda yer alan kişilerin şikayeti olmadan savcıların ya-yınlar ile ilgili kendiliğinden harekete geçebilmesi unsuru haber alma ve verme hür-riyetini engelleyen bir koşul oluşturmuştur. Yine gazetecilerin yaptıkları haberler ve köşe yazarlarının yazdıkları yazılar nedeniyle şikayet edilmeleri halinde kendilerini müdafaa edebilmeleri için ispat hakkının onlara verilmeyişi bazı konularda ( iktidar ve mülki amirler ile ilgili yolsuzluk vb) haber yapmalarına, yazı yazmalarına engel olacak ortamı oluşturmuştur. Ayrıca, halkın haber alma özgürlüğüne, gazetecilerin özgür ve bağımsız çalışmasına engel olmuştur. İspat hakkı verilmediği gibi bu tür yazı ve haberler için cezaların arttırılması basın hürriyetini ortadan kaldırmıştır. Bu nedenle bazı basın mensupları hareket içerikli haber ve yazıları nedeniyle ceza almış olsalar da hükümetin politikalarını eleştiren onlarca basın çalışanına hapis cezalarının verilmesi vatandaşlara hak ve hürriyetlerini vereceğini ve devri sabık yaratmayacağını söyleyen Demokrat Parti İktidarı'nın bu uygulamaları onun söylemleri ve adıyla çelişmesine ne-den olmuştur. Hükümetin sivil toplum alanında yaptığı bir başka kanuni düzenleme 6771 Sayılı Toplantılar ve Gösteri Yürüyüşleri Kanunu'nu çıkarmasıdır. Kanun, siyasi partilerin seçim varmış gibi çok fazla miting yaptığı ve bu mitinglerde konuşanların hükümeti ağır bir şekilde eleştirdiği ve hatta bazı hatiplerin hükümet üyelerine ağır sözler söylediği gerekçeleriyle kabul edilmiştir. Bu kanun ile partilerin miting ve kapalı alan toplantıları seçim zamanı ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Bu nedenle bu uygulama demokrasiye aykırı bir düzenleme olmuştur. Bir parti veya dernek kanunlara aykırı hareket etmediği sürece istediği zaman izin almak koşulu ile miting yapabilmelidir. Hükümetin sivil toplum kuruluşları ile ilişkilerine baktığımızda ise olumlu ve o-lumsuz tutum ve uygulamaların varlığından söz edebiliriz. İktidarın sivil toplum kuru-luşları ile ilişkileri dernekler, sendikalar ve basın teşkilatları ile olmak üzere üç ana bö-lüm halinde ele alınabilir. Derneklerle ilişkilere baktığımızda öğrenci dernekleri ile iliş-kilerin daha yoğun olduğunu söyleyebiliriz. Özellikle TMTF ve MTTB gibi öğrenci dernek federasyonları yönetimleri ile ilişkiler öğrenci dernekleri ile ilişkilerin en önemli bölümünü oluşturur. Bu konuda partilerin bugünde devam eden derneklerin yönetimle-rini elde etme isteği Demokrat Parti İktidarı'nın da faaliyetlerinden birisini oluşmuştur. Muhalif olan yönetimleri değiştirmek için çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda Demokrat Partili dört milletvekili tarafından öğrenci derneklerine hükümetin verdiği ö-deneği dağıtma ve gençlik sorunlarını çözmek amacıyla kurulmuş olan Gençlik Bürosu' nun TMTF ve MTTB'nin yönetim kurulları seçimlerine müdahale etmesi ve sonrası yaşanan olaylar demokrasi ilkeleri ile bağdaşmamıştır. Ayrıca Türkiye Milli Gençlik Teşkilatı adında bir gençlik derneği varken Türk Milli Birliği'nin kurulması ve böylece geçliği farklı cephelerde örgütleme isteği gençliğin birbiri ile kavgalı hale gelmesine ne-den olmuştur. Radyo Dinlemeyenler Cemiyeti'nin İstanbul Valisi Ethem Yetkiner tara-fından kanunsuz bir biçimde kapatılması, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dekanı Turhan Fevzioğlu'nun görevden alınması nedeniyle eylem yapan öğrencilerin gözaltına alınması ve mahkemeye verilmesi, İTÜTB'nin üniversitedeki yemek boykotu nedeniyle öğrencilerin gözaltına alınmaları, mahkemeye verilmeleri ve hükümet yetki-lilerinin bu konuda yaptıkları açıklamalar demokratik bir iktidar sivil toplum kuruluşu ilişki tarzına aykırı olmuştur. Tahkikat Komisyonu kararları ile örfi idarelerin kurulması ve öğrencilerin tepkilerinin engellenmesi de demokrasi açısında doğru olmayan uygula-malar olmuştur. Kiracılar Cemiyeti'nin istekleri dikkate alınarak Kira Kanunu'nun ka-bul edilmesi, tüccar, esnaf ve sanayicilerin derneklerinin talepleri dikkate alınarak Milli Korunma Kanunu'nda yapılan değişiklik ve kredi imkanlarının artırılması gibi karar-larda dernekler ile ilgili hükümetin olumlu yönde uygulamaları olmuştur. Ayrıca hükü-metin irtica ve komünizm ile mücadeleleri de dernekler tarafından olumlu karşılan-mıştır. Hükümetin sendikalar ile ilişkilerine baktığımızda ise grev hakkı tartışmalarının en önemli sorun olduğunu söyleyebiliriz. İktidarın seçim vaatlerinde ve programında olan grev hakkı ile ilgili sendikalar tarafından onlarca talep gelmiştir. 1951 yılında bir tasarı hazırlanmış olmasına ve ilgili bakanların bu hakkın verileceğini yıllarca söyleme-lerine karşın grev hakkı verilmemiştir. Çalışma bakanları grev hakkının verilmeme ne-denini, genellikle iktisadi ve sosyal düzenin bozulabileceğine dayandırmışlardır. Ayrıca, grev hakkı verildiğinde işverene lokavt hakkının da tanınması gerektiği için sendikala-rın mali gücünün bunu kaldıramayacağını ve işçilerin zor durumda kalacağını iddia et-mişlerdir. Bu nedenlerle grev hakkı için acele edilmemesini dile getirmişlerdir. İşçiye grev hakkının verilmemesinin yanında işçi mitinglerinin yasaklanması; kanunsuz grev nedeniyle bazı sendikaların kapatılması; işsizlik rakamları açıklamaları nedeniyle Çalışma Bakanlığı ile tartışmaya giren bazı sendika birliklerinin Sendikalar Kanunu'nun sekizinci maddesinde yer alan ayrı ayrı iş kolundaki sendikaların sendikal birlik olama-yacağı gerekçesiyle kapatılması; işçi seminerlerinin yasaklanması ve burada konferans verenlerin cahillikle, komünistlikle ve siyasi propaganda yapmakla ile itham edilmesi; Zonguldak Maden İşçileri Sendikası ikinci başkanının muhalif açıklamaları nedeniyle görevden alınması ve sendikanın kongresine müdahale edilmesi gibi olaylar demokratik olmayan tutumlar olmuştur. Kolektif İş Akdi tasarısının TBMM'ye getirilmesi, işçiler için ev yapılması, yıllık ücretli iznin verilmesi, tatil yapamayanlara çalıştıkları gün için yevmiye ödenmesi, sendikal faaliyet nedeniyle işten çıkarılmaların kanunla yasaklan-ması, işçi sigortalarındaki düzenlemelerde işçilerin ve sendikaların lehine olan demok-ratik uygulamalar olmuştur. Basın ve onun teşkilatları ile ilişkilerine baktığımızda Demokrat Parti, muhalefet yıllarında ve iktidarının ilk üç, dört yılında basının büyük bir bölümü tarafından destek- lenmiştir. Fakat hükümet politikalarındaki değişmeler ve ekonomideki kötü gidiş bası-nın büyük bir bölümünün hükümete muhalif olmasına neden olmuştur. Bu nedenle bası-nının muhalif partilerin eylem ve söylemlerini sayfalarına taşıması; hükümet politikala-rını eleştiren yazılar yayınlaması hükümetin yukarıda aktardığımız kanuni önlemleri al-masına neden olmuştur. Bu kanunların kabulüne bazı gazetecilerin hükümet üyeleri ile ilgili eleştirinin boyutunu aşarak hakaret içeren yazıları kaleme almaları da etkili olmuş-tur. Özellikle 1958 yılından sonra basın kuruluşları ile hükümet üyeleri arasında ilişkiler gerginleşmiştir. Basın sanki bir muhalefet partisi gibi muhalefeti hükümete karşı tek cephede birleşmeye çağırırken hükümette basını reklam ödeneklerinin azalması nede-niyle bu yönde hareket etme ve meşru hükümete karşı halkı ayaklanmaya teşvik etmek-le itham etmiştir. İsmet İnönü'nün ve CHP'lilerin yurt gezileri ile Osman Bölükbaşı'nın Kırşehir'i ziyareti ve tutuklanması sırasında bazı gazetecilerin polis tarafından tartak-lanması, fotoğraf makinelerinin ellerinden alınması, gözaltına alınmaları, yargılanma-ları, bu olayların yayının yasaklanması hükümet ile basının ilişkilerini daha da gergin-leştirmiştir. Bu olaylar nedeniyle basın örgütlerinin tebliğler yayınlamaları ve bu tebliğ-lerden birisi nedeniyle İstanbul Gazeteciler Sendikası'nın siyaset yaptığı gerekçesiyle kapatılması ve Beynelmilel Basın Enstitüsü'nün Türkiye'deki basın hürriyeti ile ilgili açıklamasının yayınının yasaklanması basınla iktidarı karşı karşıya getirmiştir. Bu olay-lar bazı gazeteci örgütlerinden istifa edenlerin Demokrat Parti'ye yakın gazeteciler ile radyo ve Anadolu Ajansı'nda çalışan gazetecilerden oluşan Matbuat Kulübü'nün kurul-ması ile sonuçlanmıştır. CHP'nin son olaylar nedeniyle halkı iktidara karşı isyana teşvik ettiği ve silahlı hücreler kurduğu gerekçesiyle Tahkikat Komisyonu'nun kurulması ve bu olay sonucunda örfi idarelerin ilan edilmesi bazı örfi idare kararlarına uymadığı ne-deniyle bazı gazetelerin kapatılmasına neden olmuştur. Tabi ki sadece hükümetin basın-la olumsuz yönde ilişkileri olmamıştır. Başbakan Adnan Menderes birçok kez bazı ga-zetecilere ziyafet vermiş, onların teşekküllerini ziyaret etmiş ve istek ve sorunlarını din-lemiştir. Özetle Demokrat Parti İktidarı Türkiye'de demokrasi kültürünün oluşmadığı ve Cumhuriyet'in ilanının üzerinden çok fazla zamanın geçmediği bir dönemde işbaşına gelen bir iktidardır. Bu nedenle devri sabık yaratılmayacağı ve demokratik hak ve hürriyetlerin tanınacağı, TC Anayasası'nın demokrasi ilkelerine uygun biçimde tanzim edileceği sözleri tutulamamıştır.ABSTRACTOn November 10, 1938 with the death of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, Ismet Inonu country, the management of which the President has become the most authoritative person. İnönü, CHP and the state administration dominated by single units (National Chief), especially the period of Celal Bayar reaction caused CHP deputies and managers. Direction of the party and the country is a party to the Second World War due to the domination of the majority of the people and the power of the economic distress of the people in conflict with conservative political circles and outside the CHP applications in educational and social fields, and a large part of the population has led to the formation of an oppositional stance. In conjunction with this process, the government organized a number of radical opposition movement has led to applications.Due to the reasons stated above, and openly turned into a discourse and actions of individual behavior within the CHP has emerged during the bid for the first time legislation for land reform. CHP deputies Celal Bayar and Adnan Menderes, Fuat Koprulu, and Refik Koraltan, May 14, 1945 with the start of the discussion in Parliament on the proposal of this law the government's attitude towards the application put forward by their speeches. However, prior to the submission to Parliament of the draft of this law is essentially a dissident group within the CHP meetings began Thursday in the home of the formation of Tevfik Rüştü Aras. Aras Tevfik Rüştü since April of 1945 came together at home Emin Sazak sure, Adnan Menderes and Fuat Koprulu CHP reported that they were under the authority of Ismet Inonu and focused on the need to change this situation. Fuat Koprulu Adnan Menderes coming together for the second time and agreed on establishing a democratic center. Refik Koraltan later participated in the meetings. Adnan Menderes, the party and in the community should join this group Celal Bayar has announced that effective. The meeting with the group at the end of Celal Bayar, it has been included. Group members at the meeting held on May 18, Calm before the Turkish Grand National Assembly without a vote of the state budget of 1945 three hundred and seventy-three deputies involved in İzmir deputy Celal Bayar,Deputy Aydin Adnan Menderes, Mersin deputy Refik Koraltan, Kars deputy Fuat Koprulu and Eskişehir deputy Emin Sazak used negative vote against the budget. Against the budget vote against the Republican period was used for the first time. Thus, the attitudes of the opposition put forward a second time. 1945 was prepared by the CHP Parliamentary Group Quartet Motion to think.Group members on June 7, 1945 at Celal Bayar and Adnan Menderes, Fuat Koprulu and the CHP Parliamentary Group of the motion hazard with the signature of President Rafik Koraltan'ın attitudes explicitly put forward by the opposition. The operation of the CHP's proposal to be brought into line with democratic principles and the TC. Recognition of citizens' rights and freedoms of the Constitution claimed that exists.CHP Parliamentary Group on June 12, 1945 This resolution was discussed and rejected. Calm in the ongoing process of this staff within the CHP with the rejection of the possibility of politics as no event requested a proposal to establish an order could not be fighting in the CHP has emerged.The proposals given in the CHP parliamentary group, recently President Ismet Inonu, the idea of establishing a new party he has met with Rauf Orbay. This meeting, the group ventured İnönü his other speeches negative attitude against members of the CHP managers and members of parliament, the party organ of the Nation newspaper articles full of heavy words to leave the group members has led to the CHP. Already published in Homeland Adnan Menderes and Fuat Koprulu writings were expelled from the CHP CHP by the Court on September 25, 1945.Other names resigned. The remaining members of the group began the work of establishing party-Party and the Democratic Party was formally established on January 7, 1946. The Democratic Party, Four signatories to the motion: Celal Bayar and Adnan Menderes, was founded by Fuat Koprulu, and Refik Koraltan. Symbol of the Democratic Party, "DP", is headquartered in Ankara Antalya Deputy Cemal Tunca Sumerian has been building street number eight.The justification of the Democratic Party establishment of a democratic regime in Turkey to install and program, contrary to the laws of democracy, the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey removed, will be guaranteed by the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens are expressed. In opposition to the CHP, and the government has been accused of exhibiting non-democratic attitudes and behaviors. The opposition between the two parties yıllılarında many events occurred against democracy. Even the Democratic Party, which took place on January 7, 1947 the First General Congress of the abolition of laws which are contrary to the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey adopted the Convention on Freedom and democracy has been requested to the appropriate law. These requests are not adhered to given the right to withdraw from the Parliament of the Board of Directors of the Democratic Party. If the Democratic Party came to power managers to recognize the rights and freedoms of citizens, democracy, contrary to the laws of the Republic to remove the words of the Constitution gave making them compatible with democracy.May 14, 1950 election activities, the same promise was repeated. Even speaking Kasımpaşa on April 2, 1950 Democratic Party Chairman Celal Bayar, that democratic rights and democracy in countries where the right to strike as the social order and stated that the economy will not harm the workers the right to strike. On behalf of the Democratic Party won the elections on May 22, 1950 the government of Adnan Menderes set up and on May 29, 1950 the Parliament approved the government's program.The government program as well as the party's electoral declaration is no shock of the moral and material change of government in the country the possibility to open the account will not be recognized, and in particular sorulmayacağı previous government was emphasized. In the program, the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey is based on the will of the citizens' rights and freedoms and the nation are expressed in stable arrangements shall be made to ensure the realization of a state order. In addition, the governments of the CHP (single-party period) and the remaining non-democratic laws, habits, and understandings change is emphasized. In the program, the workers explained to recognize the right to strike will not disrupt the social and economic order.Programme of the Government of the Democratic Party would get only the rights of citizens were not included. In addition, even though at that time by some of the minority rights in the banned activities took place. Reforms for the protection of the Republic and the extreme left movements (communism) and will not be allowed to deal with them effectively unless otherwise indicated. Legal action will be taken against them because such conditions, the ideas and thoughts of the day is not seen as freedom of conscience is emphasized. This idea will not be allowed to broadcast under the guise of freedom of currents currents of thought because it has been claimed that the purpose of eliminating freedoms. The idea of communism would not be allowed to flow as well as the reactionary movements never be emphasized.Democratic Party Period Before summarizing the power of civil society in its relations with non-governmental organizations would be appropriate to define the organization. The concept of civil society is a concept defined in different ways. In particular the relationship between the state and civil society leads to different definitions. Some of these definitions, civil society, completely independent of the government, which controls the state and even the organized power of the state, which has been described as an alternative. Other definitions of the state and civil society is not so much a sharp separation, has the purpose of ensuring the participation of civil society, the state has been suggested that social. The concept of civil society in the modern sense "Non Govern mental Organizations" (independent of the state organizations), as well as the definition of "voluntary organizations", "nonprofit organizations" as well as the terms are defined. After the definition of civil society non-governmental organization prior to the governments of the Democratic Party has been removed briefly when you let the government's interference.Turkey Associations law no. 3512 came into force on June 28, 1938 and 1909 by the Ottoman Empire era and societies act no. 121 and no. 387 to the law and the law was abolished 353. This is the ninth article of the law bendiyle h "family, class, race, gender" on the basis of the establishment of associations is prohibited. This material association with the trade unions and the establishment of many prohibited. Accept the justification for this law, existing at the time of communist and fascist regimes in some countries to avoid taking over the administration of the country suggested that.Ismet Inonu, 10 to 11 May 1946, after his speech to the CHP congress of the law no. 4919 on June 5, 1946 permitting process and formalities to freedom of association has been removed. Class on the basis of the ban on freedom of association disappeared. Time of the adoption of this law, gave a speech on behalf of the Democratic Party of Adnan Menderes, the change in the law is an important step on the road to democracy, termed. Removed the obstacles to the organization of civil society ahead of the Democratic Party Government.Relations with non-governmental organizations in the Government of the Democratic Party can be considered in two parts. The first part consists of the Regulation in the field of government, civil society. The second part of power approach to civil society organizations, that is, their attitude towards the activities of the country, on the decisions taken on the management of non-governmental organizations and civil society responses in decisions related to their field consists of absence from these organizations to take into account requests and objections.The Governments of the Democratic Party made many regulations in the field of civil society. The government's approach to his time with the level of democracy in today's terms of these regulations and take no account of the formation process of a culture of democracy means. The government's first regulation in the field of civil society Press Act no. 5680. The adoption of the Law has been a practice incompatible with the principles of democracy. Therefore, the press and media organizations saw this as a step towards the law. The second legal regulation in the field of civil society, the government's Struggle Against Communism Act 5844 to issue no. The idea of communism and communist publications program flow of power to fight against the idea of a democratic currents of ideas and activities seen as contrary to freedom of conscience to abolish the democratic regime is emphasized as an attitude and demeanor. Opposition to have the same thought on this subject, power and facilitated the removal of this law. İktidarı'nın Democratic Party not to allow this kind of thought currents and their activities in terms of assessing the time and would be wise to keep in mind that the process of the formation of a culture of democracy. Another application is related to the field of civil society that the government is the removal of the law no. 5816 of Atatürk. Atatürk's personality, principles and reforms of this law which has been adopted as a result of the attacks also applies today. This law established by Ataturk party, the CHP deputies opposed the removal of the need to focus on to be an important consideration. If the regulation is carried out by the Government in the field of non-governmental No. 6761 is the adoption of the Law on Protection of conscience and the right to freedom of assembly. The law was a result of the arrival of fundamentalist movements become increasingly threaten the regime. Harekelere reactionary allowed the democratic regime of government that proclaimed the need to protect the program fulfilled. The use of religion for political or other interests is not possible to reconcile democratic principles and the establishment of such organizations. Another area of civil society through the intervention of the government or the Radio Broadcasting to be covered by the Act on Certain Felonies by extraction with replacement of some provisions of the laws of 6732 and 6733 has been no press. Without these laws, prosecutors publications related to the complaints of the people pass the element of self-motivation has created a condition that prevents the freedom to receive and impart news. Again, journalists, columnists wrote articles for their news and to be able to prove that the right to defend themselves if they are complaining verilmeyişi them on some issues (related to power and corruption, governors, etc.) make news, the media has created to prevent writing to write. In addition, the public freedom of information, has been hampered by journalists to operate freely and independently. Proof is not given the right to increase the penalties for press articles and news like this kind of freedom is eliminated. For this reason, some members of the media even if they are convicted of moving content, news and articles critical of the government's policies, press the dozens of employees and the transfer of prison sentences would be given rights and freedoms of citizens who have no former Democratic Party İktidarı'nın these practices conflict with the name of his discourses, and from what has been . Any other legal regulation in the field of civil society that the Government No. 6771 Law on Meetings and Demonstrations landing. The law of political parties and election rallies like there's a lot of rally speakers heavily criticized the government and even some harsh words said to the members of the government on grounds of orators were adopted. With this law, meetings, parties, rally and off the field is limited to election time. Therefore, this application has an arrangement undemocratic. Act contrary to the laws of association, unless a party or get permission at any time be able to rally with the condition.If we look at the government's relations with civil society organizations can talk about the existence of positive and negative attitudes and practices. Power relations with non-governmental organizations, associations, trade unions and the press offices of three main parts: can be handled. When we look at the relations of relations with associations, student associations say that more intense. Student associations and federations, such as TMTF MTTB especially relations with governments creates the most important part of relations with student associations. Management of associations in this regard the parties desire to achieve, which continues today İktidarı'nın Democratic Party, one of the activities occurred. Various studies the management of the opposition to change. In this respect the government of the Democratic Party the benefit of four deputies student associations established to solve the problems of deploying and youth, the Youth Bureau's board of directors MTTB'nin TMTF and after the elections and the events in the intervention was not consistent with democratic principles. In addition, while Turkey's National Youth Organization is a youth association, and thus the establishment of the Turkish National Union geçliği different fronts at loggerheads with each other to become the youth organization has led to the request. Radio unlawfully by not obeying the closure of the League of the Governor of Istanbul Ethem Yetkiner, Dean of the Faculty of Political Sciences, Ankara University, Turhan Fevzioğlu'nun dismissal of the action because of the detention and court-students who, due to the boycott of food İTÜTB'nin university students detention, without trial and government officials and their explanations in this regard the relationship of a democratic style of government, non-governmental organizations has been inconsistent. Research Commission decisions and the establishment of the legal authorities and the students' reactions have been prevented by applications that are not correct in terms of democracy. Requests, taking into account the adoption of the Law on Lease Tenants Association, merchants, tradesmen, and taking into account the demands of the industrialists' associations, and credit facilities amendment to the Law on Protection of National Associations of decisions, such as increasing the government has applications in a positive way. In addition, the government struggles with fundamentalism and communism was welcomed by the associations.If we look at the government's relations with the trade unions the right to strike is the most important problem söyleyebiliriz.Hükümetin election promises and program discussions with the trade unions on the right to strike has been requested by the dozens. In 1951, a bill has been prepared and the relevant ministers would say that for many years, but the right to strike were not given this right. The right to strike or not to study the cause of ministers, generally relied on the economic and social order can go wrong. In addition, the employer is given the right to strike or lock-out should be recognized the right of the workers to handle this difficult situation will remain the financial power of the trade unions have claimed. For these reasons expressed not to rush to the right to strike. An employee is not given the right to strike of workers rallies next to the prohibition of certain trade unions due to the closure of illegal strikes, unemployment figures into the discussion with the Ministry of Labour for comments eighth article of the Law on Trade Unions located in some of the trade union trade union trade union unity can not be separate business line on the ground, working seminars ban and ignorance of those who lecture here, to be accused of being a communist and political propaganda; Zonguldak Mine Workers' Union and the second president of the union congress to intervene in the dismissal of the opposition, such as descriptions of events were non-democratic attitudes. The introduction to Parliament of the draft collective employment contract for workers to home, paid annual granting of a permit, work groups not on the payment of per diem for the day, because of the dismissal law, the prohibition of trade union activity, labor regulations, workers and trade unions in favor of insurances has been democratic practices.Look at the Democratic Party's relations with the press and its agencies, the opposition and the government die in the first three, four, supported by a large part of the press in. However, changes in government policies and the economy is going bad, the opposition to the government has led to a large part of the media. For this reason, the actions and rhetoric of media sheets to carry the opposition parties and the government to publish articles critical of the government's policies have quoted above, has led to take legal measures. The adoption of this law, the size of some of the criticism of journalists, members of the government to submit written papers has been effective in overcoming-round insulting. Especially in 1958, after the tense relations between members of the press and the government. Press it as an opposition party, the opposition to unite against the government calling a single front to move in this direction due to the decline in government appropriations media advertising and the people to revolt against the legitimate government has been accused. . Ismet Inonu and CHP foreign trips and a visit to Kirşehir Osman Bölükbaşı some journalists during his arrest by the police, beaten, deprived cameras, detention, trial, media relations with the government banning the publication of these events gerginleştirmiştir. This is due to the events of press organizations publish papers and one of the papers due to the closure of Istanbul, on the grounds that the political Union of Journalists and the international Press Institute press freedom in Turkey, the prohibition of publication of the statement on the power of the press has faced. These events are close to the Democratic Party, who resigned some journalist organizations, journalists and radio and printed documents of journalists working in the Anatolian Agency resulted in the establishment Club. Due to recent events in the CHP encourages people to revolt against the government and the armed cells, and this event as a result of the establishment of the Commission of Inquiry on the grounds established by customary authorities declared martial law in some of the decisions of the breach has led to the closure of some newspapers. Of course, only the government's relationship with the press has been negative. Some reporters several times Prime Minister Adnan Menderes feast, I have visited their formations and listened to requests and problems.In summary declaration of the Democratic Party Government of the Republic of Turkey, the culture of democracy are generated does not exceed too much time in power, which came to power at a time. For this reason, touched and democratic rights and freedoms recognized representatives of the previous government, the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey promises to be devised in accordance with the principles of democracy has not been realized.

AbstractThis thesis describes about the domination of Western knowledge toward Chinese tradition by illustrating the superiority or prominence of Western knowledge in the novel East Wind: West Wind written by Pearl S. Buck. The analysis focuses on two goals, there are (1) to portray how are the Eastern and the Western represented in the novel, and (2) to analyze how the influence of western knowledge dominated Chinese tradition. To analyze this novel, the the writer applied post-colonial criticism the writer focused on Orientalism as an approach by Edward Said. In analyze aspech the way Western discourse dominates the main character, Kwei-lan, as represented of Chinese people by issuing the discourse of superiority. In addition, the writer applied content analysis method to analyze documents in order to give a deep understanding toward the novel by using close reading technique, which requires to read the whole of the novel for several times. From the analysis, the writer found that Western discourse did construct the domination over the Orient (Chinese culture) by representing the differences in term family relationships (simple vs complex), mind (open minded vs narow minded) and beliave (superstitious vs rational), the discourse succeed to dominate and create the truth or reality as the assumption about the West as supperior and the East as inferior.Key word: orientalismBackgroundThe term discourse is the range of social practices, customs, and institutions that cover any given subject matter. According to Michel Foucault, ―.discourse is strongly bounded area of social knowledge; a system of statements within the world can be known‖ (1967:70). Through language, discourse gives the role of us in our society. It constructs our knowledge and understanding about who we are and what the world we live are. Because of discourse covers every social matters, it can be used in any perspective.Therefore, the influence of Western discourse to the world made people tend to consider West is more superior than East. The Western discourse of domination is one of the effects of Industrial revolution that born the idea of imperialism that implement in the form of colonialism.In journal of universty of pretoria by Lazere S. Rukundwa and Andries G. Van Ardel The Formation of Postcolonial Theory2Research Associate (2007:421), through Orientalism, Said presented the discourse that have been constructed to society about the perception of Eurocentric or Western where naturally they represented as the rational, mature, progressive, honest, normal, masculine, good, upright, democratic, and superior instead of Eastern which represent irrational, abnormal, backward, passive, undisciplined, primitiveness, and inferior. The simplest example regarded to this is people are assumed as smart or intelligent whenever we use English to non-native. It widely influenced people, society, lifestyles, and human life. Such discourse was able to construct the human standard as seem as they are. This system, discourse, has taught people, certainly us, the world of what they want us to be.Thus, literary works is one of the ways western domination affect our mind. However, it is also a good implementation in understanding aspects of post-colonialism issues which concern the life; cultural, and interactions of cultural aspects. The interactions of difference cultures have much inspire author to make various literary works to explore those issues. Pearl S. Buck's novel East Wind: West Wind (1930) is one of popular works considered has postcolonial implication.The novel East Wind: West Wind tells about Kwei-Lan, a girl who was born as traditional noble Chinese family. She has no experience with modern western style before. As a Chinese royal woman, she has taught everything to become a good daughter of the family and to be good wife for her husband. Her husband is a noble Chinese royal man that had twelve years abroad, America, studying medicine. Kwei-lan has been betrothed to her husband since she was born. Her husband has adapted and adopted western lifestyle. He feels western life is better and rational than his Chinese culture that strange and irrelevant. Different perspective about being woman makes Kwei-Lan cannot win her husband's heart as she thinks and has taught before. Kwei-Lan as a Chinese traditional woman and her husband's lifestyle emerge distinguishes understanding about family between the West and the Chinese tradition.The novel describes how Kwei-Lan's cultural traditional background opposed with her husband's Western lifestyle. In the part II of the novel, Kwei-Lan has to accept that her brother goes to study in America. Later the conflict comes up when her brother has already married with a foreign woman. Even though he has betrothed to one of daughters of Li family since he was child. Their mother is shocked to know such news. The family has to accept that son has been betrayed the family. Her brother chooses to disobey the Chinese tradition of married and his duty as a3son of Royal Family to keep the heir. It is seen as the impact of western culture influence toward her brother.Based on explanation above, the writer is interested and challenged to discuss this novel. Pearl S Buck is able to tell the story with her elegant way. East Wind: West Wind shows the elegant internal conflict of traditional Chinese woman who tries to oppose her ideology of being good woman and wife toward the western discourse that influences her life.In this novel, Pearl S Buck portrays how the Western culture meets the Eastern old tradition and tended to degrade the East. It seems she shows West lifestyle is better and rational than East. Through the main character Kwei-Lan, Buck explains in detail Chinese woman's role in life and compares to the knowledge of Western within her husband. The author also shows the reader how Kwai-Lan's brother finally betrays his old tradition, the Chinese Family tradition, by secretly marriage a foreign woman. Until the end of this novel, Buck confirms the superiority and rationality of Western discourse toward Chinese tradition as East.By using post-colonialism, especially Orientalism of Edward Said, the writer will analyze how these texts construct the Orient through imaginative representations of the main character, Kwei-Lan, in the novel. The writer wants to analyze the differences of two cultures and perceptions based on the the orientalism that found in the novel. It is able to create the assumption about the West as superior and the East is inferior. Orientalism argues those discourses made by Western as a political tool to conquer the reader's minds showing inferiority of the East.Further, Post-colonial criticisms also appropriate as a ―knife‖ to discuss, analyze, and examine a work with its relations and effect of colonialism and the interaction of two different cultures. Therefore, this research is entitled ―Western Domination Implied over Chinese Tradition in Pearl S Buck's East Wind: West Wind (An Orientalism Reading)‖.MetodologyIn this chapter, the writer focuses on the steps that must take to finish this research, that proposed by Sudaryanto (1993). Some steps make this research success. This step relates each other and cannot release form the other steps. There are three steps, first, collecting the data, second, analyzing the data, and third presenting the data.1. Collecting the dataIn collecting data, the writer conducts a library research. Through the library research, the writer collects the data needed,4which can be categorized as primary and secondary data. The primary data itself is; "East Wind; West Wind" by Pearl S Buck, the more specific is sentences and quotations that have relationship with the topic and that have relations with the theory. The secondary data function as tools in analyzing the primary data. It consists of books and other sources from journals and internet sites.The writer conducts the library research about post-colonial criticism. In this step writer finds the definitions and concept of post colonialism, especially the theory of Orientalism by Edward Said. It is helpful to broaden the perspective of writer about the term.2. Analyzing the DataIn analyzing the data writer examines the primary data by the way of close reading and in analyzing specific sentences and quotations that have relationship with the topic and the theory. Based on Edgar Robert, ―to analyze the problems in the literary work, it can be found by digging up through characters in the ways of speech, dialogue and action between one character and other characters‖ (56).Besides, the writer explores some data related about the Post-Colonial criticism, especially Orientalism approach by Edward Said. Writer will identify the sentence related to the topic and the theory supporting to completing the research.3. Presenting the ResultThe last step is presenting the analysis. The writer thus uses descriptive method to present the data. Based on Bogdan and Biklen, qualitative research is descriptive, the data are collected in the form of words, rather than number, and result of analysis is written descriptively (1982:27) as the rule to conducts this research. The data is presented descriptively in this analysis by quoting the sentences of dialogue from the novel that relevant to the analysis.Result and DiscussionIn this chapter, the writer wants to analyze about the data. In analyzing data the writer uses the theory orientalism by Edwar said. The writer analyzes about the The analysis focuses on two goals, there are (1) to portray the different perspective between Western knowledge and Chinese tradition, and (2) to analyze the implication of Western knowledge as domination over Chinese tradition.Orientalism is a branch of Postcolonial theory that developed by Edward Said According to said this theory is about how The West see the world by binary oposition where It seems to explore the overplus of Western and expose the lacking5of Eastern and make it as if those are natural by using discourse. And the discorse is formed and it will effect to human mind who read it. Besides based on discourse the reader consciusness or uncansciousness will judge what that they read it is god or it is bad. Said does not question about the truth or the wrong. He tries to give us deeply understanding of how colonizer or Western discourse constructs the domination of the world toward colonized or Eastern in every way and how it continues until now.The Different Perspective of the Eastern and the Western in the NovelIn this chapter, the writer would discuss the portrait of contradictive perspective between western Knowledge or Occident and Chinese old tradition or orient. Pearl S Back does not frankly describe what the western culture in the novel East Wind: West Wind is. She implicitly explains how Western culture by contrasted it with Chinese culture experienced by the character Kwei-lanThis chapter, the writer cuncludes that there are saveral contradictions of differernt perspective of the western knowledge and the chinese tradition. The writer divided two subchapter, the Eastern and the Western. It consist the complex family relationships and simple family relationships, narrow minded and open minded, superstitious and rational.Family in the eastern in this case family in Chinese is narrated differently with family in western. It is described that Chinese family is a big extended family, complex and has not much freedom because bound of tradition. Different with western family, that consists of nuclear family, father, mother and children and has more freedom because not bound with the old tradition, it is because they explained are more logic and more simple besides they has right and free will to choose and do whatever they want to do.In the novel describe although the Chinese man has been married, they are allowed or naturally believed to take some concubines as they like. It can be seen by following quotation in the novel:―The desire for sons in a household like ours, where my father had three concubines whose sole interest was in the conceiving and bearing of children was too ordinary to contain any mystery.‖ [11-12]Kwei-Lan's father, as stated above, has three concubines in order to pour his desire in woman and to conduct a birth son for his clan. In the Chinese family, it is normal for the husband to marry other woman. Man in Chinese tradition has a duty to give great male offspring to maintain their clan. Further, Buck states:―They had caught my father fancy at first though a6prettiness which faded like flowers plucking in spring, and my father's favor ceased when their brief beauty was gone.‖[19]The husband can marry any woman if his wife cannot give birth and give him a son. Chinese man can whenever he wants to marry woman and leave them when their beauties are gone.In contrast, the portrayal of Western woman is described as dichotomy to Chinese tradition where the family relationship is simpler. Besides the family in the western is nuclear family and the decision is make by own self \. They do not need many procedure to do something. In the novel, it is narrated by Kwei-lan brother to marry his girlfriend, the kwei-lan brother and hiss wife do not need many procedure to get merit. In this case Buck tries ti show that thee western people are better than Eastern peoplebecause western people has more freedom.In addition, the wife or woman in the western culture tends to not accepting become subordinate position in family. It clarifies in the novel:―The trouble in all this may be that the foreigner is not willing to accept a subordinate position. It is not customary in their country to have secondary wives.‖ [160]Western women believe that they have right and capable to follow their own will. There are no such certain rules either as woman or as wife of their family that have to be obeyed.Kwei-Lan's brother who has been taught the wisdom of the Great Master, has to fulfill the first duty as a man to pay careful heed to every desire of his parents. In spite of obeying the custom, he married a foreign woman when he studied in America. Kwei-lan who shocked to hear is alarmed by her husband. It can be seen in the novel that, he said:―You must be prepared…it is better to face the truth. He will probably not obey you mother… Old foundations are breaking – have broken… there must be stronger reasons than in this days‖ [150]As the one who adapts the Western culture, Kwei-Lan's husband precisely knows that her brother will consistently disobey the old and primitive tradition. Kwei-lan's brother breaks the old custom and chooses to live in progressive and democratic ways as his will. Related to this, Hans Bertens states that―The inferiority that Orientalism attributes to the East simultaneously serves to construct the West's superiority. The sensuality, irrationality, primitiveness, and despotism of the East construct the West as rational, democratic, progressive, and so on‖ [Bertens, 2006: 205]The writer examines that the novel describes the primitiveness and despotism of Chinese7old tradition. Western discourse seems to take place and dominates the character Kwei-Lan's brother, even our perspective, to disobey such custom.Secondly, it is also happened to different perspective can also be seen in the mindset or lifestyle contradiction in the novel. in the family, that is to produces son to maintain the clan and descendent. In Chinese custom, Kwei-lan and her husband should remain stay within the ancestral home. For his father, a noble Chinese man should not waste their dignified leisure time and stay still in home. The family has plenty of food and space. It can be seen when Kwei-lan's father in law spoke to her husband;"here is plenty of food and space. You need never waste your body in physical labor. Spend your days in dignified leisure and in study that suits your pleasure. Allow your daughter in law of your honored mother to produce son. Three generations of sons less than one roof is sight pleasing to heaven‖ [43]In Chinese custom, a noble family should only worry to give born the great son in order to maintain the clan and the descendant of family. It is reflected in the important of a son existence. A husband should not be worried about food and money. This is what has been taught by the ancestor for hundred years. In the other side, Kwei-lan's husband, who has been studied in West, has his own perception. It can be seen in the quotation below:I wish to work father, I am trained in scientific professions – the noblest in the western world. As for sons, they are not my desire. I wish to produce the fruit of my brain for my country's good. A mare dog may fill the earth with the fruit of his body‖ [43]The father of Kwei-Lan's husband wants to keep them in the house without worrying about food and money. He wants them to pay attention to deliver his grandson. Rather than focus on producing son, Kwei-lan's husband wants to work and earn money by himself to his family. His custom cannot change the decision he has taken.Thirdly difference is seen based on the story is superstition and custom and Chinese culture which is described so irrational to be believed. In the novel, Kwei-lan's husband is a doctor. One day someone called him to come to the house where a lady tried to kill herself by hanging her neck. She is still alive but unconscious. In order to heal the woman's soul, the priest came and made a ceremony by plugging a piece of cloth to her nose and mouth.―He sent for the priests to beat the gongs to call the woman's soul back, and her8relatives gathered about and placed the poor unconscious girl…into a kneeling position on the floor; then they deliberately filled her nose and mouth with cotton and cloth and bound clothing around her face‖ [76]Kwei-lan firstly agreed to the old tradition, taking back the soul, which has been done for hundred years. In the contrary, Kwei-lan's husband totally disagreed with such custom that has lost so much spirit of human life.―Would you die if I did this long enough? And he seized my hands in one of his and placed his handkerchief roughly over my mouth and nose. I twisted free and tore it away‖ [76-77]The quotation convinces the irrationality of Chinese old custom, and on the contrary also convinces the rationality of Western discourse. The way of Kwei-lan's husband tries to show to Kwei-Lan seems like confirm the opposite of perspective between Kwei-lan, reprented Chinese tradition, over Western discourse of her husband.The writer concluded that those contradictions are the portrayal of different perspective of the Eastern in this case traditional Chinese and the western knowledge.The Western Knowledge as Domination Implied over Chinese Tradition in The NovelThe writer found the orientalism issues which Western is assumed to has much more realistic to be true. This is a discourse, western discourse, which dominates the assumption about Chinese tradition in the novel. The changing perception of the character, even the readers, seem t confirms this discourse.Kwei-Lan's husband seems to confirm Western discourse based on the way he treat Kwei-lan Kwei-Lan also surprises to hear ‗the new ways' her husband meant to her. Her husband has been certainly influenced by Western culture. For twelve years he studied in foreign country. Then, he now tries to convince Kwei-lan as it is best way for their life. Kwei-lan then responds to think that, it can be seen in the following quotation:―I equal to him? But why? Was I not his wife? .was he not my master by law? …what else could I do if I did not marry? And how could I marry except as my parents arranged it? … it was all according to my custom‖ [36-37].In order to construct the superiority of Western culture, the text shall describe the inferiority of others. In this novel, Pearl S Buck draws the domination or superiority of9Western culture by contrasting to Chinese custom. Therefore, Pearl S Buck's novel has been influenced by Western discourse in the perspective of Orientalism. The writer found that the novel conducts unintentionally domination of Western over Chinese tradition.―… I wish to follow the new ways. I wish to regard you in all things as my equal. I shall never force you anything. You are not my possession—my chattel‖ [36]Changing perception about Western people also described in which the character Kwei-lan asked to her husband about what they think about Chinese tradition. In the novel, Kwei-lan's husband told that;―They think our clothes are funny and our faces and our food and all what we do. It does not occur to them that people can look as we do and behave as we do, and be wholly as human as they are… In fact, I believe they come over here thinking to teach us civilization‖ [88-89]Assuming the clothes, faces, food and all what Chinese people do are funny imply the issue of imperialism of Western domination to Chinese people. The text seems to approve and convince that Western culture is more rational and represented universal civilization. Again, our perception about Eastern culture is conducted to change by contrasting the superiority of Western culture.Further, the writers also found the changing perception of characters in the way Kwei-lan become happy to adopt the modern way of life.―But now, selfish woman that I am, I do not care that the tradition is broken, I think only of my son… I thank the gods that I am married to a modern man… he gives me my son for my own…all my life is not enough to repay my gratitude‖ [114]The climax of disobedient of Chinese tradition as the impact of Western discourse is when Kwei-lan's brother in the end chooses to live freely like what he has been experienced in Western country. It can be seen in the end of novel:―…from this day I have no father. I have no clan – I repudiate the name of Yang! Remove my name from the books! I and my wife, we will go forth. In this day we shall be free as the young if other countries are free‖ [264]In Orientalism perspective, the character Kwei-lan's brother clearly emphasize the domination over Eastern Culture, or Chinese tradition. The final disobedient of character against the old custom confirms the primitiveness and10irrational way of life. Kwei-Lan's brother asserts that that Western culture represented the universal civilization. Accepting the domination of Western culture could benefit him from the ‗backward' or ‗superstitious' conditions in which he lived.In the end, the writer concluded that the the main character Kwei-lan is influenced by Western discourse.―We must let all that go, my love, my love! We do not want our son fettered by old, useless things!‖And thinking of these two, my son and his cousin brother I know that my husband is right – always right! [277]The effect of such discourse is a change of Kwei-lan's perspective about the modernism of Western culture and the backward of her Chinese tradition. Through the hand of her husband, Kwei-lan admitted that Western discourse dominate her whole life assuming as the best way of civilization rather than Chinese ancestors. Influence and changing perception also gives impact to disobey the law of old Chinese tradition that for hundred years believed by the ancestors.ConclusionIn the conclusion, the novel East Wind: West Wind written by Pearl S. Buck tells about Kwei-Lan, a noble Chinese woman who had no experience with modern western style before. She has been taught to become a good daughter of the family and to be good wife for her husband. Kwei-lan has been betrothed since she was born to a noble Chinese royal man whom had twelve years abroad studying medical science. Her husband has adapted and adopted western lifestyle. Kwei-Lan as represented Chinese woman and her husband's lifestyle emerge distinguishes understanding about family between the West and the Chinese tradition. Kwei-Lan's cultural traditional background opposed her husband's Western lifestyle. The conflicts come up from the different perception of life between Western Knowledge and Eastern culture (Chinese Tradition). It is seen in binary opposition such as complex family relationshps and simple family relationships, open minded and narow minded, and superstition and rationality.By using Orientalism approach presented by Edward Said, the writer found that the novel East Wind: West Wind constructs the imaginative representations of the Orient (Chinese culture) through the main character Kwei-Lan. The writer found the indication of Western discourse which dominates the Orient, in this case Chinese culture, through negative perception by describing cultural conflicts of the main character. Kwei-lan is influenced by her11husband who taught her about the Western knowledge. She gradually changed her perception about the West. Kwei-lan who applied her ancestors' custom, started to doubt and questioning the truth about Chinese tradition. Orientalism examined the West constructs such discourse through contrasting the right and rational way of life and the backward and irrational custom of Chinese.In the end, through the analysis the writer emphasize that the novel East Wind: West Wind written by Pearl S. Buck implied the Western Domination over Chinese Tradition. Western discourse succeeds to dominate the assumption and about the West as superior and the East is inferior. Orientalism argues those are constructed by Western as a political tool to conquer the reader's minds showing inferiority of the East. This novel construct discourse of Western domination as well as judgment of China's tradition, which are funny, strange, and backward and need help. The discourse of West to dominate the Chinese tradition by degrading them and shows their better and rational way of life finally create the ‗truth' or ‗reality' about West as standard civilization.Acknowledgement Alhamdulillahirobbil'alamin, First of all let me give my highest praise to Allah SWT, The Almighty God, for help, blessing, mercy, loves and guidance to me. Without the help, guidance and mercy this thesis could not have finished, and for opportunities and everything in my life. Then the writer would like to say thank to great human leader Muhammad SAW who guide people from the bad style of life to the good style of life.I wish to express my gratitudes to both my supervisors: Ms. Suci Humairah, S.Pd.,M.A., and Mrs. Dra. Mariati, M.Hum., for their support and guidance in finishing this thesis. The contribution and guidance in my thesis are valuable things which will not be forgotten to me. I also want to say Thanks to Mrs. Femmy Dahlan, S.S.,M.Hum., and Mr. Dr. Elfiondri, S.S.,M.Hum., as my examiners. Thank you so much for the suggestion, correction, advices and time, so that I can finish my thesis. I would like to thank too, to all of the lectures in English Department. Many tanks to guide and teach the writer during studied in English department.Thank you for my mom Syahlidarmiwati and my dad Bukhari. I would like to say thank you to suggestion, sacrifice, sincere love, patience, and always remaind me to pray and work hardly. And thank you to my brother Renza Putra, Rolanda Putra, and Fauzan Azim. Then I want to dedicate this thesis to science and human live.12I also would like to say Thanks to all of my friends, Sing 08, who have helped me in process of writing this thesis, my friend in faculty, My friend in boarding house, For all of my friends who I cannot mention one by one, thank you very much to have been contributing the most beautiful part in my life. Do the best in our life and get the greatest future.BibliographyBartens, Hans. Literary Theory: The Basic. London: Rouledge, 2001Buck, S. Pearl. East Wind: West Wind. New York. Mayor Bell. 2010Childs, Peter. Roger Fowler. The Rouledge Dictionary of Literary Terms. New York: Rouledge, 2006Hithcock, Loise. A Theory for Classics: a Strident Guide. New York: Rouledge, 2008.Lane, Richard J. Fifty Key Literary Theorists. New York: Rouledge, 2006M. A. R. Habib. Modern Literary Criticism and Theory: A History. Cornwell: Blackwell, 2005Malpas, Simon. Paul Wake. The Rouledge Companion to Critical Theory. New York: Rouledge, 2006Tyson, Lois. Critical Theory Today: A User Friendly Guide. New York: Rouledge, 2006Sudaryanto. Metode dan Aneka Teknik Analisis Bahasa: Pengantar Penelitian Wahana Kebudayaan secara Linguistis. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana University Press, 1993Journal:Lazare S. Rukundwa & Andries G. van Aarde1. The Formation of Postcolonial Theory Research Associate: Department of New Testament Studies. Cornwell. 2007

Ralph G. Crandall, September 30, 2013 ; Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. ; The following is an oral history interview with Ralph Crandall. The interview was conducted on September 30, 2013, by Lorrie Rands and recorded by Avery Pince. Ralph discusses his experiences with 25th Street. ; 24p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 videodisc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program Ralph G. Crandall Interviewed by Lorrie Rands 30 September 2013 Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Ralph G. Crandall Interviewed by Lorrie Rands 30 September 2013 Copyright © 2014 by Weber State University, Stewart Library Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in Special Collections. The Stewart Library also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. After World War II, the railroad business declined. Some government agencies and businesses related to the defense industry continued to gravitate to Ogden after the war—including the Internal Revenue Regional Center, the Marquardt Corporation, Boeing Corporation, Volvo-White Truck Corporation, Morton-Thiokol, and several other smaller operations. However, the economy became more service oriented, with small businesses developing that appealed to changing demographics, including the growing Hispanic population. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management Special Collections All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Crandall, Ralph, an oral history by Lorrie Rands, 30 September 2013, WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, Special Collections, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. iii Ralph G. Crandall September 30, 2013 Abstract: The following is an oral history interview with Ralph Crandall. The interview was conducted on September 30, 2013, by Lorrie Rands and recorded by Avery Pince. Ralph discusses his experiences with 25th Street. LR: It is Monday, September 30th, 2013. We are in the home of Mr. Ralph Crandall in Ogden, Utah and we are conducting an oral history interview of historic 25th street, of Ogden, then and now, if you will. My name is Lorrie Rands and I will be conducting the interview and Avery Pince is the assistant. So we'll just get right into it. When are where were you born? RC: What year was I born? LR: Yes, when and where. RC: 1922, July 22nd. I was born in Morgan. Just up Weber Canyon, lived there for a couple of months is all. My father had gone from Morgan down to the Southern Pacific Shops and they had a strike that year and he went through the strike because the strike men were dismissed and new ones had to come in. He was a farmer up there and he was a machinist when he got down here. He was capable of being a machinist with the amount of mechanical work he done on his farm equipment and that type of thing I suppose. It was rare that they made a person machinist but that's what he was, his career. And so, he couldn't get out of the shops because if you broke the picket line, you was liable to get injured because there was pretty good animosity going on there. My Grandmother, his mother lived down on about 26th and Wall Ave. The picket line wouldn't harm the women and she could bring some food into him at times but it was a couple months after 1 I was born that he sent for my mom and me, and my mom's older sister, who acted as a surrogate mom, so-to-speak, for the family. Dad's first wife that died of the flu of 1918 and he had three children under four years old. My mom was born in North Ogden and he was born in Pleasant View. And he knew my mom during the school-time. Both now around 30 years old, my mom was the youngest of her family and she was left with her mom and an invalid sister because the rest of them just moved away: so she ended up as the care taker by default sort of. When Dad's first wife died he had found out my mom was still single, so he headed to her home in North Ogden to see if she'd come and take his children and be his wife. And I'm the second born of that union. I had a sister that was born a year or so ahead of me but she died immediately after birth, so I'm the oldest of that family. We moved down to Ogden, of course, to be a family. I grew up in Ogden. LR: And where in Ogden did you grow up? RC: Well, our first place we lived at 1072 Oak Street. Mom grew up on a farm more-less and Dad was a farmer, with three children from him, myself and a sister that come along, they moved out to 2nd and Adams Avenue, still in Ogden it had an acre of ground attached to it and we was able to have produce and farm vegetables, a cow and the things people needed to survive in those days. Since he worked at the shops, Southern Pacific round house near 22nd and Wall Avenue for the locomotives coming in off to the rails for repairs. They called it a round house because the locomotives were put on sort of a revolving deck in the middle of this and they'd come in on the tracks and they'd rotate that 2 deck to a side track to work on those locomotives on those side areas, so it was a huge round building and they called it a round house. I can remember going in there when the strike was settled and seeing a lot of things that he accomplished. The locomotives in those days were all steam and the big barrel over the wheels of the locomotives was a boiler. The coal and the wood and whatever was used for the heat were pitched in by a fireman and there was an engineer who ran the locomotive. The boiler would build up steam and the steam would provide the propulsion for the locomotive to pull freight. There was this one thing that was quite interesting. I don't know if anybody ever realized it but those locomotives had tires on the wheels. They called them the tire, and you look at a tire and it's something you put on a car and its rubber but this wasn't rubber, it was steel. The wheels of the locomotive were cast iron, too soft to run on the rails, so they put a rim of steel around that wheel. Now, that wheel was, like six foot tall, this rim was about an inch thick and about three inches wide and it would fit over the flange of the cast iron wheel. So, they called that rim a tire. To repair this, they had a gas fired ring that spewed flames out and they'd put this ring close to the wheel of the locomotive and they'd have this fire running on natural gas and the idea was to get that ring hot and since everything expands when you get it hot, well that was gauged in such a way that the rim, the tire, was put on the rim after it got hot enough and it slid onto the wheel and this man had to be accurate enough to drive that tire on that wheel in such a way that it was against the flange because when it hit the cold cast iron it would shrink up and it would shrink up and seize onto that wheel. And that's what they did for all locomotives for the driving 3 wheels. There is an interesting thing about that propulsion too, the pistons were in a barrel type-thing with steam running to it and then this piston had an arm that went to the wheel and a ram effect, and if the ram is pushed forward, it makes the wheel rotate and that was how they'd get the propulsion to run a steam locomotive and anything that's round. Even in ships with paddle wheels and things like that. They had this steam type-thing. I couldn't begin to tell you what year but it was first invented for steam ships on the ocean and then it was converted to locomotives. Interesting thing that crossed my mind, if the locomotive stopped and it was on dead-center, meaning that the arm that pushed the wheel around was absolutely horizontal to the wheel, and it was on dead center, that locomotive couldn't move, no matter how much steam you put to it, it wouldn't work. So they had to get the locomotive off dead-center so that the arm could be moved up or down from the center so that it could have purchase power to drive the wheel. It used to be a saying to somebody working in that and if you didn't put out work, you were on dead-center, you weren't doing anything. But getting back to the wheel of the locomotive, they used to use a pinch bar. A man would come up with leverage using a pinch bar which was a steel rod about an inch and a half or so in diameter and the end was a wedge shape and he would put that right under the wheel at the track and just by man power he could move that up because of the leverage he had and move that locomotive just enough so that it wasn't on dead-center so that it could begin to get locomotion. LR: So, you learned all of this from watching your dad? 4 RC: Just learned all of that by watching my dad. There's another thing that might be useful information that is interesting to talk about. When there is steam, no, smoke come out of the engine you've heard the old saying when you grow up as a kid, the engine is a chu-chu, chu-chu engine, and the chu-chu is when that piston would go back and forth and it would cause that sound. Because of the amount of heat that is generated in these boilers, the stack that goes out of the top of the locomotive to dispel steam from the boiler is round, chimney like, for the smoke to get out. But you couldn't use a gasket under that because the heat of the steam was too hot, it would burn up everything they used for gaskets. So they had to take this stack, they called it a nozzle and they would have to machine it the best they could on a machine and then set it up on top of the locomotive. And this nozzle weighed tons—many, many pounds. Then they would put iron filings between the top of the boiler and this nozzle stand and they would just sit there and slide that back and forth using iron filings until it wore down to where the surface was smooth enough that when you bolted it down it was sealed. So they didn't use a gasket, they just tightened it up but they had to make this absolutely flat and absolutely made it and that motion back and forth wore that down, just like grinding, until it would come to the point where they could look at it and find there was no ridges or grooves. Then there were numerous bolts around this nozzle stand that hooked onto the boiler of the locomotive and pulled it down tight. He would work on that nozzle stand with the bar with arm power he would move that back and forth for days and days until it 5 got to the point where it smoothed down to where it could be bolted down to the top of the steam engine and make it hold. LR: So did you guys live close to the station then? RC: Well, we lived on 20th and Madison and this was on 22nd and Wall. So I had to go from Madison to Jefferson to Adams to Wall and over two blocks and the round house was only a block below Wall, so you could figure that I was about a half to three-quarters a mile away. On a bicycle you could do that in a short time. I would take lunch to Dad from time-to-time if he didn't have time to get it before he left. The round house is gone now; I don't remember when it was removed. The steam locomotives are gone now. You see them come with museums and as a museum and they come to Ogden once a year or so. These half a dozen in the United States go to different parts of the country so that people could see what steam locomotives were and what steam engines were. Those wheels were, some of them on those big engines were higher than a man, even some as tall as eight feet high. I don't know if you've been down to the station and seen those but that's what they do and let people come in and see those and how that was in the past years. LR: Cool. So, you would take food down to your dad. What else? I know that we, last we talked about the fact that you delivered newspapers when you were younger. CR: Well, but that didn't have anything to do with the railroad. We got off, it just so happened that 25th street was the passenger station for the passengers to board trains. I guess that's a thing of the past as well. We don't even have any passenger trains that come through Ogden anymore. We have freight that comes 6 through Ogden. But your question about newspapers. I must have been about 13 or thereabouts when that time came along that I delivered newspapers and I had a route between 24th and Lincoln to 28th and Lincoln and west as far as the tracks. As for residences, there wasn't many when you got to wall, because it was all railroad tracks. Even in that yard now, there are acres upon acres of train tracks, and they've all been removed now, except major tracks that go through. But the newspaper route I had, I only lasted about a year with that. I delivered to the residents that mostly lived on 25th street but also what residences there were, north and south sides of 25th street. On Wall there is a hotel that still stands. It's called the Royal Hotel and that was built for the porters and waiters that handled the dinner cars on the railroad and a lot of the people I delivered newspapers to lived down along Wall. There was quite a few houses between 26th and 28th street on the west side and on the eastside as well. South of 25th to 28th and then north of 25th to 24th, that's where the paper route was. I never had much to do with the people that I delivered to because someone else collected the money, the route manager usually did the collecting. LR: What do you remember about the businesses then or the buildings on 25th street during that time? CR: Well, there was a nice hotel on the northeast corner of 25th and Wall, called the Broom Hotel. It had a nice big foyer in the middle and then I don't remember how tall it was, a couple of stories I guess. It was a really nice place. Early in the years of the railroad town of Ogden there were a lot of dignitaries who would come including presidents of the United States and people from foreign 7 countries, and that was the hotel they usually stayed in. After the Broom Hotel, the new hotel was the Ben Lomond Hotel in the southeast corner on 25th and Washington so the broom hotel has been removed. But there is still some of those hotels down there on 25th that are still being used, but most of that is commercial now and it's kind of a setting of store fronts from antiques to clothing to food to anything you can think of. There have been pawn-brokers down there, even diners. In 1937, when I had my paper route, Ogden was notorious for, some call them flop houses. They were prostitution houses really. Being in a railroad town, I suppose that is to be expected. But my contact was just simply delivering papers and I only lasted about a year. As far as the buildings down there now, I find that there is much commercialism going on down on 25th street between Wall and Washington than there is on Washington now, which is kind of a turnaround—you could call 25th street kind of the old town of Ogden. LR: I know last time we talked about the JC Penny's and I can't remember how that fits into the timeline but you managed to obtain a job at JC Penny. Would you tell that story? RC: We lived on Madison Avenue between 20th and 21st on the east side and on the west side of the street lived, the manager of JCPenny, his name was Lester Bergeron, I can remember that. He walked to work. JCPenny was on the northwest corner of 24th and Washington and during that time I was putting a bicycle together. I didn't have money to buy a bike, but I scrounged up parts. Frames, wheels and handle bars and things like that and put this bicycle together. This Mr. Bergeron was seeing me because I was out in the open, I 8 didn't have any place to work in the back, I'd work on the sidewalk right in front of the house and one day he came over. I knew him, but I don't know if he knew that I knew him but anyway, he asked me if I would come to the store. I said: "Yes I'd like to." and he said: "Well, I'd like to hire you." And so I went to the store and he took me down into the basement, into a room. In those days, there were sidewalks all over Ogden by stores that had a freight entry and it was two big steel doors over a hole. The hole was about eight-foot square with these two doors at four-foot of that and they would open up from the middle and swing down and lay on the sidewalk and the freight would be delivered into those holes. From inside of those holes, they would take the freight into the different parts of the departments of the different buildings, where ever they happened to be. They opened these doors into this huge room and all I could see is cardboard boxes. He said, "Now, in those cardboard boxes are toys for Christmas and for the Christmas season." He took the first box down and opened it up and whatever was in there, you put that together. And you put that box on a pile over there. Each time you'd gain some space and pretty soon you had the room minus the boxes and full of toys. I can remember wagons, little tricycles, little scooters, little baby buggies, little trains that little kids would sit on and scoot with their feet. Numerous toys, I can't even remember all of them. That was my job and it was well worth it because it was depression time and to have a job of any kind, let alone a kid like myself, it was needed because the family was pretty destitute as far as groceries and things were concerned and that was an income. I think I made 50 cents an hour, I don't really remember. But 50 cents an hour, I don't 9 know what inflation would do with 50 cents an hour from '37 to now. That's kind of an interesting question, somebody might get ahold of that and see what its worth from them to now. I'd hate to guess. LR: I'd think it's a pretty good wage. AP: I would too. Especially for the times. LR: After you joined the military service and got back here into Ogden, you opened up your own business and were able to provide a service to Ogden. Can you talk a little bit about that? RC: When I first got out of the military, I was separated from the military in southern California. I got a job in California, for the state of the California. Kind of an interesting thing that happened there. I was in my grubbies, I was working on my car and I passed the employment service and I walked in. I had kind of a greasy t-shirt and whatever you have working on a car and they wouldn't give me the time of day. They thought I was a vagrant I suppose and I walked out of there and I thought, "Well, that was a dumb thing to do," Since I was an officer in the Navy and I actually flew airplanes in the Navy, the next day I put on my uniform and walked into the employment office and boy they rolled out the red carpet and I got a job the very next day interviewing service people at the San Pedro Naval Port, where the seamen were discharged. My job was to interview them and give them the certain options they had and answer questions they had ask employment and some of the things that were available to returning veterans there. My point about this is that if you are looking for employment, just simply be prepared and dress like you need a job and want one. It wasn't too many years 10 ago, I volunteered for about 11 year's right here, in my later life to give people pointers on employment because I had my own business. My employment was in California. I used to go around to different businesses and see if they would employ people and I became interested in utility trailers, box trailers. I guess the common name for them now is U-Haul, but I thought that it would be a good thing to do. I didn't see any when I was still here in Ogden so I bought 30 of them. I had them built, just the frames of them. I had them shipped from California to Ogden and put them together here, such as putting the boards on for the side walls, boards for the floors and I had to get tires and tubes for the wheels to put them together so they could be useable. This was in July of 1946. I was separated out of the Navy in December of '45, so were talking about a six month period from the time I was released from the Navy to when I got back here in Ogden. I had them shipped to my parents' home—ended up on the River Bridge at 1828 Washington which was right on the river, on the east side, right on the river bank. It was a small building I rented from an individual. I had about a third of an acre around there and I set the trailers out on the ground and I rented them out. I provided a service to people that needed to haul things and go hunting with them, a lot of things like that—kind of a forerunner to what's going on nowadays. Trailer businesses are immense now. I went on that river bridge in 1946 and was there until 1951. That year the river flooded and it sort of wiped out the ground part that I was located on. I had to run it all by myself because there wasn't income for anybody else. I kept track of where the trailers were rented, where the people lived that rented them and I put 11 them on a map of the city and kind of watched where the dots were. It moved the center point of where I figured was a good place to be, quite a ways south. I ended up at 3776 Wall Avenue. This was on the east side of Wall and at that time there had been a shop building built by the person in the iron railing business and he quit or retired or something and I took that property over. Interesting thing, if you went south on Wall Avenue from Ogden City when you got to 36th street, between there and Riverdale Road, there was nothing but dirt then. So I had to go up 36th to Lincoln and then South to get onto Riverdale Road, but my strategy was to move to where there was sort of a center point of the area and that's why I went out there. I expanded on that building, I hired different people to work for me from time to time. Otherwise, I pretty much had to do things myself. I'd go from sort of hand to mouth for income, which I guess you could say wasn't a very good idea, but it worked out. I built an addition to that building and then in about in 1951 or '52 along in there. Now, before I went in the service, I had a friend, I asked him if he would like to join the business. Because he had a job and there wasn't enough income for both of us, he had to stay with the job he had until we could build a store. Then we pretty much turned partners for the next 34-35 years. I ended up with frontage on Riverdale Road and Wall Avenue and all that area through there. Actually, I was in South Ogden City. Where Chimes View Drive runs through the property was the border line between Ogden and South Ogden and I was on the Southside. So I was actually in South Ogden. I went from trailers to rental equipment, wheel barrows, cement mixers, tillers, and all kinds of different equipment and ended up as a RV dealer selling 12 travel trailers and motorhomes, pick-up campers and all that type of thing. I retired in 1986 after 40 years in that. LR: So from your vantage point, as you were able to watch Ogden grow and expand, was it interesting to see how Ogden changed? RC: Oh man, sure it was! Actually, on the corner of 36th and Lincoln, there was a drive-in theater there. It was a night-time thing and I could've bought that corner that time for $25,000, I remember that, but I could barely come up with the $8,000 it took to buy the place that I had bought at 3776 Wall. Now, if you fast forward from 1946 until now you got that whole corner that is Costco and it takes most everything from 36th street to the bluff of the road that drops down into the property of Costco, and the only other thing on the corner is the America First Credit Union there. Interestingly enough, I don't know how long they've been there or when they came, but now the America First Credit Union is building a building on the corner, the northwest corner of Washington and 21st street and going from there, as far as expanding is concerned—and gracious me, as far as the growth of Ogden. When I was living on Madison in the first part of my school days, I went to the Dee School in first grade, to the Madison school on 24th and Madison for something like the fifth grade and then went up to 27th and Adams for Central Junior High School and then to Ogden High School for graduation from Ogden High in 1940. I went three years at Ogden High. Getting back to what I first started to tell you, I can remember a black smith's shop between 22nd and 23rd on the east side of Washington that took big work horses and saddle horses and put shoes on the horses. I was going to try to 13 tell you the name of the black smith in there, I can't quite remember that but maybe I will. I can remember going into that blacksmith's shop and watching him take just a rod of iron and putting it in a hearth and getting it red hot and pounding it on, part of a railroad track, actually they called it an Anvil, and he'd hammer that flat and make it into the shape of a horse shoe and punch holes into it and nail it onto a horse's hoof. Some of those work horse's had hooves as big as a dinner plate, I can tell you that for sure. Interesting that he could put what you call a cork on those shoes. He would bend the iron down on the back of the two pointed edges and the circle part on the front he pounded out a cork, they call them a cork, it was a wedge that would clip into the ground for the horse instead of having just a flat horseshoe, they would have three corks that would dig into the earth, so they couldn't slip when they were going. Later on, I can remember, it might even been that same black smiths shop, a car dealer, sold cars in there. His name was Jesse Chase and they were lined up in this building. I guess he had about 50 cars in there. Further south, there was implement dealers, those buildings right now are being renovated. There's sports stores in there but they were originally used to sell Conestoga Wagons. The wagons like the pioneers came across the plains in. They sold plows, bailing machinery and tractors, swaths, cutting, hay cutting machines, hay bailer machines. I think it was called Steven's Implement Company. Further south and back behind the Ben Lomond Hotel on Ogden Avenue between 25th and 26th was the old Weber Central Dairy. You could go in there and you could buy a cup of buttermilk for a nickel and if you didn't have the 14 nickel you got the buttermilk anyways because it was depression time. In those early days, boy, I'll tell you, a lot of kids and a lot of people would end up down there getting that buttermilk. I don't know how they work things out now at dairies for buttermilk but we got buttermilk then. That brings me to another story when we lived at 2026 Madison. About the same times as the JC Penny circumstance. I got the idea that I wanted to be a cowboy and I wanted a horse and the stadium down by the river at the end of Madison avenue, north and down to the river was my motivation. They started rodeos down there in 1935. My dad says: "I don't know how we can work out having a horse," but he thought about it a little bit. Over in the north side of the cemetery on the east side of Madison at about the 19th block, there was Wheelwright Construction Company. They had a gravel pit and springs which ran water west to Madison. My dad contacted the Wheelwright Construction Company and wanted to know, could we put a corral on that stream so that the horse could have drinking water and I could have my horse. The downside of that was we had to take cow because we couldn't afford to feed a horse, but we could take the milk and sell it to buy hay for the cow and the horse and we worked it out that way so I could have my horse. That summer, I rode down Madison north down to the river to the bottom of the hill, down the flat part—you can go down there anytime and see that it's blocked off from Madison, but you can still go down to the river and see it. In 1935 there was a rodeo guy in a tent there and his name was Monty Montana. He was hired by the first rodeo committee to be a trick rider and a roper. Because I was on my horse, I ended up riding for him to 15 practice down on that flat. Then, when he went into the rodeo, I hauled all of those ropes in there for him to use each night they had that rodeo. I can remember a lot of the people down in the Ogden Stadium, I can't remember all their names but I can remember a couple people, some people I would even remember now. There was a man by the name of Yakama Kunut, there was a man by the name of Jazbo Fulkerson, there was Monty Montana, and Slim Pickens was also one of the guys that would come to perform at the rodeo in the rodeo season. There were numerous other people I never did get acquainted with. I was enthused by it because I thought it something I would be as a cowboy someday. LR: And you ended up with your own business selling trailers. RC: I ended up with my own business. LR: Good for you. RC: I don't know if you wanted to go back to England about something, when I was in the military. Is that interesting at all? LR: If you would like to talk about it. RC: Well, I spent the year of 1944 in England and I was flying as a pilot in a four-engine bomber and our mission was to keep the German U-boat from knocking out our shipping. And the R&R, the recreation part of our stay in England was a pub. The people over there at the pub, when they would see movies from The United States, they saw John Wayne and people like him and others that were in movies, they found out I'm from Utah and since I didn't look like an Indian, I had to be a cowboy. As far as they knew, there were only cowboys and 16 Indians in Utah; that was the mindset of the people over there. This pub, I mean they were just local people, farmers mostly. There wasn't much of anything commercial but this big airport nearby. But anyway, trying to get on with the story, this one farmer, he had a horse and every time he would get on it, it would buck him off. They got to reasoning that if I was a cowboy from Utah and wasn't an Indian that I was able to do something with horses to keep them from bucking people off. I didn't have much of a choice. I got kind of ramrodded into that situation. So, I agreed to do that because I grew up pretty much with horses. I made a date and went over to this guy's place and so help me that was the biggest, tallest horse I've ever seen in my life. It wasn't anything like the ones I rode at home. I had to get up on to that horse and I looked at the thing they called a saddle, it looked more like a postage stamp to me. It wasn't very big. It had a seat alright, but no horn to hang onto, no pommel, no back seat or anything like that. But it did have straps across the back and across the front of that saddle and they could adjust those straps to the girth that went around the belly of the horse. Depending on how far the withers was up on the back of the horse so that the saddle would fit. If you'd lengthen the back strap and shorten up the front strap, the saddle would go forward. If you'd lengthen the front strap and tighten up the back straps, it would push the saddle back. So I looked at the straps and by the time I got through looking, I noticed that the buckle, on the right rear of the saddle that the buckle was flopped clear over and twisted for some reason or another I couldn't figure that out at the time. I undone the buckle and hooked the strap so that it was flat. In my head I got to thinkin', "That buckle was 17 twisted and that buckle stood up on its edge rather than flat." My mind said to me, 'When that guy as he rode he hit the seat of that saddle and that saddle hit that buckle and that buckle would hit those ribs and off he'd come." And that's the first thing I did is flatten that out. So, in order to get on that horse, he had to give me a leg and practically throw me up. When I got up there and get in the saddle, he backed up because he knew that I was going to get piled off, but nope! I just road that horse all over the place, just had a blast. I looked at the ground that was all plowed out there and thought, "Well, if I got bucked off, that's not too bad to land on." But, you know, I gained the reputation of the world's best cowboy over there in England at that pub because I fixed that buckle and I never told them that I changed that buckle, I just let them believe that I was a pretty good cowboy. LR: That's a great story, thank you for sharing it. Coming back into the United States now, there was another story that you told that we would love to hear again. It was about the Ogden City Cemetery when you graduated from high school, the pick-axe and the shovel. RC: Okay, alright. The year is 1940, the year I graduated from high school. In the spring of that year the individual that was a cemetery sextant, was a member of the bishop of the church and he looked out for youngsters. I was pretty ambitious and I got hired. There were about six teams of adults and a younger person like myself and we had a part of the cemetery to cut grass. Ours went from Jefferson to Madison, back to the middle of the cemetery up to Madison and back to 20th and that square was our part. We had a push mower, a real type of mower where 18 the blades twirled and cut the grass that way. There was enough grass in the area that it took five days to mow and you'd get to the point where you would start over each week. Sometime during that summer time there were more graves to be dug than grave-diggers. So they recruited a couple of us guys, but I guess I can only remember myself, but they drove four stakes in the ground and said here is a pick and here is a shovel. Go ahead and dig that hole down in between those four points until you can't see over the top of the ground and that's going to be the grave for some individual. You'd pitch the dirt out on a pile and then you'd put an artificial grass mat over that pile to sort of hide the looks of it. Nowadays they haul that away. So in 1940, I did that and I'll fast forward to 1980, I'm a lot older and an adult now and I was called as the bishop of the ward that we live in, and as I was released from that position, the person by the name of Scott Smeddon, who happened to also be a school teacher as well as the Mayor of Ogden City, was called to fill the position of the bishop. I sat with him as kind of a courtesy to help him get the feel of conducting a funeral. Much to my surprise when we got to the cemetery, this is 40 years since I dug that grave. But guess what I saw there. I saw a dump-truck, a backhoe and a pick-up and there were five people there. There was a woman in the pick-up and a man in the dump-truck and a man on the backhoe and two other men leaning on shovels. And that whole scene was duplicated by my pick and shovel 40 years earlier. I did everything with a pick and shovel that they did with a dump truck, backhoe, pick-up and five people. That was a real surprise to me. It was interesting 19 because, I don't know, it's progress. I told Scott about that and he said, "Well, look at all the people you keep off the street nowadays." AP: You mentioned that you went to Ogden High School. Were you the second class of graduating seniors? RC: No. I think I was about the third class as I recall. I think '38, '39 and '40 graduated from Ogden High. I'm not positive about that but I'm quite sure that's about it. Because my brother whose older than I graduated from Ogden High, which is on the corner of 25th and Madison, before the building of the Ogden High School up at 28th and Harrison. They had an ROTC in the school. I didn't care for that. I just took a gym class instead. I didn't like those wool uniforms in the summertime. AP: I can't blame ya. LP: Yeah, yeah they do. I agree. AP: Do you remember anything else about Harm Perry? You said he started the rodeo—The Days of 47 Rodeo? RC: Not really. I can remember that his daughter, Rosanne, graduated from Ogden High the same year that I did. In fact, I think that was their only child, that Harm and his wife, Rosanne Perry, who is still living I'm quite sure. A good person. I was quite friendly with her. We had about 600 people in the class of Ogden High at that time I think. Probably one of the most interesting things that happened in that year at Ogden High was the choir, which I was in, went to the Music Educators National Conference in Los Angeles that year and performed in a Western United States, all by invitation. I don't remember how many people went, but I think we were restricted to about 50 or 60. Some kids didn't get to go 20 because they had to balance out among the four parts of the choir but I went. Other than that, there wasn't much that went on, as far as high school is concerned. I can't think of anything notorious. I did tumbling and that kind of exercise, climb ropes up to the ceiling and things like that. I did think about something though, I got pretty good at walking on my hands and I could walk around the entire gym on the black line, on my hands, clear around the perimeter of the basketball court, feet in the air. Nobody else could do that, I was the only one who did that. I don't want to brag. LR: It's okay. AP: Was your business close to 25th and Wall? RC: No, my business life was mostly at 37th and Wall. So, as far as the Union Station is concerned, going back to my father working for the Southern Pacific Railroad, I used to go to the Union Station a lot because we used to have passes on the train. Anywhere that the Southern Pacific went, we could get on the train free and ride. I spent my summers in California because my father's brother, Uncle Leo, lived in Alameda, California. The bridge that goes from San Francisco to over the bay area wasn't built then, it was a ferry boat then all the time. I spent two or three weeks down there each summer. I would get on the ferry first thing in the morning, with a pass to stay on it all day long and I would just watch the seagulls and watched ships and things go back and forth. Conductors never did bother us on the train cause they didn't even care about us, we just had a pass to California and back. 21 AP: You made a comment last time about how Ogden kind of changed after the railway kind of moved to Salt Lake. RC: Well, we don't even have any Amtrak in Ogden; we did have Amtrak for a while. I don't know how many years it's been gone. In the early part of the railroad, as far as the station and that was concerned, Ogden was more of a railroad town that Salt Lake because the trains came out of Weber Canyon from across Wyoming on the Union Pacific and join here. That sort of quit. I don't remember especially, it just sorta faded away like things do. You go from horses to cars and nowadays, we go from snail-mail to no mail at all, as far as first-class mail is concerned. I think we're in a world of hurt about the post office department right now. Technical advances in cyber-space has done so much. Looking at that camera now it's pretty small compared to in the past. The automobiles we're driving now and everything. People in space. Right now, in the paper this morning, it talked about two different private firms of delivering cargo to the space station, and doing it successfully, that's NASA and it's on its way out. LR: So did the closing of the railroad actually hurt a lot of the businesses on 25th street, did that effect your business at all? RC: No. Not as far as my business is concerned. LR: So it really was just centered, it really just hurt those on 25th street then. RC: Yeah. The only thing about 25th street is that it has lived with run down stores and run down places for years and years until the last 10 or so years and now it's back in full swing again. It's a lively part of Ogden and it's a vital part of Ogden as far as Saturday things that's going on. The farmers market is down there and 22 things like that. There is the federal building down there that's replaced some of the other stores. Golly, I wish I could remember all of the other names of some of these stores that it used to have. One of the famous stores in the Ogden City at that time was Ross and Jack's Café, its right where the bank sits on the corner of 25th and Washington. Not too many places I can recall but that was something that was pretty prominent was this particular café. You could buy a hamburger for a nickel. Actually, the movie picture building is interesting. It was the Egyptian Theater that has now been turned into a big commercial place for businesses and things that come in. But half a block west was the Paramount Theater on Ogden Avenue. Then there was the Lyceum Theater on 25th street, just below Grant on the south side, there was a moving picture firm east of Washington on the south side, no, the north side of 25th street. I forget the name of that one. There used to be a place called the White City, it was a ballroom up there on 25th Street. and it really a nice pretty place, people danced there. And then down on 24th, on the south side just below Grant is the Berthana, but that building is still there. They're going to renovate that, it was a dance hall that was really famous and they turned it into a roller-skating rink later on and now it's back refurbished to some degree. We used to go to dances down there but. So right now I'm so surprised when I drive around Ogden to see the many, many residential areas being built. Clear up to the mountain behind Weber State College, clear up to the shoreline of the old Bonneville Lake, even beyond when you get a little further south in to the Uinta area, that's even above the shoreline area, there is even homes up 23 there overlooking the city and going clear-out where it joins Harrisville and North Ogden. It's absolutely amazing. LR: I just have one more question, I don't know about you, Avery, but Ross and Jack's made me think of this. What was your favorite restaurant on 25th street? If you had you pick one of the many that were there. RC: As a restaurant is concerned, I didn't have any money to buy meals out of a restaurant. I could go to Ross and Jack's café and buy but it never dawned on me as a youth to go to restaurants and far be it for my family to either. But obviously there were some there. Most of them, you would find they were in the hotels like they still are. There are only one or two things I can think of—noodle parlors, there was one on Ogden Avenue and one down 25th street that's recently been terminated as far as a restaurant, it sits vacant right now. But noodle parlors were prominent for a lot of years. As far as steak-houses and things like that, like you think of now, that wasn't even part of my vocabulary even. LR: I can relate to that. Well, I am so grateful for the time you have given us and the stories you have shared about Ogden and some of your adventures. We appreciate your time and thank you so much for allowing us to do this. RC: Well, it kind of turned out to kind of be a pleasure to me. I got a kick out of it. 24

1. Introducción.Hemos leído últimamente muchos análisis sobre un caso de asilo diplomático de público conocimiento que hoy concita tanto interés como preocupación en las relaciones internacionales, donde aparecen mezclados diferentes conceptos sobre el Asilo Diplomático y otros institutos similares, así como sobre la aplicación de la teoría de la extraterritorialidad para justificar la inviolabilidad de la sede de la misión diplomática, generando sin duda confusión a los lectores poco familiarizados con el tema.Intentaremos esclarecer estos conceptos, pretendiendo únicamente "refrescar" antecedentes, dejando el tratamiento profundo del tema en los excelentes trabajos que existen en la materia.2. Refugio y Asilo.No puedo dejar aquí de rendir un reconocimiento a tres distinguidos académicos y diplomáticos uruguayos que han tratado este tema en el pasado con gran brillo. Me refiero a mi respetado profesor el Dr. Manuel A. Vieira, autor del excelente trabajo "Derecho de Asilo Diplomático" del año 1961, al Embajador Dr. Emilio Oribe, autor de "Las Reglas de Calificación en el Asilo Diplomático y la Doctrina Uruguaya", del año 1964 y al Embajador Juan Domingo del Campo, autor de "Una Experiencia en la Aplicación del Derecho de Asilo", del año 1967.Sería injusto no mencionar también un trabajo realizado hace muy poco tiempo por una funcionaria del Servicio Exterior uruguayo, la Licenciada Cristina Mansilla, que ha escrito un muy documentado estudio sobre "La Tradición de Asilo en Uruguay ". Ambos institutos son diferentes, por más que configuren dos aspectos de una misma realidad, que es la de proteger personas contra las persecuciones, revistiendo carácter humanitario.El refugio tiene su origen en los finales de la Primera Guerra Mundial y es por lo tanto una institución de origen europeo, que llevó a la Sociedad de Naciones a ocuparse de los refugiados y a la firma de los primeros acuerdos internacionales sobre los mismos, para atender a las personas desplazadas por los cambios territoriales producto de las guerras o por persecuciones de regímenes políticos dictatoriales. Es en esa época que surge el famoso "Pasaporte Nansen", documento del que se dotaba a los refugiados que les permitía radicarse en un país diferente al suyo. Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial surge una agencia especializada de las Naciones Unidas para ocuparse de los refugiados (el ACNUR o Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados) y se firma la Convención Relativa a los Refugiados en 1951, vigente al día de hoy y perfeccionada por el Protocolo de 1967. El refugio solo puede ser concedido territorialmente, las condiciones las fija el ACNUR, no es requerida la necesidad de persecución para concederlo, sino que basta con el temor fundado y los motivos abarcados pueden ser varios, como los de raza, religión, nacionalidad, opiniones políticas, etc. 3. El Asilo Territorial.El asilo en cambio, puede tener dos variantes: el asilo territorial y el diplomático.El asilo territorial es el que un Estado concede en su territorio a una persona perseguida por motivos políticos o acusada de cometer delitos políticos o comunes conexos con los políticos.Esta institución también es muy antigua pero a nivel universal no existe ninguna convención relacionada con el mismo. Las Naciones Unidas intentaron en 1977 concretar una convención pero no lo lograron.A nivel mundial solo existe un artículo, el 14, en la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos de 1948 en el cual se reconoce que toda persona tiene derecho a buscar asilo y más tarde, la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas aprobó en 1967 la Resolución 2312 sobre Asilo Territorial, donde se dice que el otorgamiento de asilo en un Estado es un acto pacífico y humanitario y como tal no puede ser considerado inamistoso por ningún otro Estado. Por lo tanto, estas declaraciones a nivel universal no tienen carácter obligatorio sino meramente humanitario.En cambio, esta institución tiene en América Latina una base convencional desde mediados del siglo pasado, la Convención de Caracas de 1954 sobre Asilo Territorial, de la cual forman parte Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haití, México, Panamá, Paraguay, Uruguay y Venezuela.A ella se le agregó el artículo 22 numeral 7 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos (Pacto de San José de Costa Rica) de 1969, que dispone que toda persona tiene el derecho de buscar y recibir asilo en territorio extranjero en caso de persecución por delitos políticos o comunes conexos con los políticos y de acuerdo con la legislación de cada Estado o los convenios internacionales.Son miembros de este Pacto la totalidad de los países latinoamericanos menos Canadá y Estados Unidos, pero se han adherido al mismo Barbados, Dominica, Granada y Jamaica.Todos estos instrumentos, en forma muy similar, reconocen el derecho de buscar asilo pero no el de obtenerlo; sólo pueden beneficiarse del mismo quienes son perseguidos por motivos o delitos políticos. Quienes otorgan el mismo son las autoridades del país que lo concede y la consecuencia más importante es la obligación de no devolver al asilado al país que lo reclama, aunque en América Latina este principio ha sido violado muchas veces durante la época de las dictaduras militares. 4. El Asilo Diplomático.Finalmente, el asilo diplomático, que también algunos llaman de asilo político, es una institución que por ahora no tiene base en el derecho internacional universal y solo está consagrada en algunos tratados latinoamericanos sobre asilo diplomático y en normas regionales de derecho internacional consuetudinario sobre el asilo. Por lo tanto, debe quedar bien claro que fuera de América Latina, esta institución no es reconocida como una institución de derecho internacional consuetudinario y tampoco existen convenciones internacionales fuera de las que analizaremos dentro del continente latinoamericano.Eso no quiere decir que algunos países europeos, que no están ligados por ninguna norma jurídica en la materia, no lo hayan aplicado en el pasado circunstancialmente y por razones estrictamente humanitarias. A título de ejemplo, recordemos que en los siglos XVI y XVII fue practicado en Europa y más tarde en el siglo XX, en España durante la Guerra Civil Española, así como por los EEUU en el sonado caso del Cardenal Midszenty en Hungría o por parte de otros países europeos como Francia, Suecia o el Vaticano, en África y América Latina, también a fines siglo pasado. Los casos más sonados son los aplicados por varios países europeos en Chile durante la dictadura militar de Pinochet.En términos generales, las objeciones a un tratado internacional sobre asilo diplomático por parte de los países no latinoamericanos, se basan en que este es considerado como un abuso de la inmunidad de que gozan las sedes de las misiones diplomáticas (como lo veremos cuando tratemos más adelante la teoría de la funcionalidad), que además no está contemplada dentro de las funciones de las misión diplomática definidas en la Convención de Viena de 1961 sobre Relaciones Diplomáticas y porque finalmente es visto como una excesiva posibilidad de injerencia en sus asuntos internos por parte de las misiones diplomáticas extranjeras.Esto no quiere decir que no hayan existido intentos para codificar el asilo diplomático y concluir un tratado de alcance universal en la materia, tanto en el ámbito de las Naciones Unidas como en otros foros.En efecto, el Instituto de Derecho Internacional intentó, a mediados del siglo pasado, transformar el derecho de asilo en una norma de derecho internacional, aunque sin éxito.Poco después, la Asociación de Derecho Internacional trabajó, también sin éxito, sobre dos proyectos de Convención de Asilo Diplomático , en 1968 y 1971, inspirados en gran parte en las convenciones latinoamericanas en la materia, que veremos más adelante, aunque introduciendo innovaciones interesantes en aspectos tales como la calificación de las causales de admisión del asilo, la calificación de urgencia o las categorías de las personas que pueden ser admitidas al asilo.Estas iniciativas, no concretadas hasta ahora, encuentran serias dificultades para prosperar, aunque esto no quiere decir que sea imposible llegar a un acuerdo en la materia, como forma de regular y uniformizar los principios de esta institución en el derecho internacional. En el ámbito latinoamericano, el asilo diplomático se define en términos generales como la protección que un Estado ofrece a personas que no son nacionales suyos y cuya vida o libertad están en peligro por actos, amenazas o persecuciones de las autoridades de otro Estado o por personas o multitudes que hayan escapado del control de dichas autoridades.El asilo diplomático, que un autor definió como la "más emblemática figura del derecho internacional americano", surgió como una necesidad apremiante de carácter humanitario en las naciones americanas de origen hispano y se fue consolidando y enriqueciendo con la práctica recurrente desde fines del siglo XIX hasta nuestros días. Todos recordamos el caso Haya de la Torre, del año 1951, que motivó un fallo de la Corte Internacional de Justicia, el cual, a su vez, fue determinante para la suscripción de la Convención de Caracas sobre Asilo Diplomático de 1954 que veremos más adelante.Esta práctica fue convirtiéndose desde fines del siglo XIX en una serie de convenciones que abarcan desde un número reducido de Estados, como es el caso del Tratado de Derecho Penal de Montevideo de 1889 o el Tratado sobre Asilo y Refugio Político de Montevideo de 1939, hasta llegar a las convenciones celebradas en el marco del sistema interamericano, como la Convención sobre Asilo Político adoptada en La Habana en 1929, la Convención sobre Asilo Político celebrada en Montevideo en 1933 y finalmente la Convención sobre Asilo Diplomático de Caracas de 1954, de la cual Uruguay es miembro.Sin contar a los países del Caribe que ingresaron a la OEA con posterioridad y que por su origen europeo no tienen una tradición en materia de asilo diplomático, todos los estados de América Latina son parte de al menos una de estas tres convenciones citadas, menos Bolivia, que a pesar de haber firmado las tres, no las ha ratificado. Sin embargo, este país nunca se ha opuesto a este instituto.Por lo tanto, puede asegurarse, siguiendo a Edmundo Vargas Carreño, que "en la actualidad, para los Estados latinoamericanos, el asilo diplomático es una institución vigente, con fundamentos tanto en el derecho convencional como en el consuetudinario".De acuerdo a las tres convenciones que hemos mencionado, todas ellas en vigor, el asilo puede otorgarse en las Embajadas, los navíos de guerra o aeronaves militares. En la Convención de Caracas de 1954 se agregó la Residencia del Jefe de Misión. O sea que se excluye expresamente a los Consulados para acoger a un asilado.Ya vimos que en el caso del asilo territorial, no existe un "derecho de asilo" sino el "derecho a buscar asilo". En el caso del asilo diplomático ocurre lo mismo.Quien otorga el asilo diplomático es el Estado al cual se solicita el mismo, el cual no está obligado a concederlo ni explicar porque lo niega.Una vez concedido el asilo, el Estado territorial está obligado a respetarlo, debiendo otorgar el respectivo salvoconducto para la salida del asilado a otro Estado, que no tiene por qué ser necesariamente el Estado que otorgó el asilo.El asilo diplomático sólo procede en casos de urgencia, por la comisión de delitos políticos o por la persecución a raíz de la comisión de los mismos. Por lo tanto no debe concederse a aquellas personas que se encuentren inculpadas o procesadas o condenadas por delitos comunes ante tribunales competentes. Es importante tener en cuenta que el asilo diplomático se concede independientemente de la nacionalidad del asilado, o sea que puede otorgarse a una persona que no sea nacional de ninguno de los estados que reconocen este instituto.El asilo diplomático no está sujeto a reciprocidad. 5. La teoría de la extraterritorialidad como fundamento de la inviolabilidad de la Misión Diplomática.También en relación al caso de asilo diplomático que nos ocupa, numerosas declaraciones oficiales y artículos de prensa que hemos leído, se refieren a que una Embajada debe ser considerada, en razón de una pretendida "extraterritorialidad", un territorio extranjero en el corazón del Estado receptor. Nada más equivocado.La teoría de la extraterritorialidad ha perdido desde hace mucho tiempo los favores de la doctrina y debe ser considerada como definitivamente abandonada. Es más, nunca convenció al conjunto de la doctrina.Esta teoría fue defendida fundamentalmente por Hugo Grocio a comienzos del siglo XVIII, en su ensayo "Del Derecho de la Guerra y de la Paz" y también por otro gran jurista holandés, Bynkoerschoeck. El prestigio de ambos autores y la simplicidad de la idea que la fundamenta, explican el éxito que esta teoría tuvo en ese siglo.La misma reposaba en una ficción elemental que consideraba que el beneficiario de la inmunidad, en este caso el agente diplomático en funciones, jamás quita su territorio nacional y por ende tanto él como el conjunto de los locales diplomáticos que ocupa, se encuentran colocados "en extraterritorialidad". Bynkerschoeck iba todavía más lejos al asegurar que la inviolabilidad del agente diplomático dependía del hecho de que su lugar de trabajo como su residencia personal, eran consideradas como siendo parte de su territorio nacional. Se llegó al extremo de asegurar que en estos locales, los miembros del servicio doméstico que trabajaban para el agente diplomático, siendo de nacionalidad del Estado receptor, durante el tiempo de su servicio, cambiaban de nacionalidad, adoptando la del Estado acreditante. Ya en el siglo XIX surgieron por parte de autores muy importantes como Pinheiro-Ferreira y Bonfils, críticas muy fuertes a esta teoría "inútil, vaga y falsa, por ende peligrosa", que acabarían por determinar su completo rechazo.El fuerte surgimiento de la concepción de la soberanía de los Estados y de la competencia exclusiva sobre su territorio, se conciliaba muy mal con esta ficción tan elemental. Ya en esos momentos se percibía que se hacía necesario encontrar un fundamento más realista al régimen de la inmunidad diplomática así como justificarla mejor. Se hizo evidente entonces que para que esta inviolabilidad de los locales estuviera garantizada y asegurada, no era necesario fundamentarla en ninguna ficción jurídica y mucho menos en la de la teoría de la extraterritorialidad.Desde el momento en que es una inmunidad necesaria a la misión diplomática de una potencia soberana, que tiene una utilidad funcional esencial, esta inmunidad está implícita.De ello resulta que los locales diplomáticos estarán preservados de cualquier intrusión o de cualquier visita no deseada, sin que por ello deban ser consideradas como un territorio extranjero o como un enclave de soberanía extranjera.Existen numerosos ejemplos en la práctica diplomática comparada que así lo demuestran.Por ejemplo, cuando se afirma que el Estado acreditante tiene competencia de policía y de jurisdicción al interior de sus locales diplomáticos, la respuesta es un no categórico. Claro que el Estado acreditante puede rehusarse a permitir la entrada a la policía o a los jueces a los locales de la misión diplomática donde se han cometido crímenes o delitos, pero en esos casos el Estado receptor dispondrá de medios para hacer respetar el orden público, por ser el único competente para investigar y reprimir estos actos. Esta función deberá ejercerla con el acuerdo previo del Jefe de Misión y respetando la inviolabilidad de los documentos, archivos y mobiliario de la misión diplomática. Hay múltiples ejemplos que así lo confirman. Otro ejemplo muy claro es cuando se pregunta si la sede de la misión diplomática está sometida a las leyes y reglamentos del Estado receptor. Aquí la respuesta es de un sí categórico.Y en este caso se trata de todos las categorías de locales diplomáticos, incluida la residencia de los agentes diplomáticos. La práctica diplomática comparada está llena de ejemplos en tal sentido. Basta recordar casos vinculados con la violación, por parte de la misión diplomática, a la legislación sobre discriminación de género, a la legislación laboral, a la legislación relacionada con los sistemas de comunicaciones satelitales o a la legislación relacionada con reglas de urbanismo en el Estado receptor. 6. Teoría de la funcionalidad o del interés de la función.Cuando llegamos a la Convención de Viena sobre Relaciones Diplomáticas a mediados del siglo pasado, la teoría de la extraterritorialidad ya ni siquiera fue motivo de discusión y no aparece mencionada en ninguna parte. Por el contrario, en el Preámbulo de dicha Convención se dice que "las inmunidades y privilegios se conceden con el fin de garantizar el desempeño eficaz de las funciones diplomáticas".Este es hoy el fundamento de las inmunidades diplomáticas.La primera formulación de esta concepción funcional de las inmunidades diplomáticas fue hecha por el Instituto de Derecho Internacional en 1929 y fue luego recogida por la Convención de Viena de 1961 a la que ya nos hemos referido, recibiendo el apoyo unánime de la doctrina de Derecho Internacional (Lapradelle, Basdevant, Rousseau, etc.).Para volver al régimen de inviolabilidad de la misión diplomática en este marco jurídico y doctrinario, el mismo implica en primer lugar una obligación de no hacer. O sea que los agentes del Estado receptor y particularmente las fuerzas del orden no penetren en los locales de la misión o de la residencia del diplomático, salvo cuando, con la autorización del Jefe de Misión, se haga necesario realizar una investigación, como ya vimos.En segundo lugar implica una obligación de hacer. O sea que las autoridades del Estado receptor deben asegurar la protección absoluta de los locales diplomáticos contra todos los ataques que ésta pueda ser objeto.Es en este marco que hay que entender la objeción de aquellos países que no reconocen el derecho de asilo diplomático dentro de las Misiones Diplomáticas en su territorio.Para ellos, como ya lo vimos anteriormente, la contrapartida de la protección y de la inviolabilidad de los locales de la Misión Diplomática, consiste, entre otras, en el no otorgar asilo diplomático dentro de la misma, no afectar los locales de la Misión a fines que no sean los de la exclusiva representación diplomática, o que sirvan de base logística a actividades que puedan perturbar el orden o la seguridad interna del Estado receptor.Algunos Estados, para reforzar más aun el estricto cumplimiento de la teoría de la funcionalidad como fundamento de la inviolabilidad de la misión diplomática, han dictado leyes facultando a sus autoridades a revocar la misma en caso de que se compruebe que se han violado alguna de las condiciones enumeradas más arriba. De todas maneras, estos Estados han previsto en estos actos jurídicos que sus disposiciones no violen lo dispuesto por la Convención de Viena de 1961 en la materia.Si en cambio la inviolabilidad de la Misión estuviera fundada en la teoría de la extraterritorialidad, el asilo diplomático sería de rigor, pero aplicando la teoría de la funcionalidad o del interés de la función como fundamento de la inviolabilidad, el derecho de asilo sólo procede en los casos en que convenios internacionales o acuerdos particulares que vinculen a ambas partes así lo permitan.Como vimos anteriormente, este principio sin embargo ha sufrido numerosas excepciones, por razones humanitarias, a lo largo de los siglos, por parte de aquellos Estados que no reconocen este Instituto, pero en estos casos no existe norma obligatoria que los obligue a respetarlo.Ojala estas precisiones permitan al lector calificar mejor las características que reviste el caso de asilo diplomático que está hoy en día generando tantas interpretaciones por parte de los actores involucrados. Sobre el autorEmbajador uruguayo en Egipto y Catedrático de Integración Regional en Universidad-ORT.

AbstractThe title of this thesis is An Analysis of Language Style Used in the Slogan of AdvertisementThat Found in the Internet. It aims to determine the type of language style that used in eachkind of slogans. The writer examines for the meaning contained. Descriptive method used toexplain the data. Four steps exercised by the author, who has to determine the sources, collect,analyze & present the data. The writer used Agih method (Sudaryanto: 1993). The authoremploys An Introduction to Sociolinguistics theory by Holmer, Janet. (1992), Metode andTeknik Analisis Bahasa theory By Sudaryanto (1993). The writer found the different oflanguage style used in the same categories of slogan. The writer make an analysis about thedata with divided the data one by one in the same categories of product.Key words: Language Style, Slogan, Advertisement, InternetINTRODUCTIONAdvertising or advertisementis a form of communication used to persuadean audience (viewers, readers or listener) totake some action with respect to products,ideas, or services. Most commonly, thedesired result is to drive consumer behaviorwith respect to a commercial offering,although political and ideological advertisingis also common. Advertising messages areusually paid for by sponsor and viewed viavarious traditional media; including massmedia such as newspaper, magazines,television commercial, radio advertisementoutdoor advertising or direct mail; or newmedia such as websites and text messages.Beside, Crabtree, et al(1991:237) say that:"Advertising is a business inwhich language is used to persuadepeople to do things, for examples tobuy some product or vote someone,and / or believe thing, for example, thatsome one corporation is trustworthy orsome political philosophy is good one"Like other advertising media,online advertising frequently involves both apublisher, who integrates advertisements intoits online content, and an advertiser, whoprovides the advertisements to be displayedon the publisher's content. Other potentialparticipants include advertising agencies thathelp generate and place the ad copy, an adserver who technologically delivers the adand tracks statistics, and advertising affiliateswho do independent promotional work forthe advertiser. Internet advertising is a formof promotion that uses the Internet and2World Wide Web for the expressed purposeof delivering marketing messages to attractcustomer. Examples of internet advertisinginclude contextual ads that appear on searchengine result pages, banner advertising, intext ads, Rich Media advertising, onlineclassified advertising, advertising networkand e-mail marketing, including e-mail spamand slogans.A slogan is an advertising taglineor phrases that advertisers create tovisually express the importance and benefitsof their product. By and large, it's a theme toa campaign that usually has a genuine role inpeople's lives. It has the ability to loanpeople's time and attention by puttingconsumers at the heart of the solution. Everyday we see millions of messages andcatchphrase everywhere from print media tointernet advertisement.Slogans are powerful marketingtools that can motivate their customers tosupport their brand. The best slogans areinstantly recognizable. It is an advertisingtag-line or phrase that advertisers create toovisually and verbally expresses theimportance and benefits of their product.Internet advertisement use somelanguage style. It purposes to attract theirconsumer. The language style has greatcontribution in attracting people whobrowsing the internet. So, they use languagestyle that interesting to the netter.In this research the writer tries todescribe and to look for the forms oflanguage for her analysis in internetadvertisement. At this analysis, the writerfocuses on language style used in slogans ininternet advertisement.Holmes (1992: 1) saysthat: "Sociolinguistics isconcerned with the relationshipbetween language and context inwhich it is used".In this case, the writer took some researchthat have relation with language variety,there are: The first one , Maria (2000) aboutlanguage style in some short stories as foundin Cool 'n Smart magazine in her research,she analyzes casual style and slang which,are found in Cool 'n Smart magazine. Sheanalyzes longer expressions(which idiomatic meaning) that arecharacteristic of slang usage. Another one,Anti (1998), about non-standard Indonesianlanguage in teenager magazine. In herresearch, she analyzes style of language inshort stories in teenager's magazines.Advertising or advertisement is aform of communication used to persuade anaudience (viewers, readers or listener) to takesome action with respect to products, ideas,or services. Most commonly, the desiredresult is to drive consumer behavior withrespect to a commercial offering, althoughpolitical and ideological advertising is alsocommon. Advertising messages are usuallypaid for by sponsor and viewed via varioustraditional media; including mass media suchas newspaper, magazines, television3commercial, radio advertisement outdooradvertising or direct mail; or new media suchas websites and text messages.Beside, Crabtree, et al(1991:237) in Arri Anti (1998 )saythat:"Advertising is a business inwhich language is used to persuadepeople to do things, for examples tobuy some product or vote someone,and / or believe thing, for example, thatsome one corporation is trustworthy orsome political philosophy is good one"According to Wikipedia, a sloganis a memorable motto or phrase used in apolitical, commercial, religious, and othercontext as a repetitive expression of an ideaor purpose. A slogan is an advertising taglineor phrases that advertisers create tovisually express the importance and benefitsof their product. By and large, it's a theme toa campaign that usually has a genuine role inpeople's lives. It has the ability to loanpeople's time and attention by puttingconsumers at the heart of the solution. Everyday we see millions of messages andcatchphrase everywhere from print media tointernet advertisement.Slogans are powerful marketingtools that can motivate their customers tosupport their brand. The best slogans areinstantly recognizable. It is an advertisingtag-line or phrase that advertisers create forvisually and verbally expresses theimportance and benefits of their product.The style of language that speakersuse with friends, when one a job interview,when talking to parents, the situationallanguage is called language style. Accordingto Holmes (1992:245), states that theaddresses and the context affect out choice ofcode of variety, whether language, anddialect. From the definition, the writer canconclude that language style is variety ofspeakers which is following the writer byaddressing and context.According to Holmes (1992:236) astandard variety is generally one which iswritten and which has under gone some ofregularization or codification (for example,in a grammar and dictionary), it is used for H(high) function a long side a diversity of L(Low) varieties.A Standard language variation isgenerally: (1) Used in the news media and inliterature (2) Described in dictionaries andgrammar (3) Taught in school and to nativespeakers when they learn language as aforeign languageAccording to Halim (1980) in Chaer(2004:192) non standard language is varietythat has indication or symbol fromcharacteristic to set out of the way fromnorm of standard language also calledinformal language.Non standard language shows greatervariety than standard language. The highersocial position of the non standard speakers,4the more nearly do they approach thestandard language.According to Richard, et al (1985)non standard language is use in speaking orwriting; with differ in pronunciation,grammar or vocabulary from the standardlanguage. Sometime the expressionsubstandard is used but linguist differ theterm non-standard as it a more neutral term.According to Holmes (1992: 74), there aremany components of the meaning of the termnon-standard language, they are;(1)Unstandardized or uncodified variety(2)Refers to the way it's acquired in thehome at first variety (3)It's used forrelatively circumscribed the function(4)Used in informal situationOne mark of an informal language isthe frequent occurrence of slang. Almosteveryone use slang occasions but it is noteasy to define the word. According toFromkin (1985:276) slang has been definedas "one of those things that everybody canrecognize and nobody can define".Regardless of social position, almostall people use slang from time to time.According to Yeager (1981:183) slang isanother word that is difficult to define butexpresses a concept that is understood byalmost everyone; probably the fundamentalquality of a slang term is not generallyaccepted. Slang words may come about bycombining to do word, by introducing acompletely new word. Slang expressionshave come and gone ever the year, some toreturn again but other never does. At thesometime, though same slang expressionsare remarkably resilient and persistent andsurvive over long periods of time.Akmadjian (1984) in Sudrawati(1999) explain about slang as follows:(1)Slang is part of casual informal styles oflanguage use (2)Slang like fashion in dottingand popular music, changer rapidly(3)Specific areas of slang often associatedwith particular social group, and hence onespeaks teenager slang.A daily activity has conversational language.Generally, colloquial style is not reallyattention to pronunciation, choice or words,or sentence structure. According toAlwasilah (1986:59) in Arry Anti (1998) thatcolloquial is words or phrases that are onlyused in utterances in spoken language. Itused in casual conversation. Educationnative speakers of a language normally usecolloquial speech in informal situation withfriends, fellow worker and members of thefamily.In this research, the writer would liketo use some theories in order to support indevelopment this thesis. The theories will bedescribed briefly, that is language style,formal and informal language, for exampleslang and colloquial.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYIn this research, the writer also usedthe qualitative method is a processing of5research, which is have a result descriptivedata like spoken or written language. In thisresearch, the writer uses this method toanalyze the language style as found inslogans in internet advertisementIn this research, the writer took the data fromslogans in internet advertisement. In internetadvertisement the writer copying someslogans into a flash disk and found some datafor to analyze. The data are categorized intofood and beverage, automotive, cosmetics,electronics etc.To collect the data, the writer usesobservation method. Observation methoditself is observes the language from thesource of data, that are some slogans ininternet advertising. In collecting the data thewriter browse the internet and uses flash diskto save the data in both formal and informallanguage which includes the words thatrelated to the research.DISCUSIONBased of the analysis, language style inadvertisement can be describe into nonstandard (that are slang and colloquial) andstandard languageNon StandardSlang1) BRYLCREEM - "A Little Dab'll DoYa!"From the example above, the sloganis about men's pomade or hair cream. Slangis not based to the true meaning but to thecontext. In the true meaning the word Dab'llsame with Dabble or playing with water butin the context meaning the word Dab'll isslang that means the hair is gloss or shiny ona surface because that hair cream.2) BURGER KING – It'll blow your mindawayFrom the example above, the word'blow' in the true meaning the wind action tomake something has different position orlook. But in the context meaning the word'blow' is slang version that means make yourmind only thinking about this food.3) GOOGLE - Don't be evilFrom the example above, the word'evil' in the true meaning has a negativemeaning or it is a crime or bad spirit. But inthe context meaning the word 'evil' is slangversion that means stupid. It is fit with theslogan because Google is the one of manysources of knowledge, information, socialnetwork etc. with Google the people cansmarter not stupid anymore.4) SUZUKI SWIFT - It's a boy thing.SWIFT, wanna play?From the example above, the word'wanna' in the true meaning is 'want to'.But in the context meaning the word'wanna' is slang version that meanschallenge. It is based from the slogan thatsays It's a boy thing. So are you brave to getthe challenge?5) AUSTRALIAN TOUR – So where thebloody hell are you?6From the example above, it is a sloganabout the tourist industry. The word 'bloodyhell' in the true meaning has a negativemeaning or may be a swearword. But in thecontext meaning the word 'bloody hell' isslang version that means to make sure wherethe place you wish will to go toColloquialA daily activity has conversationallanguage. Generally, colloquial style is notreally attention to pronunciation, choice orwords, or sentence structure. It used in casualconversation. Education native speakers of alanguage normally use colloquial speech ininformal situation with friends, fellowworker and members of the family.6) KFC - Finger lickin' Good!From the example above, it is seenthat the word lickin' is the colloquial versionfrom licking' is the standard language byswitching the alphabet g with the symbol 'from the word licking' become lickin' fromcolloquial. Because this word is not aboutthe creation of completely new word, it isonly about the change the spelling that isswitching one alphabet with one symbol butnot change the meaning.7) Mc D - I'm Lovin itFrom the example above, it is seenthat the word Lovin is the colloquial versionfrom Loving is the standard language bydeleting the alphabet 'g' from the wordLoving become Lovin from colloquial.Because this word is not about the creationof completely new word, it is only about thechange the spelling that is deleting onealphabet but not change the meaning.8) L'OREAL - Because you're worth itFrom the example above, it is seenthat to be 'are' from "Because you're worthit" contracted with pronoun 'you'. In Englishstructure it is should be 'you are'. The wordis colloquial because this slogan is notpaying attention to grammar or the word notabout the creation of completely new wordsbut only about the change the spelling of theshortened pronunciation.9) LG - "Life's Good"From the example above, it is seenthat to be 'is' from "Life's Good" contractedwith pronoun 'life'. In English structure it isshould be 'life is'. The word is colloquialbecause this slogan is not paying attention togrammar or the word not about the creationof completely new words but only about thechange the spelling of the shortenedpronunciation.10) Visa - "Its Everywhere you want to be"From the example above, is same withthe above. To be 'is' from Its Everywhereyou want to be" contracted with pronoun 'it'.In English structure it is should be 'it is. Theword is colloquial because the word notabout the creation of completely new wordsbut only about the change the spelling of theshortened pronunciation.7Standard Language11) Canon - "See what we mean"In example above the advertiser makethe slogan in standard language. It can beseen through the sentence is made in goodgrammar, good spelling and formalvocabulary, so this example uses the formallanguage. So this example is suitable to useon formal language style of advertisingslogans.12) Nike - "Just do it"In example above the advertiser makethe slogan in standard language. It can beseen through the sentence is made in goodgrammar, good spelling and formalvocabulary, so this example uses the formallanguage. So this example is suitable to useon formal language style of advertisingslogans.13) Haagen-Dazs - Pleasure is the path tojoyIn example above the advertiser makethe slogan in standard language. It can beseen through the sentence is made in goodgrammar, good spelling and formalvocabulary, so this example uses the formallanguage. So this example is suitable to useon formal language style of advertisingslogans.14) Red Cross - "The greatest tragedy isIndifference"In example above the advertiser makethe slogan in standard language. It can beseen through the sentence is made in goodgrammar, good spelling and formalvocabulary, so this example uses the formallanguage. So this example is suitable to useon formal language style of advertisingslogans.15) Matchbox - We sell more cars thanford, Chrysler, Chevrolet, and Buickcombined.In example above the advertiser makethe slogan in standard language. It can beseen through the sentence is made in goodgrammar, good spelling and formalvocabulary, so this example uses the formallanguage. So this example is suitable to useon formal language style of advertisingslogans.CONCLUSIONLanguage style is the ways toshow the freedom of expression, tocomment, to express the ideas, feelings, andgive information to other people. Languagestyle is a part of communication. That usedusually in some situation such as on schooland internet. On this situation usually thepeople mostly use variation of languagestyle.BIBLIOGRAPHYAlwasilah, A. Chaedar (1986) SosiologiBahasa. Bandung: Angkasa.Anti, Arry, (1998) An Analysis of Non-Standard Indonesia Language inTeenangers Magazines. Thesis S1:Padang. Bung Hatta University.8Chaer, Abdul. (2004) Sosiolinguistik.Jakarta : PT. Rineka Cipta.Fromkin, Victoria and Rodman, Robert.1985. An Analysis to Language. LosAngeles: Holt Rinehart and Winston,Inc.Holmer, Janet. (1992) An Introduction toSosiolinguistics. New York:Longman.Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_sloganHttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ InternetAdvertisementHttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertisingHttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SloganMeri Efrina (2006) An Analysis of LanguageStyle in Advertising of CleoMagazine. Thesis S1: Padang.BungHatta University.Nurul Huda (2004) An Analysis of LanguageVariation Used in Teenlits. ThesisS1: Padang. Bung Hatta University.Richards, Jack. (1985) Longman Dictionaryof Linguistics. Longman.Spolsky, Bernard. (1998) Sosiolinguistics.Longman York press.Sudaryanto (1993) Metode dan TeknikAnalisis Bahasa. Yogyakarta: DutaWacana Uuniversity Press.Sudrawati (2004) An Analysis of casual styleof Advertisement in AnekaMagazine. Thesis S1: Padang. BungHatta University.Yeager, Edwar. (1981) An Introduction tolinguistics. Boston : Little Brown andCompany

Steve and Margaret Spurlock August 29, 2013 ; Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. ; The following is an oral history interview with Steve and Margaret Spurlock. The interview was conducted on August 29, 2013, by Lorrie Rands, in the Spurlock�s home. Steve and Margaret discuss their experiences with 25th Street. ; 28p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 videodisc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program Steve and Margaret Spurlock Interviewed by Lorrie Rands 29 August 2013 Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Steve and Margaret Spurlock Interviewed by Lorrie Rands 29 August 2013 Copyright © 2014 by Weber State University, Stewart Library Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in Special Collections. The Stewart Library also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. After World War II, the railroad business declined. Some government agencies and businesses related to the defense industry continued to gravitate to Ogden after the war—including the Internal Revenue Regional Center, the Marquardt Corporation, Boeing Corporation, Volvo-White Truck Corporation, Morton-Thiokol, and several other smaller operations. However, the economy became more service oriented, with small businesses developing that appealed to changing demographics, including the growing Hispanic population. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management Special Collections All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Spurlock, Steve and Margaret, an oral history by Lorrie Rands, 29 August 2013 , WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, Special Collections, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. iii Steve and Margaret Spurlock August 29, 2013 Abstract: The following is an oral history interview with Steve and Margaret Spurlock. The interview was conducted on August 29, 2013, by Lorrie Rands, in the Spurlock's home. Steve and Margaret discuss their experiences with 25th Street. LR: It is August 29, 2013. We are in the home of Margaret and Steve Spurlock doing an oral history interview on 25th Street and Ogden. My name is Lorrie Rands, I'm conducting the interview and Rebecca Fuller is filming. So, let's being simply and because most of my questions are centered on Steve, you can both answer them. MS: If that's who you prepared for, that's fine. LR: I love the fact that you're going to help each other. SS: We've been married since we were about 12, so that's okay. LR: Where and when were you born? SS: I was born in Ogden, August 21, 1947. LR: How many siblings do you have? SS: Two. LR: Really? That's not a typical Utah family. SS: No, and we had two children. That's not either, huh? MS: Well, I'll change it. I was born in Ogden in 1946 and I have five siblings. 1 SS: There you go. LR: Where did you grow up? SS: Where in town, you mean? LR: Yes SS: By the old St. Benedict's Hospital just off 30th Street on Circle Way. LR: Really? SS: Yes, just a block down from the old hospital. LR: And you? MS: I grew up where Harmon's is now, that's where my house was, at the Harmon's 2nd Street at Five Points in the rural part of Ogden. It was really rural out there at that time. LR: What did your parents do for a living? SS: My father was a sheep and cattle broker at the Ogden stock yards, which was a big deal in those days. In the 40's, 50's and 60's, it was a major driver of the economy in Ogden. LR: Why is that? SS: We were the biggest stock yards between Denver and the west coast, one of the first, and one of two biggest stock yards in the west. Why? I think because of the rail service. When I was a kid I worked down there and we unloaded a lot of cattle and sheep off of the railroad cars to feed them. LR: What did you parents do? 2 MS: My dad worked for the railway postal system. My mom was a housewife all her life. LR: What is the railway postal system? MS: Before airplanes, when they used to send the mail on the trains, we used to sort the mail when it would get to the station to send it to different areas. It was a collection area down there and then they would sort it and send it off to the different states on different trains. It doesn't exist anymore. LR: What did you used to do for fun when you were growing up? SS: What did we do for fun? MS: I was outside all of the time playing hide and seek. I lived on a large lot, we had like 3 acres and we had irrigation rights to Lynn Irrigation System and my father would irrigate and we would play in the irrigation water. We'd stay out at night and play hide and seek and we'd ride our bikes. We were out all the time playing. SS: It's interesting because we're different in that regard because she was more of a country girl although she was in the city limits, but I was in a new neighborhood that was built in the early 50's. Similar thing though, I was out until dark, parents didn't have to worry about you. There wasn't all the weird stuff that goes on now and even when we raised our two sons here, it was like the street lights came on and it's time to come home. We didn't worry about them, they were responsible and they would come home. LR: So it was okay to just kind of wander around except for 25th Street? 3 MS: Yes. Actually, we would ride our bikes clear out into Farr West and Harrisville and Plain City for four or five hours at a time and our parents didn't worry about us. SS: We, being you and who? MS: My friends in the neighborhood, the girls that lived down the street. SS: See, today you wouldn't let a young girl, there's no way you can do that. LR: Okay, so let's get into some of the 25th Street questions. Do you remember any businesses or buildings on 25th Street? SS: I remember the bus station being there that's now the business incubator there on the corner. LR: The camera Depot thing? SS: Yes. In fact, I remember getting on a bus there. LR: What about that jogs your memory? SS: It's a cool building for one thing, it's kind of an art deco building and it was just one of those things that was great about that street that's not there anymore. When I think about a bus station, that's the one that comes to mind. LR: Do you remember any other buildings on that street that just come to mind? SS: Yes, the liquor store next to the bus building. When we were teenagers we'd go try and give a wino some money and have him buy us an illegal bottle, but you had to put somebody at the back door too so he didn't just go out the back door with the money. That's now a comedy club, I think. 4 LR: Wiseguys. Yes. Do you remember any people that used to live or work on 25th Street? SS: More stories. It's interesting because we looked up a friend of my older brother's from high school and he lived on Lincoln. When I was in high school he lived on Lincoln and we recently found out he died. My brother just had his 50th year reunion for Ogden High, so Margaret does quite a bit of genealogical research, so she just put on her research hat and found out a ton about him and his father and grandfather had both worked and lived on 25th Street. MS: Yes. They lived above a bar on 25th Street. That's about the only association I have with 25th Street. SS: Me too, because as she said, it was just a place that if we were feeling daring we might drive down red light alley in high school. MS: I don't even know if it was still active at that time, but it had a reputation. LR: So you would walk there or drive? MS: We'd drive our cars through real fast and hope you didn't break down. It was a scary place. LR: Do you remember the name of the individual that you were referring to earlier? SS: His name was Larry Bloom. LR: Okay. Did you ever hang out downtown? SS: Oh yeah, downtown a lot. MS: Yes. 5 LR: What do you remember about that? MS: It was fun. SS: Christmas was wonderful. LR: Why's that? SS: Because you'd go from building to building and everybody had a great window display. MS: The high school choirs were caroling down there. SS: I was in the Ogden High School a cappella choir and we'd break into small groups of six or eight and go sing Christmas carols in the stores and on the sidewalks. It was just really fun. MS: The police would direct traffic because it was so busy. The traffic was so busy I remember the police on 24th and Washington directing traffic because there were so many cars and people downtown. It was fun even when you're younger just after a parade you'd go to a movie and then just catch the bus and go home. It was fun because it gave you freedom. LR: Why was it so busy at Christmas time? SS: I think probably because there weren't all the outlying shopping places. There were no Walmart's, no strip mall here and strip mall there and if you wanted to shop, you went downtown. LR: So it was literally you'd go into this building and then go into the next shop. SS: Yes, you'd go shop and you'd do the whole— 6 MS: Downtown existed from 25th Street to 22nd Street, both sides of the street. Most of the stores were on the west side between 22nd and 25th, but on the east side between 24th and 25th there were some nice stores like Fred M. Nye and Wolfer's and— SS: Auerbach's, that was on the west. MS: That's was L.R. Samuels. LR: Okay. That sounds fun. MS: It was fun. LR: You mentioned theaters. Which theaters would you attend? MS: The Egyptian, the Orpheum, the Paramount and the Ogden. LR: What do you remember about those? MS: The smell of the popcorn. The Orpheum was fun to walk in because it had a big ramp that went up into the lobby. I remember the Ogden and the Paramount weren't the best theaters in town, but sometimes they would have some decent movies. We didn't go there as often. SS: They weren't first-run movies I don't think. They were whatever they thought would bring some people in. LR: The Orpheum, that was on— MS: It was by the hotel Ben Lomond. SS: South of it on the east side of Washington, across from the city and county building. 7 LR: Thank you. SS: There was a tunnel, in fact, they were talking about this on that remembering Ogden group recently and I can remember that there was a tunnel between the buildings. MS: I don't remember it. SS: She doesn't remember it, but you could walk back to Ogden Avenue and you'd park back there and you'd walk through the tunnel into town next to the theater. It was kind of like the one on 25th Street between the Athenian and Tom Hardy's Salon, which is still there and it says, according to that book, was how they'd get back to the red light alley. LR: Were the theaters kind of a place to hang out as young kids? MS: That's where we'd go on dates. I don't know if we really hung out there. I guess some of the younger kids would go, I never went to the Saturday morning cartoons, but I think they had those. SS: I didn't either, but our kids did. They were born around 1970. LR: Where would you hang out with your friends' downtown, if you did at all? Was there a specific place that all the teenagers would hang out? SS: By the time we were teenagers, we had wheels and we were up and down Washington Boulevard at night. In fact, we met at Mason's drive-in, both of us in different cars. That was just the thing at the time. By the time we were teenagers, we really probably didn't, unless we were going downtown for something. 8 MS: I don't know what the boys would do, but the girls would go downtown and shop, but there wasn't any place to hang out, you'd just go from store to store. LR: Okay. Besides the Christmas memories, what are some of your favorite memories of downtown Ogden? MS: The tube going through J.C. Penny, the pneumatic tube that took the receipts. SS: If they'd get too much money in their cash register and needed to send some to the office, that was the coolest thing they had like the banks do now, the pneumatic tubes and they'd come down by each cash register and they'd put stuff in it and push the button and you could watch it go up into the ceiling and we thought that was pretty cool. The elevator operators— MS: Elevator operators in J.C. Penny's. I loved the nut and candy section of J.C. Penny's, I liked the smell of the cashews. The squeak of the floors in C.C. Anderson's, they had wood floors, so you'd go in and they'd squeak. SS: That was where the Bon Marche went and the mall went and what's there now? Part of the Junction, I guess. MS: I was trying to think. Oh, Reliable Furniture. I was a girl scout and a brownie scout at the Episcopal Church on 24th and Lincoln and I'd ride the bus to my meetings and then I would have to catch the bus home. I always caught it on the corner of 23rd and Washington because Reliable Furniture was there and in the back of Reliable Furniture they had a record department and you could go in while you were waiting for the bus and they would let you listen. If you decided you wanted to buy a record or listen to a record you could take a record and go in 9 a booth and listen to your 45's. I thought that was really fun to sit there and listen to the records. You didn't have to buy them, you could just try them and go out and catch the bus. SS: The place I thought was cool was the fact that KLO was in the Ben Lomond Hotel—the radio station. I think KJQ was later, but they would give away 45's, you know, "Be the third one to call in and we'll give them to you." You had to go down and get them and you could go down to the third floor of the Ben Lomond Hotel and they'd be broadcasting live and you could stand there and watch and pick up your 45's and I thought that was pretty neat. At least we thought so at the time. The Fun Shop, there was the Fun Shop downtown. It was there by the Orpheum and they had rubber vomit and all kinds of great gross things that you could buy. There's nothing like that anymore, I guess. MS: I was trying to think of what else. I liked going into the old Commercial Security Bank when it was really old. SS: The one that was in the middle of the block before they moved over on the corner. MS: Yes. Basically just because it was such a classy building. It was a fun building. SS: There was stained glass in the ceiling and there was a skylight. I remember it when they were getting ready to tear it down, there was a skylight with stained glass in it that was really pretty. It was essentially next to the Egyptian, wasn't it? It was just south of it. 10 MS: Yes. There was a butcher shop someplace close to 22nd and Washington on the west side that my parents would buy meat in. I know you wouldn't be allowed to this nowadays, but when I would go in with my dad, the butcher would give me a hot dog to eat. I liked that. No way they'd do it nowadays. SS: They wouldn't do it and neither would you. MS: No. LR: As they started to tear down some of these buildings, was it sad to watch some of them go? SS: Or was it progress? That's a really good question. MS: It seems sad now, but at the time I think we just accepted it. SS: It was progress, I mean, I vaguely remember the Broom Hotel which they tore down for the Commercial Security. Architecturally, the one was spectacular and the other one is kind of blah. Now you look back and think, "Geez, why didn't we save those?" The Orpheum Theater was architecturally a really neat building and it sat and sat and sat. I think what tends to happen is they're no longer economically viable and they sit long enough that then they become structurally unsound and unless you get somebody like Van Summerhill that gets involved in the Egyptian and saves it, they're just gone. LR: On that same vein, has Ogden changed a lot from when you were younger? SS: Ogden, but probably every other city in the country as well. MS: Ogden used to be more centrally located. Now it's spread out a lot. When we were younger there were only four high schools, I guess. Bonneville was brand 11 new and then there was Weber, Ben Lomond, and Ogden High. Even Weber was within the city. It was on 12th and Washington, so the city has changed a lot. The inner city used to be not crime-ridden, it was very livable. It wasn't as, I don't want to say scary, but it had a different atmosphere at the time. I think Ogden has changed quite a bit. The Junction is viable and it's going, but it's not the same atmosphere at all. SS: 25th Street is downtown Ogden now I think. If somebody says, "Let's go downtown," I think that's what you think now is, "Let's go on 25th Street." Which is wonderful because you're not afraid to walk down there. There are some shops to go in and out of and some nice restaurants. I guess that really is downtown. Another thing I was thinking about of downtown that I thought was cool was the White City Ballroom, because it was so huge. MS: I never went in it. SS: Didn't you? I used to sluff church and go in there. It was just huge. It was a dance floor before it was a bowling alley, right? It was a big dome with and unobstructed dance floor and they later added the bowling alleys. It's another one of those things that seem great in retrospect, but whether they truly were or not, if you could go back now, I don't know. Probably everybody goes through that as you get older you look back fondly on things you remember. LR: You mentioned that it's not the same, the atmosphere downtown. What had changed? 12 MS: The upkeep of the houses in the middle of the town. The downtown is not there anymore, so I think that kind of, I don't know, I think taking away the downtown did something to the inner city and the people from the inner city have moved out and the people who have moved in just don't maintain it like they did. It's just, I used to walk from 30th Street to 20th Street along either Monroe or Quincy and I wouldn't do that now. It's deteriorated and I don't know exactly if it's the people living there or if it's just, I don't know what it is. SS: I think a lot of it is our times. There's a lot of drugs going on and a lot of stuff that just didn't exist then. You've got to tell her your story about your dad dropping you off at the church and how you got home. The priest and the Indians, well, you can tell her. MS: Well, I was a Brownie and I was like eight years old and he dropped me off at the Episcopal Church because that's where I went to Brownies and evidently my parents didn't get the notice that we were meeting someplace else that day, so the church was locked up. I went to Kammeyer's Sporting Goods next door, because we didn't have cell phones or anything, and asked if I could use their phone to call my parents and there was a Catholic priest from Brigham City and about three Navajo Indian men, because they had the Intermountain Indian School at Brigham City at that time. I don't know what they were doing in the sporting goods store, but they were in there for some reason and the priest asked if he could help me. I was upset, I don't remember if I was crying or what, but I told him that I had no way to get home and my parents had dropped me off and I was calling my mom. He talked to my mother and said, "If you can find out 13 where the Brownie meeting is, we'll take her there or else we can bring her home." She called back and it was at another Brownie Scout's house and so she let me get in the car with these men, even though she trusted the priest and the Indians, and they took me up to— SS: She had to sit on one of the Indian's laps. MS: I had to sit on one of the Indian boy's laps and they took me up to the house. Nowadays, you wouldn't even be downtown at eight years old. SS: Yeah, your parents wouldn't drop you off. MS: It was just things like that; it was just so completely different. It scared me half to death because I used to watch and play cowboys and Indians and I didn't want to be scalped. It was something I remember. LR: That's a great story, thank you for sharing that. Do you have any other memories that are coming to mind? MS: I used to ride the bus all the time from the time I was seven years old. We had one car and my dad worked and he had the car, so my transportation was the bus. My mother used to let me ride the bus all over town. You'd trust the bus drivers and you'd tell them where you wanted to go and they'd give you a transfer and tell you which bus to transfer on. I'd go to birthday parties because friends that were in my scout group would live like on—I remember going to one on 22nd Street above Harrison and I lived out on 2nd Street. I'd ride the bus downtown to go to the Brownie meetings and to go home and I did that until I got a driver's license. 14 LR: So when you started doing this, how old were you? MS: Probably about seven. LR: By yourself? MS: By myself, yes. SS: That's such a different experience from me in the same timeframe. With me, we my dad was traveling and we had two cars and I think the first time I ever rode the bus I was like 14. LR: That's different. So, was it different having two cars in a family back then, it wasn't common, was it? MS: No. SS: It was in my neighborhood because it was a new neighborhood and probably a more affluent neighborhood. We had two doctors next to us and as she said there were a lot of neighborhoods where it wasn't common. MS: My mom walked, Wangsgard's Grocery Store was just up the street and she'd walk to the store every day to get our produce and meat and walk back. I'm sure Steve's mom didn't walk to any store. SS: Well, there wasn't anywhere close enough. MS: Most of my friends only had one car, one bathroom, so—I'm sure you were raised with more than one bathroom. LR: So, same city, but completely different circumstances. SS: Yeah, it's kind of interesting. 15 LR: That is just mind blowing. SS: Older home. That house was probably built in the 1910's or so. MS: I think about 1925 or something. SS: Cool old two-story, white frame house that creaked and leaked. MS: We played in fields, you know, it was all open area and he (Steve) had neighborhoods, but he got to go in the foothills, so he played in the foothills a lot. LR: I bet that has changed a lot, the foothills. SS: It has. We used to regularly hike up what is now Mt. Ogden Park. I don't think it was then, was it? MS: No. SS: Clearly wasn't planted. It was literally a block to get to the foothills and go up to Waterfall canyon and go get in the canal and float along. That was our playground, we did that a lot. MS: In the Fall, we'd have big bonfires where we lived because it was more rural and orchards and that, and around Halloween time we'd have big bonfires and do hot dogs and marshmallows and I'm sure you didn't do that. SS: No. There were unapproved snow dances up in the foothills with bonfires, but the police usually made them put them out. MS: We were raised completely differently in the same town. LR: That's fascinating. I just think that's great. MS: I think I had the best childhood. 16 LR: Is there anything else that you guys can think of? SS: Just general interest, in the early to mid-60's, by that point downtown was pretty much the same because the mall—the dreaded mall—hadn't come, but once you got the driving license everything changed. Your range expanded and everybody knows that. We met at a drive-in called Mason's, that's how you'd meet girls from other schools, was on the boulevard. Sometimes, if you really wanted to get out, (I went to Ogden High and she went to Ben Lomond), if you really wanted to get out of your territory we'd go clear out to 2nd Street way out in the boonies where she lived. Generally you'd turn around at Combe's Drive-In which was on 12th and kitty-corner from Weber High School and the turn around on the other end of town would be Rusty's, which was on Riverdale Road and Wall, which is Warren's now. We literally met on Valentine's Day in 1964 at Mason's. I had these two friends and I had these stupid cards printed. We'd gone to, was it J.L. Woody? MS: I have no idea, this is not a memory. SS: We'd had these cards printed and she still has one in her wallet and it says, "This is a date card. If you keep this card, you owe me a date. If you throw this card away, you owe me a kiss— MS: "If you give it back to me, you owe me both." Something like that. SS: Then it says, "When do I collect?" We thought this was really cool and we had like 1,000 of them printed. The first one out of the box I gave to her. You see, I didn't get to use the rest. 17 LR: That's good story. You mentioned the pictures you have of some of the parades. Were there a lot of parades in Ogden? MS: Well, most of these are the 24th of July parade. Some of them are the Christmas parade, which I don't remember going to Christmas parades since I was in high school, but there's evidence that I must have gone when I was younger. Until I got into junior high, at the end of May there was a parade called the Loyalty Day parade, I don't know what we were loyal to, I don't know what it was, but it was just students and every school in town participated in it and there was a—Ray Minter had a drum and bugle corps— SS: You've heard of the Ray Minter drum and bugle corps? LR: I've heard of it, yes. MS: Every school would have their drum and bugle corps and every school would have different colored uniforms. There would be a big banner that said, like I went to Lynn Elementary and there'd be a big banner that said, "Lynn Elementary," and behind that banner would be the drum and bugle corps. Behind the drum and bugle corps would be every student in the school from 3rd grade to 6th grade. I don't know if the high schools participated, but the junior highs did, I guess the high schools did to, but the last time I can remember participating in it was when I was in 7th grade. Every student in that school would march in that parade. I don't think you were allowed to do it until you were in 3rd grade. It was fun and I was in the drum and bugle corps, I did the baton. SS: She had a really funny hat. 18 MS: It was just a fun thing to do. The only parades I can remember, well, there was a children's parade at the 24th Street, there was a horse parade on the 24th of July and then there was a big 24th of July parade. That was a big thing. Then the loyalty day parade and the Christmas parade. I'm sure there were others, but I don't remember any of the others. SS: I would assume the loyalty day parade was, since we were born immediately after World War II, I would assume it had probably something to do with the war. MS: I don't know. I don't know how long it was in existence. SS: Or who sponsored it. MS: All I know is Ray Minter must have really been a guy who scheduled his time because he would go from school to school to school on the weekends and teach the kids how to blow the bugle, how to play the drums and how to twirl a baton and it was fun. You volunteered to be in the drum and bugle corps, it was something you could do if you wanted to or else could just march with the rest of the students. SS: See, I don't remember the loyalty day parade. I never went and never did it. MS: Yes you did. SS: Did I? I had to? MS: Yes. SS: Oh, I guess I did it. It was a bad experience, I blocked it out. Did you see me there? 19 MS: No. The 24th of July parade was really big, it was a really big parade. I haven't been to the 24th of July parade for quite a while now, so I don't know what it's like. The floats were gorgeous and that was a big thing. SS: One thing I think Ogden has done well is preserved Ogden High. Of course, I'm partial to that, but I think that is a unique building and I'm glad the Forest Service building is still there and the Municipal Building and, my favorite, the exchange building at the stock yards which Leslie Hodgsen did too. That's where my dad worked and I really grew up and worked there from the time I was about 12 until I got wheels, at which point I probably wasn't interested anymore, but I think they've done a great job preserving those buildings. MS: There was also ice skating on Beus' Pond. I don't know if it freezes over anymore. Outdoor ice skating or you could go to the Coliseum. He mentioned the exchange building, there was a Coliseum down by the exchange building and they had an ice rink. In elementary up to about high school, we used to go ice skating there all the time. The fun one was Beus' Pond because you could ice skate outside. I don't think it freezes that hard anymore. SS: I remember driving on Beus' Pond with Jeff in his Volkswagen. How crazy was that? The winters were a lot colder then and stuff froze up completely. MS: They used to close the hills, like some of the major streets in town for sledding. SS: The police would block them off. MS: They'd put barricades and say it was a sledding hill so that we could go sledding down the hills. It was fun. 20 SS: Just more things that you couldn't do now. MS: It was a smaller town; I think that makes a difference too. LR: I love the sledding part, that they would close the streets. MS: It was fun. SS: I don't know how many places they did it, but I remember our street, we lived on Darling Street, which is between 29th and 30th and I remember it being closed off. It was a fairly long, gentle hill. MS: They even did it in high school because I can remember wanting to go up like maybe 5th Street hill and it was closed off and you couldn't drive your car up there. So, they did it when we were in high school too. I don't know when they stopped doing that, but that was in the mid-60s, I graduated in '64 and they were still doing it then. I was trying to think of the things we used to do in the spring and summer. They used to close off the streets in high school for homecoming. For the little Iron Horse game we could go down and do a big snake dance along Washington Boulevard before the games and things like that. They would close off Washington Boulevard for the high schools. It was just a smaller town and you were able to do more things like that. LR: This has been fantastic for me. I love hearing the stories. I appreciate your time and your willingness to sit down and talk with us. SS: Happy to do it. I don't know how much we— LR: For me, these are great stories; I haven't heard a lot of these, so this is just fantastic. I appreciate it. 21

Fødevarebårne sygdomme har betydelige helbredsmæssige, sociale, økonomiske og politiske konsekvenser. Kvantitativ mikrobiologisk risikovurdering (QMRA) er et videnskabeligt baseret værktøj, der anvendes til at estimere antallet af sygdomstilfælde hos mennesker efter indtag af en given fødevare kontamineret med en specifik sygdomsfremkaldende mikroorganisme. Værktøjet kan ligeledes anvendes til at vurdere effekten af forskellige kontrolforanstaltninger i produktionen af den givne fødevare. Risikovurderinger benyttes af fødevaremyndigheder til udarbejdelse af regler og vejledninger, der kan mindske risikoen for fødevarebårne sygdomme. Det er derfor nødvendigt, at vurderingerne er så nøjagtige og gennemskuelige som muligt. Forbrugereksponeringen og den deraf følgende mulige infektion med en fødevarebåren bakterie afhænger af flere faktorer, herunder antallet af bakterier, der er tilstede i fødevaren samt den mikrobielle økologi (vækst, overlevelse og krydssmitte), som finder sted i alle trini fødevarekæden. Begge forhold er vigtige input til en QRMA. Antallet af bakterier vil variere naturligt mellem de prøver, der udtages af et parti fødevarer. I en QMRA tages der højde for denne variation ved at beskrive bakterieantallet ved anvendelse af sandsynlighedsfordelinger. Udviklingen i antallet af bakterier i en fødevare gennem produktionsprocessen afhænger både af fødevarens art, håndtering og opbevaringsforhold, og beregnes ved hjælp af prædiktive mikrobiologiske modeller, der bl.a. kan forudsige ændringer bakteriekoncentrationerunder specifikke fysiske og kemiske forhold. Både de valgte sandsynlighedsfordelinger og prædiktive mikrobiologiske modeller bidrager til usikkerheden af en QMRA. Dels er det muligt at vælge mellem flere forskellige alternative fordelinger for bakteriekoncentrationer samt måder at tilpasse fordelinger til aktuelle data; og dels er prædiktive mikrobiologiske modeller oftest baseret på kontrollerede laboratorieforsøg, der måske ikke i tilstrækkelig grad afspejler forholdene i de fødevarer, som forbrugerne indtager. Resultaterne af disse modeller bør derfor valideres med uafhængige data indsamlet fra "rigtige" fødevarer inden de indgår i en QMRA. Det overordnede mål med denne afhandling er at undersøgeforskellige faktorer relateret til kvantitative mikrobiologiske data, som kan påvirkeresultaterne af en QMRA med henblik på at finde løsninger, der kan minimere usikkerheden på risikoestimaterne. Til dette formål er der udviklet en metode, der kan tilpasse en fordeling til mikrobiologiske data og som angiver både et estimat for prævalens og en fordeling for antallet af bakterier (manuskript I). Forskellige sandsynlighedsfordelinger er derefter blevet anvendt til at beskrive bakterietantallet i en simpel QMRA model og de forskellige risikoestimater er blevet sammenlignet (manuskript II). Endelig er nøjagtigheden af resultaterne af de prædiktive mikrobiologiske modeller blevet undersøgt på basis af litteraturdata og sammenlignet med henblik på at identificere faktorer relateret til eksperimentelle data, der kan have afgørende indflydelse på evalueringen af en model (manuskript III). I manuscript I ("Fitting a distribution to microbial counts: making sense of zeroes") er hypotesen, at en manglende adskillelse af "falsk negative" mikrobiologiske tællinger, som opstår ved tilfældighed selvom fødevaren reelt er forurenet, fra "sandt negative" tællinger medfører, at estimater for prævalens og bakterieantal bliver unøjagtige. Sådanne unøjagtigheder kan især have betydning for en QMRA, når det drejer sig om særligt virulente bakterier, der kan opformeres i fødevarekæden. Der er derfor udviklet en metode, der kan tilvejebringe nøjagtige estimater for koncentrationen af bakterier og som kan skelne mellem falske og sande negative bakterietællinger og dermed også give mere nøjagtige prævalensestimater. Metoden demonstrerer, at det, afhængigt af den oprindelige fordeling af bakteriekoncentrationen og den aktuelle detektionsgrænse, kan lede til fejlbehæftede resultater, hvis falske 0-prøver ukritisk tolkes som negative. Den udviklede metode estimerer prævalensen af en forurening i et fødevareparti samt parametrene (middelværdi og standardafvigelse) for fordelingen af bakterieantallet på baggrund af direkte bakterietællinger på agarplader og uden antagelse af en detektionsgrænse. Ved at analysere bakterietællinger fra forurenede og ikke forurenede prøver samlet, kan proportionen af falsk negative tællinger ud af det totale antal negative tællinger estimeres. Metoden frembringer gode estimater over middelværdier, standardafvigelser og prævalenser, i særdeleshed ved lave prævalensniveauer og forventeligt lave standardafvigelser. Undersøgelsen viser, at en af de vigtigste faktorer til en nøjagtig karakterisering afden samlede mikrobiologiske forurening er en korrekt identifikation og adskillelse af sande og falske negative prøver, og at estimater over prævalens og bakteriekoncentrationer er afhængige og at disse derfor skal estimeres samtidigt. I manuskript II ("Impact of microbial count distributions on human health risk estimates") undersøges det, hvilken indflydelse den tilpassede fordelingen for bakteriekoncentrationen har på det endelig risikoestimat. Dette er gjort ved to forskellige scenarier for bakteriekoncentrationer og en række forskellige prævalensniveauer. Fire forskellige parametriske fordelinger er blevet anvendt til at undersøge betydningen af at inddrage tilfældige variationer knyttet til bakterietællinger, påvise forskellen mellem at behandle sandt negative som sådan eller som under en given detektionsgrænse, samt vise vigtigheden af at anvende korrekte antagelser om de underliggende fordelinger for bakteriekoncentrationer. Ved at gennemføre et simuleringseksperiment er det muligt at angive forskellen mellem den forventede risiko og det risikoestimat, der opnås ved at anvende en lognormal, en zero-inflated lognormal, en Poisson-gamma og en zero-inflated Poisson-lognormal fordeling. Metoden, beskrevet i manuskript I, er anvendt til attilpasse den sidstnævnte fordeling. Resultatet viser at valget af sandsynlighedsfordeling til at beskrive bakteriekoncentrationen i fødevaren i detailleddet har betydning for risikoestimatet og afhængerbåde af bakteriekoncentration og prævalens, men at valget generelt betyder mere jo højere prævalensniveauet og koncentrationen er. Anvendelse af zeroinflation har også en tendens til at forbedre nøjagtigheden af risikoskøn. I manuscript III ("Variability and uncertainty in the evaluation of predictive models with literature data – consequences to quantitative microbiological risk assessment") vurderes det, hvordan forskellige vækstvilkår, som anvendt i publicerede datasæt, påvirker resultaterne afen vækstmodel sammenlignet med de resultater, der opnås med de data der blev anvendt til at udvikle selve modellen. Betydningen af antal observationer, temperaturforhold, vandaktivitet og pH, tilstedeværelse eller fravær af mælkesyre i vækstmiljøet, anvendelse af en patogen stamme eller ej, samt typen af vækstmiljø på modellens resultater blev analyseret. Modellens præstationsevne blev målt som DifAf, forskellen mellem modellens nøjagtighedsfaktor udregnet med de data der blev anvendt til at lave modellen (Af original) og en nøjagtighedsfaktor, bestemt på basis af et uafhængigt datasæt (Af evaluation). Undersøgelen er lavet med en "square root-type model" for vækstraten af Escherichia colipå baggrund af fire miljøfaktorer og de samme litteraturdata som tidligere blev anvendt til at evaluere modellen. Det er hypotesen, at Aforiginal, vil afspejle den optimale præstation af modellen, og at DifAfreduceres og bliver mindre variabel jo mere betingelserne bag et uafhængigt datasæt nærmer sig det datasæt, der blevanvendt til at udvikle modellen. Fordelingen af DifAf værdier, opnået på baggrund af forskellige datasæt sammenlignes grafisk og statistisk. Resultaterne indikerer at når anvendelse af prædiktive modeller, der er udviklet under kontrollerede eksperimentelle vilkår, bliver valideret med uafhængige datasæt fra litteraturen, så er det en forudsætning for at minimere variation i model outputtet, at datasættene indeholder et stort antal observationer og at de er baseret på tilsvarende vækstvilkår som den prædiktive model er udviklet under. Ved at mindske denne variation, mindskes også usikkerhed og variation fra de prædiktive modeller i den samlede QMRA analysen, hvilket øger præcisionen af risikoestimatet. Det konkluderes at denne afhandling: bidrager til at afdække hvilken betydning analyse af de mikrobiologiske data kan have på en QMRA, fremlægger en ny og nøjagtig metode til at tilpasse fordelinger til mikrobiologiske data, og foreslår retningslinjer for,hvordan man kan vælge egnede publicerede datasæt til validering af prædiktive modeller for mikrobiel vækst og overlevelse, før de anvendes i en QMRA. Perspektiver for det fremtidige arbejde inkludere validering af metoden udviklet i Manuskript I med data indsamlet fra 'den virkelige verden', og at præsentere metoden som et værktøj til andre forskere fx som en arbejdspakke i statistikprogrammet R. Ligeledes bør man blive enige om en standardiseret metode til rapportering af kvantitative mikrobiologiske data, dettydeligt beskriver dataindsamlingsprocessen. En videreudvikling af arbejdet i Manuskript II vil gøre det muligt, at underbygge konklusionerne om hvilken indflydelse forskellige fordelinger har på det endelige risikoestimat. Som en opfølgning på Manuskript III kan der gennemføres et simuleringsstudie med henblik på undersøge i hvilken grad målrettet udvikling af QMRA metoder og validering af prædiktive modeller er nødvendige for et retvisende risikoestimat. Fremtidige behov i fødevaremikrobiologi og QMRA omfatter udviklingen af egnede statistiske metoder til at analysere data fra de forskellige "omics" teknologier, tilpasning af den nuværende struktur i QMRA modeller, så disse kan håndtere sådanne data, samt vurdering af variation og usikkerhed på disse data. ; Foodborne diseases carry important social, health, political and economic consequences. Quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) is a science based tool used to estimate the risk that foodborne pathogens pose to human health, i.e. it estimates the number of cases of human foodborne infection or disease due to ingestion of a specific pathogenic microorganism conveyed by specific food products; it is also used to assess the effect of different control measures. In their role of risk managers, public authorities base their policies on the outcome of risk assessmentstudies. Therefore, they need to be transparent and affected by minimum imprecision. The potential exposure to and infection by foodborne microorganisms depend, among other factors, on the microbial concentrations in food and on the microbial behaviour (growth, survival and transfer) along the food chain. Both factors are therefore important inputs in QMRA. Since microbial concentrations vary among different samples of a food lot, probability distributions are used to describe these concentrations in QMRA. As microbial behaviour varies with food storage conditions (because it depends on intrinsic properties of food andextrinsic environmental variables), predictive models of bacterial growth and survival that account for those factors are used in QMRA, to describe expected changes in bacterial concentrations. Both probability distributions and predictive models may contribute to the imprecision of QMRA: on one hand, there are several distribution alternatives available to describe concentrations and several methods to fit distributions to bacterial data; on the other hand predictive models are built based on controlled laboratory experiments of microbial behaviour, andmay not be appropriate to apply in the context of real food. Hence, these models need to be validated with independent data for conditions of real food before use in QMRA. The overall goal of the work presented in this thesis is to study different factors related to quantitative microbial data that may have an impact on the outcome ofQMRA, in order to find appropriate solutions that limit the imprecision of risk estimates. A new method of fitting a distribution to microbial data is developed that estimates both prevalence and distribution of concentrations (manuscript I). Different probability distributions are used to describe concentrations in a simple QMRA model and the risk estimates obtained are compared (manuscript II). The predictive accuracy ofa microbial growth model against different literature datasets are compared in order to identify different factors related to experimental data collection with a relevant impact on the model evaluation process (manuscript III). In manuscript I ("Fitting a distribution to microbial counts: making sense of zeroes") it is hypothesised that when "artificial" zero microbial counts, which originate by chance from contaminated food products, are not separated from "true" zeroes originating from uncontaminated products, the estimates of prevalence and concentration may be inaccurate. Such inaccuracy may have an especially relevant impact in QMRA in situations where highly pathogenic microorganisms are involved and where growth can occur along the food pathway. Hence, a method is developed that provides accurate estimates of concentration parameters and differentiates between artificial and true zeroes, thus also accurately estimating prevalence. It is demonstrated that depending on the original distribution of concentrations and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of microbial enumeration, it may be incorrect to treat artificial zeroes as censored below a quantification threshold. The method that is presented estimates the prevalence of contamination within a food lot and the parameters (mean and standard deviation)characterizing the within-lot distribution of concentrations, without assuming a LOQ, and using raw plate count data as input. Counts resulting both from contaminated and uncontaminated sample units are analysed together, which allows estimating the proportion of artificial zeroes among the total of zero counts. The method yields good estimates of mean, standard deviation and prevalence, especially at low prevalence levels and low expected standard deviation. This study shows that one of the keys to an accurate characterization of the overall microbial contamination is the correct identification and separation of true and artificial zeroes, and that estimation of prevalence and estimation of the distribution of concentrations are interrelated and therefore should be done simultaneously. In manuscript II ("Impact of microbial count distributionson human health risk estimates") the impact of fitting microbial distributions on risk estimates is investigated at two different concentration scenarios and at a range of prevalence levels. Four different parametric distributions are used to investigate the importance of accounting for the randomness in counts, the difference between treating true zeroes as such or as censored below a LOQ and the importance of making the correct assumption about the underlying distribution of concentrations. By running a simulation experiment it is possible to assess the difference between expected risk and the risk estimated with using a lognormal, a zero-inflated lognormal, a Poissongamma and a zero-inflated Poisson-lognormal distribution.The method developed in manuscript I is used in this study to fit the latter. The results show that the impact of the choice of different probability distributions to describe concentrations at retail on risk estimates depends both on the concentration and prevalence levels, but that in general it is larger at high levels of microbial contamination (high prevalence and high concentration). Also, a zeroinflation tends to improve the accuracy of the risk estimates. In manuscript III ("Variability and uncertainty in the evaluation of predictive models with literature data – consequences to quantitative microbiological risk assessment") it is assessed how different growth settings inherent to literature datasets affect the performance of a growth model compared to its performance with the data used to generate it. The effect of the numberof observations, the ranges of temperature, water activity and pH under which observations were made, the presence or absence of lactic acid in the growth environment, the use of a pathogenic or non-pathogenic strain and the type of growth environment on model performance are analysed. Model performance is measured in terms of DifAf- the difference between the accuracy factor (Af) of the model with the data used to generate it and the Af with an independent dataset. The study is performed using a square root-type model for the growth rate of Escherichia coliin response to four environmental factors and literature data that have been previously used to evaluate this model. It is hypothesised that the Afof the model with the data used to generate it reflects the model's best possible performance, and hence DifAfis smaller and less variant when the conditions of an independent dataset are closer to the data that originated the model. The distributions of DifAfvalues obtained with different datasets are compared graphically and statistically. The results suggest that if predictive models developed under controlled experimental conditions are validated against independent datasets collected from published literature, these datasets must contain a high number of observations and be based on a similar experimental growth media in order to reduce the variation of model performance. By reducing this variation, the contribution of the predictive model with uncertainty and variability sources in QMRA also decreases, which affects positively the precision of the risk estimates. To conclude, this thesis contributes to the clarification of the impact that the analysis of microbial data may have in QMRA, provides a new accurate method of fitting a distribution to microbial data, and suggests guidelines for the selection of appropriate published datasets for the validation of predictive models of microbial behaviour, before their use in QMRA. Perspectives of future work include the validation of the method developed in manuscript I with real data, and its presentation as a tool made available to the scientific community by developing, for example, a working package for the statistical software R. Also, the author expects that a standardized way of reporting microbial counts that clearly specifies the steps taken during data collection should be adopted in the future. Extending the work presented on manuscript II will allow obtaining more sound conclusions about the general impact of different frequency distributions on risk estimates. Following manuscript III, a simulation study could help to investigate to what level QMRA-targeted development and validation of predictive models are necessary for the accurate estimation of risk. Future needs in food microbiology and QMRA include the development of appropriate statistical methods to summarize novel data obtained from different "omics" technologies, adaptation of the current structure of QMRA studies to allow them to make the use of such data, and the assessment of the variabilityand uncertainty attending those data.

Willie F. Moore, July 17, 2013 ; Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. ; The following is an oral history interview with Willie Moore. The interview was conducted at his barber shop on 25th Street on July 17, 2013, by Woodrow Johnson. Willie discusses his experiences with 25th Street.; The following is an oral history interview with Willie Moore. The interview was conducted at his barber shop on 25th Street on December 13, 2013, by Sarah Langsdon. Willie discusses his experiences with 25th Street. ; 40p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 videodisc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program Willie F. Moore Interviewed by Woodrow Johnson 17 July 2013 and Sarah Langsdon 12 December 2013 Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Willie F. Moore Interviewed by Woodrow Johnson 17 July 2013 and Sarah Langsdon 12 December 2013 Copyright © 2014 by Weber State University, Stewart Library Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in Special Collections. The Stewart Library also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. After World War II, the railroad business declined. Some government agencies and businesses related to the defense industry continued to gravitate to Ogden after the war—including the Internal Revenue Regional Center, the Marquardt Corporation, Boeing Corporation, Volvo-White Truck Corporation, Morton-Thiokol, and several other smaller operations. However, the economy became more service oriented, with small businesses developing that appealed to changing demographics, including the growing Hispanic population. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management Special Collections All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Moore, Willie, an oral history by Woodrow Johnson, 17 July 2013 and Sarah Langsdon 12 December 2013, WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, Special Collections, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. iii Willie F. Moore July 17, 2013 Abstract: The following is an oral history interview with Willie Moore. The interview was conducted at his barber shop on 25th Street on July 17, 2013, by Woodrow Johnson. Willie discusses his experiences with 25th Street. WJ: Alright I'm Woodrow Johnson here with Willie Moore. Here with me is also Lorrie Rands; we will be interviewing Willie Moore at his barber shop here on 25th in Ogden. Today is July 17, 2013. Alright Willie so the first question I have for you. I want you to just kind of sum up how you got to be here. So tell us a little bit about where you are from and the life events that brought you to Utah. Not necessarily to Ogden, but to Utah. WM: Oh lordy. WJ: Loaded question—let's go with where you are from. WM: Grablet, that's a state where the famous Eddy Robinson is a coach. I stayed there two months and then I got looking for a job. I couldn't find a job there and I didn't like there, I wanted to come back to Utah. I always liked Utah. I came to Utah with some people who adopted me because my parents separated when I was young. Then I stayed in and out of the Hotel Utah all the time. Then when I grew up just a little bit, I started living in the Hotel Utah, not with the people who brought me here. I started to live with them and then after staying with them a long time working at the Hotel Utah. I was a bus boy and then I was a waiter. I decided that wasn't the thing because I was making 27 cents an hour and I knew I couldn't do with that. I heard a job out in Washington state, the name of the job was Hantred, Utah. 1 That's where they put all of the atomic bombs or something out there you know. That's in Yacamo and Pasco, that's where it was. I worked there a long time then I came back to Utah and I worked a while in Utah until I finished school, barber school. After I finished barber school this is where the droves started coming through Utah. Then they need some help that night, I decided I'd help them get their things together to play basketball. The person who I took place was Dougie Moore. He was off that night with a girl and I took his place. That's how I got to be this with the globetrotters a little while. With this Dougie Moore thing see. Then after that it started growing kind of bigger, little bigger all the time you know. Then I decided that that wasn't the thing to do because I didn't want to be a clown all my life. I wanted to do something else. So Mrs. Bamberger was there and she said well I'll tell you what I do. I'll set you up in business if you promise me you'll finish and you'll have your own business. This was on Regan Street, the barber college was on Regan Street. So I went there for until I finished. Then I started the barber business and I've been in the barber business ever since. Then we come to Ogden and up in this hotel here where we are now they killed a guy. A navy person and it frightened me so I went back to Salt Lake and when I went back to Salt Lake I met Doc White. That's the guy the policeman killed, I met him getting off the train. I helped him take his clothes to a place called, I forget the name of the place. He moved in there. He says, "Willie I want to be a policeman." I said, "You do?" He said, "Yes." 2 So he went to Salt Lake City to get to be a policeman and they told him they didn't hire blacks. It wasn't blacks then it was color. They didn't have colors so they said go to Ogden they hire anybody or anything. So he came to Ogden and when he got to Ogden then he worked a little while. He was a foot doctor and he worked just a little while for the health department and they start to decide they wanted to put him on the police department. Then when he got on the police department wandering the streets here comes the porters and waiters that people always wondered about. Porters and Waiters wasn't about no woman at all. It was about Billie Weekly and the porters and waiters. After so long a time it turned from the porters to waiters to a business that Annabelle was supposed to have run. He gave her a chance to run it. Then when the porters and waiters got to be as said, the porters and waiters, they was sit there to stay. When the lot of people there wasn't a lot of them there-but it was a lot of single men because of Hill Field and all these other navy bases and all that stuff and then the Rose Room. Have you heard of Rose Room? That's right on the corner over there, the Rose Room. Because the men didn't bring their wives with them then that was a good place for them, over there. Then that wasn't the only place it was. Rose was a lady and she was so smart she made it a business. The business was that she would open up at 8:00 and she closed at 5:00. When she closed there was no women or men doing nothing with nobody. Then she'd open them up the next morning, that's the way she ran the business. She had a Cadillac, a pink Cadillac, I'm sure it was a Cadillac. It was a convertible and she rode all up and 3 down this street here with dark shades on, a hat on and the women didn't like her too much because she wasn't working. You know making money off those women you know. First they kind of wandered about them over there, this porters and waiters, still the porters and waiters wandered about them. Who are they? Then they checked them out and find out that they weren't white. They were French and Creole from Louisiana. When they come here they named the Rose Room because that was her name. His name was Davies, Bill Davies. As I said the porters and waiters didn't bother all these women that would come down dance and all that stuff like that. It wasn't a whore house, no no it wasn't a whore house. Most people think that, but it wasn't a whore. Now I told you how this Billy Weekly would sit at this door and when people would go into this place then he'd let them in and out. Finally they got rid of the key because, see Billie Weekly was my friend. When I owned the barber shop at the LaFrance Hotel you see that was part of the porters and waiters. A sister in law and brother in law part of the hotel. They went from there to cooking the best food. Then there was a Spanish fellow that was friends of Annabelle Weekly, that was her name. He helped them cook the Mexican food in this place. They would dance in this place and had some pretty good sized people at the porters and waiters. Course I remember seeing two guys, they used to have little old TVs and radios and things. I seen them fighting with each other, throwing those things at each other. They were mad, but after that sisters and brothers and cousins and all that stuff they was going to 4 Salt Lake City and they got killed, but Annabelle didn't get killed. Another lady got killed and there was a time when they had this street was okay. They had the lyceum theatre right up the street, they had Keely's on Washington. These were the places you got the best food. When I came here in this place here to eat you could get a T-bone steak, eggs, and potatoes and what not and a drink for $1.79. That's what and haircuts were 35 cents then. Person who was an apprentice was 15 cents. This place, I was so lucky to get this place. I think prayer helped a little bit and the experience I had with the people over there. I decided when I was young I would never drink, smoke, or have coffee because I thought that was a waste. I don't know if you should name people but the head of the church said the best thing you can do is to put good things in your body and good things will come out. But if you don't do that you're going to have some problems. So I decided to do that and haven't done nothing yet. Somehow I used to like the smell of new cigars and I used to have a smell new drinks but I never did. When some of the guys would come into my barber shop, I'm skipping. When someone come in the barber shop and they'd stay drunk on this street a lot when I lay down we used to give them hot shaves then-I would lay the guy down in the chair and he would open his mouth and breathing all that nasty stuff. Ohhh that was terrible! I'd tell them sometimes, shut your mouth because that was a smell you know. Then I got along pretty good then I met my wife. Then she was born on 27th street and well I went to West High School a little while in Salt Lake, I was in 5 and out of that school. She went to school here and she is a number one person with me after 63 years, number one. We always took care of each other all the time. I never been away from my wife after 10:00 if she didn't know where I was. I never did, I always stayed around home all the time because she did. I enjoyed her so much and we had two kids you know. One of them just passed away 6/7 years ago, but the girl is doing real well out in Maryland. She built a big home and I don't think I'll be going back out there no more because I'm 90 years old and she built a home out there with 27 steps to the top and I can't go. She'll be here tomorrow morning, my daughter will. She laughed about that all the time, well come see me then I'll come see you. My little granddaughter is a peach. She have a good job, she live in Manhattan in New York. She has what I mean she have a job. She might make $500 a day, $1000 a day. She don't make less that and she's gone all the time. She was in Madrid last year, Shanghai in Japan and now she's in San Francisco. She'll be performing again in Salt Lake City. She set up places for all the target places that she can get too. She come here and she was in target and she was looking, she watch the shelves, how you place everything and how everything would be. One lady walked up and said what are you doing? She told her well we don't do things like that and she just hand it back to her and just kept walking. She don't argue at all. You should see her, she's really light. With all of that it came from me starting with the Hotel Utah and those people, the MTC was right down kind of west, northwest of the hotel. It's right where the conference center, in that area, that's where it is now. Then they took 6 it to Provo and they used to discuss a lot of things you know about church and stuff and I would listen to them because I didn't have—I was adopted so I didn't have nothing to go on nothing at all. I just did what I could do myself. I enjoyed all of my workers, they're nice. They all can cut hair, wouldn't have them if they didn't. They're true like my helpers as well as I did with my family that I had. I want to get back to this porters and waiters thing because I said this one guy actually got killed in there. He ran on the road like everybody else so this guy was aiming and his name was Bill Edwin. I can't name a lot of names but his name was Bill Edwin. He was working there and then they had other people there, so a good cook until the people that come from all around to eat at the porters and waiters. It was always welcome there in the porters and waiters. They really didn't have no junk there. The people was turned back that would come there and feel like they were going to destroy something in there. They would turn them back so this porters and waiters was so good to people. So good to people you know. I enjoyed that. That's some of it, but I got some most of it. Then you can answer that. Then I started playing golf, that's what everybody knows me by, the golf. Everybody, we had a 24th street like my birthday be on the 24th of this month. Okay so that was where we was, like I said Allan Holmes, Frank Robinson, and a lot more other players and one thing I liked about baseball was they had the Ogden Reds. That was good, Ogden Dodgers. When I went to New Orleans that was probably, I stayed upstairs in the hotel, New Orleans hotel and early that morning I woke up and there was guards standing in front of the hotel so it kind 7 of frightened me. I said what's this going on I told my wife and I said look why are you guarding my door? Because you're Willie Mays that's why we're guarding your door. I said I'm not Willie Mays, I'm not Willie Mays. Yes it is. We see right here your name is W. M. Willie Mays, it was Willie Moore you see and that's what it was. I couldn't convince them no kind of way. They followed me all downstairs, was guarding downstairs. Had me signing autographs outside, about 25 autographs because they wouldn't let me go. Mr. Moore I know you Willie Mays because my parents know you. That's where you are and that's what you going to be, Willie Mays. My wife come down and broke that up, but I had a lot. That was some of my experience and all that experience came from being in the hotel. The hotel really learned me a lot and when they sold the hotel Utah, they didn't tear it down, but they changed the Hotel Utah. When they did they sent a letter to me because I'd work there. All the people that worked there they sent them letters. We going to change this hotel into other things. It might be a room up there or two because the upstairs was where the residents lived south side upstairs. That's where they lived all the time. We going to change this thing and when we change it we going to send you another letter. When they name it the Smith Building, see they named it the Smith Building and they changed it and everything. My whole life was around the hotel and 25th street and 2nd south was two of the kind of street. They both had people would come. I remember the time when guys coming from the porters and waiters had been cut or something in the snow time and you could trace them with blood all the way to their house. Yeah, 8 you could see the blood track all the way to the house. This is some of the stuff that went on. It all came out and everybody and everything was coming out of the porters and waiters then, that's why the porters and waiters got so famous. It wasn't supposed to be famous like that, but they got it famous. Like I said cause they had different places, that was the only prostitute house. They had other prostitute house, they had clothing stores, they had everything on this street. Porters and waiters got big fame because people didn't understand it. I gave you the real understanding, there was no prostitute in the porters and waiters. You got some more stuff there? WJ: Absolutely, so after coming to Ogden how long did it take you to establish your barber shop? WM: Well it took me about, there was a lady there called Cory Eason, she leased the place then she turned it to me. About 70 years ago, that's when I went into business here. I was oh about 68 years, I'll say 68 years. I stayed in business until now and I've had all different kinds of barbers. We've had as many 97 barbers. What happened was in the United States gave us the shops if we would open them up all over Utah. Dugway and all that stuff you see. That was us and all we would do is ride into the place, clean, sterilize it real well (audio cuts out) WJ: We were talking about how long it took you to get your barber shop established? WM: Real slow and I tell you I was across the street, there was a white side and a black side you know that. Well I was over there and a guy called Archuto, Spanish guy was on this side of the street. He'd decided to quit, but I'd worked over there a long time in the La France Hotel and all those places. He decided to 9 quit and go up in the community and he said if you get a Mexican barber Willie then I'll let you have this place. You can't have it unless that because they are not going to come to you and nobody else unless you have a Mexican barber here. So I got a Mexican barber and I've been working with barbers ever since. It didn't take very long at all. I just walked in and started, he had the shop, walked in and started the shop. (audio cuts out) 10 Abstract: The following is an oral history interview with Willie Moore. The interview was conducted at his barber shop on 25th Street on December 12, 2013, by Sarah Langsdon. Willie discusses his experiences with 25th Street. SL: Okay this is Sarah Langsdon and I'm here interviewing Willie Moore at his barber shop on 25th Street. Today is December 12, 2013. So Willie this is sort of a continuation with what they had started with you a while ago. So when you came to Ogden was it still segregated? WM: Yes segregated on both sides. One side was blacks and one side was whites. The south side was black, the north side was white. That's the way they had that and then most of the places you couldn't eat in them because they were segregated. Had a few Chinese places that you might want that you could eat in. They're called Mama's, Mama's Café. It was kind of fun, guy would trim his toenails and then go fix your food. SL: So what about other places in Ogden or outside of Ogden? WM: All dance halls were segregated, but if a big band come or something like that, the white would always go to the other side to hear the music. They all got to where there was no segregation when the big bands would come. Then there was segregated again. There's no time in Utah that I could find, because what happened was, when I knew they were coming in front, then I would go to the station and I would get their instrument and take them in. I'd stay with the instrument until they quit. I was always in the building when they couldn't do it. That was one thing I kind of enjoyed because I was there. 11 SL: So who were some of the big band people that came through that you remember? WM: You know King Perry, Kyle Basey, I don't know one too big, but I know some sit in with the musicians here because they had a contract. When you do have a contract then you can't perform unless it's at that right place, but all your musicians can. All of the band can't play 'cause you have a contract in just that one place. SL: So did they come and play, a lot of them come and play with Joe McQueen when he was here? WM: Yes a lot come with Joe McQueen and he played really well himself, sure did. All the people like him and on this side of the street Ogden hadn't been too bad. They had a lot of places on this side of the street that was like drug stores, they had places for cleaning; they had clubs I would say all over everything. They had all of that going when they would come by, but they had all that going. SL: So your shop has had many locations when you were here in Ogden right? WM: I had about six locations. SL: So can you tell me a little bit about why you moved around and why you ended up staying, coming to 25th street and staying? WM: I wanted a better place to work. They fixed a better place for me to work and I enjoyed that because we came here a long time ago. The lady that was really a partner of mine, but we went to school together and she leased this place. Then I lease, work right with her, that's been about 72 years ago. Her name was Cory 12 Eason and so I've had part with that. Haircuts was about 35 cents when we came here and if you was an apprentice, haircuts were 15 cents, that's happened then. SL: So why did you stay here on 25th street? WM: 25th street is the best location that you can find and the best people around this place. I had some people that I didn't know were so nice until I kind of mingled with them a little bit. They were so nice to me on 25th street and that's why I'm here and we're still like to stay here. I'll be back here soon, regular, until they think that I'm still here. SL: So during the war a lot of troops were coming in through the trains WM: A lot of people coming, lots of people, not a small amount, I mean lots of people come here. They had navy bases here, they had this brothel place across the street. They had about 5 or 6 of them over there and the reason why that was is because when they would come to the base or coming through then there was no women here. They didn't have the wives with them so that made the brothel place really famous, yeah real famous. SL: So was that Rose's place across the street? WM: Rose Davie, her husband was named Bill. Really what happened with that was a funny thing went on there. Bill and Rose would open at 8:00 in the morning and they would stay open until 5:00. When 5:00 come no woman from that place would be on the street. They would dress and they would come back on the street just like you wouldn't even know they were working in those places. Everybody just hated Rose because she had a pink Cadillac and it was pink and she wore dark shades and a dark cap on her head. In this Cadillac was 13 convertible and she'd ride up and down the street all time, making sure those girls wasn't on the street after a certain time you know dressed the other way. They had some place that was pretty fancy, it was a place down below here called the Show Windows. What would happen, the girls would stay in there and walk all over the place all the time, that was their job. Then you picked a person that you want and then they would let her out or stay where she could and they would unlock it. She would do what she was going to do and then they'd lock her back up as the day go on. They also had a red hanky over there and it was over the El Boracho. What would happen there was is when they got to serve as I say, then they would come to the window and flash this red hanky then you could go up. I was about 15, a little young somewhere in there. I was going to try my luck up there and it was the best girl up there I think was about $2.50 and the others were $2.50. I was going to get me one, I was so young I didn't really know and I started up and one of those pimps caught me by the head and told me, "If you don't get out of here-I know you-get out of here before I beat you half to death." I didn't try that no more. SL: So you were talking about the Rose Rooms, but there were a lot of other well-known hotels and clubs on 25th street. Did you frequent any? WM: Yeah they had some on the street called Johnson. They had about five of them on the other side. They had, let me tell you this. Out of all those things they had everyone seemed like they was welcome and in charge so much. Ogden was a good place, it just changed about it every ten years. They had a lot of clothing stores down here as I said before, cleaning, and cafes. 14 Another thing about the porters and waiters, I'm going to get over there real quickly like. The person, nobody knew who was furnishing the money for the porters and waiters. This black group got together and they would come to Ogden and they would find the place and that was the porters and waiters. When they found the porters and waiters they lease the place and that's where those fellows stayed. Nobody knew that Billy Weekly-nobody knew him much but he was the person who worked there in Ogden club and they gave him money to complete this porters and waiters. Everybody think that they were, it was a brothel place, but it wasn't, was not, see. Billie Weekly would sit in the door and to keep the people from going up. They would come to the porters and waiters from the train and when they come from the train the men didn't have their wives so they would fool around places that like. They weren't for the porters and waiters at all. It was just where they meet and dance and eat, that's what it was porters and waiters, and gamble. I know one time this is funny. You wouldn't know about this, but they had a cord like this cord here that go downstairs and there was gambling downstairs and upstairs. They had a light on that thing and they put me in shoe shine there, I didn't want to shoe shine, but I didn't know what the was there for really, I really didn't. What they had, they had a little plug along the floor and when the police would come. He'd sit in this chair all time and he'd take his foot and if it was a policeman coming he'd bash this little plug. Then the policeman found it out and one time they were going downstairs to do some gambling and he raised his foot up to touch that thing to let them know the police were coming. The police said 15 keep your foot up, don't mash it down cause I know what you're doing. Stuff like that, but porters and waiters they would just forget. Annabelle she had every kind, everybody was her friend. She was their friend, but Billie Weekly when he was sitting at this door to keep them from going up there he had the key to go upstairs where he lived. The brothel people weren't up there, that's what people thought. He had the key and Annabelle and a guy called Lyle Kersaki he started to go around Annabelle all the time. He was going Annabelle and they borrowed this key from him and told him Annabelle and him borrowed this key and then he gave it back. So then he died with that kind of thing going. They wanted me to put the barber shop and that was in the La France Hotel, La France Hotel that's where I was barbered. Lyle and Annabelle come over and says we want to put this in the porters and waiters barber shop. Billie Weekly who owned the place said Willie don't do that, the place is too hot for that. I want you to stay just like you are, Moore's Barber Shop other than being in the hotel. They always raid the hotels and that was one thing that happened in the hotel. It was like I said, Ogden was the worst place in the world. It was nice place to come cause you know you could and most of the rest was Chinese and Japanese on this street. I would trade Ogden for any place as they changed. I wouldn't change anyplace that I love because I guess I got along cause I didn't do the just go to the shop and my house. There's nobody here in my family but me, all my life. I've been here by myself that's why I was always afraid to go out. I never drank, never did smoke, 16 and never did oh so many other things that I didn't do because I was going these Mormon kids a lot. They didn't do all of those things so it kept me clean because one of them told me, "Willie if you put good things in your body, good things will come out. If you put bad things in there, that's going to come out. You bet your boots you see." I decided I would follow that rule and not do those things and the world got real nice. I've had nice barbers, that's one thing I've had. I've had barber shops all over the county because they one time, they didn't cut black hair, they didn't cut white. They didn't cut no hair so we had the Mex with the blacks, we had that, that was ours. It was still good and we made a lot of money. I took Hill Field barber shop over and what we did, me and a pair or person they gave us a chance to put barber shops in all bases and we had about 97 barbers once. We would just go over and see, if I was going. I had good connections, never had no problem in my barber shops at all. I had one guy who was kind of funny like. He was from Mississippi and he come in and he wanted to dance. He wanted to dance with this black girl and she was ugly, I thought she was. He said "Willie boy I like to dance with that girl, but I want to get a haircut." So I said, "Okay that's a deal." When I put him in the chair and put the towel on his face, a hot towel that's what it used to be. A hot towel I see that towel easing down over his eyes, he wanted to know what was going on. Towel come on down and then he said, "Martin Luther King is marching in Alabama." He said, "Barber," I said, "What?" "Will you take this damn towel off my face?" I said, "Why?" "You either take this towel off and sharpen this razor and I'm a friend now." When I see that 17 towel coming off and I got to tell him about all this stuff. It changed a lot. Ogden had changed lots of times, but it had been really bad. 15 years ago, Ogden you wouldn't even know it, oh yeah it was just terrible. Then started 25th street business you know and they started coming up better, much better. I had Ms. Roosevelt come in my shop. Yeah she came into my barber shop 'cause they were having a meeting and they was running for president. She had these guards with them and when she seen all the people standing around reading while she come in. All the people in the barber shop sat around and all she said was vote, vote, vote. That's what she kept saying to the people, she wanted them to vote. I enjoy Ogden. SL: So how did you meet Betty? WM: I knew her brother. See Ogden, Betty went to Ogden High School when it was maybe one black. I was going to West High School it was maybe two blacks. They had more, this is real funny. All the blacks turned white so they didn't fool me too much. They had kind of turned, but I didn't go that road anyway. So Betty broke arms skiing in Ogden, skating. She was about 8 or 9 years old then and they had a maple. She had a rink in Salt Lake City so Ogden went to ski. I went to her dad's one night, we used to dance. I went to church and after this church thing about 2 or 3 Sundays I went down to where they danced. She was down there dancing, oh she could dance. Little dance was too much for her. I mean little dance wasn't enough for her. She could really dance and I thought she was so pretty. She's all business she turned me around fast, all business she was. When she died the same thing. 18 When she died I just feel bad 'cause I always sleep with my arm like this. I told her, I said Betty I don't care how bad things get whoever your mate is whoever your friend is you kiss them goodnight. Lock your arms and stay with them. The night before she died she hollered up on me all night. For six weeks, "Willie, Willie, Willie, Willie I'm so sick," she said, "My stomach hurts and right here is so tight." I don't know what then she woke up a little while and she said, "Willie I'm going to die pretty soon." I started feeling bad, but there's a part of this, getting along. I start thinking, "Don't leave me here by myself. Don't leave me." She hollered one night so loud you could hear her all over the community, "Willie!" Just like that. The next morning I kissed her and I was coming into the barber shop. I kissed her on the jaw every time, whether she's mad, sleep or what. She looked up and said, "Willie don't kiss me on the chin this time." She turned over and she said, "Kiss me on my lips." I say, "Okay," she went on out. That's what made me feel so bad. She was a good person, she played the church piano, she was one of the first person that had a newsletter, big newsletter in St. Rose Lima, but before she joined the Catholic church she was part of a Methodist Church. A little girl playing the piano for them. When she started to go to St. Rose Lima it was a man who did most of this stuff. So she wrote this newsletter and then later she want to read. The man was reading and in this community she fought for years, let a woman take this part, let a woman do this. Finally they decided to let her read and she read for a long time. She spent a lot of time in that church, along with as I said we'd go out to dance. 19 We'd go over to La Kai, we were part of the La Kai over there. We knew them before they killed themselves. All the kids and everything, we'd go there to eat. They had six people there when we first went. We stayed with them until-for Mother's Day you go there now they'll have 13 or 1400 people. Isn't that big? That was so sad, we knew them so well and everything. In the meantime I said we tried to go to the nicest place and a bad place can be nice if you want to be nice yourself. You know you have to do that yourself, that's the way I feel. Another thing we figured, laying in bed with people was a good thing. Understand them and another thing I'll tell them here in the barber shop I don't care what going in the barber shop out there when you hit that door smile. I can't be mad with everybody. That was some of the things I liked about her. She would smile when I'd come in and I holler, she'd be upstairs. We stayed at that place 50 some years, son said, "We were together 65 years see. Sometimes I'd get so mad you know ohhhh!," but I said it low so she couldn't hear me. She was a nice woman. SL: So did you ever take her dancing at like the Berthana or White City? MW: Berthana, her mother worked there for 50 years. SL: At the Berthana? MW: Yes, if we don't go before you, they got a big sign that said with the governor plate with about 5 or 600 little, small names all over it at the Berthana. She worked there 50 years and we would go there, but we didn't go to dance then. Dance was just about gone, it was skating then. Then they had the White City Ballroom and they had the one out on, coming into Ogden I forget the name of it right now. Her parents worked all over, that's what they had to do, work. After 20 they would go away we could dance a little bit, eat a little bit cause everybody was gone. I guess you can tell what you want to in this thing, but this had nothing to do with it. I worked at the Hotel Utah and they used to have the MTC, I did everything that worked. Everything to get a job. I was trying to work hard to get a lot of money so we could go out. You don't know nothing, you're not raised by nobody. I was always trying to find something to do and then after I got married I got smart and that was all by Betty. It was all about her, she was sweet. She was sweet. SL: So I have to ask you this question. There's been rumors of tunnels on 25th street. Do you know anything about those? MW: No I don't, I do know when I came here there was a short tunnel where the China men would go in and smoke opium. I never seen it go all the way across, but it was open there for that. In fact it went along here. I think it was, but nobody definitely going all the way across. You do know this that underneath you can go from door to door, underneath some places. Go door to door, but I didn't know it was completed. I've seen everything else but that. When you speak of that one sailor lived upstairs cause that's what they had in the Army. It wasn't the Air Force, it was Army then and one morning they threw him down upstairs here, they killed him and threw him right down there. Right on the sidewalk and guess what happened, I left here running. If you think that roadrunner can run you should've seen me getting away from here. I left here quick so that was all part of it. 21 She was a fine person and always tried to tell me Willie you got to love people. You got to love them whether they're good or bad you got to love them and they'll love you. But if you don't love somebody you keeping all that stuff in your mind it's going to stay right there. She wanted to love everybody and education. She wrote poems you don't have much time now, but we got a place almost like this full of books. Even Barnes and Nobles doesn't have as many books as she has. Even got big bags and I believe she knew about you and you would never know it. She was a collector. She liked that and she liked, really liked John's family. She said a lot of stuff, I got a lot of stuff back there when Charlie Trentlemen start. I got some of the stuff back then from him, when he started as a kid. I had to bring some down here, she liked education. She loved kids and everything that was one of the things I liked about her. SL: So being on 25th street did you notice sort of the anti-vice push that happened in the 50s and 60s? WM: Yes you know it wasn't quite as many people killed, but a lot of people were hurt, shot and everything. There's one guy was coming across the street, they cut him up and he died right in the middle of the street there, just fell dead. I've seen that, El Boracho, all the places. People in Clearfield didn't even like the people in Ogden and they had a lot of it. I know that sometime-when you said one thing that worried me a little bit, this guy, black guy he was supposed to have been the smartest person in the world. He knew everything, he was smart so he went in and bought his groceries and when you hear about it, it was a California Flea Market, right up here on the street here. Well he went in and bought his groceries 22 and stole a clock and put the clock in his bosom. Go to get out with it and as soon as he started walking out with the clock started off. I thought that was one funniest thing that you ever seen in your life. See nowadays they would put him in jail, but there was just people there you know, but that was one of the funniest things. There was a lot of funny things that make you laugh after you think. I seen one time a guy got killed, not killed but stabbed all over. It was snow like that out there you could trail him to his house and they did that a lot. Let me tell you this though, there was a lot of famous people out of this town, 25th street. Some of them felt like 25th street was way beyond their thoughts, but it was here too. You know they were here too, a lot of it. I used to open up at 6:00 in the morning right here in order to clean them up so they could go there, they'd be having meetings. Doctors, lawyers, all of them, but I don't know no name or nothing, but that's what happened. I've seen it all. SL: So did you ever know Marshall White, Doc White? WM: I knew him when he first got off to come to Salt Lake City. I'm going to give you the real dope on him I don't care what nobody say, I'm going to give you the real dope. In Salt Lake City he come as an army man. His girlfriend was a Chigley in Salt Lake City we delivered her to a place called High Marine Hall. Then everything help him get off. We went and took him to the High Marine Hall, we stayed up there. He come here a little while and then he wanted to be a policeman. He tried to be a policeman in Salt Lake City and they said no we don't want you to be any police for Salt Lake City. He said you might not like our rules anyway. He said if I had a policeman, I would let this policeman. If he arrest a 23 white person he'd have to stand there until the white cop come to take him to jail. They didn't let black men to arrest a white man, I've seen all that. Now I'm going to get down to where he is now. He come to Salt Lake City to work, he was a foot doctor I'd call him. He come to want to be a policeman. They told him in Salt Lake City just as I'm telling you because we lived next door. They told him they don't hire blacks, but go to Ogden they hire anybody over there, anything. That's what they said so he came over here. He had to work his way in, he worked his way in from this foot doctor into health. Then in the health thing they hired him as a policeman. They didn't want him to be a policeman they hired him anyway, policeman. He made a detective, he was quite a smart guy. I sit on the other side of the street, he was very clean, anybody can tell you. Nice clothes, when he caught a guy once and the guy he hit him over the head, he was bleeding. Doc would hold his coat out so he wouldn't bleed and hit him like this. Yeah I've seen it all. You know it wasn't quite what it was like, this is the worst place in the world though. I know when the war was going on this place so well known until they sent a letter and they put 25th street Utah. Didn't have no address and it came right down to the porters and waiters. This 25th was quite a thing, quite a place. SL: So was Doc White the first black cop in Ogden or were there others? WM: They had others, but Doc was the first one. They had one called Pete, then they had this other guy, he was going with a girl up in the hotel. They called the police and this is a cop, beat the woman. They trusted him so well that when the police 24 would come in he would walk in the door and say I got it all settled out. They went on their way, woman's up there laying half naked. It was another policeman up there. I had a son who was the best in Ogden. When you go up there you look in the football, you find his name up there, but he was a crook. He was my boy, a natural crook. He was such a nice to everybody they didn't see that. He was quite a fellow. SL: So having lived in Ogden for numerous years how do you think Ogden has changed? WM: For the best because when it was like it was before like I said they had all that drinking and fighting going on. They come this last time with a different view. They have just a few bars and they have just a few fights. They had everything here, they had a fellow that sit right where he's sitting all times for almost a year and a half, sitting there. When I got ready to go out to buy a car in the evening time, just as I open my door he jumped out with a pistol. Said "I got to have 25 dollars now." I said "Why, I don't have no 25 dollars." He said, "Yeah you have 25." I said "How do you know?" He said, "'Cause I was sitting there looking you cut hair all day so you got that 25 dollars to give me." Then I talked to a policeman after then, they said don't try to do anything just try to identify him. See they're prepared to do what they going to do, but you are not so you don't know this is going to happen. He knows it, but then they built it up nicely now. I hope it keeps going, it's improving so much. They have theatres all up and down 25 the street here, yeah Lyceum and all that. So Ogden had been the worst place in the world, it's been nice, but it hasn't been the worst place in the world. I love it! SL: Did you use to go to the Lyceum? WM: Yes go to the Lyceum. Lyceum was 10/15 cents for a hamburger, the biggest hamburger they had. Five cents for a drink, that's what they had. So I went to the Lyceum theater, well all of them after that. They had a café called Keely's. So all the good people ate at Keely's. You know they had banks up there and everything. Ogden has improved so much and it's coming my way. Now hey I'm leaving. I'll be back. SL: Do you have any questions? LR: I just have one. Did you know the police officer Lou Burch? WM: Oh! Big Burch talk all the time. LR: I was just curious because he told a story not too long ago about a time, and I wanted to hear your version of the story. The story went he was coming up to talk to a gentleman you were with, big Swedish guy. For some reason you mistook what was happening and you took Lou and you just threw him. WM: That's right, Big Burch that was my partner, he and I and his family and everything. See during that time when a Spanish guy and a black guy walked into the drug store and everything they had a number. When you walk into the store they didn't know it, but he'd walk in the store, he's going now and they would holler when he walk in aisle 99, that's where a black guy, white guy going in to steal something. Aisle 99 and that's where the police would go and arrest him, that's where that happens. 26 Ogden's been nice and it's going to be nicer. The whole state is going to be nicer, yeah the whole state because they got some good people in Utah. Really good and it's going to be much nicer because it seem like they have what they need now to improve this state and this town, they have it. I'll bet you money that a lot of people would stay here, they'd come here to visit, they'd be back. I can show you some stuff we got from Australia, got people come get a haircut from Australia right here. They wait until they get ready to come ski on their haircut. We got one kid who's six years old when he started coming and now he's 18 come to this place. We got lots of them that come here to visit and all over. The missionaries they know us way before we knew them. They come up and down here now. What happened is when they go and stay their two years during that time in the United States of wherever they are they would go back home and say stop at Willie Moore's Barber Shop. So that's where they come in and stop. We love the missionaries because they tell us some good stuff. Yeah they tell us some awful good stuff. SL: So when did you and Betty get married? WM: Oh back in 50, we got married twice. We slipped off to get married you see and we got married in Nevada. Went to Nevada and got married and guess what? When we got wait there was a big turkey waiting, red big old turkey. Guess what? The preacher come right after we just sat down and said your wife and you got to get married again. You either get married in the church or downtown, there's not going to be no wedding until this thing, people are here, and good people, the preacher and everything. You're not going to get married by anybody so I got two 27 licenses on her, now I wish I had one. Two licenses on here, yeah. We got married twice, we went to Idaho and then we come back. As soon as we got back my mother-in-law was waiting on us with that big turkey. You know with my diet I was going to say yes, so I enjoyed myself. They got good people here. Brewski's they're nice, Rooster's they're nice, and well I won't name them all cause it's not good if you don't name them all then you're doing something wrong. It's improving, it's going to keep to continue to improve, when they do that, Ogden will be the best place to live. I've done a lot here, I've done a lot raising my two kids in Ogden High School. From Ogden High School the granddaughter went to Duke University and she'll be paying for that the rest of her life, treat her so good. Half of the time she's out of state, Madrid, I don't know what they told her. The girl if she walked in here right now you sit right there she sit up in your lap and go to sleep. She's so small that when my wife died she did the eulogy or something there. I could be laying on the bed and she come lay right on top of me. Lay her little head on me and guess what? She's in her 40s. SL: Is this Cara? WM: Yes, she's in her 40s. She got married and it kind of torn up things a little bit. She hasn't been married since and I worry about my family. I worry about her, she just didn't get married again. I think she's in San Francisco now, then she goes to Dallas, San Francisco, Houston and other places like that in the United States where they have these big orders. She had something to do with Targets. She 28 come in here and she'll look and find the place for Target, put Target here. She looks so little. I said lord have mercy but that's what she does. SL: I noticed Carol looks a lot like Betty. WM: Yeah she does and think like her too. Oh I can hardly stay home sometimes tell her to pick up stuff and change this around and set this way. Oh! SL: So how did Betty start working out at Hill Field? WM: Oh, well when Hill Field come there was very few places that you could work in Utah. Samuel's and Keely's all those places, very small. So when Hill Field come this guy called Jack, I forget his name, he was the head of Hill Field. They went to school together and she failed. She failed and Big Jack told her said, "Betty you go to work here. You take it until you've completed." She took it two times and she completed it and started working at Hill. Worked all those years at Hill Field, but at the Hill Field time I told her, "Betty someday you might retire." We had these two kids, I took a little short job over at the train station over there in order to help us with our family. She was my friend ever since and she thought it would be different honest to god. I was a bragger 'cause I was pretty sharp myself, had no problems. Cutting hair and saving my money. Dress-I wish you could go to my place and see I got a lot of suits, a lot of suits all the way over. I mean a big line of suits and Betty tell me, "Don't you go out looking like a clown. You go dressed up every time." This is some of the things-she was in front of me, Utah Corrections-she was in front of me there on that board. I've been in Chamber of Commerce twice that was because she wanted Lamar Butler who she went to school with. See 29 what happens was, during that time it was very easy for a white person. You were by yourself, but she didn't know anyone hardly they'd say, "Uh oh look there she goes. Did she turn the corner?" "Yeah she turned the corner." "We'll keep our eyes on her." They didn't know what they heard. It's so pitiful that all people that don't know each other. I tell them all the time hey you know me. Some of them come in they want a pop, you black. I said sure what's wrong with that? Gee I would be white if they didn't keep me in the oven too long. You got to have it. You're going to be great. Both of you going to be great with your job cause you ask good questions. SL: So I read somewhere that you used to do golf tournaments. WM: I mean tournaments all over this. Would you get my golf tournament stuff out of there? My pictures of stuff. Oh I got about six or some trophies. I used to play golf, that's all I did. I played from Hilton Island to Pebble Beach to anyplace you can name. I got a stack of stuff like this. I won the Mormon tournament and that's a tournament they have that people from Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah, 100 people. I walked away with the tournament. Yeah walked away with it and guess what? Winning the tournament and birthday on the 24th of July, that's when my birthday is on Mormon. I played golf. SL: So did you used to hold tournaments for fundraisers for kids? WM: Yes, we had one at Ben Lomond, we had one at Riverside, places like that. Whole tournament and I was going to do it this year, but seemed like Betty was kind of slowing up a little bit and I wanted to stay close to her. I think if it come again next year I'm going to do it for one of the big disease. We win a lot of 30 money, Leavitt mortuary, up here, he was helping me and we win that together. Well Ernie Snider, all those places we were together. You can call Ernie, we had the same birthday, 24th of July. He owned two or three golf courses: The Bluff, Riverside, and another one. We go together, that's the reason I had all these different clothes. I wanted to be ready, I didn't want anybody dragging me along. I don't want to walk my head up. Yeah that's what you want to go, that's what both of you are going to do. It's going to be there for you all you have to do is get it. It's out there, I tell my wife you're just as great as anybody out there. You're as great as they are and I told my kids that. They seem to did pretty good, but I tell you what happened about five years ago. Somebody killed Betty's son. He had a check come from the government it was really big. They beat him in the back of his head and took his check. I think it was 17,000 then, but it had more coming. They beat him all over the head and I tell you, you could hear Betty scream from here to Salt Lake. She walked in and seen him and they killed him and took his money and everything. Just when he got off that child thing. You have to change sometime if you don't change you don't know where you're going, a person might lead you any place. That's what I used to tell them all the time. I told be a leader, if you be a leader know where you're going, you're going to make it. If you got any kids or any friends or anybody, make them be number one. I tell them I said when you go out in the world today don't never tell you that we are broke. Just tell them we don't have no money today. That's the way I did. I learned that because I was adopted here with Jewish people and they 31 like money. Jewish people like money, they don't food around, they like money it's quite a thing. This is a busy barber shop, but it doesn't look like it now. I'm glad because I can talk loud, I like to talk. Betty and I talked like we were strangers. I loved that. I'll never forget her, no never forget her. Somebody told me the other day would you think about getting married again? I says, "What? I'll kill you dead." That's my Betty the rest of my life, that's the way I feel. That's the way I'm now, love it and I love people. Good golf tournaments and good basketball tournaments. Golf, basketball, pool and bowling go to these places up there. Like when they didn't let us eat. We would bowl black and white, but we couldn't eat together. Up on 25th street we ordered 28 steaks, that's all they had in the place, 28 steaks. When we got ready to eat they said, "We can't serve black." I say, "What?" "We can't serve black." I said, "Well, you know funny thing about that I got to work for them because I'm in the barber shop. You don't serve blacks, that's okay because I don't eat blacks either because it would mess up my stomach. Every time I eat one it mess up my stomach." We walked out of there; they come out left those steaks. You should see that Japanese man (ha ho ching chong bing bong!!!) we gone, eat them yourself. So many times like that, but it wasn't the toughest thing in the world. The toughest thing in the world was education. If they had an education girl they had education think good, think real good. You'll make it, I bet you will. What I mean by that is, there's nobody on the hill that has no more than you have if you got education. You can do what you want with it and they can't do no more than you 32 can with it. So if your kids say, "Momma we broke," say, "No we just don't have money today." They give me hell here, all these barbers, but I know how to handle them. I say yes and don't get mad. You come in that door there all mad about what happened you going to be in bad shape, got to be good. SL: When did you play for the Harlem Globetrotters? WM: Well what happened that was, I went to a black school called Gramblem College and I wanted to come back to Utah. The globetrotter was coming up this way and they could only play in black school. They play at black school so they told me we're short of people, we need another person. I say okay but the way we do that, but my name could be John Robinson and John Robinson being on their team. People didn't know that who I was, there was a way to see the Globetrotters. Globetrotters had a pretty bunch of girls when we'd go and play we'd come out of there, the girls out there waiting. So I when substituted for a lot, but I helped them even when the Globetrotters broke up. See people don't know the Globetrotters broke up and the team they broke up from was the big Globetrotters and they were named Harlem Magicians. If you ever look at them-I got a shirt up here right now, I think it's in this drawer. A shirt up here and they got six stars, big stars on the Globetrotters. Then when we broke up we let those stars here, but farmer was about this size so he couldn't see. When they would see Globetrotters all the time what would happen there is-Garcia would you look in here? Garcia look in there and see that shirt in there. I got a shirt here now right in this corner, you see it there, right in 33 the top drawer. Is it the bottom? Yeah that's one of my old shirts. I got a lot of stuff. The Globetrotters and the Magicians we had there. I enjoyed it, see those stars. You can put it back. What we would do with that is we would go in front of the Globetrotters. We still Harlem Globetrotters, but we were performers and we would go in ahead of the people and collect the money. When the Globetrotters come, the real Globetrotters there wasn't no money for them. I substitute all the time. When they had a girl they wanted to see or when someone got sick or something that's what happened. I enjoyed it, but I wasn't a clown no more when I met Betty. She didn't like the clowning so I had to get out of that thing. That was one thing I like about her, she was just real. We would go out with somebody and she'd bring up that race thing and I just got so shaky. I said, "Don't do that now," but she said, "When am I going to do it?" You know about it that's what she said to me. Tough as a boot. SL: Well thank you Willie, we appreciate it. WM: Okay I'm so glad you come down. I've had more fun with you than I had with what's his name? Charles, he stayed here a long long time. I thought I had his stuff here I guess I don't. This right here I want you to talk about this one. 34

Abstrak Karya sastra merupakan miniatur dari dunia nyata, dimana sebuah karya sastra biasanya mengungkap beberapa masalah yang berkaitan dengan makhluk hidup termasuk isu-isu tentang hubungan manusia dengan alam. Manusia lebih cenderung melakukan kerusakan pada lingkungan daripada menjaganya, hal ini menyebabkan kehancuran bumi beserta isinya. Hal ini tergambar pada novel The Road karya McCarthy dimana lingkungan yang menjadi setting utamanya hancur berantakan. Lansekapnya tertutup oleh abu yang berterbangan. Dan ketika salju turun, ia berwarna abu-abu. Langitnya juga terlihat gelap. Oleh sebab itu, ada beberapa masalah yang berhubungan dengan kehancuran bumi yang tergambar pada novel yang kemudian memunculkan dua dasar pertanyaan (1) bagaimana kehancuran bumi digambarkan dalam novel The Road karya McCarthy? Dan (2) bagaimana kehancuran bumi memberikan dampak terhadap karakter utama dalam novel The Road karya McCarthy?. Untuk melihat masalah ini perlu teori yang pas yang biasa disebut ecocriticism. Ecocriticism melihat kehancuran bumi sebagai hasil dari tingkah laku manusia terhadap lingkungan misalnya: eksploitasi dan colonialisasi. Seperti yang dikatakan Lawrence Buell bahwa kondisi lingkungan itu ditentukan oleh manusia. Ecocriticism adalah suatu istilah yang berada dibawah payung postcolonialism dimana seorang postcolonialist meyakini bahwa kolonialisasi mempunyai campur tangan dalam penghancuran bumi. Para penjajah merasa percaya diri untuk mengeksploitasi bumi karena dianugrahi kekuatan oleh modernism. Untuk mendapatkan analisis yang jelas, skripsi ini menggunakan metode descriptive quality dimana kualitas data menjadi poin utama daripada jumlah data. Jadi, terlihat jelas bahwa kehancuran bumi terjadi diseluruh lapisan lingkungan; yaitu atmosfer, permukaan tanah, dan laut. Seluruh atmosfer dipenuhi oleh abu, debu dan karbon, tanahnya terkikis, tandus dan gundul, dan lautnya berubah menjadi abu-abu. Kehancuran bumi ini juga memberikan kesuraman tersendiri kepada tokoh si bapak dan si anak. Mereka harus melalui hidup yang keras, susah untuk bernafas, susah untuk menemukan sesuatu yang bisa dimakan dan secara mental mereka selalu takut akan ancaman-ancaman dari kehancuran bumi. Kata Kunci: kehancuran bumi, ecocriticism, postcolonialism, modernism. Abstract Literary work is a miniature of larger world or reality, whereas a literary work reveals some problems related to humans being including issues of human relationships with the environment. Humans tend to do damage to the environment rather than maintaining it, thus it causes devastation of earth. It is reflected in McCarthy's the road where the environment is devastated. The landscape save the ash on the wind, and when the snow falls, it is gray. The sky is also dark. Therefore, there are some problems of knowledge about how the devastation of earth portrays in the novel, which are delivered to two main questions of (1) How is devastation of earth depicted in Cormac McCarthy's The Road? and (2) How does devastation of earth give impacts to the main characters in Cormac McCarthy's The Road?. In case to observe these problems, it needs a suitable theory which called ecocriticism. Ecocriticism sees the devastation of earth as the result of humans' behaviour such as exploitation and colonialism of the environment, as Lawrence Buell says that the condition of the environment is determined by humans. Ecocriticism is under umbrella term of postcolonialism in which postcolonilist believes that colonization has intervention in devastating the earth. Colonizer is encouraged to exploit the nature because of power that is given by modernism. To get a clear analysis, this thesis uses descriptive quality method; it means the quality of the data becomes the reference to work rather than the quantity of the data. Thus, it is seen clearly that devastation of earth happened in the whole layers of environment; atmosphere, land and sea. The atmosphere is occupied by ash, dust and carbon, the land has eroded and barren and the sea have changed into gray. This devastation also gives a misery to the father and the son as the main characters. They have to undergo hard life; hard to breathe, hard to find food and mentally they are haunted by the devastated earth's threatens. Keywords: devastation of earth, ecocriticism, postcolonialism, modernism. INTRODUCTION Humans often feel indifferent toward nature. For them, nature is something considerably as a 'mystic' thing, when it goes right, humans forget it, when it goes wrong, they worry it. People tend to prefer natural environments more than built environments, and built environments with water, trees, and other vegetation more than built environments without such features (Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989). On the other word, humans tend to permit the nature walks down by itself. They seem to just let it flow without thinking how to keep and maintenance the nature. The study of humans' relation with nature which is known as ecology was begun since years ago when humans lived in harmony with the nature. However, in line with development the nature also changes. Unfortunately, this natural changes brings devastation on earth, as Donald Hughes says that looking back to our historical ecology, Humans have related in multiple ways to the Earth's systems; some of these ways promise a sustainable balance with them, while others are destructive (Hughes, 2001: 269). Historically, through devastation of earth Humans have made major changes in their environments. This is happened almost in the whole surface, as Hughes says that devastation of earth has happened in every historical period and in every part of the inhabited Earth (2001: 1). In order to observe those processes of change that affect the relationship, ecologist studies the mutual effects that other species, natural forces, and cycles have on humans, and the actions of humans that affect the web of connections with non-human organisms and entities (id. at 4.). This ecologist's study shows that devastation of earth is the result of humans' behaviour toward environment. This bad behaviour has changed the environment that will bring devastation to the humans themselves. Humans seemingly don't care of the environment. Severity, humans tend to be more destructive. It forces some Ecocritics who concern in literary study and environment in late nineteenth criticized humans' behaviour toward nature. This criticises show how important avoiding that kind of behaviour toward nature which brings devastation of earth merely, it signed that the study of literature which related to the environment has to be discussed. There were in fact some isolated calls for an ecologically oriented criticism during the 1970s (Rigby, vol 2: 2). However, it was not until the end of the twentieth century that the study of literature and the environment was finally recognized as 'a subject on the rise'. In studying of literature, humans ordinarily focus on the relation between humans and others (society) or between humans and themselves (psychology), whereas, the relation between humans and environment actually is tightly connected. Unfortunately, the study of literature which related to the earth was often forgotten, whereas, the study of literature which related to the environment is greatly important. The study of environment is not merely observing of the nature or nonhumans aspect but it tends to study the relation among nature, earth and the humans themselves. Human actually is a part of environmental system, and therefore the environment has the crucial role in humans life in which it is become the main point of literary study. In some respects, it is perhaps not surprising that the study of literary texts should be coupled with such forgetfulness of the earth. Thus it is needed a study of humans' relation and environment. The study of literature and environment got a full attention when modern era begun to destruct the environment. Since last decade ago, especially years ago, humans consciously realized the impacts of their behaviour toward nature, moreover when they become crazier of invention, exploration and exploitation of the nature. Surely, this impact is indirectly causing ecological changes. However, actually what people do about their ecology depend on what they think about themselves in relation to things around them. Human ecology is deeply conditioned by beliefs about our nature and destiny (White 1996, 6). It can be imagined when humans were only thinking about themselves and forgetting the nature or they were just considering their needs without considering the nature needs, it can be ascertained that the nature will vanish and be extinct. This idea or thought about indifference toward nature is criticized by the Ecocritics. Ecocriticism maintains that literature may be approached in a way that examines humans as part of an ecosystem; they are neither master nor slave to it, but simply one part of an intricate system. Literature and environment truly can't be separated each other. Moreover, Lawrence Buell argues in his book The Truth of Ecology as quoted by Dana Philip that literature would be environmental. It would evoke the natural world through verbal surrogates, and would thereby attempt to bond the reader to the world as well as to discourse (Philip, 2003: 7). It can be assumed that through the literary work, the reader will be brought to the environmental world and devastation of earth. Indirectly, literature causes the reader's interpretation of the environment. Thus, it is important to understand the relation between humans and environment through literary work. It needs to notice that ecology is not a slush fund of fact, value, and metaphor, but a less than fully coherent field with a very checkered past and a fairly uncertain future (Philip, 2003: 45). By understanding the relation between humans and environment, it is beneficial to determine the act effectively on the impact of natural destruction and to integrate knowledge and actions. The study of literature and environment works in tandem in determining humans' perception and interpretation toward nature. As Lawrence Buell says that literature and environment studies must make their case for the indispensableness of physical environment as a shaping force in human art and experience, and how such an aesthetic works (2001: 9). It can be assumed that environmental interpretation is a humanistic inquiry. In other word, what people think about nature, and how they have expressed those ideas is what people interpret of the nature. Generally what people expressed the idea of the nature is a Realistic depiction of the world. Thus, it needs a tool to see this depiction. Surely Ecocriticism is a proper tool to see the depiction of the world. Ecocriticism is the most suitable binoculars to telescoped ecological issue and ecological changes in such literary work, as Sheryl Glotfelty (1996: xviii) says that Ecocriticism is the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment, Ecocriticism takes an earth-centered approach to literary studies. Only Ecocriticicism observes the relation between humans and nonhumans aspects. What Ecocritics do, in short, is attempting to discover nature as absence, silence in texts, and construe environmental representation as a relevant category of literary (Buell, 2005: 30). Ecocriticism encourages the changing of canonisation through entering literary works which carry up natural issue. Ecocriticism ecologically oriented critique of the way in which Nature is constructed in certain canonical texts. Environmental literature constitutes the third way in which Ecocriticism recasts the canon. According to Lawrence Buell (1995, 7-8), an environmentally oriented work should display some characteristics; first, the nonhuman environment is present not merely as a framing device but as a presence that begins to suggest that human history is implicated in natural history. Second, the human interest is not understood to be the only legitimate interest. Third, Human accountability to the environment is part of the text's ethical framework. The last, some sense of the environment as a process rather than as a constant or a given is at least implicit in the text. In such literary work; Cormac McCarthy's The Road the nature as the setting represents ecological changes. Surely, this change causes devastation of earth. Nothing is more miserable on earth but devastation. The world which is the closest place we live at is not convenient again when it was devastated. Thus, literary and environment has interrelation that cannot be separated. Then, it is important to analyze such literary work through Ecocriticism. Ecological issue commonly represented by the presence of natural thing such as; tree, land and also circumstance in the novel which it become the setting. In other word, ecological issue become a centre point of setting. One of great writers in narrating the setting is Cormac McCarthy. Not only known as a king of the setting, McCarthy also has known as famous environmental setting as Addy Haddock (a writer of McCarthy's bibliography) says that his ability to provide eloquent descriptions with smoothly rolling darker undertones and poetically dismal nuances makes him become a writer with powerful setting. Thus, McCarthy is a right author referenced as a study of Ecocriticism. Indirectly, McCarthy's proficient is caused by his settled at a barn near Louisville, Tennessee. All the stones he gathered, all the wood he cut and kiln dried by himself to renovate his small house. Seemingly, McCarthy's life is not far away from the nature. Years later, after marrying fellow student Lee Holleman in 1961, he and she moved to a shack with no heat and running water in the foothills of the Smoky Mountains outside of Knoxville. These experiences of life sharpen his idea toward nature. McCarthy reveals that he is not a fan of authors who do not deal with issues of life and death; it can be assumed that his writing tends to be explored issues of life including devastation of earth. Recalling blithely the months he spent without electricity in a house in Tennessee. Without money, and he had run out of toothpaste and he was wondering what to do when he went to the mailbox and there was a free sample. It made him become more sensitive facing the nature and more respect it. In 2006, McCarthy writes The Road that grants him a change to be interviewed by Oprah Winfrey. Surely, this interview related to his writing especially devastation of earth and won Pulitzer Prize for fiction. McCarthy told Winfrey that related several stories illustrating the degree of outright poverty he endured at times during his career as a writer. He also states that his novel; The Road inspired when he was standing at the window of a hotel in the middle of the night, his son asleep nearby, he started to imagine what El Paso might look like 50 or 100 years in the future. He just had this image of these fires up on the hill. It shows the condition of the nature at the time which the hill was fired up. McCarthy can be categorized as a weird person. People usually gathered with other people who have same hobby or pleasure. However, it doesn't apply for McCarthy. As a writer, he doesn't like to gather with other writer. He would rather hang out with physicists or scientist than other writer. He does not know any writers and much prefers the company of scientists. No doubt if his knowledge of nature is rich. His knowledge of the natural world is vast and includes many of the Latin names of birds and animals. His pleasure gathering with physicists and scientist caused by his interest in science and environment, by absorbing the intelligence scientists, he realizes that in 100 years the human race won't even be recognizable. For him, what physicists did in the 20th century was one of the extraordinary flowerings ever in the human enterprise, which would much prefer to befriend a scientist than another writer. Most of McCarthy's novels are portraying about life or reality which many of them associated to ecological issue. In 1985, Blood Meridian was published. Blood Meridian portrays the desolate and indifferent 1850s Texas-Mexico borderlands. The extreme violence which takes place comments implicitly on both the environment and human nature. The novel's full title- Blood Meridian, or The Evening Redness In The West- is indicative of the novel's portrayal of the environment. A relationship between location, nature and violence is created in the symbolism of the sun as a "blood meridian". To call McCarthy's environments as constructed in Blood Meridian simply violent is an unsatisfactory conclusion. What is more appropriate and evident in the text is that man is inherently violent and the indifference of nature to this creates an amoral setting. In 1979, McCarthy published his fourth novel, Suttree. In short, Suttree tells the reader about a man named Cornelius Suttree, a fisherman, disillusioned scholar, alcoholic, nihilist, existentialist and transcendentalist. The attention to detail identified earlier in Suttree is telling in terms of his relationship with his environment. Generally, to an Ecocritical reading Suttree shows that, stripped of societal anthropocentrism, man is forced to reassess his relationship with nature. It could be said that McCarthy's prose style is often atavistic (anti-civilization, anti-materialism, anti-industrialism, anti-progress and pro-Nature) in that it both reflects natural processes and often appears primitive, stripped of culture. In 1973, Child of God was published. It was inspired by actual events in Sevier County. Child of God begins with Lester Ballard's dispossession from his parent's house. McCarthy's description of Ballard's lone nomadic wandering after he inadvertently burns down his squat uses the same free indirect discourse. Child of God can also be described as an existential text, particularly for the authenticity of its protagonist. Lester Ballard's atavistic tendencies bring him closer to an animalistic level. From those all of McCarthy's novels, The Road which was published in 2006 by Vintage book publisher is the most representative novel which is related to the study of Ecocriticism. The novel is generally thick of environments' issue. The issue for instance is the fire of woods that happened along the country which give the reader an image of burned land, ash and dust everywhere and so on. Because of this reason, the writer felt that The Road is interested to be analyzed through ecological critics. In short, the novel portrays a journey of father and son as the main character in a burned land in America. The issue of devastation of earth becomes the centre point of interest which grasps the whole setting of the novel. The Road brings the readers onto 'the future' in as much as it is set in a time after an ambiguous 'end' has occurred and society has collapsed. The reverse of the most recent reissue claims that it is the first great masterpiece of the globally warmed generation. It is also the first of McCarthy's novels to have provoked Ecocritical study. This wide appeal to the novel relies strongly on its environmental themes. The use of allusion to genre and form elsewhere in McCarthy's novels can be said to universalise his appeal but in The Road the key concern is the 21st century's most immediate global problem; the irrevocable damage global industrial capitalism is doing to our environment. It is difficult to read The Road without feeling the overwhelming cumulative force of the novel's desolation, and this desolation is most prominently present in the landscapes McCarthy portrays. The setting is almost entirely bereft of life; the little that is found is often malign humanity. The Road greatly represents a study of Ecocriticism. It portrays the colourless world because of devastation of earth. This devastation issue is common object of the Ecocriticism study. The Road continually reminds us of the bleakness of the landscape in the earth. As readers, we only experience bright colours through the characters' dreams or memories, if someone happens to bruise or bleed, or through fire or flare guns. The rest of the time we see a gray ash covering the landscape. As a reality, our landscape is actually green and natural. However, The Road shows the possibility of devastation of earth when humans did devastation to the nature and they can't live in harmony with the nature. Therefore, there is no doubt that The Road becomes the most influencing novel toward environment. It proves from the acclaim written in the novel by George Monbiot, an environmental campaigner that says "It could be the most important environmental book ever. It is a thought experiment that imagines a world without a biosphere, and shows that everything we value depends on the ecosystem." According to the brief story in background of the study that gives perception about the devastation of earth in the novel, it appears two questions as the problems: 1. How is devastation of earth depicted in Cormac McCarthy's The Road? 2. How does devastation of earth give impacts to the main characters in Cormac McCarthy's The Road? METHOD The used method is descriptive quality; it means the quality of the data becomes the reference to work rather than the quantity of the data. Besides, a technique is needed to understand the data. Technique of interpretation must be used to interpret and analyze the data. Through interpretation the analysis can be worked. Interpretation is a crucial step that has to do before analyzing the data. Then, extrinsic approach is used as an approach toward the analysis in which environment belongs to it. According to method above, the first thing that has to do is collecting data. In collecting data this research focuses on reading and documentation. Reading novel. In this step, novel becomes the object of the research. The novel is entitled The Road, written by Cormac McCarthy. To collect the correctly data, it needs reading more than once, because to get interpretation, it needs understanding all contents completely with all possibilities both intrinsically and extrinsically. Inventorying data. This step is collecting data through noting the quotations related to the statement of the problems and objectives of the study, it is including in words, sentences, and discourse that can represent devastation of earth in Cormac McCarthy's The Road. Thus, all data that will be analyzed are started and sourced through the novel's contents. Classification data. It is appropriate to the statements of the problems about devastation of earth in Cormac McCarthy's The Road. Tabling the data. It is to simplify reading the data and classify data that is used in the analysis for the readers. Continuously, the selected data or the collected data, which are related to the statements of the problems and the objectives, are analyzed through Ecocriticism in depicting the devastation of earth and its impacts to the main characters in Cormac McCarthy's The Road. MODERNISM The word "modern" closely means to up-to-date, abreast of the times, and going beyond the past in more than a temporally or chronologically literal sense (Greenberg, 1979; 2). Marshall Breman as quoted Jan Rada defines modernism as a trend of thought that affirms the power of human being to create, improve, and reshape their environment, with the aid of scientific knowledge technology and practical experimentation (2008; 6). Breman then argues that modernism is as any attempt by modern men and women to become subjects as well as objects of modernization, to be modern is to find ourselves in an environment that promises us adventure, power, joy, growth, transformation of ourselves and the world-and, at the same time, that threatens to destroy everything we have, everything we know, everything we are (Berman, 1982; 5; 14). The development of modernism emerged two poles that confront each other; science and technology and natural degradation. As Helena J. Keler explanation that the image of 'creative destruction' is very important to understanding modernity precisely because it derived from the particular dilemmas that faced the implementation of the modernist project. This destruction of a holistic universe in the modern era shatters the conception of human beings and societies as total entities, instead inaugurating an era characterized by a never-ending process of internal ruptures and fragmentations within itself (Keler, 2005: 4). According to Horkheimer and Adorno as quoted by Helena, modern capitalist society is engaged in a pattern of domination: the domination of nature by human beings, domination of nature within human beings, and this system of domination is driven by fear of the human and nonhuman unknown the Other (Keler, 2005: 3). Movement of modernism manifests itself in the self-destructive nature of symbolism: when pushed to its logical extreme, the symbolist aesthetic starts to forgo any notion of an organic, necessary relationship between signifier and signified, and simply imposes a particular motif as an arbitrary symbol of something else (Hutchinson, 2011; 58). Modernism often demonstrates the destructive rather than constructive nature. Modernists argue that the ecologically destructive projects are not viable because of climate change but modernism movement (Johnston, 2012: 207). Specifically, Barbara Rose Johnston states that Human conduct that contributes to the destruction of our ecological balance. Such interpretations of environmental change, however, can have undesirable effect of deflecting responsibility, since blame is placed on a cycle of time about which a person can do nothing (Johnston, 2012: 212). Global environmental change, which spans natural sciences, policy and development studies, is currently experiencing its first waves. Perhaps it is time to recognize that already some people are getting their feet wet. On what criteria should one decide to retreat to higher ground or stick it out unmoved until the tide turns. Modernism challenges the modern project of understanding global environmental change and doing something about it when it causes problems (Blaikie, 1996: 81). According to Piers M. Blaikie, modernism First, it challenges all embracing world views or 'meta narratives' which tend to be highly teleological and assume the validity of their underlying assumptions and their claims. Thus, the role of environmental scientists in policy making as 'talking truth to power' and as the only rational and legitimate brokers between the 'real' environment and the rest of us, is rejected. Second, it challenges the tendency that is more pronounced in areas of global environmental change where the local hands on experience of the environment (land degradation, desertification and biodiversity). Third, it challenged that reality is socially constructed. An epistemology which builds models of society and environment with causal connections is challenged by one which is constituted as a series of descriptive accounts according to different actors' perceptions (Blaikie, 1996: 81). Modernism encourages people and countries to over-exploit natural resources, and contribute to reductions in spending on social and environmental welfare (Huckle, 1999: 36). Moreover, environmental reductions being blamed on the impact of foreign cultural domination this has allegedly eroded and damaged the 'essential harmony' between humans and nature (Mawdsley, 2001: 96). Evernden contends that the second instrumental vision of control and domination over nature is the historical product of modernity, more specifically of Renaissance, when a new mode of knowledge, based on reason and experimentation replaced the medieval search for knowledge as contemplation and wisdom (1992). This argument is supported that Modernity is thus responsible for creating Nature by abstracting from nature, and with it a whole history of conquest and domination comes to be enacted. In the words of C. S. Lewis: "We reduce things to mere Nature in order that we may "conquer" them. We are always conquering Nature because "Nature" is the name for what we have, to some extent, conquered" (Lewis, 1978: 42). Latest, Environmental problems and other risks encompass less than the globally catastrophic. More and more disaster experts, development agencies, and citizens' groups are supporting that the globalisation is largely responsible for such human misery (Huckle, 1999: 36). Modernism signed by the development science and technology (Somerville, 2006: 17-18). Further, given the increasing production by technologically advanced capitalism of risks that threaten us all ironically that technology induced catastrophes and environmental disasters (Simon Cottle, 1998: 8). Since the Enlightenment, technology, especially science-based technology, has offered the promise of a better world through the elimination of disease and material improvements to standards of living. On the other hand, resource extraction, emissions of dangerous materials, and pollution of air, water, and soil have created conditions for unprecedented environmental catastrophe and have already caused irreversible damage to the biosphere (Vergragt, 2006: 7). Ironically, the persisting contradictions between a better life created and supported by technology for the wealthy few, also caused the increasing environmental degradation and persistent poverty for the vast majority calls for a deeper exploration and understanding of the nature. Philip J. Vergragt then, states that technology will support and enhance a "good life" for all of its citizens, in both rich and presently poor countries, without compromising the Earth's ecosystem or the prospects of later generations (Vergragt, 2006: 8). Thus, science and technology which shaped to the sophistication give man a power to colonize the earth. POSTCOLONIALISM Environmentalism in post-colonial discourse has its beginnings in Alfred Crosby's account of the impact of European incursions into the Americas and the Pacific (Ashcroft, 2000: 71). This incursion of course destructs not only the country; physical building and ideology but also the environment and nature. The conquest and colonization of so many extra-European environments produced irreversible changes in land use, in flora and fauna and frequently damaged beyond repair traditionally balanced relations between indigenous communities and their environments, a relationship unlike that of their conquerors crucial to their understanding of their 'being' as of the land rather than merely on it (Ashcroft, 2000: 71-72). He adds that imperial incursions and colonization have been regarded as environmentally destructive, yet as Richard Grove argues, the perception of what had already been lost in Europe, the sense of intrinsic connection between the 'more-than-human' and the human, and thus the urgency of environmental preservation became strikingly evident in Europe's colonies, particularly in the late nineteenth century. Much environmentalism in theory and practice has emanated from former imperial centres such as Europe and the United States. While belated recognition of the crucial importance of other forms of life on earth is both welcome and necessary, its export and sometimes imposition on postcolonized cultures invites the obvious charge of hypocrisy and generates resentment against former imperial states which having degraded their own and their colonies' environments in the 'interests' of progress and 'development' now encourage (or impose) the theory and practices of environmental preservation on other peoples (Ashcroft, 2000: 72). This also frequently creates division within post-colonized cultures themselves, where, for instance, peoples are moved off their traditional lands to make way for game parks, essentially for the benefit of wealthy tourists. Demands for the 'global' preservation of endangered species frequently clash with the policies of post-colonized governments eager to use their regained environmental sovereignty in the interests of a modern capitalism from which it is difficult for them to escape. Devastation of earth has highlighted how human–environmental vulnerabilities are amplified not only by anthropogenic climate change but also by the capitalist exploitation of natural resources (Carrigan, 2005: 1). Harmful environmental conduct exposes several broader dimensions such as the nation's ability to use its resources as determined by domestic political processes, such as; it changes the natural forest microclimates that have been transformed into new microclimates increasing sunlight and lowering humidity (Nazzal, 2005: 6). The ecological crisis is not merely an isolated event but has its roots in the modern materialistic civilization that makes man becomes the butcher of earth (Huggan and Tiffin, 2010: 1). They argue that one way out of this morass is to insist that the proper subject of postcolonialism is colonialism, and to look accordingly for colonial/imperial underpinnings of environmental practices in both colonising and colonised societies of the present and the past (Huggan and Tiffin, 2010: 3) Colonialism greatly changed the environmental condition of colonized country. Alfred W. Crosby (Crosby 1986) as quoted by Aschroft describes the ways in which the environments of colonized societies have been physically transformed by the experience of colonial occupation, imperialism/colonialism not only altered the cultural, political and social structures of colonized societies, but also devastated colonial ecologies and traditional subsistence patterns (Ashcroft, 2000: 69). Indirectly, colonization influences ecological changes in the past which cause ecological destruction in the present day. More importantly, based on Crosby statement in Aschroft explain that introduced crops and livestock not between colonizer and colonized country only supported conquering armies and colonizing populations, radically colonizer altered the entire ecology of the invaded lands in ways that necessarily disadvantaged indigenous peoples and annihilated or endangered native flora and fauna (2000: 69). Arguably this has led to one of the most profound ecological changes the world has seen. Colonization or colonialism can be defined as the conquest and control of other people's land and goods (Loomba, 2005: 8). Colonialism means a conquest which is done by the west or European and American country toward Asia and Africa by exploitation the land, surely it causes natural destruction. Elleke Boehmer has defined colonialism as the settlement of territory, the exploitation or development of resources, and attempts to govern the indigenous inhabitants of occupied lands (Boehmer as qtd. in McLeod 2000: 8). The term colonialism is important in defining the specific form of natural exploitation that developed with the expansion of Europe over the last 400 years (Ashcroft, 2000: 40). With the end of the cold war, global infatuation with neoliberal economics has intensified the peripheralization of the South along economic, political, social, cultural and natural lines (Geeta Chowdhry and Sheila Nair, 2002: 1). Postcolonial critique bears witness to those countries and communities - in the North and the South (Bhabha, 1994: 6). The assumption of postcolonial studies is that many of the wrongs, if not crimes, against nature are a product of the economic dominance of the north over the south (Young, 2001: 6). Thus, the Norh represents the West and the South represents the East. Postcolonialism sees the natural destruction on the South as the impacts of colonization The northern environmentalism considered as the rich (always potentially vainglorious and hypocritical) and the southern environmentalism considered as the poor (often genuinely heroic and authentic) (huggan and Tiffin, 2010: 2). However, northern needs of the natural need were supplied from the south in the name of colonization. Colonialism granted imperial powers the rights to arrogate and exploit the territory of a subject people as well as to appropriate unlimited property rights, post-colonial states acted quickly to regain control over their natural resources both through expropriation of foreign property interests and through the legal arena (Nazzal, 2005: 10). Colonialism, through both practice and discourse, has separated man from his natural surroundings and has given him a false idea about the meaning of nature: on the contrary, nature is not there to be plundered, but to be cared for, tended and made to yield its produce. Then, Man is ennobled by the relationship with the environment, by his power to make things grow and watch over their growth, but the reverse also holds true: devastation returns man to his primitive condition. It is not surprising when the the nature did reverse destruction to the humans. It is the result of what they do exploit to the nature. On the other world, man as the colonizer has colonized the earth which caused the devastation of earth. (Chrisman and Williams, 1994: 1–20). Thus, postcolonialism can be considered as umbrella term of ecocriticism in which it criticizes the relation between human and nature including criticizing humans' behaviour precisely humans' exploitation toward nature. ECOCRITICISM Humans truly can't be separated with environment. human beings are engaged in the eternal search for connection, for that which connects us to others and for that which connects us to ourselves, culture, language, history, belief systems, social practice, and other influences on human development are as much a part of place as the physical landscape one crosses (Dreese, 2002; 2-3). She emphasizes that environmental factors play a crucial role in the physical, emotional, and even spiritual configurations that determine our ideas of who we are. All human beings develop their own sense of place through life that determines why they love certain regions or feel utterly alien in others. The study of relations between humans and environment called ecology. Lawrence Buell defines ecology as the study of the interactions between organisms and the environment (Buell, 2005; 139). Meanwhile, Glen A Love defines ecology as not as merely a study of the relationship between organisms and their living and nonliving environment but also a combination of science and a sense of responsibility for life (2003; 37-38). Ecology as Lawrence Buell say above is drawn in the life circle; the life processes of many organisms put into their surroundings environment whose presence of other organism affects the life processes of these and other organisms sharing the same environment. When these processes are cut by such destruction, e.g. chemical by-products of the life processes of one species (or occupational group) are harmful to another species; the relationship between the two species is "antagonistic." Increased population density increases the probability of antagonistic interactions (Catton, 1994: 80). It is essential to be aware of the environmental damage which caused by ecological changes. The development of humans' ecology slowly damages the environment. The ecology of human development involves the scientific study of the progressive, mutual accommodation between an active, growing human being and the changing properties of the immediate settings (Bronfenbrenner, 1979: 21). Imbalance fine relations between humans and environment emerged a critic called ecocritic or ecocriticism (Buell, 2005; 2). John Elder as quoted by Dana Philip says that The science of ecology confirms the indivisibility of natural process: each feature of a landscape must be understood with reference to the whole, just as the habits of each creature reflect, and depend upon, the community of life around it (1999; 581). Ecology when it counts as science tends to be a lot more reductive, thus many of the core concepts of ecology once notable for their expansiveness have in recent years been cut down to size, made more particular, or abandoned altogether. It now appears that even the ecosystem concept may not be valid biologically, but valid concept or not, an ecosystem is primarily a theoretical entity, and therefore could never be the reality that somehow underwrites poetry, even if that poetry is of the good old-fashioned, supposedly "organic" sort (Philip, 1999; 582). By that kind of reason, Elder argues that culture too may be understood organically: it is the field of relationship between organisms and, as such, a complex organism in its own right (Philip, 1999; 582). Ecology is not merely bound to science and technology, but also moral and politic. Greg Garrard assumes that ecology itself is shifting and contested, the emphasis on the moral and political orientation of the ecocritic and the broad specification of the field of study are essential (2004; 4). Problems of ecology are features of our society, arising out of our dealings with nature, from which we should like to free ourselves, and which we do not regard as inevitable consequences of what is good in that society (Garrard, 2004; 5). Lynn white, Jr argues in his article on Cheryll Glotfelty's The Ecocriticism reader: landmark in literary ecology that environmental crisis is fundamentally a matter of the beliefs and values that direct science and technology and dominating attitude toward nature (1996; 4). Discoveries in ecology and cellular biology revolutionize our sense of self, teaching us that there is no such thing as an individual, only an individual-in-context (Neil Evernden, 1996; 93). Discoveries of course get much of invention. Unconsciously, humans' behaviour (ex: exploitation) toward environment was changed. Industrial Revolution affected humanity's conception of its relationship to nature, warning that technology has created the false illusion that we control nature, allowing us to forget that our "unconquerable minds" are vitally dependent upon natural support systems (Harold Fromm, 1996; 31) Ecocritic or Ecocriticism is an umbrella term, used to refer to the environmentally oriented study of literature and (less often) the arts more generally, and to the theories that underlie such critical practice (Buell, 2005; 138). Cheryll Glotfelty simply writes the definition, ecocriticism is the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment, ecocriticism takes an earth-centered approach to literary studies (1996: xviii). Ecocriticism might succinctly be defined as study of the relation between literature and environment conducted in a spirit of commitment to environmental praxis (Lawrence Buell as quoted by Dana Philip, 1999; 583). Ecocriticism is, then, an avowedly political mode of analysis, ecocritics generally tie their cultural analyses explicitly to a 'green' moral and political agenda. In this respect, ecocriticism is closely related to environmentally oriented developments in philosophy and political theory (Greg Garrard, 2004; 3) Ecocentrism is more compelling as a call to fellow humans to recognize the intractable, like-it-or-not interdependence that subsists between the human and the nonhuman and to tread more lightly on the earth than it is as a practical program (Lawrence Buell, 2005, 102). Ecological criticism shares the fundamental premise that human culture is connected to the physical world, affecting it and affected by it. Ecocriticism takes as its subject the interconnections between nature and culture, specifically the cultural artefacts of language and literature (Cheryll Glotfelty, 1996; xix). The majority of ecocritics, whether or not they theorize their positions, look upon their texts of reference as refractions of physical environments and human interaction with those environments, notwithstanding the artifactual properties of textual representation and their mediation by ideological and other socio-historical factors (Lawrence Buell , 2005; 30). Literary theory, in general, examines the relations between writers, texts, and the world. In most literary theory "the world" is synonymous with society-the social sphere. Ecocriticism expands the notion of "the world" to include the entire ecosphere or nonhuman, which is physical environment. Several things that have to be seen are: • Transforming this concept becomes social movement that will bring the humans into conscious of the equality between human and their environment and doesn't consider the nature into binary opposition between dominate and dominated. • Ecocriticism encourages the changing of canonisation through entering literary works which carry up natural issue. • Ecocriticism is not only an approach but also a pendadogis tool. • Ecocriticism connects the literary study with the earth to see how is the relation between humans and earth where they stand (Cheryll Glotfelty, 1996, xxii) The majority of ecocritics, whether or not they theorize their positions, look upon their texts of reference as refractions of physical environments and human interaction with those environments, notwithstanding the artifactual properties of textual representation and their mediation by ideological and other sociohistorical factors (Buell, 2005; 30). It can be assumed that Ecocrtiticism sees the text as the refraction of physical environment. Another denigrates attempts to recuperate realism as restricting the field of environmental writing, as ludicrously foreshortened in focus ("its practitioners . . . reduced to an umpire's role, squinting to see if a given depiction of a horizon, a wildflower, or a live oak tree is itself well painted and lively"), and in any case bogus, since "mimesis presumes the sameness of the representation and the represented object" (Phillips 2003: 163–4, 175). Buell has added that this is a conviction that contact (or lack ofcontact) with actual environments is intimately linked, even if not on a one-to-one basis, with the work of environmental imagination, for both writer and critic (Buell, 2005; 31). Ecocriticism can explore what we can call a discursively manipulated nonhuman world in literature, and discuss how it gets marginalized or silenced by, or incorporated into the human language (Legler, I997: 227). Nonhuman environment must be represented as an active presence and player within the text made some astute readers inclined to be sympathetic of the environment (Buell, 2005: 51). The task of ecocriticism, then, is to formulate a conceptual foundation for the study of interconnections between literature and the environment. Literature can be perceived as an aesthetically and culturally constructed part of the environment, since it directly addresses the questions of human constructions, such as meaning, value, language, and imagination, which can, then, be linked to the problem of ecological consciousness that humans need to attain. Within this framework, ecocritics are mainly concerned with how literature transmits certain values contributing to ecological thinking (Glotfelty, 1996: xxi). Ecocriticism offers researcher a way how to analyze such literary work through three steps. First is seeing the representation of nonhuman aspect. This first step is looking how is the nature like rice field, village, wilderness, forest, sea, beach, hill, mountain, valley, river, animal (or treatment toward animal) and city environment pictured in the text. Second is seeing the accusation toward ecology issues. The second step destructs how the natural issue is portrayed with the different way. For instance, the nature is pictured as an inconvenient place again for humans because of the emergence the new value; technology, capitalism, extinction of local knowledge, and development of building which is not oriented to the environment. Last is taking part of text's ideology. In this case examines the relations between writers, texts, and the world. This third step is seeing and taking part of the ideology that contains in the text. How the author's view and commitment toward the nature (Cheryll Glotfelty, 1996, xix). DEVASTATION OF EARTH Those all theories mentioned above are related to the word "devastation" which happened on earth. Modernism granted colonizer a power to devastate the earth in which postcolonialism and ecocriticism tend to criticize that devastation. Certainly, what is actually the meaning of devastation of earth? The word "devastation" itself according to Merriam-Webster dictionary means the state or fact of being rendered nonexistent, physically unsound, or useless. In other word, devastation is deterioration, destruction, vanishing of the earth through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil. Devastation of earth can be defined as a destruction of ecosystems and the extinction of wildlife. Devastation of earth is a term used to describe a situation in which a part of the natural environment (the earth) is devastated or damaged. According to Shakhashiri, earth is areas of land as distinguished from sea and air (2011: 1). It means that the earth is composed by three parts; land, sea and air. Thus, it can be ascertained that if the devastation happened on earth, it will strike those all of earth's parts. The devastation which strikes the air will harm the condition of air in the atmosphere or known as devastated atmosphere, devastation which strikes the land will harm the condition of the soil and change it into erode and barren, and devastation which strike the water will contaminate the clean water into the dirty one. The earth as mentioned above that composed from three parts; certainly those each parts have a role. Land is the surface of the earth where the creatures are growing and developing; the plantations (trees) grow well, the animals breed and the humans dwell the life. Air is the mixture of gases which surrounds the Earth in which it contains a lot of vital substances such as oxygen and ozone. And water is a clear liquid, without colour or taste, which falls from the sky as rain and is necessary for animal and plant even human life. Water is also available in the river and sea. All of those parts of the earth greatly have advantage when it states in the normal/natural condition. However, when it was devastated, the earth turns into less natural and more miserable. That is the picture of the devastation of earth. DEPICTION OF DEVASTATION OF EARTH The devastation of earth as Hughes says has happened in every historical period and in every part of the inhabited Earth (2001: 1). It means that devastation of earth happened in the whole surface of the earth. Devastation has stroked the whole environment; atmosphere, land, and sea. Postcolonialism argues that colonialism has an intervention on devastating the earth. Colonialism has devastated the earth as Ashcroft says that the conquest and colonization of so many extra-European environments produced irreversible changes in land use, in flora and fauna and frequently damaged beyond repair traditionally balanced relations between indigenous communities and their environments (2000: 71-72). He adds that imperial incursions and colonization have been regarded as environmentally destructive. Devastation of earth happened over earth. It means that devastation happened on land, atmosphere and sea. The land has changed into gullied, eroded and barren. This changing surely as the impact of devastation of earth which is done by the colonizer in colonizing the land. Everything which stands on the land has changed, There was no reborn flora and fauna in McCarthy's The Road. However, the presence of the flora and fauna is the rest of the previous world. Indeed these flora and fauna have changed as the impact of colonialism. Flora in McCarthy's The Road is dominated by the trees. However, most of the trees have changed into gray, dark and black. It is so pathetic when the father and his son faced the standing black trees and they realized that it changes. Horribly, it seems like ghost of trees. The changing of the trees is not underlined on the changes of its colour but also its presence. It means that the trees are not only changing into dark and black with its standing but also there are many trees which die and fall to the ground. The changes of fauna can be seen when the father and his son was camp in the forest and listening for any sound, it draws that the bird has changed its behaviour by holding migratory to circle the earth. The birds can no longer life in harmony with the environment by occupying the forest. It is caused the changing of trees which turn into dead. Thus, it forces the birds to change themselves. Other fauna changing draws when the father who found an odor of cows. However, the cows are extinct since years ago. He asked to himself whether the cows are really real or not. He finally realized that it is extinct. It shows that the cows are changed from the presence to absence. The burning of a certain thing; such as the trees, surely produces a residue or combustion. It can be carbon and ash. It can be imagined how large the amount of ash will be produced if the whole land of forest were burned. Certainly, the ash will cover everything that has seen. A horrible fire of forest has produced a horrible ash too till everything is covered by ash. The ash has moved along the wind till it covered the city and everything in the city, The fire of forest makes the amount of ash become uncontrolled. The moving of ash filled the air and atmosphere in which it makes everything coloured covered by ash and dust. Hence, everything becomes colourless. The ash changes the landscape become gray. It can be assumed that the graying landscape is no other causing by the moving ash. The occupying of ash in the atmosphere makes the day become unseen and dark. The result of the residual combustion is not ashes merely, but also carbons that harm the environment. Ash and carbon both fill and occupy the atmosphere. As the greenhouse effect idea, that the ash and carbon also dust which in a large amount and uncontrolled in atmosphere will form a mantle which wrapped out the whole of earth. This causes our sight of the sky become dark and gray.The sky and cloud are devoured with ash. The cloud becomes ashen and gray. Severity, the ash and carbon have contaminated everything in the air including the sea water vapor. Then, the result is clouds of ash. Ash and dust have affected the form of the cloud to become gray. Probably its content has been also affected. When the clouds changes into gray, it can be predicted that the rainwater which come down from the clouds will also be gray. It is supported with the presence of the ash mantle that wrapped up the earth. Certainly, everything which come down from the sky; rainwater has to pass this mantle, consequently the rain water will be coloured as gray by the ash mantle. The ash mantle has coloured the rain water. The rainwater which drips down to the earth is seen as the gray sheets of rain. Rainwater that is usually used by humans to fulfil their needs such as to irrigate the fields has been contaminated by ash and carbon so that its contents no longer can be used for the benefit of man. Consequently, there will be no crops and there will be no natural food. Mantle of ash has blanketed the earth during the unknown time. As described above that everything which fell from the sky will pass this mantle so that everything will be contaminated by it. The result, everything which fell will be gray. After several days the father and his son watched the gray sheets of rain, the weather quickly changes into snowy. Everyone knows as it has seen that snow is falling from the sky. The snow actually is similar to the rain, including their formed and their fell. The sea water vapor which is formed into cloud in the sky will fall as the rainwater, however, because of the extreme/cold weather, the rain water freeze into ice and it changes into snow that is white and soft. This falling snow of course has to pass the mantle of ash and it changes into gray. The next devastation of earth is turned to everything which lay on the surface of the earth covered by darkness as the ash effect. Everything stands in the earth turned to be black such as the dead trees which burned by fire forest, and the rain water and snow which fell as gray turn into black in the land. The dead trees which burned by fire forest surely create a black view of trees. The trees which burned in incompletely will make an appearance of burnt and black trees. The rainwater and snow which are grey in their falling turned to be black in the land. The large number of those rainwater and snow gathered as one in the ground create a new colour, more intense and black. The gray flakes which fell down turned to the dark slush. Dark slush can be assumed as the slush which is thicker than a flake. Thus, the slush which is as the result of flakes changes into black. It is also applied in the rainwater; the water in the land is not the whole from the rainwater, some from the river and so on. However, the thick rainwater which fell down in gray proved that its water is dominated to black water. the slush which is melted flows through the ash and turned to the black water. THE IMPACTS OF DEVASTATION OF EARTH ON FATHER'S ATTITUDE Living and dwelling in such devastated earth surely give impacts to the humans who walk over it. The father and his son reveal those kinds of impacts. The father who lived before and after unknown disaster seems undergoing a lot of impacts. It is different with his son who born after that disaster. He tends to be innocent, only watch and observe what his father did. There was an idea to end the life when the father still lived with his woman. She always forces him to end their life because there was nothing else to do in the ruined world. However, the father keep his believe that humans have to struggle. The experience of dwelling the life before the unknown disaster made him stronger. The father realized that what the environment did to him is the result what the humans did to the environment, as Lawrence Buell says that human culture is connected to the physical world; nature and environment, affecting it and affected by it. In other word, humans have affected the environment and have been affected by environment. The woman forces him because they lived in unusual life, they lived like zombie. The devastation of earth causes their life as like as zombie or walking dead in a horror film which the father and his son have a role as the victims. They have to avoid even to face the zombie to keep alive. Dwelling the life in such devastated earth; the air was filled by the ash and dust forces them to wear a mask. The devastated earth; unfriendly air forces him to wear mask (canister mask) and even wear biohazard suit. As the affection of the devastated earth, the father and his son have to worry their life, Mostly he worried about their shoes. Worrying is something that the father in his son has to do. There is no certainty living in such ruined world. It is a common thing for them to worry anytime, worrying of food and shoes. Food is essential thing to keep alive. It is the reason why they worry of food. If they can't find some foods, it means they will die. The shoes are important stuff to hold a journey. As explain before that the weather extremely changes a while. Few days were raining, and another was snowing. Shoes keep the father in his son feet to keep away from coldness and freezing which can take their life. The weather is extremely cold. It is not surprising that the weather turns to colder and colder. The weather has changed anytime; sometime it rains and often snow. The coldness of weather doesn't only force them to eat the food that already fermented as above but also threaten their life. The coldness is very extremely danger for them. Moreover it is pictured that the cold can crack the stone and takes their life off. In such condition surely makes them hard to breathe because in the coldness the air contains thin oxygen. Dwelling the life in such devastated earth actually makes him aware of surrounding even the weather. The sounds like forest fire, fallen trees, and so on makes his ears disturbed and consequently he has to keep awake. Living in such devastated earth makes him to be more aware toward everything that threatens them. The father and his son have experienced many kinds of problems. Everything that happened to him does not break his spirit to keep alive even when they are in starving. He always believes that he would find something to eat. the father always optimistic dwelling life. the devastated earth makes him become more optimistic. Struggle is a must to do to find another thing to be eaten to keep the life. Keep trying is the key for the good guys who living in the ruined environment. By keeping trying, they can survive dwelling the life in such environment. Keep trying is not enough to live in such devastated earth. Always suspect the possibility that may happen has to be done, because no one knows what will happen, but the threat of nature always happen all the time. Thus, another thing that has to do is to remain vigilant about the environment. The devastated earth forces him to become "cautious, watchful" and always "on the lookout". He believes that no one expect a trouble. However, living in the devastated earth, the thing that has to do is to always expect it. Thus he was always wary of something bad that may happen. Nothing can be expected from the nature. The father always believed it. He no longer agrees if people prepare something for tomorrow. Although he always optimistic of what he did, he never believed it. For him, even though he's preparing for tomorrow, he doesn't believe that the nature will prepare for him. What the father believes that is now or tomorrow is the same. This belief keeps the father spirit to face his following days. As a father he would often feel the pain. Physically, he is ill of facing the devastated earth. And mentally, he is ill of the feeling of bearing the responsibility as a father who is responsible for the survival of his son and his own life. However nature should never take the life of his son. He would bet his life for the life of his son. Often he complains to himself about his illness. He pretends as tough man in front his son but actually he felt tremendous pain. It's just that he does not want his son to know. THE IMPACTS OF DEVASTATION OF EARTH ON SON'S ATTITUDE Being born in the devastated earth which the unknown disaster has swept it surely affects the son's behaviour toward environment. The greyscale image of environment has saved well in his mind that forces him to expect something else, something in colour. When they continue their journey, the son had found some crayons. These crayons change his mind that something left on earth in colour. Thus, environment is not filling of gray merely. The crayons seem like a hope for

El correcto funcionamiento de cualquier gobierno depende en gran medida de su capacidad para administrar, gestionar y abastecer a las gentes de los territorios que lo componen, por lo que, ante una extensión territorial tan vasta como la del Imperio Romano, la comunicación rápida y segura de todas las zonas se convirtió en una necesidad de Estado. La existencia de una red de comunicaciones eficaz, que facilitara el tránsito de informaciones, bienes y personas, se hizo imprescindible. El control de la información siempre ha sido una poderosa herramienta política. Pero este proceso necesitaba de la existencia de un conjunto de elementos fundamentales sobre los que asentarse. Estos puntos de apoyo eran: -la red viaria; -el sistema de la uehiculatio (posteriormente conocido como cursus publicus); -el conjunto de agentes humanos ocupados en las labores de mensajería, transmisión de informaciones, transporte, etc.; -los medios de transporte (que no llegaremos a tratar por haber sido objeto de estudio en otras monografías específicas cuyas conclusiones pueden adaptarse igualmente a la provincia de Hispania citerior); -y la red de estaciones viarias, que constituía el entramado de paradas que permitían llevar a cabo el cambio de monturas y la pernoctación de los viajeros. Queda patente la relevancia del entramado viario, que constituye el esqueleto sobre el que florecen las redes de comunicación y circulación, y que ha sido objeto de estudio por parte de numerosos autores. A lo largo de nuestra disertación pondremos de relieve la intrínseca relación entre estos factores, su dependencia en última instancia de las vías de comunicación y su transcendencia en la política imperial. A pesar de lo cual, no les dedicaremos a todos ellos la misma atención. La problemática de las comunicaciones y la transmisión de informaciones viene siendo uno de los grandes temas de interés de la historiografía actual. Contamos con monografías, coloquios y artículos muy variados que abordan la cuestión en sus múltiples facetas y desde perspectivas diversas. Sin embargo, la mayoría se centran en el funcionamiento de la administración central dentro del territorio itálico, por lo que se echaba en falta un estudio pormenorizado concerniente al marco hispánico. Las pautas generales de las comunicaciones oficiales no experimentarían cambios significativos en las distintas provincias imperiales, aunque las particularidades de cada zona hacían que algunos de los factores arriba señalados variasen de una provincia a otra. Por tomar como ejemplo dos de las obras que más han influido en nuestra metodología, C. Corsi (2000) y E. W. Black (1995) analizaron en su día uno de los aspectos menos conocidos del tema que nos ocupa: las estaciones viarias dentro de Italia y Britannia, respectivamente. En ambos casos se observaban elementos comunes definitorios de estas estructuras de parada donde tenía lugar el cambio de monturas. No obstante, las peculiaridades y condiciones de cada uno de los marcos geográficos en época clásica influyeron de manera decisiva en los rasgos propios de estas infraestructuras. Los trabajos de campo desarrollados en otros ámbitos provinciales, si bien no compilados en monografías similares, evidenciaron la misma circunstancia. Hasta la fecha, son muy pocos los yacimientos arqueológicos interpretados y publicados como estaciones viarias dentro de Hispania citerior. La complejidad intrínseca a los paradigmas arquitectónicos de estas infraestructuras ha llevado a los investigadores de nuestra Península a exhibir una extrema cautela a la hora de otorgar la catalogación de estación viaria a un yacimiento arqueológico. Y no cuestionamos que una cierta cautela es apropiada y necesaria en este caso pero, desde nuestro punto de vista, es la ausencia de un estudio pormenorizado del tema el freno principal al avance de las investigaciones en el campo de las comunicaciones dentro de Hispania. Es por ello que el aporte de nuestra tesis irá dirigido a tratar de solventar dicha situación. Sin embargo, no resultaba práctico tomar la totalidad del territorio hispánico como marco de estudio. Como ya comprobara Black (1995) en su trabajo sobre las estaciones de Britannia, la metodología más coherente dictaba elegir una vía en concreto sobre la que llevar a cabo las observaciones pertinentes, dado que calzada y posta constituyen un tándem inseparable. En consecuencia, la vía Augusta se convertía en el mejor escenario para la labor, puesto que no sólo abarcaba una gran amplitud geográfica (discurría por todo el eje Norte-Sur de la provincia y se adentraba hacia el interior por el Valle Medio del Ebro), sino que además constituía la arteria terrestre principal de comunicación con Roma. Los resultados de nuestra investigación son producto de la compilación de un catálogo que abarca las estaciones viarias dispuestas desde los Pirineos hasta Valentia y aquellas entre Tarraco y Caesaraugusta. Dichos resultados aparecen en el quinto capítulo de la disertación, bajo el título "Análisis conjunto de los resultados de la base de datos: estaciones viarias de la vía Augusta". Tomamos como enclaves delimitadores Summum Pyrenaeum (pues puede considerarse el punto de inicio de la vía en Hispania), Valentia y Caesaraugusta. No creímos oportuno continuar más al Sur de Valentia porque era perder de vista el marco nororiental propuesto para nuestra investigación, ni más al Oeste de Caesaraugusta, pues el seguimiento de la vía Augusta interior es complicado pasado el tramo Ilerda-Celsa. A este respecto, al tratar las comunicaciones entre la costa y Caesaraugusta, nos centramos en recoger las mansiones que aparecen en los itinerarios antiguos y en seguir el trazado de las vías a partir de los miliarios, los vestigios arqueológicos y la topografía. Además, tanto Valentia como Caesaraugusta constituían núcleos urbanos de gran relevancia en época antigua y focos de confluencia con otras vías. Incluyéndolas a ambas, conseguíamos aumentar el muestreo de mansiones con estatuto de colonia. Dentro de aquellas mansiones coincidentes con asentamientos poblacionales (22), aquellas conocidas como municipia superaban en demasía a las colonias y a los núcleos con estatuto jurídico indeterminado, por lo que consideramos suficiente cerrar el muestreo tras incluir a dos de las colonias más destacadas dentro del tramo seleccionado. De esta forma, el catálogo contaba con un número medianamente equilibrado de estaciones viarias de distinta naturaleza. En cualquier caso, cabe incidir, una vez más, sobre el hecho de que, aunque no existen dudas sobre el destacado papel que jugaron estas estructuras en el desarrollo de las comunicaciones imperiales, no sé tienen datos hasta la fecha sobre la situación jurídica de las mismas. Conocemos el estatuto de algunos de los lugares en los que se emplazaba la estación pero no el del propio edificio en sí: ¿Serían privados? ¿Estatales? ¿Públicos? El tramo seleccionado abarca un total de cuarenta y tres enclaves, conocidos con el nombre genérico de mansiones y recogidos en los itinerarios antiguos. Desde un primer momento dejamos establecido que cuando utilizamos el término "mansio" lo hacemos en el sentido latino de la palabra, es decir, con el significado de "parada en el camino" o "infraestructura de parada"; no como definición específica de un tipo concreto de estructura arquitectónica. De hecho, en la actualidad, los términos más utilizados en la clasificación de estas estaciones son mansio, mutatio y statio, pero como ya apuntara Chevallier, el vocabulario al respecto es múltiple y varía en función del momento histórico al que hagamos referencia y de las características o utilidades de estos enclaves. Los múltiples vocablos existentes en época antigua, la mayoría de los cuales fueron tratados en profundidad por Kleberg (1957), los examinamos uno a uno en el tercer capítulo, al hablar de la terminología clásica y moderna con la que se puede identificar a estas infraestructuras. El muestreo, debido al marco geográfico que comprende y a que ofrece la posibilidad de observar las características de mansiones emplazadas en medios físicos muy diferentes, ha resultado adecuado a la hora de establecer conclusiones generales que, consideramos, podrán aplicarse al resto de la vía Augusta y de la provincia. De esta forma, analizamos la disyuntiva uilla ¿ mansio dentro del marco hispánico, la vinculación de las estaciones a puertos, cauces de agua, puentes, cerros o elevaciones del terreno. Observamos la importancia estratégica de los enclaves en los que se ubicaron las postas, tanto en confluencia de vías o cruces de caminos, así como la posible relación con el ejército o el establecimiento de efectivos militares. Resultan muy curiosas también las conclusiones que pueden sacarse sobre el caso de los topónimos empleados en las fuentes antiguas (acusativos o ablativos) y que parecen no estar sujetos a la lógica lingüística de los mismos. Algo similar sucede con el posicionamiento de las mansiones, su relación con la calzada y las cuestiones que nos planteamos cuando nos encontramos ante núcleos urbanos definidos, en vez de ante simples edificaciones ubicadas en un punto concreto de la vía. No obstante, dos de los aspectos más relevantes son los que atañen al análisis de las distancias y a la cronología de los vestigios arqueológicos documentados. Con respecto a las distancias se observará con total claridad, que el terreno y las características del entorno por el que discurre la vía serán de gran importancia. Partíamos de la premisa de que los intervalos de separación se establecerían en función de las necesidades de los viajeros y de las características del terreno, pues lo habitual sería que un correo recorriese unas 5 millas por hora con una media de unas 50 millas por jornada de viaje. Y así veremos como en la zona costera de Cataluña se observan valores similares pero no iguales que en la zona valenciana o en la del interior, hacia Aragón. Por su parte, la cronología nos muestra una clara tendencia al abandono de las estaciones viarias hacia el Bajo Imperio. Esta circunstancia contrasta con el conocimiento que se tiene sobre el cursus publicus, ya que gran parte de la información que aportan las fuentes, especialmente las jurídicas, procede precisamente del Bajo Imperio. A partir de la arqueología, deducimos que es precisamente el siglo I d. e. el de mayor apogeo para estas infraestructuras en la zona hispánica analizada. No obstante, con posterioridad, dieciséis de las cuarenta y tres mansiones evolucionarían hacia edificaciones de carácter religioso, como ermitas y hospitales medievales, aunque también hubo algunas que derivaron en construcciones medievales de vigilancia o en edificaciones modernas y contemporáneas relacionadas con la acogida de huéspedes o identificadas como "hostales". Dada la novedad de nuestra iniciativa dentro de la provincia Citerior, nos hemos visto en la necesidad de centrar nuestros esfuerzos en la vertiente bibliográfica del asunto, con el objeto de calibrar hasta dónde exactamente ha llegado la arqueología y desde dónde debe continuarse la investigación. Es por esta razón que en el presente trabajo podría llegar a echarse en falta la realización de labores de campo inéditas. Sin embargo, no era nuestra prioridad llegar a proporcionar datos arqueológicos originales de un marco geográfico tan amplio como el seleccionado. Nuestra intención ha sido desde un principio recopilar todos los datos existentes, que hasta el momento no habían sido sometidos a un análisis exhaustivo, que permitiera determinar si la interpretación inicial de los mismos era correcta o si, por el contrario, era necesaria una revisión. Obras como las de Corsi (2000) y Black (1995) han puesto de manifiesto la necesidad de cuestionar el papel de algunas infraestructuras cercanas al paso de las vías, que hasta el momento se habían interpretado, en su mayoría, como uillae o estructuras rurales. La cuestión, por tanto, era: ¿no se han documentado apenas estaciones viarias en Hispania o han pasado desapercibidas por la falta de un paradigma definitorio? Como demuestran las fuentes clásicas, dichas infraestructuras se repartían por la provincia hispánica con la misma frecuencia que se observa en Italia y en el resto de las provincias imperiales. Nuestra primera hipótesis de trabajo, por tanto, era que algunas de ellas habrían sido excavadas en España, aunque no identificadas como tal. La segunda hipótesis de la que partimos fue que probablemente las estaciones viarias hispánicas compartirían una serie de rasgos comunes, consecuencia de las características físicas y administrativas del entorno en el que surgieron. A la par, esperábamos encontrar algunos de los factores más significativos documentados en los ejemplos itálicos y provinciales, tales como: -un acceso fácil desde la calzada, -un buen abastecimiento hídrico, -al menos un patio abierto en el que estacionar los vehículos y llevar a cabo labores de reparación, -estancias dormitorio para los huéspedes y el personal de servicio de la propia estación, -establos para las monturas y animales de tiro, -asociación entre infraestructuras de descanso y áreas termales. El análisis de las cuarenta y tres mansiones seleccionadas pondría de manifiesto que la arqueología, en numerosas ocasiones, ciertamente ha dejado de lado la posibilidad de encontrarse ante un complejo estacionario. Esto sucedería en gran parte de los ejemplos, aun cuando los testimonios de las fuentes corroborasen la coincidencia en las distancias o cuando la topografía y las condiciones del entorno fueran las apropiadas para encontrarnos ante una estación. Observaremos cómo la falta de excavaciones específicas y la parcialidad de algunos de los trabajos arqueológicos, por falta de medios económicos o de iniciativas estatales, dificultan terriblemente el avance de las investigaciones en el campo de las comunicaciones antiguas. Asimismo, demostraremos que la situación actual de la arqueología impide establecer un paradigma concreto y evidente con el que definir el esqueleto arquitectónico de estas infraestructuras. A pesar de ello, veremos que existen diversos factores reiterativos dentro de nuestro muestreo de mansiones, los cuales consideramos que deberán tenerse en cuenta en futuras investigaciones sobre el tema. Algunos de los más significativos: -confirmarán la importancia del medio físico y las características estratégicas del entorno en el establecimiento de estaciones viarias; -pondrán de manifiesto la relativa asiduidad con la que encontramos termas o necrópolis asociadas a este tipo de complejos; -evidenciarán la posible relación entre muchas de las uillae documentadas hasta el momento y las funciones de posta; -mostrarán la tendencia hispánica de establecer este tipo de infraestructuras durante el Alto Imperio, con una evidente evolución hacia la decadencia de las mismas en los siglos IV-V; -contribuirán a reafirmar la tendencia evolutiva de estos enclaves hacia poblaciones medievales y modernas y hacia núcleos cultuales cristianos. La escasez de testimonios epigráficos fuera de los núcleos urbanos documentados como lugar de parada invalidará la posibilidad de ofrecer datos certeros sobre la naturaleza civil o militar, oficial o pública de estas postas. No obstante, trataremos esta cuestión, así como la relativa al origen, funcionamiento y papel de las mansiones dentro del sistema de la uehiculatio, con la diversidad de opiniones que ello genera en la actualidad. Analizaremos las fuentes clásicas que dejan constancia del uso de la uehiculatio o de la simple transmisión de informaciones en territorio hispánico. En menor medida y siempre que sea posible, también examinaremos la carrera y los viajes de determinados personajes, documentados epigráficamente y susceptibles de haber hecho uso del sistema oficial de comunicaciones o de haber contribuido a la circulación de noticias y documentos. Dadas las características del presente trabajo y la amplitud de los temas a tratar, consideramos oportuno establecer una división en dos partes, que facilitase la exposición y el posterior análisis de los resultados. La primera de ellas, titulada "Circulación e información: introducción y elementos comparativos", comprende los capítulos I, II y III, y se ocupa de las cuestiones de índole general sobre las comunicaciones oficiales interprovinciales. En ella desarrollamos una síntesis: 1) Sobre el funcionamiento de la uehiculatio y su posterior evolución durante el Bajo Imperio. 2) Sobre el conjunto de personas que se servirían de dicho servicio o trabajarían para el mismo. 3) Y sobre la propia red de establecimientos que harían posible la realización de los grandes desplazamientos terrestres. El objetivo de compilarlos en un primer apartado es perfilar el marco en el que se desarrollaban las comunicaciones y los desplazamientos de carácter oficial en época imperial: sus generalidades y particularidades, la dependencia de los factores mencionados al inicio (red viaria, uehiculatio, mensajeros e informadores, medios de transporte y postas) y la importancia de los mismos. Aquí examinamos cuál era la situación en Italia y las provincias, a través de la historiografía precedente y de las fuentes clásicas, para así disponer de un paradigma comparativo cuando en la segunda parte pasemos a analizar yacimientos concretos de la vía Augusta. Los elementos de comparación son fundamentales para poder desarrollar un estudio sobre el caso hispánico, dado que hasta el momento no se había profundizado en este tema dentro del marco geográfico peninsular. En esta primera parte dedicamos especial atención a las comunicaciones oficiales, aunque tendremos en cuenta a lo largo de toda la investigación que no serán las únicas que influirán sobre la logística de los desplazamientos y de la circulación de informaciones. En el primer capítulo abordamos las características y el funcionamiento de la uehiculatio y el cursus publicus: pilar fundamental de las buenas comunicaciones estatales y, por ende, del gobierno del Imperio. Exploramos los pormenores del transporte de personas y su alojamiento durante los viajes, la velocidad a la que se moverían y las distancias que separarían las etapas de los desplazamientos; la planificación de los viajes imperiales; la utilización de las vías acuáticas, además de las terrestres, en los desplazamientos oficiales; y la evolución del sistema oficial de comunicaciones desde su creación, bajo el gobierno de Augusto, hasta los últimos momentos del Bajo Imperio. También profundizamos en el uso y abuso de los salvoconductos que permitían la realización de los viajes oficiales; en las graves cargas que supondría para las poblaciones provinciales el mantenimiento de un sistema como el de la uehiculatio y la abundante legislación que intentaría paliar los abusos y controlar el servicio oficial de comunicaciones. Vemos, asimismo, cuál era el procedimiento habitual por el que una noticia oficial publicada en Roma alcanzaría todos los rincones del Imperio y los procedimientos por los que solían transmitirse las noticias de carácter más personal. También hablaremos del funcionamiento de una parte de los servicios de inteligencia romanos, ocupados en hacer llegar al emperador información relevante para el control y el gobierno del Estado. En consecuencia, dedicamos el segundo capítulo a estudiar los agentes humanos que podrían hacer uso de los salvoconductos de la uehiculatio: su papel en las comunicaciones, su forma de proceder en sus desplazamientos y su evolución durante el Alto y el Bajo Imperio. Para ello tomamos como referencia tanto cargos de carácter administrativo, como otros de naturaleza militar al servicio del Princeps y del officium provincial. El emperador, el gobernador y algunos procuradores imperiales también formarán parte del elenco, ya que serían los más dados a hacer uso de las facilidades de la uehiculatio en sus numerosos desplazamientos por el Imperio (en el caso del emperador) y por la provincia (en el caso del gobernador y los procuradores). Barajamos, igualmente, la posibilidad de que determinados individuos con cargos importantes, sujetos a la necesidad de viajar por la provincia, se sirvieran de las ventajas de los diplomata. De esta forma, nos serviremos de la epigrafía municipal cuando en el catálogo de estaciones viarias de la vía Augusta busquemos evidencias de individuos que podrían haber utilizado el servicio de la uehiculatio dentro de las vías del Nordeste hispánico. El tercer capítulo lo dedicamos a tratar el tema de las estaciones viarias, punto esencial sobre el que basamos nuestra investigación en territorio hispánico. Son muchas las investigaciones llevadas a cabo sobre estaciones viarias en el resto del Imperio, especialmente dentro de Italia. En otras provincias se las conoce generalmente de manera individual, a través de publicaciones que se centran en algún yacimiento concreto. Pero para el caso de Hispania son muy pocos los ejemplos documentados hasta la fecha. Tampoco existe un paradigma definido que permita una identificación clara y fidedigna de sus infraestructuras. De ahí que fuera imprescindible hacer un repaso por todos los datos conocidos dentro y fuera de España referentes a esta tipología arquitectónica. Gracias a ello, seremos capaces de señalar sus características fundamentales para, más tarde, llevar a cabo una labor de reinterpretación de algunos de los datos arqueológicos existentes en el Nordeste peninsular. La segunda parte de nuestro trabajo engloba los capítulos "IV. Base de datos para el estudio de la uehiculatio y el cursus publicus en el Nordeste hispánico: estaciones viarias de la vía Augusta", "V. Análisis conjunto de los resultados de la base de datos: estaciones viarias de la vía Augusta" y "VI. Conclusiones finales". Tras exponer en la primera parte los elementos de comparación disponibles para nuestro estudio, el objetivo de esta segunda parte radica en centrar nuestra investigación en el marco hispánico seleccionado. Para ello comenzamos con una introducción sobre la vía Augusta, desde su origen en época antigua hasta el resultado de las investigaciones actuales sobre la misma. Recordemos que la elección de esta calzada y no otra fue motivada por razones metodológicas y por la importancia de la propia vía en época imperial. En el capítulo IV introducimos la verdadera novedad de nuestra investigación: el catálogo de estaciones viarias de la vía Augusta. Puesto que hasta la fecha no se había llevado a cabo ninguna iniciativa de similares características para la provincia de Hispania citerior, inevitablemente se hacía necesaria una recopilación de toda la información topográfica y arqueológica existente. Cada una de las cuarenta y tres mansiones seleccionadas cuenta con un dosier propio. En él se recogen y analizan las publicaciones sobre el enclave o su entorno llevadas a cabo hasta el momento presente, la identificación (en caso de haberla) que la historiografía ha establecido para la mansio y nuestra interpretación al respecto, a partir de la topografía, las fuentes clásicas y los vestigios arqueológicos documentados. Las observaciones derivadas de dicha compilación y su consecuente analogía con el resto de las provincias quedan plasmadas dentro del capítulo V, dedicado a las conclusiones resultantes del análisis de conjunto del catálogo. Las conclusiones finales, de carácter más general, se recogen sumariamente en el capítulo VI y se resumen en las siguientes: Al analizar las mansiones de la vía Augusta tuvimos especialmente en cuenta los factores que observamos en las estaciones del resto del Imperio: -el emplazamiento topográfico, -la relación de las estructuras con la calzada, -el abastecimiento hídrico, -la independencia de la estación para su mantenimiento, -y una ciertas coincidencias en las estructuras arquitectónicas, a pesar de la consabida falta de un modelo paradigmático. Ninguno de los ejemplos estudiados en Italia u otras provincias respondía a esquemas arquitectónicos definidos o unánimes. No obstante, casi todos parecían compartir algunos elementos comunes, que, por otro lado, no siempre se daban conjuntamente. Gracias al análisis de las estaciones viarias ya excavadas, pudimos observar que es recurrente la existencia de al menos un patio (generalmente abierto) en torno al cual se distribuían la mayoría de las dependencias restantes y en el que tendrían lugar los trabajos de forja y el estacionamiento de vehículos. Esta disposición del espacio no siempre se repetía, de igual modo que el patio no siempre iba acompañado de un pórtico o tenía un acceso claro desde la vía. Los recintos para dar cobijo y cuidar a los animales se presentaban con la misma relevancia que el mencionado patio. Igual sucedía con las dependencias destinadas al personal de trabajo de la estación. Sin embargo, otros elementos, como las estancias dormitorio para los huéspedes, las termas, los espacios de culto (casi siempre, difíciles de definir) o las zonas de almacenaje u horrea, no se daban siempre, aunque eran partes destacadas de las estaciones viarias. Tampoco la existencia de un segundo piso en madera, cuando el grosor de los muros lo permitía, era una característica incuestionable, aunque parece intuirse en un gran número de complejos estacionarios. En cualquier caso, dos circunstancias que observábamos en el resto del Imperio parecen haberse dado dentro del Nordeste peninsular. Por un lado, el gran abanico de posibilidades en la distribución del espacio de las estaciones, pues existen aquellas en que todas las facilidades de la estación se concentraban en un mismo edificio, como aquellas en las que un conjunto de estructuras separadas conformaban un complejo estacionario de posta. Por otro lado, las diferencias estructurales determinadas por el medio físico y el entorno. Veíamos que existían diferencias entre las estaciones viarias de Italia y aquellas de las provincias, a la vez que se daban similitudes dentro de una misma zona o provincia, aunque no de forma uniforme. Ambas circunstancias pueden aplicarse al conjunto de las mansiones estudiadas en la vía Augusta. Al menos a aquellas que no coincidían con núcleos poblacionales definidos, pues las poblaciones de importancia considerable contarían con mesones, posadas, albergues y termas donde los viajeros de paso pudieran satisfacer sus necesidades. Los restos arqueológicos analizados en la segunda parte de nuestro trabajo no tenían características idénticas a los presentados para la Península Itálica, pero compartían más similitudes con ésta que con algunos de los estudiados en otras provincias. Creemos que ello podría ser consecuencia principalmente del entorno mediterráneo. Por consiguiente, vemos confirmada una de las hipótesis de partida de nuestra tesis: las estaciones viarias, además de exhibir ciertas similitudes en todo el Imperio, compartirían rasgos comunes dentro de una misma zona, como consecuencia de las características físicas y administrativas del entorno en el que surgían. Es, por tanto, evidente la influencia del medio físico y geográfico y de la administración provincial en la creación de estas infraestructuras. La otra hipótesis de partida también se hizo evidente a través de la segunda parte, "Estaciones viarias de la vía Augusta": habría habido estaciones viarias en Hispania con la misma asiduidad que en el resto del Imperio y, aunque hasta el momento no se hayan identificado como tales, se habrían excavado más de las que la historiografía había considerado. La presente disertación pone de manifiesto el gran error que supone dar por hecho la ausencia o excepcionalidad de esta tipología arquitectónica en nuestra Península. Podemos concluir que no existen elementos homogéneos o intrínsecos a las estructuras de las estaciones viarias hispánicas. No obstante, los mismos factores que se tenían en cuenta a la hora de identificar estos complejos en el resto del Imperio pueden ponerse en práctica en Hispania. Falta, sin embargo, ampliar las perspectivas que reducen la mayor parte de las estructuras arquitectónicas rurales a uillae, e incluso aceptar la posibilidad de que algunas uillae pudieran ejercer funciones más complejas, en relación con las vías junto a las que se erigían, que las tradicionalmente aceptadas por la historiografía. No podemos afirmar que las estaciones viarias analizadas formarían parte de la uehiculatio o el cursus publicus, pues ya hemos subrayado en varias ocasiones que no es posible establecer esta relación con la información disponible hasta la fecha. Sin embargo, es evidente que este sistema extraordinario de comunicaciones se habría servido de los complejos viarios existentes siempre que hubiera sido necesario. El presente trabajo es prueba evidente de que todavía queda mucho por investigar, muchas incógnitas que desvelar, sobre el tema tratado dentro de nuestro ámbito geográfico. En cualquier caso, consideramos que el marco territorial seleccionado podrá tomarse como punto de partida para ampliar el análisis al resto de la Península Ibérica con el objeto de contrastar similitudes y divergencias, así como otras opciones y opiniones sobre la red de estaciones viarias que tan importante papel desempeñó en el mundo de las comunicaciones antiguas.

Transcript of an oral history interview with Robert F. Crecco, conducted by Jennifer Payne on 28 August 2013, at the Norwich University campus in Northfield, Vermont, as part of the Norwich Voices oral history project of the Sullivan Museum and History Center. Robert Crecco was a member of the Norwich University Class of 1947; his education was interrupted by his military service in World War II. His experiences during the war and as a student at Norwich University are discussed in his interview. ; WWII WW2 World War II World War Two World War 2 ; Robert F. Crecco Oral History Interview Interview Date: August 28, 2013 Interview Location: Sullivan Museum & History Center, Norwich University Interviewed by Jennifer K. Payne Transcribed by Thomas H. King III JENNIFER PAYNE: Today is August 28th 2013 and I'm with… ROBERT CRECCO: Robert Crecco and, what else would you like to know? JENNIFER PAYNE: What is your date of birth? ROBERT CRECCO: April 27th 1925. JENNIFER PAYNE: And where were you born? ROBERT CRECCO: Medford Massachusetts JENNIFER PAYNE: And where are we right now? ROBERT CRECCO: We're in Killington at the Woods Resort where we've been coming for the last eight years and we're up here for July and August. JENNIFER PAYNE: What is the address we are at? ROBERT CRECCO: This is 53 Woods Road, Killington Vermont. JENNIFER PAYNE: Thank You. JENNIFER PAYNE: Alright. So I've got some questions I'm going to ask you again from the survey if that's ok? ROBERT CRECCO: Yes. JENNIFER PAYNE: Okay. So how and why did you join the service? ROBERT CRECCO: Join the service? JENNIFER PAYNE: Umhmm ROBERT CRECCO: I was drafted, and I was drafted while I was attending Norwich as a freshman, and I was inducted in Montpellier and then sent to Fort Devens for pulmonary activities and then sent to, I think it was Fort McClellan in Alabama for basic training. JENNIFER PAYNE: Where were you when you were drafted? ROBERT CRECCO: I was at Norwich and I think there was about a 179 freshmen at that time and the school was basically taken over by the Air Corps. There were 1200 Air Force Cadets and so the school revolved around them and it's surprisingly that Norwich had a freshmen class. All the classes had left, the junior and seniors were immediately inducted in to the service and the sophomores were being decimated by drafting and so forth. So the school basically, (coughs) was empty and I guess they had a contract with the Air Force to give the Air Force the basic training in education I guess and also calisthenics and everything else. So we merged within basic we didn't, all the dormitories were taken up by the Air Force and so we stayed in the fraternity houses. I stayed in the Theta Chi house and then SAE and Sig Up were also occupied then there was another one and I can't think of the name and then there was a four or fifth one called the Lanscers. So, we freshmen were in those places and we had Air Force non-coms as our instructors and, I think, the academic courses were all those set up for the, for the Air Force so we took the same courses. Which was basically a little different from the normal Norwich curriculum, like we took Chemistry, Physics, Geography, I think we took English, and Mathematics. There were five courses as I remember and we didn't sit in with the Air Force. Our classes were with ourselves so you know the, the freshmen. But we had the same curriculum as the Air Force, because I guess the faculty was geared to do that and so we participated. So I got drafted out of Norwich, (clears throat) I (un-audible) my throat here. JENNIFER PAYNE: Do you want a glass of water? ROBERT CRECCO: That would be good. JENNIFER PAYNE: Okay, alright. ROBERT CRECCO: And I was the first one to be drafted. Cause basic I was I think I was the about the oldest follow in the, the group. I was 18 in April in my senior year in high school and most of the, the fellows with me were under 18 and, that's the reason why I was the first one to get drafted, because I was the oldest one in the class. JENNIFER PAYNE: What year, what exact year and month was that, do you recall? ROBERT CRECCO: Well I graduated in 1943. JENNIFER PAYNE: Umhmm ROBERT CRECCO: And, we started. I think we started in August and, I believe it was August, it was early, actually it was, it was, it was a little undecided whether Norwich is going to have a freshmen class and so, we didn't know until just before they asked us to come up that they were going to have a, a freshmen class. JENNIFER PAYNE: How did you decide to go to Norwich? ROBERT CRECCO: Well, a neighbor of mine, was at Norwich. Ya know he, I was talking with him before he even came up and he sort of convinced me it was the place to be and so I said ok and he was a freshmen, but then when I got up to Norwich there was actually no classes there and I found out later on that he had received an appointment to West Point. And so he would even if the, the whole discombobulation hadn't happened because of the war he probably would have left any way and, and even though he convinced me to come up, that he wouldn't have been there and, I lost track of, his name was Louie (Lacanti) and I lost track of him, and the strange, on our last cruise or a transatlantic in last past April one of the people with us at our table was a Colonel. Who had been at West Point when Louie was there and so I asked if he knew Louie and he said, not really, he says I know the name. And I said can you check later on to find out whatever happened to Louie but I never did hear from this person. But anyway I, I, I, as I say I get drafted and, inducted in Montpellier, and then they made me acting corporal to take the crew down to Fort Devens (Chuckles) on the train at that time there was a train travelling back and forth between Montreal and White River Junction. JENNIFER PAYNE: Umhmm. ROBERT CRECCO: And it split in one part went to New York and one part went to Boston. So we get down to Fort Devens and, eventually get to my basic training at Fort McClellan. JENNIFER PAYNE: So did you have a choice in where you went or.? ROBERT CRECCO: No I didn't but they told me at Fort Devens that, I was to be put in Army Specialized Training. Called ASTP, Army, specializing training program. Yeah. JENNIFER PAYNE: Umhmm ROBERT CRECCO: And that I was scheduled to go to Texas A&M for the specialized training, but three months later after basic, conditions changed and the war plans and so forth and they decided to cancel all ASTP programs and, since we were being trained as an infantrymen we were to go back to that and we shipped out for England about a month later. JENNIFER PAYNE: Wow. ROBERT CRECCO: And so we're on a troop ship that went to, went to England we came in at Bristol England. It was on an Australian, meat, refrigerator ship. I guess they used to bring mutton from Australia to England with it but that was our troop ship and it was pretty bad. It was run by, by Australians and we'd have some real, real bad food. But anyway it was, it was, it wasn't that bad. JENNIFER PAYNE: What, what was the food do you remember? ROBERT CRECCO: Oh things like, fish for breakfast, and then something like a porridge, ya know it was almost like gruel. Ya know and some bread. Things like that and I don't remember much about dinner. We didn't have lunch. We had breakfast and then we had dinner early and I can't remember much about the dinner. JENNIFER PAYNE: That's okay ROBERT CRECCO: Yeah JENNIFER PAYNE: But it was, it was not a fun ship it was ROBERT CRECCO: Oh no, no JENNIFER PAYNE: (Chuckles) ROBERT CRECCO: We were packed in there like sardines. And the smell below deck wasn't too great. JENNIFER PAYNE: What did it smell like? ROBERT CRECCO: Well sweat, and people, and ya know that sort of thing you get used to it after a while but we were always up on deck when we could be. JENNIFER PAYNE: What did you do to pass the time on the ship? ROBERT CRECCO: Well we used to have, formations, and calisthenics, and lectures. Ya know military indoctrinations so forth. But that was it. JENNIFER PAYNE: So what happened when you got to Bristol? ROBERT CRECCO: Well we went into, went into camp. Near a place called Leamington. And we're in tents and I think there were what four, four men to a tent, yeah, and all we did was march, and march, and march up and down all those, those winding roads in, in England and of course we got leave. But they told us, ya know, don't go to the restaurants because they don't have much food and you got all the food you need right in camp. But we did get fish and chips and you go into a place and ya get a, a newspaper full of a, of the fish and chips and they were delicious, they were delicious. At that time they were using Cod and we heard later that there was a Cod war between England and Iceland cause England was in Icelandic waters and there was a standoff there and they had destroyers and there Icelandic trawlers out there with guns on them and I guess they came to an agreement any way but… (Laughs) JENNIFER PAYNE: (Laughing) ROBERT CRECCO: Cod, Cod was a, is a very well-known food in Europe. All the, all those foreign countries sent trawlers way over near off Nova Scotia for Cod and so forth. But that goes on too long and there's not much Cod left there. JENNIFER PAYNE & ROBERT CRECCO: So JENNIFER PAYNE: Yep ROBERT CRECCO: I guess you'd want me to continue with this… JENNIFER PAYNE: Yeah ROBERT CRECCO: What we're doing over in England. Well after it seemed like a long time with this, this training over there. We finally get word to, pack up and, get on these trucks and low and behold we're in South Hampton and they loaded us on ships and the, the, the initial attack on the continent had, had begun. And we were on the ship I think overnight and then finally we sailed the next day and it was on the second day. I forget the, what it was June 6th, June 6th was the initial, yeah, so it would be June 7th, late in the, late in June, late on the June 7th, that we landed in Omaha beach. JENNIFER PAYNE: What was that like? ROBERT CRECCO: Well, it was still a mess, ya know the fighting had proceeded up off the cliff and they were going inland and the beach was littered with all kinds of equipment, there were some, still some, dead bodies on the beach, they had been lined up and so forth and I guess they were in the process of taking them off. And so after we get off from the beach we went up on the, on the, on the top of the cliffs. They had already pushed a couple of miles inland. The, the Rangers had cleared the cliffs the previous day even though they sustained quiet heavy casualties. And then the 20, I think it was the 24 th, 24th or 29th, I'm not sure, yeah we didn't know what was going on. All we knew was that we had to get off the, the landing craft but we didn't know it was, what was, we could hear the, the, the noise up ahead, ya know the shells and everything. They were still bombarding the area from the, the battleships and the cruisers and they were still shelling way inland but, then we got up of the area there and they kept us there for a while and then they told us to advance and evidently the, the advance, the lead troops had pushed way inland. And so we weren't in the front line at that time we were in the backup and, I think maybe ten days later I was with the second infantry division. And about ten days later, we were near Saint-Lô. And, cause the approaches of Saint-Lô was surrounded by small villages. JENNIFER PAYNE: Umhmm ROBERT CRECCO: And the, we were near a village as I remember, it was called Sofria, Sofree, Sofra? I don't know how they pronounce it. And it was near that village where I was on a patrol and I got, I got wounded. By a, a mortar shell. JENNIFER PAYNE: What happened? ROBERT CRECCO: Well we were on patrol it was, it was at night, and ya know that whole country there is full of hedge rows. And these hedge rows would, would be, you'd have roads going, not roads even, these were dirt roads going between the hedge rows and then across the hedge, or on the near side of the hedge row would be a little pasture and then on the other side road would be another hedge row and then a pasture and the hedge rows all the way around that's how the country in, in Normandy was, was either made that way by the people or I, I don't know but anyway Normandy was full of hedge rows and it was very difficult fighting in those areas. But then we were on patrol at night. Patrol is you go over a hedge row and then you'd sit there and see what the opposition or the Germans were going to do. Whether they were putting out patrols either and this is known as feeling out what the enemy is doing and so they, they, they must have seen us because they sent over three mortar shells and there were three of us and the Sergeant got killed and I was wounded and the other g-, the other fellow he didn't get hit at all. So we dragged the Sergeant back to the, our lines and I got wounded in the arm and also my foot so I got evacuated. At that time they were evacuating everybody to England. They, they had, we had, we had controlled some air fields so we're able to get these ambulance plans there and, so they'd load them into one of those and I got evacuated to England. To a general hospital near Oxford. JENNIFER PAYNE: Yeah ROBERT CRECCO: Oxford and, what was the other town? I can't think of the name of the town now that, Shakespeare. JENNIFER PAYNE: Stratford-Avon ROBERT CRECCO: Stratford-Avon, right, ha, was near there, because for activities they took us to Stratford-Avon to and we went to see the Shakespearian plays. JENNIFER PAYNE: When you recuperated. ROBERT CRECCO: Yeah, yeah, so I was in the, I was in the general hospital for about two months JENNIFER PAYNE: Wow ROBERT CRECCO: Cause I couldn't walk. And then, then it got infected. So I was there for about two months and they reclassified me as limited service but then they sent me back to France. But ya know while we were in England, we, we had, it was pretty good. We got to visit a lot of places and see a lot of those Shakespearian plays. And anyway I got sent back, on reassignment, and they sent us back to Paris. And I was in a reassignment depot and we got some leaves to Paris and so, I went to Paris and it was all right but, ya know I was really not into it. And I was still pretty young and some of these guys were hept for getting drunk and then picking up women or and actually going to some of the whore houses and I was, I wasn't into that. I didn't enjoy Paris that much. But anyway, when I got, we got reassigned. Since I was on limited duty I wasn't going to go to a, a combat, well not combat, but I wouldn't be going to a front line outfit and so I ended up in, in 90th division of 5, 547th? What was that? It was 530, no, yeah 537th headquarters battery on an automatic weapon, it was an automatic weapons battery, they had multiple 50s mounted on halftracks, and they had anti-aircraft guns and I was in the headquarters duty, (Chuckles), and they were looking around to put me to do something all of a sudden it was, this Warrant Officer was in charge, he said, you went to, you went to college didn't you? And I said, (Chuckles), well we're going to have you do the morning report. And the morning report was a form and description as you put what happened of what happened in the battery and how many, how many, how many were killed, how many were wounded, how many were sick, how many had to go to the rear and then what the activity of the battery was that day. And it had to be signed by the commanding officer of, of our group which was a captain and, that was my job, which was a nothing job, ya know. Which was fine by me because it kept me out of the frontlines being on limited duty. So that's how I survived the war and when the war ended we were in occupation duty, which wasn't too much and all the fellows were fraternizing which was against the rules but either during, during the war or towards the end, the last few months some of the fellas who knew German, because we had a couple German guys, the original group was from Texas and I guess where they were from there was a lot of German people and they, they knew German. But they would go out at night and bring food with them and go to these houses where they knew there were women and, so they used to have a pretty good time and they'd used to bring the food there, and then, course the people didn't have much food at that time so they were very well welcomed. But anyway after we got, after the war was over we sat around for, I think a month or so. And then we got sent up to, Amsterdam, oh Brussels, Brussels and we stayed in tents up there for a few weeks and then we saw the star, the star, Stars and Strips newspaper on day and big headlines was Atomic Bomb dropped on Japan, and then a, next day another bomb had been dropped. Well we were sitting there waiting for transportation back to the states and we were to be retrained for, well I wouldn't be but I would be with some unit that was going over to the Pacific, ya know for Japan and so the dropping of the bomb, we didn't understand, ya know the implications of this until we saw a reading in, in the Stars and Strips that the war was coming to a close in the Pacific and instead of being retrained for that we would be sent home and then they had a points system. They decided that the order in which you would go home be decided in the number of points you have and points took everything from years of service, overseas service, combat service, if you were wounded or something like that, so it all add up to these points and low and be hold I had enough points so I knew that as soon as we got a ship I'd be sent home and then eventually discharged. So I got home and they, where was it, not Fort McClellan, is there another camp, let's see. JENNIFER PAYNE: Po New York? Nope that was… ROBERT CRECCO: Well let's see. We did come in New York. But then we get, sent to another camp I think in Alabama, I can't remember the name. JENNIFER PAYNE: Do you remember where you were when you, when you heard, when VJ-day occurred? ROBERT CRECCO: I think, I think we were on the ship coming back. And it was a little better ship, it was a transport, and an American transport so coming back was, I think, I think it was either, was either on our last couple of days in camp in Brussels or on the ship that we heard that VJ-day had occurred. But by that time they already set the point system because they knew the war was coming to an end, after they dropped these bombs and so forth. And we, I got, I got that 30 day furlough when we, when we, when we got to this camp fort, I didn't say over here, Fort Brag, Fort Brag. We were sent to Fort Brag and then they gave us a 30 day leave from Fort Brag, so I spent it home in Medford and then we had to report back. Reported back and then they told us we were going to be discharged. So all this time back and forth and they could have done it right in the beginning but I guess they weren't ready. And so I get discharged and I came back to Medford and then all my old friends we got together. They were all out of the service too. And we just paled around for a couple months and I got tired of that so that's when I, I got in touch with, well I didn't get in touch with Norwich right away. I was looking around for what I wanted to do. And a doctor friend of my father's talked me into being an optometrist. A, with a medical degree though, it was not, it was a ophthalmologist, ophthalmologist. So he says, I will recommend you to go Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania and so I applied there and they came back and said, we are deluged by veterans and we can't take you for a year and a half. They suggested I go back to Norwich and take prescribed courses and at the end of my sophomore year they would take me in. And so I get in touch with Norwich and they say yeah come on back, (Laughing), and I said well, ya know I'm not keen on, on this military and they said, well we're giving veterans the option of going into the military, I mean the corps or coming in as civilians. So I opted for the civilian and so I came back to Norwich and they gave me credit for the courses I took when I was with the, taking the Air Corps curriculum. And there were just as many veterans back as there were Cadets in the Corps. Ya know they had started the Corps again and they were getting young fellas to come into the Corps. And I came back as a civilian and I roomed with Bob Dorman. JENNIFER PAYNE: Ah ROBERT CRECCO: And (Hobie?) Smith. Bob Dorman had been a junior here. Umhmm ROBERT CRECCO: And (Hobie?) Smith would have been a junior too and we roomed together in Alumni Hall. Alumni Hall was pretty crowded with all the civilians there and. Bob Dorman was sort of a screw up. All the years he remained a, a, a senior private in the corps (Laughing) and (Hobie?) Smith had been a corporal or a sergeant, I'm not sure, but Bob I think almost got thrown out of Norwich when he was here, before the war and he got involved with a girl from Barre and, this is when he came back afterwards and so he, he had his ups and downs with her and Hobby Smith and I were not involved with anybody we were just trying to get the job done that we came back to do and Bob Dorman a Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity guy and same with (Hobie?) Smith. So they both got me into Sigma Alpha Epsilon and after that first year in Alumni Hall I didn't live down in the SAE house and that was a good deal I didn't have to eat in the mess hall, we had our own cook who prepared all our meals, breakfast, lunch, and dinner, and this was all for $25 a month. I mean but things were pretty, still pretty cheap there, there were people were making $18 dollars a week as clerks, ya know in stores. Salaries were pretty low it's no wonder we could live there for $25, so I, I, I was bunking in a room with Lenny (Fillam?). Lenny (Fillam?), the fish man we used to call him, cause his father owned a wholesale fish company in Boston and Bob Dorman's father was, was a correspondent for associated press, he's from New Jersey. And (Hobie?) Smith was Connecticut I think his father was a lawyer. So we, at that time I was getting support from the VA for college, I was, I was on the PL 16 because I was disabled and I was getting more money then you would've regularly get. And I had, in order to get the PL 16 I had to tell them what I was studying for and I was, I was taking, courses that Pennsylvania had said I should take. I was taking German, analytical geometry, calculus, physics, chemistry then I took an elective in history. And I was plowing through that but not doing too well. Ya know I did alright in chemistry but physics, the labs were killing me and mathematics, analytical geometry I was doing alright in that, German I was, the first year was ok, the second year I just couldn't hack it. So I wasn't doing too well in these courses they wanted me take in preparation for opthalamy, optho-, ophthalmology. In, in Pennsylvania and I was beginning to like history and English. So ya know I, I, I was getting B's and C's but a lot of C's in, in the courses they wanted me to take. So I decided this wasn't for me and I started taking more English and history courses and I decided to drop all this other stuff. And I had put down for the VA I was going to be a teacher. And then I remember my senior year I had courses in teaching and I have to practice teaching at Northfield High and after a fe-, couple of semesters of that I said this wasn't for me either. (Laughing) So I, I, these, these kids in, in Northfield High weren't interested in history at all. (Laughing) I don't know what they were interested in but I could tell I wasn't making the head way so I decided to drop that and I was on the newspaper in my senior year I became editor of the Guidon. JENNIFER PAYNE: Umhmm ROBERT CRECCO: And I decided this was a thing I'd like to be in, public relations or writing, editing and so forth. And so I graduated in history and I was able to take summer courses and everything else so I get out. I got my degree in two and a half years. JENNIFER PAYNE: Wow ROBERT CRECCO: And cause I went summers and everything else and I took accelerated courses which they offered to veterans cause lot of them, a lot of these veterans were married. JENNIFER PAYNE: Umhmm ROBERT CRECCO: And some had children and they had a veteran's village made up of surplus government trailers. JENNIFER PAYNE: Where was this, where'd the put them? ROBERT CRECCO: It, it, ya know on rt.12A? JENNIFER PAYNE: Uhuh ROBERT CRECCO: There was a pasture in there where they set these up and it was veteran's village and these married people were there and some of them had children. And I remember they'd get extra money, these married veterans selling sandwiches at night and so forth. JENNIFER PAYNE: They sold sandwiches, what kind of sandwiches? ROBERT CRECCO: Well they would make ham sandwiches and roast beef and stuff like that and they would come around at night and we would buy the sandwiches from them. And, that was one of the interesting, ya know they were doing all sorts of things to get extra money cause the, what the government was paying them wasn't, wasn't enough. And they had to pay rent in those trailers. But any way, I graduated in 1948 as the class of '47 and my roommate had, was getting married, Bob Dorman getting married (Laughing) he, he was a character. He, he got into an argument with his wife and they were downtown Montpelier and he jumped off the bridge into the Winooski River. He got so mad at her or something like that. JENNIFER PAYNE: On Stonecutter's Way? ROBERT CRECCO: What's that? JENNIFER PAYNE: On Stonecutter's Way, that bridge? The little bridge. ROBERT CRECCO: The Bridge entering Montpelier JENNIFER PAYNE: Oh, from Rt. 12, yeah. ROBERT CRECCO: Yeah, right JENNIFER PAYNE: He jumped into the… ROBERT CRECCO: He jumped off the bridge there. And another time he went into the what is now the, the hotel. Not, not the Pavilion, at the. What is it? The, the Hotel in Montpelier. JENNIFER PAYNE: Oh the Capital Plaza. ROBERT CRECCO: The Capital Plaza yeah, it was not the Capital Plaza it was some other name and he was so mad at something he, well he was drunk too he got in and just ripped the toilet off. (Laughing) He, he was, he was a big guy, he, he played on the football team and he get so incensed at something and then he was drunk, he pulled up, just pulled up the toilet off the. JENNIFER PAYNE: The whole thing, not the lid? ROBERT CRECCO: No he just pulled up the whole, the whole toilet and of course there's water all over the place. But any way he got into trouble all the time, but he eventually married this woman and they had, they had three or four children. In fact he still has a son that I think live in Castleton. Last time I talked to Bob, he was, he was at the University of Kansas, on the military staff there. He was a Major, and that was the last time I talked to him. He, he died of a heart attack soon after that. JENNIFER PAYNE: Oh. ROBERT CRECCO: And (Hobie?) Smith I lost track of all together. And (Vinny Vesch?) who was, a chem major and who was our, our house steward at the SAE house. I met him once in Tom's River. He was working for the national light company. He was a chemical engineer down there and actually one of my fraternity brothers, put me on to the job I eventually got when I, when I left Norwich. Working for General Electric. JENNIFER PAYNE: What did you do? ROBERT CRECCO: I was an editorial assistant. So he knew, he knew I was editor of the Guidon and he knew that I was interested in that kind of work. So when heard that this opportunity, he graduated a year before me. Or was it two years? I forget, but any way he was from Swampscott Massachusetts and he was working for GE too and he heard about this opening there and I applied for it and I got the job because I put together a portfolio of the two years I worked on the Guidon and I was able to bring that and show that. I even had some letters in there were I corresponded with President Dodge. JENNIFER PAYNE: Oh really? ROBERT CRECCO: On various things, one of them I remember our football team was losing by big scores and I said. I wrote an editorial and I said let's do something about this or stop football. University of Vermont, UVM had dropped football and we used to play them and we did pretty well with them but they dropped it because they couldn't, couldn't hack it either. So I said we should either drop football or let's go out and get some people to come to Norwich who can play football. Well he, he didn't like my editorial, he, he took issue with it so he and I had a conference with it and I had written, I wrote a letter in response to that meeting we had. So I had that sort of stuff in the portfolio (Laughing). So, and Dodge was a nice guy, I liked him. He was, he was quite an outdoorsman. He liked to kayak, and canoe, he, he was quite an expert in canoeing and kayaking and he had done a lot of trips into the wilderness, ya know I'd say. And he eventually, I think went back to Bowdoin. JENNIFER PAYNE: Umhmm. In Maine? ROBERT CRECCO: I, I think yeah Maine, on the faculty there after he left Norwich. Well, but any way I got this job at General Electric as an editorial assistant and eventually I became an editor. And I was transferred to. I worked in Lyne, Lyne Massachusetts and then I got transferred to, get a newspaper going in Cincinnati at the jet engine, new, a new jet engine plant. So I got transferred out there. JENNIFER PAYNE: So you started a, you were working a newspaper or you were working at the plant? ROBERT CRECCO: Well the plant had a newspaper. JENNIFER PAYNE: Ah, gotcha ROBERT CRECCO: So it was a weekly newspaper. And so that's what I was putting out and then when I went to Lockland Ohio that's where the plant was, near Cincinnati. I started one there. JENNIFER PAYNE: You started a newspaper? ROBERT CRECCO: Yeah JENNIFER PAYNE: What was it called? ROBERT CRECCO: It was called the GE News at the jet engine plant and I stayed in that field I, I eventually left GE went to work for AT&T in Cincinnati also working on publications. Several publications that I started working on and report and then I started flip charts for instructions and so forth and I eventually left them and went to work for… (inaudible) I had a short stint, with an advertising agency. And then I went to work for… the greeting card company. JENNIFER PAYNE: Hallmark? ROBERT CRECCO: Hallmark. JENNIFER PAYNE: What was that like? ROBERT CRECCO: Well I was a director of sales promotion. JENNIFER PAYNE: Wow ROBERT CRECCO: And I was working with a sales force of about 400 people. Wow ROBERT CRECCO: All over, all over the country and they were in various regions and districts and so it was my job to put these fellas to sell. JENNIFER PAYNE: How did you do that? ROBERT CRECCO: Well, I used to. I put out a weekly publication. That had standings of salesmen and also hints in how to sell and so forth. Salesmen who did a, a, a good selling job and how they did it I'd, I'd translate into how you might do it too and course I was getting 2% of the sales. I was working for the Vice President of the sales and he must have been getting 10%. And I was getting 2%. And so I used to put out this publication and then I'd used to travel out to the salesmen and help them build up sales promotion, projects they could sell this to their customers. Our customers where in the whole gamut from banks, to feed companies, to the big companies, big national companies. Cause we, in addition to lot of printed material we sold we also sold executive gifts made of teak and so forth. And so these executive gifts were, were quite expensive. Could be desk sets, or could be, could be what would you call them? Ice buckets. JENNIFER PAYNE: Oh yeah ROBERT CRECCO: Made of teak and then inside would be a glass bowel and so forth all different kinds of boxes and so forth. They, these were all finely made in teak and they would sell those as well as sell Hallmark calendars and kinds of dodades, ya know like pens, and any kind of a trinket. And so these men would, would, would put together their sales pitches and have all these things on display. And they did very well some of these guys and we, we got the wives involved. We had a, at that time. Do you remember green stamps? JENNIFER PAYNE: Umhmm. I do. ROBERT CRECCO: HNS green stamps JENNIFER PAYNE: That's right ROBERT CRECCO: We used to give those away to the salesmen and we had a catalogue that they put out. And you could get anything from a grand piano down to a charcoal barbeque. So we gave those away as well as, as other things special and so forth and these were all incentive programs. And that was my job to get these guys incentive programs to get them to sell JENNIFER PAYNE: Wow ROBERT CRECCO: And then I eventually decided that I had enough of that and I came to Washington. And I went to work for a, a portion control meat company JENNIFER PAYNE: Hmmm ROBERT CRECCO: And when I got to there. I, I was sorry I got into that mess there. So I had made some friends in Washington and they told me about a job available with a lobby outfit. Highway lobby. JENNIFER PAYNE: Oh yeah ROBERT CRECCO: And it was known as the Highway Safety Federation and eventually became, merged with another one to become the Highway Users Federation and they had organizations in every city, every state. There is one in here, probably in Montpelier. I'm pretty sure there was one located there. JENNIFER PAYNE: Was it like AAA? Did it become AAA? ROBERT CRECCO: No it wasn't AAA it was still the Highway Users Federation. It was supported by the automobile companies, advertising companies, suppliers, all kinds of automobile suppliers, and it was the auto industry. The idea was to build roads. JENNIFER PAYNE: Right ROBERT CRECCO: To build more roads and… JENNIFER PAYNE: Did you like that? ROBERT CRECCO: It, it was alright. We put up publications that, that was in publications and we had conferences with the Highway User Federations. And the idea was to help the state federations work with the highway people to build roads. And course there were a lot of people didn't like the highway people because they felt they were building over the country. But anyway I worked with them naturally we, we had close, close working with the, the U.S. Department of Transportation. JENNIFER PAYNE: Sure ROBERT CRECCO: So I had a friend, who was in the, who was in the, the administration was Highway Safety, that was it, Highway Safety and he became the administrator of this division in the Department of Transportation. So, they needed somebody to work in sort of a lobby group. The government can't lobby but they can get other people to do it for them. So he asked me to come in to work as a coordinator for a program that he wanted to do with Highway Safety and one of the big things in safety that time was that there was a lot of drunk driving and the deaths on the highway had reached I think about 26,000. 26,000 highway deaths, many of them due to drunk driving. JENNIFER PAYNE: Annually ROBERT CRECCO: Yeah annually so he asked me to come in and coordinate a program and they had determined the best way to reach this drunk driving problem was through women. That wives, sweet hearts, and etc. etc. would have more influence on the men how were doing this drunk driving. So one of the things we were going to do was have a, a national conference in Washington and my job was to work with the, putting together this national conference. So that must have been, 19, 1940, somewhere around there. And so we did we, we, we got a lot of national organizations to put up the money cause the, the government couldn't put up the money this. It had to be through national organizations and companies so forth. And so we put together a three day conference in Washington. In the conference was to invite women leaders. These women leaders were from garden clubs, from political organizations, and other people who were leaders in their community, other women who were leaders in their community. And we invited I think about 2,000 women to come to this national conference in Washington. JENNIFER PAYNE: Wow ROBERT CRECCO: And, we had to put together a program to, in order to get women involved in drunk driving and so we had all garden clubs and there were all these women from women's clubs and we invited them. They, they had to pay their way, but we paid, they had to pay their way and also their hotel room and then we got the companies to put up the money for the conferences, the meals, all the printing material everything. They, they paid for that, they were (Coughs) there were companies in the automobile business, companies in highway building, advertising companies, anybody associated with, with highways. And we put together a three day conference and we had a lot of political people involved and we had vice president, vice president's wife involved. She was our chairman, our honorary chairman and so forth. And… JENNIFER PAYNE: Was that Eleanor, or who, who was the president, who was the VP at the time? Do you remember? ROBERT CRECCO: Volpe. JENNIFER PAYNE: Volpe? ROBERT CRECCO: Was the secretary of transportation. JENNIFER PAYNE: Uh huh ROBERT CRECCO: And, he had, oh I can't think of his name. He used to be governor, governor of, I can't think who he was governor of, but he was a governor and his wife, Mrs. Volpe. When I knew Volp… Volpe had been governor of Massachusetts and he was then appointed to be secretary of transportation and then his assistant secretary had also been governor of Massachusetts. And, his wife was the titular head of our conference. Course we had kinds of government people speaking and so forth and we had a lot of women speakers and we had a three day conference on drunk driving. JENNIFER PAYNE: Was it the first real big national one that you'd you had? ROBERT CRECCO: Yeah, the first big national, push to reduce drunk driving on the highways. Because the, the death and injuries from drunk driving had reached proportions that the government was concerned. JENNIFER PAYNE: Umhmm ROBERT CRECCO: And out of that conference grew the, the government's program that reached all the way from upgrading the police forces with training and vehicles to apprehend drunk driving on the highways and then after you apprehended them you had to have a judicial system to deal with it and then you had to have a penal system to deal with it. JENNIFER PAYNE: Umhmm ROBERT CRECCO: And then you had to have instruction in the various parts of the, the city system, the state system to teach people the dangers of drunk driving, over drinking and so forth. Then you had to have the medical people involved too because these people were habitual drinkers that were involved in this and you had to have a, a system set up to deal with it. So it went all the way down through all the strata's that you had to go through in order to deal with driving drunk on the highways JENNIFER PAYNE: Wow ROBERT CRECCO: And to reduce the casualties that happened from drunk driving and then the impact it had on homes and so forth. So it went into all facets and the Federal Highway Administration had to deal with this and they had to set up all the various facets of, of, of state and local government to deal with it. And over the years it proved to be workable at the reducing of drunk driving. And so I think now drunk driving is still a problem not, not the problem it would have been with all the facets that had been brought in to deal with it and… JENNIFER PAYNE: Wow ROBERT CRECCO: We had a three day conference and with all these women coming in. Mostly, mostly women cause it was set up for that. Because we felt that women had the greatest influence in through their families, in the men and so forth to reduce the drunk driving. JENNIFER PAYNE: How did, how did you, what did you tell the women? What was the message that you, or was it multipronged? ROBERT CRECCO: It was multipronged we, I, I, think that the clinical studies I mean clinical facilities that were set up to deal with this helped. JENNIFER PAYNE: Umhmm ROBERT CRECCO: Because a lot of these men were, were drunkards and, and needed medical as well as psychological training I guess. And you have that situation today. Where you, you have the courts set up, and you have the, the social, social welfare organizations set up to deal with it that we didn't have before and this was all the result of this early, early effort. JENNIFER PAYNE: Wow, that's terrific. ROBERT CRECCO: Yeah, and I stayed in the Department of Transportation after that, but I, I, I went to public influence type things. JENNIFER PAYNE: Lobbying at a different level? ROBERT CRECCO: Yeah, yeah lobbying but, it was, really I, I, I got away from most of that and got into more public relations. JENNIFER PAYNE: Umhmm ROBERT CRECCO: In the Department of Transportation and that's, I retired from the Department of Transportation. JENNIFER PAYNE: Wow ROBERT CRECCO: I was there for many years. I think I was there for 14 years. Yeah, that's, that's what I retired from. JENNIFER PAYNE: Wow. So it sounds like you stay in touch with your Norwich classmates? The ones you… ROBERT CRECCO: I became secretary of the class. JENNIFER PAYNE: Umhmm ROBERT CRECCO: And that's how I stayed in contact, but actually I stayed in contact with… Let's see, what did I say in here? JENNIFER PAYNE: It didn't mention your Purple Heart. ROBERT CRECCO: Oh I didn't? JENNIFER PAYNE: No you didn't. You won a purple heart? ROBERT CRECCO: Yeah I, I was… JENNIFER PAYNE: As well as… ROBERT CRECCO: I was wounded, I was wounded on that pat-, that patrol on… JENNIFER PAYNE: Yep ROBERT CRECCO: We're, yeah we were on a patrol and we were hit by motor shells. JENNIFER PAYNE: Umhmm ROBERT CRECCO: And I got wounded in the arm and the foot and I got evacuated to England. I think we talked about this. JENNIFER PAYNE: Yeah, yeah ROBERT CRECCO: Yeah JENNIFER PAYNE: But that's what you got the Purple Heart for. ROBERT CRECCO: Yeah I got the Purple Heart for that. JENNIFER PAYNE: And Emit campaign medal with four bronze service stars. ROBERT CRECCO: Yeah that was, that was well the invasion and then I was, I was in, I joined the, the automatic weapons battalion in France after they had taken Paris. JENNIFER PAYNE: Okay. ROBERT CRECCO: And then I went with them all the way through, through the campaigns in, in the Ardennes and the… JENNIFER PAYNE: Central Europe. ROBERT CRECCO: Yeah then and… JENNIFER PAYNE: Okay, I just wanted to make sure we got that in because we had… ROBERT CRECCO: Yeah, yeah, yeah ok JENNIFER PAYNE: Yeah, well… ROBERT CRECCO: And that was… Yeah I, I don't know is there… JENNIFER PAYNE: Is there anything else you want to say? You… ROBERT CRECCO: No I, I, I got, well after I decided I didn't want to go to the University of Pennsylvania I wanted to stay at Norwich. I became the editor of the Guidon. JENNIFER PAYNE: Umhmm ROBERT CRECCO: And I enjoyed doing that also it was good training for what I got into later on. JENNIFER PAYNE: Right ROBERT CRECCO: I, I got into publication work and I became the director of publications at the telephone company in Cincinnati. JENNIFER PAYNE: Umhmm ROBERT CRECCO: And then from there I went to, went into sales promotion and I, I stayed in sales promotion and then I came into Washington with… JENNIFER PAYNE: Yeah ROBERT CRECCO: With the, with the government. Actually I was with the Highway Users Federation. JENNIFER PAYNE: Umhmm ROBERT CRECCO: Prior to that. Then from that I went into the Department of Transportation. But no that's, that's about it I guess. JENNIFER PAYNE: Well thank you so much for your time. You have done a wonderful interview. It's going to be great. I can see a lot of people using it, so thank you so much for your time. ROBERT CRECCO: Good, I'm glad you thought so. JENNIFER PAYNE: Alright.

L'albo lapillo Pier Paolo Pasolini nasce il 5 marzo 1922 a Bologna, prima tappa del lungo peregrinare della famiglia Pasolini imposto dalla professione del padre Carlo Alberto, ufficiale dell'esercito. Carlo Alberto appartiene ad una delle più illustri famiglie di Ravenna, i Pasolini Dall'Onda, nobili degli Stati della Chiesa che da sempre assolvono incarichi importanti in Vaticano. Tuttavia il padre, Argobasto, avvia la famiglia alla rovina a causa del gioco d'azzardo, rovina cui contribuirà a sua volta il figlio Carlo Alberto preda della medesima passione. L'aver scialacquato ciò che restava del patrimonio paterno, lo costringe nel 1915 ad abbracciare la vita militare, carriera che sopperiva ad un destino di degradazione economica. Carlo Alberto aderisce al fascismo e al riguardo, Enzo Siciliano addirittura si esprime con queste parole: "il fascismo apparteneva antropologicamente […] alla sua vanità, al suo evidente vitalismo, all'ombrosità del suo sguardo e ancor di più alla sua dissestata configurazione sociale, alla sua aristocrazia di sangue respinta verso le terre desolate della piccola borghesia" . L'angoscia del fallimento e il senso di solitudine che nasce da una passione non ricambiata spinge Carlo Alberto ai vizi perniciosi del vino e del gioco. Il dramma che suscitò nell'animo di Carlo Alberto lo "scandalo" del figlio, tralignò alla follia e unico rifugio, fino alla morte avvenuta nel 1958 per cirrosi epatica, lo trovò nel bere. Pier Paolo Pasolini nasce pochi mesi prima della storica Marcia su Roma, atto che sancisce la salita di Mussolini al potere. Le velleità dirigistiche e di controllo del fascismo coltivato dalla piccola borghesia che credeva di fare del Colpo di Stato delle camicie nere strumento per i propri fini particolari, viene travolta e rigettata. Questo il clima in cui cresce Pier Paolo Pasolini il quale, stabilitosi con la famiglia alla fine degli anni Trenta a Bologna, termina brillantemente gli studi liceali e si iscrive alla facoltà di Lettere. Pasolini amò profondamente il gioco del calcio, ma nella sua forma "pura": incontaminato, non degradato e inquinato come sarà quello reificato dalla società dei consumi, postindustriale, contro cui lancerà i suoi strali. È risaputo che si teneva in forma: aveva il terrore di invecchiare e negli ultimi anni della sua vita andò addirittura in Romania a fare la cura del Gerovital (a cui sottopone anche la madre). La prontezza del corpo fece di lui, come farà notare il suo amico Italo Calvino, uno dei pochi convincenti "descrittori di battaglie" della nostra letteratura recente. L'apparente normalità della sua vita si spezza l'8 settembre 1943, quando con lo storico armistizio, si frantumano le illusioni fasciste e l'Italia si trova allo sbando. Qui Pasolini prosegue la sua attività letteraria. Divenuto partigiano della brigata Osoppo, vicina al Partito D'Azione, cadrà vittima di quell'orribile episodio della Resistenza italiana che passò alla storia come "strage di Porzus", che vide i garibaldini e gli azionisti uniti contro le pretese territoriali sulle terre di confine delle truppe slovene fomentate dalla propaganda nazionalista e sciovinista di Tito. Questa pagina luttuosa e mesta della vita di Pier Paolo è calata nell'età storica dell'antifascismo segnata dal fenomeno della Resistenza, risultato dell'acuirsi del carattere politico-ideologico del conflitto tra il sistema democratico e i totalitarismi nazi-fascisti e che si traduce in una vera e propria resistenza nei confronti degli eserciti occupanti, sia in forma armata che in forma "passiva" (rifiuto del consenso, attività di intelligence e frenetica attività propagandistica di intellettuali e politici esuli). L'evento bellico della Liberazione attraversa e scuote tutta la penisola italiana, dalla Sicilia alle Alpi, lasciando un paese grondante di devastazione e distruzione. Enzo Siciliano parla di un'"ingenua furia romantica" del poeta Pasolini perché nel suo animo alberga il furore pedagogico di chi crede nella pregnante forza educatrice della poesia, della lingua che si fa storia e cultura attraverso il poeta che la plasma forgiando armi imperiture, vivificando una cultura locale in cui i poveri contadini possano riconoscersi e, insieme, superare l'eclissi e l'oblio dell'arcaicità d'espressione e dei costumi. Discutendo una tesi sulle Myricae di Pascoli, si laurea in Lettere a Bologna con Carlo Calcaterra, professore di storia della letteratura italiana che segnerà la formazione di Pasolini insieme a Roberto Longhi, professore di Storia dell'Arte, fondamentale nella successiva passione figurativa del Pasolini regista. È affascinato dal Friuli, a cui dona il suo cuore. Pasolini aderisce nell'ottobre-novembre 1945 all'associazione Patrie tal Friul, il cui programma politico era dichiaratamente autonomista. Nel 1947 Pasolini si iscrive al Pci, diventa segretario della sezione di San Giovanni di Casarsa e per vivere inizia ad insegnare italiano alle scuole medie statali a Valvasone (dopo una breve parentesi in una scuola privata a Versuta). Il paese lasciato in eredità dalla guerra alla nuova classe politica e dirigente è un paese umiliato, stremato, insozzato dalla ferocia sanguinaria della guerra civile, economicamente dipendente dagli aiuti stranieri; un paese che ha perso la sua credibilità all'estero, governato da una classe politica inesperta, conservatrice, che non ha saputo rispondere alle pulsioni modernizzatrici favorendo la sclerotizzazione della frattura tra un nord vivace, propositivo e attivo, e un sud dove ha prevalso l'impulso reazionario che ha favorito il ripristino del vecchio stato, dove le forze dell'ordine e la magistratura sono tutt'altro che convertiti alla democrazia e dove predominano due partiti di massa tra loro antitetici. Il sogno di una cosa viene visto come "lo sfondo mitico e contadino del romanzo "romano" (per) l'epicità del libro che trae sostanza dal senso di avventura che increspa il vivere dei tre protagonisti: soluzione stilistica a cui Pasolini arriva dopo Ragazzi di vita" . La situazione agraria e contadina, soprattutto nel sud Italia, risente fortemente della distruzione e degli sconvolgimenti causati dalla guerra. La manifestazione organizzata dalla Camera del Lavoro a San Vito del Tagliamento per ottenere i miglioramenti che il lodo prometteva agli agricoltori disoccupati e ai mezzadri danneggiati dalla guerra, è rivolta contro quei proprietari terrieri che si sono strenuamente opposti fino a quel momento all'applicazione della legge. La concezione ideologica di Pasolini si incarna in un personaggio del "romanzo" Il sogno di una cosa: una ragazza borghese, Renata, che abiura alle precedenti categorie di pensiero e all'impianto ontologico tipico della sua classe sociale, "che mai gliel'avrebbero perdonato", per farsi marxista. Pasolini dona così forma al suo "inconscio antropologico" (Enzo Siciliano), affidandolo alle parole di questa giovane ma anche a quelle del prete Paolo quando dice, ho notato quanto siano migliori i giovani del popolo da quelli della borghesia: è una superiorità sostanziale e assoluta, che non ammette riserve. Si insinua insidioso anche un altro tratto autobiografico, che lui avvertirà sempre come una colpa soverchiante e per cui i patimenti emotivi si susseguiranno fino alla fine della sua breve esistenza: l'omosessualità. Trauma inconscio che si riverbera nel suo atteggiamento sessuale adulto per cui Pier Paolo cerca "in folle caccia notturna" i ragazzi, stabilendo una distanza netta dalla sua realtà domestica. Muoio nell'odore di una latrina della mia infanzia, legato per sempre alla vita da una vespa che accende nell'aria l'odore dell'Estate. O anche "ciò che più tortura è il "cedere"/mi trovo al mesto bivio del peccato/e cedo […]". Isolato e epurato dal partito comunista -al tempo duro ed ortodosso in materia-, si decide alla partenza con la madre Susanna. Roma. Pasolini rimane pur sempre un "poeta" inteso, alla Elsa Morante, come scrittore che sa dar voce, anche con irriverenza, al proprio daimon, rimanendo fedele alla propria vocazione. Poeta vicino all'espressionismo, rifugge dalla trasposizione della realtà nella letteratura dove esprime invece tutto il suo disagio esistenziale. Nella capitale della neonata Repubblica Italiana, Pasolini arriva con la madre agli albori degli anni Cinquanta. Nel frattempo avrà l'occasione di un nuovo contatto con il cinema quando Mario Soldati lo invita a collaborare alla sceneggiatura, insieme anche a Bassani, del suo film del 1954, La donna del fiume. La prima opera in omaggio alla romanità è del 1955, Ragazzi di vita. Lapalissiano il fine politico: disvelare una realtà taciuta, volutamente emarginata anche geograficamente nelle borgate, nelle appendici da una società apparentemente riemersa dalle ceneri della guerra, sedicente superstite dell'horror vacui della disperazione e della distruzione che tende a celare a se stessa i propri dolori ed i propri mali. Ciò spiega il perché è addirittura la presidenza del Consiglio dei ministri, Antonio Segni, a muoversi scrivendo esso stesso al Procuratore della Repubblica di Milano, bollando il testo come "pornografico". Contro questi perbenisti piccolo borghesi detrattori di Pasolini, politici e non, Gadda (che definisce Ragazzi di vita una "colonna sonora"), Bertolucci, De Robertis, Bigongiari, Carlo Bo, Cassola, Sereni, Anna Banti, Mario Luzi e con loro altri esponenti della cultura del tempo, costituirono quella giuria che a Parma nell'estate del 1955 assegna al "romanzo" il premio "Colombi- Guidotti". Il plurilinguismo a cui è votato Pasolini lo riporta presto sulle scene con un'opera, forse l'unica che- data l'organicità della narrazione- può essere ascritto alla famiglia dei "romanzi", Una vita violenta (1959). È una sorta di manifesto letterario con cui sancisce il suo riavvicinamento al Partito Comunista. Questo è deducibile dalle parole di Pasolini il quale in un'intervista apparsa sulla rivista "Nuovi Argomenti" nel 1959 dirà io credo soltanto nel romanzo "storico" e "nazionale", nel senso di "oggettivo" e "tipico". Emblematico è a questo fine il titolo di una raccolta di undici componimenti poetici in lingua, Le ceneri di Gramsci, "i più intensi e profondi esperimenti poetici di Pasolini […] una vera e propria summa al contempo delle posizioni ideali del poeta e della sua visione del mondo" "una delle partiture più ingannevoli e più strabilianti di tutta l'opera di Pasolini" il cui segreto sta "nei poemi, che nelle intenzioni dovevano esprimere l'angoscia dell'inafferrabilità e dell'impermeabilità del reale, si trasformano in un flusso che riproduce il reale nei suoi tessuti e nelle sue strutture, come il continuum sintattico riproduce il continuum del paesaggio" , composti tra il 1951 e il 1956 e stampati nel 1957, precedente di due anni il romanzo Una vita violenta e intervallato da una collaborazione alla sceneggiatura di Le notti di Cabiria, a cui lo invita Federico Fellini, come revisore della parte dialettale romanesca (per cui si servirà della collaborazione di quello che diventerà uno dei suoi due pupilli e tenero amico, Sergio Citti). In questa raccolta di componimenti l'obiettivo è quello di dare un volto nuovo alla storia italiana e per farlo Pasolini indulge sul passato con brani dedicati alle origini medievali del canto popolare, al periodo classico, romano greco e barbarico, al periodo comunale: il tutto in un clima quasi di attesa, di sospensione del popolo che aspetta da sempre "mai tolto al tempo" (Il canto popolare) e quindi non obnubilato dalla modernità ma vivo, sopravvissuto nel Presente e emarginato, confinato, ghettizzato in vacui solitari e fatiscenti paesi di collina, in tuguri o baracche, in squallidi quartieri periferici che circondano, con ferina purezza e semplicità, le baldanzose, bislacche città frutto del tempo breve. L'occasione è data da una visita di Pasolini al "Cimitero degli Inglesi", accanto a Porta San Paolo a Roma, a ridosso del quartiere popolare il Testaccio, in cui era stato seppellito Gramsci. Pasolini contempla amareggiato la rovina storica, "in esso c'è il grigiore del mondo / la fine del decennio in cui ci appare / tra le macerie finito il profondo / e ingenuo sforzo di rifare la vita / il silenzio, fradicio e infecondo". In questi versi sono condensate tutte le cocenti delusioni che albergano nel cuore del poeta e la sofferenza per la sorte dell'Italia: i dieci anni di dominio della Democrazia Cristiana al potere, il tradimento della Resistenza, il naufragio delle speranze e la perdita degli affetti. Durante lo srotolarsi del poemetto, Gramsci abbandona le vestigia di ideologo e uomo di partito, di padre e diviene per Pasolini "umile fratello", completamente disarmato, non rivoluzionario bensì il Gramsci della sofferenza riflessiva della prigione da cui gemmano pagine di vibrante lirismo e puntigliosa razionalità, lucidità storica e politica. Confinato nella solitudine dalla mordacità dell'uomo e dalla crudeltà della storia. L'interesse è rivolto al giovinetto Gramsci, umiliato e vilipeso, partorito dalla sensibilità del poeta, non al personaggio storico. La protesta è rappresentata dall'essere "diverso", nella poesia come nella vita. Diverso da chi, da cosa? Diverso dai prodotti della mercificazione, dall'omologazione e dalla massificazione che crea e fa subire al popolo inerme e disarmato l'evoluzione della tecnica. Questo non farà che esacerbare ulteriormente le idiosincrasie all'interno del partito dal quale, in seguito agli scandali legati alla sua omosessualità, era stato espulso. Sono gli anni in cui all'interno del partito domina l'intransigenza teologica dei marxisti ("sono inflessibili, sono tetri, / nel loro giudicarti: chi ha il cilicio / addosso non può perdonare. Nel 1958 pubblica L'usignolo della chiesa cattolica, una summa del suo credo marxista intriso soavemente di pietas cristiana. L'attività critica di Pasolini vede la sua prima momentanea sistemazione nella raccolta saggistica del 1960 Passione e ideologia. Un profondo e drastico mutamento del clima culturale occorse negli ultimi anni prima della guerra. Questo nuovo clima non è infondato ma motivato dalla lotta vittoriosa del paese contro il fenomeno fascista e la riconquista che ne derivò della libertà e della democrazia. Il primo numero compare alla fine di settembre del 1945 e, novità, in edicola perché vuole assurgere subito a organo culturale di massa. Chiude la sua attività nel dicembre del 1947. L'editoriale del direttore Una nuova cultura apre il "Politecnico". Contrasti con la redazione e divergenze di vedute fra Vittorini e esponenti di spicco del Partito Comunista, di cui era un giovane neofita, portò alla chiusura dell'organo. I dissapori con i dirigenti comunisti, in particolar modo con Palmiro Togliatti e lo storico Alicata, ruotano intorno al valore che Vittorini attribuisce alla cultura nell'orientamento della storia e nella rinascita della società, compiti che il partito attribuisce più alla politica che alla cultura. La cultura invece non può non svolgersi al di fuori di ogni legge di tattica e di strategia sul piano diretto della storia. Vittorini tende, esecrabilmente, a mettere in discussione il rapporto organico tra intellettuali e partito che dominerà la vita culturale nei decenni successivi caratterizzando la storia della cultura a sinistra dell'Italia; si rifiuta di porre così dei limiti al suo lavoro, di assecondare i diktat del partito e chiude la rivista "Il Politecnico". Il "ceto intellettuale" svolge una funzione di prim'ordine nell'analisi gramsciana, per la formazione del "blocco storico" perché è l'unico che può condurre al cambiamento la società rifondandola. Da qui, la sua idea di "intellettuale organico" per indicare quell'intellettuale che si lega visceralmente ad una classe sociale e al suo destino e istaura un rapporto dialettico con il suo partito. Una tendenza volta a creare una cultura liberale nell'Italia dopo la Liberazione ma, al contempo, attenta ai problemi del socialismo e della democrazia, corrente di pensiero incarnata da Norberto Bobbio. Per ottenere questo fine, è necessaria la comprensione della realtà. Al cinema e nella letteratura il parlato e il dialetto si impongono sovrani. Asor Rosa parla, per introdurre Pasolini, di "apoteosi e crisi del neorealismo" ricordando al lettore che ogni periodo storico-letterario finisce sempre e comunque o per rottura o per eccesso. Quello fascista, ci dice, terminò bruscamente per rottura e si fa strada l'idea che una nuova fase debba aprirsi per rispondere alle speranze degli italiani, anche nel campo del gusto e della poesia. Si scontra allora con le posizioni ufficiali del Partito Comunista che lo accusa tramite la rivista culturale ufficiale del partito, "Il contemporaneo", fondata nel 1954 e diretta da Salinari e Trombadori, di deviare dalla via del realismo inserendo nelle sue opere elementi decadenti, irrazionalistici e vitalistici. Alla "Guerra Fredda" corrisponde una spartizione del mondo in due parti (a cui nel 1962 si aggiungerà una terza realtà che è quella del blocco dei cosiddetti "paesi non allineati" nata alla conferenza di Bandung), simbolicamente indicate nella carta geografica con due colori differenti, il blu per i paesi schierati con gli Stati Uniti e rosso per quelli che gravitano intorno all'Unione Sovietica. In seguito alla Conferenza di Yalta del 1945, che stabilisce la spartizione delle zone di influenza, l'Italia viene inserita nel gioco di alleanze della potenza americana. Nel nostro Paese, il lungo periodo inaugurato dalle elezioni politiche del 1948, che vedono la vittoria di De Gasperi e della Democrazia Cristiana e l'uscita di scena del blocco delle sinistre, viene vissuto in condizioni di sostanziale equilibrio politico: per quarantacinque anni si succederanno governi a guida democristiana il cui percorso è agevolato anche da quella conventio ad excludendum, grazie alla quale vengono respinte come forze di governo, le due frange estreme dello schieramento parlamentare (Msi, erede delle posizioni della Repubblica di Salò, e Pci) . Un Paese ancora impegnato sulla strada della ricostruzione della propria identità, materiale e spirituale. La quasi totalità degli italiani ancora era impegnata, per vivere, nei settori tradizionali- principe ancora l'agricoltura che all'inizio del 1950 assorbe ancora quasi il 50% della popolazione attiva, concentrata con picchi del 56-57% al Sud (Ginsborg) - a cui corrispondeva un basso tenore di vita legato, nel caso dell'agricoltura, all'arretratezza strutturale che rallentava la crescita e la produzione (unica eccezione quella delle aziende agricole, dinamiche, moderne e produttive della Pianura Padana). Ciò è legato sia ad una perdita di autorità del pater familias, per cui il figlio del mezzadro tende a non voler più seguire le orme del padre sia al fatto che il proprietario, dato il crollo dei profitti e gli alti prezzi del mercato, tende a vendere le proprie terre il più delle volte ai mezzadri stessi. Ugualmente nel sud Italia si avvia un processo di vendita di terra che, insieme alla legge del 1948 che stabilisce il sistema di crediti ipotecari rurali rimborsabili in quarant'anni, agevola la piccola proprietà contadina. La fine del protezionismo diede nuova vita all'economia del paese portandolo, quasi obtorto collo, a rimodernarsi. In breve tempo la produzione industriale, così sollecitata al dinamismo, supera quella di tutti gli altri settori e l'Italia da paese agricolo diviene una delle nazioni più progredite del continente. L'"urbanizzazione" cambia il volto del paesaggio umano e sancisce la morte dell'"homo italicus" (Asor Rosa) legato alla proprietà e alla coltivazione della terra, sovverte totalmente i precedenti rapporti di classe con la crescita esponenziale della classe operaia di fabbrica che sarà al centro delle lacerazioni che seguiranno questo primo periodo di ebbrezza e che trova sfogo nella dura politica antisindacale e persecutoria ai danni di operai di dichiarata fede comunista perseguita dalle imprese. Il clima sociale e politico si scalderà velocemente e le lotte, le manifestazioni, le repressioni e la rabbia sociale che questa realtà esacerberà tingeranno di nero molte pagine della storia politico- sociale della Prima Repubblica italiana. Il "miracolo economico" in realtà cova degli squilibri al suo interno. Ginsborg delinea perfettamente questa situazione: il boom si realizzò seguendo una logica tutta sua, rispondendo direttamente al libero gioco delle forze del mercato e dando luogo, come risultato, a profondi scompensi strutturali. Dunque, l'altro lato della medaglia vede quelle declinazioni obliate dalla vitalità del momento, i contraccolpi che cova al suo interno il "boom" e che, accanto al forte spaesamento culturale, genera bisogni difficilmente soddisfacibili, come la domanda aggiuntiva di case, ospedali e scuole essendo più rivolto alla produzione di beni privati, individuali o al massimo familiari a detrimento dei beni pubblici e dei servizi. Fomenta anche rancore sociale accanto alle rivendicazioni di nuovi diritti dei lavoratori, che cominciano a tradursi in fiammate di combattività, a partire dagli scioperi del 1962- che si concluderà con l'episodio tragico di Piazza Statuto - e soprattutto del 1969 con la rivendicazione di uguaglianza di salario e parità normative tra operai e impiegati (lo Statuto dei Lavoratori è del 1970). Le forme governative non sono pronte alla sfida che questi mutamenti sociali mettono in campo. Avvocato seguace della linea dura, della politica "legge e ordine", opportunista nelle sue strategie di alleanze, Tambroni non si schiera apertamente con l'ala destra o sinistra del suo partito e mantiene buoni rapporti sia con i dirigenti missini che del Psi (anche se sarà bollato come uomo di destra non solo per la politica perseguita contro i manifestanti ma perché ottenne la carica di presidente del Consiglio grazie al voto degli esponenti del Msi e dei monarchici). Tambroni risponde alle manifestazioni che si svolgono a Genova, a Roma e in Emilia Romagna nel 1960 in occasione del congresso nazionale dei missini che provocatoriamente annunciano di tenerlo a Genova, una delle patrie della Resistenza, merito riconosciutole istituzionalmente con una medaglia d'oro. La vicenda Tambroni, ci fa notare Ginsborg, ha il merito di chiarire una volta per tutte una costante della storia politica della nostra Repubblica: l'antifascismo è nel dna dell'ideologia egemone per cui qualsiasi velleità autoritaria o liberticida viene osteggiata fisicamente dalla massa e messa al bando. Inoltre questo episodio favorisce un avvicinamento della Dc con i socialisti con la conseguente avanzata delle sinistre alle elezioni. Nel gennaio 1961 viene eletto alla Casa Bianca il democratico John Kennedy che, dopo il rapporto stilato sulla situazione politica italiana da un suo funzionario, decide di appoggiare l'ascesa del Psi con il doppio scopo di oscurare il partito comunista -che aumenta il proselitismo di massa- e al contempo far uscire l'Italia dallo stallo in cui il vuoto riformista l'aveva incatenato. Un papa ieratico, lontano dal sentire della gente. "Riforme mancate e mancata riforma del sistema politico si intrecciano e si alimentano a vicenda, innescando un "cortocircuito perverso" che agisce in profondità, sotto l'apparente bonaccia che va dal superamento della crisi economica all'"esplosione" del 1968" . Togliatti si aprirà al policentrismo politico e culturale e caldeggerà il superamento dello schieramento ideologico dei due blocchi. Stalin è morto nel 1953 e nel corso del XX Congresso del Pcus, che si tenne a Mosca nel febbraio del 1956, il nuovo segretario Nikita Chruscev diffonde il rapporto segreto sui crimini nefandi commessi da Stalin, favorito in questo dal "culto della divinità" a cui aveva piegato non solo la popolazione ma anche tutti i suoi sodales. La tradizione culturale del comunismo italiano ha allora, con Togliatti e la sua necessità di "vie nazionali del socialismo", l'originalità di confondersi con quella liberale. Quest'ultimo aspetto è interessante perché testimonia un processo di unificazione nazionale frutto sia di un maggior intervento scolastico mirato all'aumento del tasso di alfabetizzazione sia dell'incontro di due realtà fino a quel momento agli antipodi, i contadini del sud e la classe operaia del nord. Affermato poeta e emergente cineasta, interviene nel dibattito sui caratteri dell'italiano nell'epoca del "miracolo economico" e dedica alla nuova questione linguistica una conferenza (apparsa sulla rivista "Rinascita" nel dicembre del 1964) dove denuncia un letale sovvertimento del tradizionale assetto dei rapporti comunicativi, inquinati dall'avvento dell'industrializzazione a-morale e selvaggia e alla diffusione sempre più massiccia della televisione che tende ad unificare al ribasso la lingua italiana dalla cui facies scompare, o comunque si erode irreversibilmente, la genuinità di un dialetto che si vede aggredito dai potenti mass media. I dati statistici sono a questo fine utile: nel 1958 solo il 12 percento delle famiglie italiane possiedono un televisore, nel 1965 la percentuale è già salita al 49, allo stesso modo il possesso di un frigorifero passa dal 13 al 55 per cento, quello di una lavatrice dal 3 al 23 mentre gli italiani che posseggono un'automobile passa da 342000 a 4670000. Cambiano le abitudini alimentari e il modo di vestire degli italiani. Tutto ciò avallato dallo Stato e dal suo lassismo, dalla pigrizia e inamovibilità dei governi che nel ventennio 1950-1960 concedono piena libertà all'iniziativa privata. Fu uno dei pionieri della critica serrata e violenta di questo nuovo stato di cose, sociale e politico e ferventi saranno gli attacchi che lancerà dalle pagine di quotidiani, in particolare il "Corriere della Sera". A lacerare il velo delle illusioni saranno, in campo politico-sociale, atti di terrorismo e violenza vigliacca che dopo il preludio sessantottino, dalla Strage di Piazza Fontana del 12 dicembre 1969 darà il via alla "strategia della tensione", allo stragismo nero e al fenomeno delle Br: vicende che tanto avviliranno la nostra democrazia. Il rifiutato è l'irruzione dell'estraneità e della diversità, l'oggetto inerte e passivo del rifiuto. L'essere del rifiutato è la sua povertà e la sua miseria inseparabili e irreparabili. Pasolini con la sua opera poetica, che contempla non solo la scrittura ma anche il cinema ("la lingua scritta della realtà"), offre al suo pubblico un ampio materiale di riflessione sulla figura del rifiutato, dell'emarginato e sulle sue implicazioni sociali, politiche e morali. Negli anni Sessanta la produzione culturale e artistica si sposta sul cinema perché ha una presa maggiore sul pubblico, è più sensibile alla quotidianità e fedele al paese che cambia. L'avventura del cinema lo porterà a viaggiare costantemente negli anni Sessanta. In Alì dagli occhi azzurri, un volume che raccoglie scritti tra il 1950 e il 1965, c'è un racconto in versi che presta il titolo alla raccolta, Profezia (1962-1964) in cui riversa la sua speranza nelle potenzialità rivoluzionarie dei popoli sfruttati del terzo mondo,essi sempre umili/essi sempre deboli/essi sempre timidi/essi sempre infimi/essi sempre colpevoli/essi sempre sudditi/essi sempre piccoli […] deponendo l'onestà/delle religioni contadine, /dimenticando l'onore/della malavita/tradendo il candore/dei popoli barbari, /dietro ai loro Alì/dagli occhi azzurri- usciranno da sotto la terra/per uccidere-/usciranno dal fondo del mare per aggredire/scenderanno dall'alto del cielo per derubare […]distruggeranno Roma/e sulle sue rovine/deporranno il germe/della Storia Antica. Accanto c'è anche il filone politico, di denuncia: Le mani sulla città di Francesco Rosi,1963, affronta il tema della speculazione edilizia a Napoli, o a Elio Petri, Marco Bellocchio (I pugni in tasca, 1965) etc. Accanto a questi registi Pier Paolo Pasolini è spinto al cinema dalla volontà di dare plasticità visiva alla sua immaginazione antropologica e poetica. Il suo è un cinema tutt'altro che consolatorio, non è foriero di speranze ed è colmo di rassegnazione e amarezza, sentimenti maturati in seguito al sopravvenire della crisi delle ideologie e allo sfigurarsi del mondo del "piccole patrie". Una nuova "Bibbia dei poveri". Un cinema che fa dell'intrattenimento piccolo-borghese una sorta di Moloch e che si staglia contro l'ipocrisia dei benpensanti attraverso l'esibizione del sesso senza veli, almeno finché il consumismo non farà della liberazione dai tabù sessuali un suo imperativo, trasformando lo stigmatizzato Pasolini in corifeo della nuova normalità borghese. In Pasolini il cinema si mostra da subito per ciò che è, "passione per la vita", un mezzo per portare la poesia nella realtà attraverso la chiarezza della prosa. "[…] Io amo il cinema perché con il cinema resto sempre al livello della realtà. Sempre del biennio 1968-69 sono La sequenza del fiore di carta e Porcile (a detta dell'autore, il suo film "che più tende al cinema di poesia") mentre successive altre significative produzioni, dall'Edipo Re (1967), a Medea (1969-'70), da la "Trilogia della vita" (stagione 1970-1974) che contempla Il Decameron I racconti di Canterbury Il fiore delle mille e una notte (una trilogia della "mancanza della vita", affermazione disperata di qualcosa che non esiste più) alla quale seguirà un documento scritto nel giugno 1975 (Abiura dalla Trilogia della vita) dove giustifica il suo gesto dell'abiura con la costatazione della scomparsa di quella gioventù capace di libertà e trasgressione a cui quasi lui inneggiava attraverso questi film. L'innocenza che lui aveva perseguito qui è cancellata dal meccanismo di emulazione dei modelli veicolati dalla televisione, figli della società capitalista che tutto ciò che tocca corrompe; alla violenza disarmante e demistificante di Salò o le Centoventi giornate di Sodoma (1975) in cui la rievocazione in chiave sado-masochista di un episodio della Repubblica fascista di Salò fa da metafora della situazione dell'Italia democratico-repubblicana; a cui avrebbe dovuto seguire Porno- Teo- Kolossal, progetto interrotto, insieme al suo romanzo Petrolio, dalla tragica fine dell'autore all'Idroscalo di Ostia. Riservandoci un'analisi più puntuale in un secondo momento, possiamo tuttavia cogliere la sua convinzione che sia in atto un mutamento socio- antropologico devastante, che oscura la prospettiva popolare della Storia spogliandola così del suo carattere "assoluto". Intuibile è, a questo punto, la sua netta condanna del movimento studentesco del 1968, da cui prende le distanze dichiarandosene estraneo perché avvertito come volontà di emancipazione piccolo- borghese. Lo stato d'animo del Pasolini degli ultimi anni è di "disperata vitalità": sa di non essere compreso. I suoi interventi si fanno sempre più numerosi e appassionati, ruotano intorno a ciò che Pasolini dice soggiacere alla base di questa drammatica realtà: l'esiziale vuoto democristiano, partito arroccato nel Palazzo per semplice tornaconto personale, l'inamovibilità del progressismo e gli errori tattici del Pci, la dissoluzione del mondo proletario- contadino. L'ingordigia dei governi di centro- sinistra che dominano la scena dal 1962 al 1968, rende sordi e ciechi i politici di fronte alle esigenze di un'Italia in rapido cambiamento. Le ragioni salienti del movimento studentesco vanno ricercate nelle riforme scolastiche degli anni Sessanta: con l'introduzione (1962) della scuola media dell'obbligo fino ai quattordici anni, si incentiva un livello di istruzione di massa oltre la scuola primaria ma contemporaneamente vengono alla luce le gravi carenze: dalla mancanza dei libri di testo alle gravissime lacune nella preparazione degli insegnanti, mai aggiornati. Il Sessantotto italiano nasce nelle università con la richiesta di un serio esame di coscienza alla cultura. Nel frattempo, nelle maglie comuniste torna in auge il pensiero marxista con la sua attenzione per i coni d'ombra aperti dallo sviluppo economico e la conseguente condizione della classe operaia. A completare il quadro, si aggiungono presto le influenze "terzomondiste" provenienti dall'America del Sud, a partire dalla morte di Che Guevara in Bolivia nel 1967 che diviene così il martire simbolo della rivolta. Siamo nell'autunno del 1967 e investe gli atenei a partire dalla facoltà di sociologia di Trento a cui seguono quelli di Milano, Torino, Pisa. La nuova lettura che viene data nel Sessantotto è libertaria e iconoclastica del materialismo storico. I lasciti saranno vari, non tutti della medesima natura: innegabile il forte impulso alla democratizzazione, alla modernizzazione e alla partecipazione con l'affermazione del primato dell'assemblea a detrimento della delega. Gli atti dimostrativi, provocatori, violenti e il disprezzo per le regole furono alla base del fallimento. Ebbero però l'intuizione della necessità di avere al proprio fianco gli operai, classe sociale sclerotizzata in una situazione intollerabile. La propaganda incendiaria inibisce qualsiasi istanza modernizzatrice, le modalità di rivendicazione sono corrotte da una torsione del marxismo e del leninismo, per cui la coronazione della lotta di classe si può ottenere solo per mezzo di un furore iconoclasta e casinista. Gli anni dal 1968 al 1972 vedranno un susseguirsi di tiepidi e brevi governi di coalizione, perlopiù di centro-sinistra, che tentano di mediare la protesta con una scialba politica riformatrice che favorirà l'istituzione delle Regioni, la regolamentazione del referendum abrogativo; in campo sociale la regolamentazione delle pensioni, la nascita (maggio 1970) per merito del socialista Giacomo Brodolini dello Statuto dei Lavoratori di cui si comincia da subito a fare largo uso, la conclusione della lunga lotta del Lid per l'introduzione del divorzio in Italia, intrapresasi dopo il progetto di legge del 1965 presentato dal socialista Fortuna, il cui iter parlamentare però venne bloccato dalla Democrazia cristiana. Una condizione di assoluta precarietà su cui si abbatterà la più grave crisi economica dopo quella del 1929 e che influirà sulle politiche economiche internazionali per tutti gli anni Settanta, conosciuta come crisi petrolifera perché generata dalla decisione dei paesi dell'Opec di aumentare del 70 per cento il prezzo del petrolio facendolo schizzare alle stelle e mostrando nella sua drammaticità la totale dipendenza dei paesi occidentali dall'esportazione del petrolio. Questa crisi si abbatte su una situazione internazionale già fortemente problematica: la rottura del sistema Bretton Woods con la conseguente incertezza sui mercati finanziari internazionali, la svalutazione del dollaro, l'esplosione dei tassi salariali europei, un eccesso di offerta sul mercato del lavoro e il rapido declino dei profitti. Interessante è l'analisi che fa dei motivi che soggiacciono a questo estremismo della "nuova sinistra" Silvio Lanaro. Si è molto discettato sull'anomalia del "bipartitismo imperfetto", sul blocco ultradecennale del quadro politico e sul "revisionismo" del Pci, accompagnato dalla tattica terzinternazionalista del far terra bruciata alla propria sinistra: e tuttavia non si è posto l'accento sullo scotoma idiomatico di cui soffre chi vive in un paese privo nel lungo periodo di tradizioni liberali, e dunque costretto ad articolare le proprie concettualizzazioni (e le proprie azioni) a seconda di quanto gli offre il mercato delle idee e dei linguaggi. Immediata l'accusa da parte di polizia e governo alle frange anarchiche con l'individuazione dei responsabili nel ballerino Valpreda (che dopo aver trascorso tre anni in galera, solo nel 1985 sarà prosciolto da ogni accusa) e nel ferroviere Pinelli che "cadrà" dalla finestra dell'ufficio del commissario Calabresi durante l'interrogatorio. Alla strage del 12 dicembre e alla tensione successiva si richiamerà il primo documento del Collettivo Politico metropolitano, da cui nasceranno le Brigate Rosse, gruppo che rimarrà isolato fino alle elezioni del 1972, quando il terrorismo si colora anche di rosso con l'incruento ma emblematico sequestro di un dirigente della Sit- Siemens. Nel marzo del 1972, al XIII Congresso del partito, viene eletto segretario Enrico Berlinguer. Alla strage di Piazza Fontana se ne aggiungono presto altre: Piazza della Loggia a Brescia, attentato al treno "Italicus" nel 1974 e attentato alla stazione di Bologna del 2 agosto 1980. L'unico argine, nell'opinione di Berlinguer, sarebbe stata allora una grande alleanza che si concretizzasse politicamente in un accordo con la Dc, presentandolo come una strategia in cui comunisti e cattolici avrebbero condiviso un medesimo codice morale con il quale risollevare le sorti del paese. Questa strategia avrebbe avuto il merito indiscutibile di porre il Pci al centro della scena politica dopo anni di evanescenza. La sensazione che si ha è di essere di fronte alla nemesi del Partito democristiano, come si coglie dall'esigenza pasoliniana di un "Processo etico" al "Potere", ossia al partito che lo ha incarnato, al fine di riscrivere delle regole civili universali e inviolabili. A Pasolini il "coraggio intellettuale della verità" non manca: Io so. Io so i nomi dei responsabili della strage di Milano del 12 dicembre 1969. Io so i nomi dei responsabili della strage di Brescia e di Bologna dei primi mesi del 1974. […] Io so tutti questi nomi e so tutti i fatti (attentati alle istituzioni e stragi) di cui si sono resi colpevoli. Colpa da cui discende la necessità di un processo, un "Processo come metafora" con cui "determinare nel paese una nuova coscienza politica" sancendo definitivamente la fine di "un'epoca millenaria di un certo potere", rendendo preclara una verità fondamentale, "che governare e amministrare bene non significa più governare e amministrare bene in relazione al vecchio potere bensì in relazione al nuovo potere", ossia alle esigenze etiche della collettività civile. Le successive elezioni politiche, 20 giugno 1976 -le prime aperte anche ai giovani tra i 18 e i 21 anni-, confermano la salita del Pci che con il 34,4 per cento dei voti si avvicina alla Dc che resta stabile al 38,7 per cento, grazie alla grande borghesia che fa quadrato intorno al partito (storico l'invito del più famoso giornalista conservatore italiano e direttore del "Giornale Nuovo", Indro Montanelli, a votare Dc "turandosi il naso") mentre il Psi esce indebolito (nel 1976 il segretario De Martino verrà sostituito da un esponente dell'ala destra del partito, Bettino Craxi). I due governi Andreotti che si susseguono tra il 1976 e il 1978 e che includono il Pci nell'area di governo, passeranno alla storia come governi di "solidarietà nazionale" all'interno dei quali si appannerà la diversità comunista, grazie anche all'abilità del fine statista Aldo Moro, che con l'ambiguità e la sottigliezza del suo linguaggio, favorisce il graduale inserimento del Pci nelle logiche del sistema dei partiti, processo vissuto come un tradimento da quegli elettori che avevano riposto vitali speranze in un partito per cui Pasolini spende queste parole: la presenza di un grande partito di opposizione come il Partito Comunista italiano è la salvezza dell'Italia e delle sue povere istituzioni democratiche. A provocare il fallimento della "solidarietà nazionale" è proprio l'assenza del soggetto "nazionale" con cui unanimemente si indica un agglomerato sociale relativamente uniformato da comportamenti e valori comuni. Questo avvenimento scuote le fondamenta del sistema spingendo alla riflessione parte della società civile sull'importanza di beni immateriali usurati fino a quel momento. La presa di coscienza di Berlinguer del fallimento del "compromesso storico", si ha a Genova dove, nel settembre 1978, durante la festa nazionale dell'"Unità" rivolgendosi alla folla dirà che è giunto il momento in cui "si possono e si devono cambiare" gli equilibri politici del paese. Tuttavia, la rottura della solidarietà nazionale segnerà anche il declino del Pci. Nelle manifestazioni giovanili del 1968, diviene inviso agli studenti, e a larga parte del Pci, per la netta posizione che assume. Individua una forte ambiguità nel movimento, all'interno del quale scorge elementi piccolo-borghesi. La polemica contro/il Pci andava fatta nella prima metà/del decennio passato. siamo ovviamente d'accordo con l'istituzione/della polizia.//a Valle Giulia ieri, si è così avuto un frammento/di lotta di classe: e voi cari (benché dalla parte/della ragione) eravate i ricchi/mentre i poliziotti (che erano dalla parte/del torto)erano i poveri. /Un borghese redento deve rinunciare a tutti i suoi diritti, /o bandire dalla sua anima, una volta per sempre/l'idea del potere. Il "perturbatore della quiete" Pasolini, ospite scomodo della cultura italiana, negli ultimi anni della sua vita sente il bisogno cocente di confrontarsi con l'opinione pubblica, atterrito da ciò che vede: un'omologazione incalzante di costumi e moralità cui si doveva celermente fuggire e contro cui doveva lanciare i suoi strali anche a costo di attirarsi critiche aspre, come fu. Nel frattempo, prende a scrivere caustici pamphlet politici nella prima pagina del "Corriere della sera" (possibilità che gli è data dalla successione a Giovanni Spadolini come direttore di Piero Ottone, più liberale e pronto a violare il moderatismo borghese a favore di una più vivace dialettica politica, al cui fine venne creata una "Tribuna aperta"). I bersagli di Pasolini sono il consumismo, l'esercizio democristiano del potere, il permissivismo nei giovani e la linea ufficiale dei comunisti. Il fine è quello di provocare accese polemiche, assumendo anche posizioni inaspettate, come nel caso del referendum sull'aborto del maggio 1974 la cui vittoria viene aspramente criticata da Pasolini perché dissolve definitivamente l'identità contadina, lasciando un vuoto riempito dalla "borghesizzazione", dai valori vacui ed effimeri di un consumismo sfrenato. La vertiginosa salita del Pci alle elezioni amministrative del giugno 1975, offre a un Pasolini galvanizzato da questa novità politica, da quella che sembra una nuova primavera nata da una restaurazione della sinistra -favorito anche dal consenso accordatogli dai ceti medi, i quali sembrano rispondere a quel sentimento di legittimità costituzionale che suscita nei confronti del Pci il terrorismo di destra-, l'occasione per delineare un suo personale progetto di riforma che prevede l'abolizione immediata della scuola media dell'obbligo e della televisione. Nei confronti del successo elettorale comunista però Pasolini tiene un atteggiamento di distacco . I "fascisti di sinistra" dal punto di vista della prassi, sono frange attive all'interno del partito e simili impurità rischiano di far perdere di vista le necessità della Storia. "Io mi sono sempre opposto al Pci con dedizione, aspettandomi una risposta alle mie obiezioni. Accanto alle passioni, l'eros e le abitudini sono recidive. Nei suoi vagabondaggi notturni si riverbera il deragliamento della società italiana. Sarà vittima di aggressioni, conati di violenze e intolleranza fino al triste epilogo: l'alba del 2 novembre 1975 consegna al mondo il corpo di Pasolini abbandonato su un anonimo terreno dell'Idroscalo di Ostia. Ogni società sarebbe stata contenta di avere Pasolini tra le sue fila. Poi abbiamo perso un regista che tutti conoscono, […] ha fatto una serie di film alcuni dei quali sono ispirati al suo realismo che io chiamo romantico ossia, un realismo arcaico, gentile e al tempo stesso misterioso; altri ispirati ai miti, al mito di Edipo ad esempio, poi ancora al mito del sotto-proletariato il quale è apportatore […] di una umiltà che potrebbe portare ad una palingenesi del mondo. Lì si vede questo schema del sottoproletariato. Lo schema dell'umiltà dei poveri Pasolini l'aveva esteso in fondo al Terzo Mondo e alla cultura del Terzo Mondo. […] Allora il saggista era una novità (che) corrispondeva al suo interesse civico e qui si viene ad un altro aspetto di Pasolini cioè, benché fosse uno scrittore con dei frammenti decadentistici, benché fosse estremamente raffinato e manieristico tuttavia aveva un'attenzione profonda per i problemi sociali del suo paese, per lo sviluppo di questo paese. Gli anni del boom economico italiano vedono un'incontrollabile e apparentemente solida crescita industriale a cui si accompagna un decisivo aumento del reddito e il conseguente espandersi dei consumi privati. Questa visione idilliaca è turbata tuttavia da alcune degenerazioni del sistema. La deflagrazione industriale, l'impennata della produzione settoriale e la diffusione del benessere hanno come contraltare una serie di sovvertimenti sociali che si manifestano sempre in maniera più evidente e che vanno dall'abbandono delle terre nel Meridione alla convivenza coatta nelle città industrializzate tra culture antitetiche e sconosciute sino a quel momento l'una all'altra al vuoto etico generato dalla perdita di quei valori diacronici, consolidati e comuni che informavano la vita relazionale. dove non c'è libertà ma un nuovo "dentro": il "penitenziario del consumismo" i cui "personaggi principali" sono i giovani. Il fenomeno della perdita non risarcita dei valori è devastante sui giovani, è l'ipoteca più amara che grava sul loro futuro e la caduta del prestigio irrelato dei valori culturali non poteva non produrre una mutazione antropologica, una crisi. È un sostituto della magia […] Ernesto De Martino lo chiama "paura della perdita della propria presenza" e i primitivi, appunto, riempiono questo vuoto ricorrendo alla magia, che lo spiega e lo riempie. Nel mondo moderno, l'alienazione dovuta al condizionamento della natura è sostituita dall'alienazione dovuta al condizionamento della società: passato il primo momento di euforia (illuminismo, scienza applicata, comodità, benessere, produzione e consumo), ecco che l'alienato comincia a trovarsi solo con se stesso: egli quindi, come il primitivo, è terrorizzato dall'idea della perdita della propria presenza . Alla distruzione anomica del mondo popolare, sottoproletario e delle borgate che favorisce certi fenomeni di alienazione psichica, è imputabile il clima di criminalità brutale che si diffonderà in Italia. La crisi della cultura fa sì, infatti, che molti giovani siano letteralmente ignoranti. La società viene reificata dalla nuova realtà economica. In una lettera al suo amico Alberto Moravia esprime tutto il suo disagio esistenziale, la sua rabbia e la sua disperazione fisica di fronte al cataclisma che sta investendo la società italiana, Il consumismo consiste in un vero e proprio cataclisma antropologico: e io vivo, esistenzialmente, tale cataclisma che, almeno per ora, è pura degradazione: lo vivo nei miei giorni, nelle forme della mia esistenza, nel mio corpo. Nel delineare il profilo strutturale della nuova società edonistica e consumistica si serve molto della descrizione delle relazioni individuali e del significato che queste acquistano. Pasolini parla di "genocidio" richiamandosi a Marx, intendendo dunque una totale sostituzione di valori, il genocidio: ritengo cioè che la distruzione e sostituzione di valori nella società italiana di oggi porti, anche senza carneficine e fucilazioni di massa, alla soppressione di larghe zone della società stessa. Non è del resto un'affermazione totalmente eretica e eterodossa. Oggi l'Italia sta vivendo in maniera drammatica per la prima volta questo fenomeno: larghi strati, che erano rimasti per così dire fuori della storia- la storia del dominio borghese e della rivoluzione borghese- hanno subito questo genocidio, ossia questa assimilazione al modo e alla qualità di vita della borghesia . La dignità della povertà, elemento caratteristico del mondo contadino e che racchiude quasi in una dimensione sacra il mito pasoliniano, si perde nelle borgate romane degli anni Settanta (unica consolazione per lui sarà la realtà contadina del Terzo Mondo). Sentivano l'ingiustizia della povertà, ma non avevano invidia del ricco, dell'agiato. È attratto dal sottoproletariato di cui delinea il profilo in una delle riflessioni fatte nel corso di una serie di incontri tenutesi nel 1975 con il giornalista inglese Peter Dragadze e che lui stesso definisce un "testamento spirituale- intellettuale", mi attrae nel sottoproletariato la sua faccia, che è pulita (mentre quella del borghese è sporca); perché è innocente (mentre quella del borghese è colpevole), perché è pura(mentre quella del borghese è volgare); perché è religiosa (mentre quella del borghese è ipocrita), perché è pazza (mentre quella del borghese è prudente); perché è sensuale (mentre quella del borghese è fredda); perché è infantile (mentre quella del borghese è adulta); perché è immediata (mentre quella del borghese è previdente), perché è gentile (mentre quella del borghese è insolente), perché è indifesa (mentre quella del borghese dignitosa), perché è incompleta (mentre quella del borghese è rifinita), perché è fiduciosa (mentre quella del borghese è dura), perché è tenera (mentre quella del borghese ironica), perché è pericolosa (mentre quella del borghese è molle), perché è feroce (mentre quella del borghese è ricattatoria), perché è colorata (mentre quella del borghese è bianca) . Pasolini non volge la tua attenzione alla caotica realtà del Nord dove le borgate sono popolate da immigrati spuri, fagocitati dal sistema neocapitalista industriale al quale hanno volontariamente aderito abbandonando le loro terre al Sud. Piuttosto trova analogie tra la cultura del sottoproletariato meridionale e la cultura contadina di quello che chiama Terzo Mondo. Individua l'errore dell'Italia nella rapidità del cambiamento e ricorda spesso nei suoi scritti come il passaggio nel secondo dopoguerra dalla società preindustriale agricola e commerciale a quella industriale sia avvenuta in soli venti anni. Il neocapitalismo è includente, unificante, tende ad inglobare creando una "unità del mondo". Tutto questo perché il neocapitalismo coincide insieme con la completa industrializzazione del mondo e con l'applicazione tecnologica della scienza. Sicché l'unità del mondo (ora appena intuibile) sarà un'unità effettiva di cultura, di forme sociali, di beni e di consumi . (Non so quindi cosa farmene di un mondo unificato dal neocapitalismo, ossia da un internazionalismo creato, con la violenza, dalla necessità della produzione e del consumo) . Per Pasolini appare di precipua importanza rifondare i modelli culturali, teorici rinnovando l'analisi marxista e della sinistra del tempo. Il capitalismo cui si riferisce Pasolini non è più quello statico, meno interessato dagli effetti della tecnologia che caratterizzò la prima fase industriale; non a caso lui parla di "neocapitalismo", dominato da una classe borghese almeno potenzialmente egemone, che informa la società dei suoi peculiari valori e caratterizzato, a differenza del vecchio capitalismo, dalla mercificazione della cultura attraverso l'industria culturale e favorito in questo dalla nascita e dalla rapida diffusione su larga scala di mezzi di comunicazione di massa, tra cui domina la televisione. La crescita industriale schizofrenica non permette dunque alle classi sociali di sedimentarsi ma al contrario le obbliga a formarsi in brevissimi lassi temporali. Giulio Sapelli nel suo testo marca la distanza della realtà italiana sia da quella inglese dove, come Engels testimonia nella sua celebre opera del 1845, Condizione della classe operaia in Inghilterra, la formazione del proletariato prende corpo già nell'Ottocento, sia da quella francese e tedesca dove il proletariato è concomitante all'espansione della borghesia. Non siamo di fronte ad una lenta trasformazione culturale, dice Pasolini, ma ad una vera e propria rivoluzione, una "rivoluzione antropologica". Il rifiuto della modernizzazione è assoluto e disperato. La cultura italiana è cambiata nel vissuto, nell'esistenziale, nel concreto. La tolleranza è l'aspetto più atroce della falsa democrazia . Quello messo in atto dall'edonismo interclassista è in realtà un subdolo razzismo che ha il volto della discriminazione per cui l'unico modello accettato è quello della normalità piccolo- borghese veicolato dalla pubblicità. Che viene dunque mimato di sana pianta, senza mediazioni, nel linguaggio fisico- mimico e nel linguaggio del comportamento nella realtà. […] Appunto perché perfettamente pragmatica, la propaganda televisiva rappresenta il momento qualunquistico della nuova ideologia edonistica del consumo: e quindi è enormemente efficace . Ecco allora cosa rimpiange Pasolini, non l' "Italietta" ma l'universo gaio dei contadini e degli operai prima dello Sviluppo. Io credo che non solo sia la salvezza della società: ma addirittura dell'Uomo. Una orrenda "Nuova Preistoria" sarà la condizione del neocapitalismo alla fine dell'antropologia classica, ora agonizzante. L'industrializzazione sulla linea neocapitalistica disseccherà il germe della Storia . È un marxista sui generis Pasolini, non possiede l'elemento principale dei marxisti: la fede nel progresso sociale. "Illuminismo culturale". Il sacro è l'elemento dell'esperienza sottratto alla materialità della vita quotidiana, alla sua relazione immediata con la sfera della vita biologica, e soprattutto con quella della vita raziocinante […] una "sospensione della ragione" che affida l'uomo ad una potenza spirituale più grande e da lui separata […] rappresenta qualcosa di diverso dalla religione, che è diffusa a livello di massa . La crisi della chiesa diventa crisi del sacro. L'ideologia illuministica del capitalismo fa vacillare una delle due uniche possibili resistenze al suo trionfo, l'atavico sentimento cattolico italiano. Richiamandosi al concetto di Engels (Antiduhring, 1878) per cui il socialismo è l'affermazione del passaggio dell'umanità dalla preistoria alla storia, Pasolini ribatte al giudizio espresso dal suo intervistatore Alberto Arbarsino che valuta la diffusione della ricchezza e l'accesso di larghi strati popolari al benessere mai conosciuto prima un fatto positivo perché segna la "liberazione dal bisogno, dalla paura, dal ricatto della fame", con queste parole: Sai cosa mi sembra l'Italia? Un tugurio i cui i proprietari sono riusciti a comprarsi la televisione, e i vicini, vedendo l'antenna, dicono, come pronunciando il capoverso di una legge "Sono ricchi! Stanno bene!". Alla domanda di Arbasino "Tu cosa vedi?", la risposta è illuminante: Due Preistorie: la Preistoria arcaica del Sud, e la Preistoria nuova nel Nord. La consistenza delle due Preistorie (e la lenta fine della Storia, che si identifica ormai soltanto nella razionalità marxista), mi rende un uomo solo, davanti ad una scelta egualmente disperata: perdermi nella preistoria meridionale, africana, nei reami di Bandung, o gettarmi a capofitto nella preistoria del neocapitalismo, nella meccanicità della vita delle popolazioni ad alto livello industriale, nei reami della Televisione. La marxista liberazione dell'uomo non avviene a seguito della serie di cambiamenti che l'avvento della tecnologia mette in atto, non si entra nella Storia ma in una nuova preistoria, quella del cupio dissolvi, dello stillicidio culturale ben rappresentato dalla televisione e voluto dal capitalismo "caro ai liberali", depositari di un'ideologia tipicamente borghese. Tutti i mali del mondo si identificano per me nella borghesia, intendendo naturalmente non il singolo individuo, ma la classe nel suo insieme e per quello che essa rappresenta . Questa borghesia per la prima volta nella storia della società italiana si pone non più come classe dominante, ma come classe egemonica. Per cui si forma una classe borghese avulsa dalle altre, contraddittoria in se stessa perché mentre dovrebbe essere protestante e liberale, nasce nel segno della Controriforma, in un mondo di contadini. Durante un intervento al congresso del partito liberale, delinea il profilo degli "sfruttatori" della seconda rivoluzione industriale, quella tecnologica, consumistica, che non sono più identificabili come coloro che semplicemente producono merci ma "nuova umanità", nuovi rapporti sociali. b) è un medium di massa […] è manipolata per ragioni extra- culturali, e la sua diffusione deve tenere anticipatamente conto del bassissimo livello medio della cultura dei destinatari, a cui si asserve per asservirli. Non può che dire, da intellettuale, "no" alla televisione (eccetto una collaborazione a Tv 7 che accetta perché la ritiene una forma di contestazione alla televisione fatta dall'interno) perché non individua in questo strumento un'autonomia propria, concreta tipica invece del giornalismo o del cinema o dell'insegnamento (in realtà Pasolini individua un momento autonomo della televisione, la "presa diretta", il cui linguaggio però stenta ad affermarsi). L'idiosincrasia di Pasolini è totale, viscerale. È per questo che Pasolini sente su di sé il dovere civico e intellettuale di proporre una radicale riforma al sistema televisivo e al suo "culturame": Bisogna rendere la televisione partitica e cioè, culturalmente, pluralistica. Ogni Partito avrebbe diritto alle sue trasmissioni […], al suo telegiornale […] e dovrebbe gestire anche altri programmi . La televisione inoltre mette in atto un altro cambiamento: avvia un processo di reificazione al ribasso della koinè linguistica. Pasolini si sofferma molto su questo aspetto perché nella sua analisi la lingua è un elemento imprescindibile dal momento che è dall'ordito del linguaggio che si studia la società nella sua immediatezza. L'ethos borghese tende ad essere introiettato dalla nuova società e ad informare di sé lavoro, disciplinamento sociale e selezione culturale. La cultura italiana è cambiata nel vissuto, nell'esistenziale, nel concreto. Il cambiamento consiste nel fatto che la vecchia cultura di classe (con le sue divisioni nette: cultura della classe dominata, o popolare, cultura della classe dominante, o borghese, cultura delle elites) è stata sostituita da una nuova cultura interclassista: che si esprime attraverso il modo di essere degli italiani, attraverso la loro nuova qualità di vita . Il consumismo altro non è che una nuova forma totalitaria- in quanto del tutto totalizzante, in quanto alienante fino al limite estremo della degradazione antropologica, o genocidio (Marx)- e che quindi la sua permissività è falsa: è la maschera della peggior repressione mai esercitata dal potere sulle masse dei cittadini . Afasia intellettuale, falsa tolleranza, interclassismo edonista: questo il risvolto drammatico della nuova società neocapitalistica che si presenta inerme, come un re nudo agli occhi di Pasolini. Il pessimismo storico di Pasolini è totale (" […] sono disperatamente pessimista"). Nei teppisti meridionali non c'è un'inconscia protesta moralistica, ma un'inconscia protesta sociale: essi non appartengono […] alla classe borghese […] ma al popolo o al sottoproletariato […] non commettono reati gratuiti, ma reati ben giustificati dalla necessità economica e dalla diseducazione ambientale . Il più emblematico cambiamento nelle abitudini degli italiani, il più lento ma al contempo più parossistico, riguarda la sessualità, fino ad allora il più forte tabù sociale. Non si può tornare indietro, la tradizione ha ceduto alla modernizzazione, all'edonè consumista: Pasolini è apocalittico. Un'analisi dettagliata e chiara ce la offre Sapelli che ci richiama alla memoria l'"economia delle aspettative" scoperta dai grandi classici dell'economia, tra cui spicca Keynes i cui studi sulla logica del consumo descrivono a livello teorico i mutamenti individuati da Pasolini. Oggi, la mancanza di determinati beni privati porta addirittura ad una sorta di isolamento all'interno della società" . Troppo manichea, la posizione di Pasolini a tratti si lascia andare forse troppo al catastrofismo, la sua visione apocalittica inficia l'oggettività dell'analisi. Turba il sistema produttivo, è di ostacolo all'affermazione del neocapitalismo nelle sue diverse accezioni, "anzitutto l'omosessualità è totalmente distaccata dalla produttività puramente umana, quella della specie, nel senso che influirebbe piuttosto negativamente sullo sviluppo demografico se si generalizzasse" . Questo fomenta il disprezzo di Pasolini verso la borghesia, lo assolutizza. Il borghese non subisce questa anomia, non partecipa della sofferenza della classe proletaria e contadina, del disagio dei borgatari ma al contrario "non hanno fatto altro che aggiornare i loro modelli culturali" per cui può affermare stentoreamente di non nutrire alcuna pena per una classe sociale che non ha fatto altro, come afferma Marx nel Manifesto del 1848, che mostrare la sua natura solipsistica tesa ad assimilare tutto a se stessa. L'assoluta (apparente) libertà sessuale, ossia il libero arbitrio sul nostro corpo, è alla base di un pensiero complesso, se vogliamo anche distorto, di Pasolini che parte dall'analisi della "nuova donna" calata all'interno della rivoluzione delle classi medie: l'essere-nel-mondo è esattamente questo, sperimentare le nuove realtà e "codificarle" per farne, conformisticamente, delle abitudini. Il meccanismo di codificazione normativa che un tempo era della matrona, della padrona di casa, ora è della "nuova donna", istruita e colta, borghese e libera nelle sue scelte politiche e sessuali. Ecco il cambiamento antropologicamente drammatico indicato da Pasolini: la piccola borghesia fa propri i comportamenti tipici della destra più gretta e intollerante. Nel corso di un dibattito con la redazione di "Roma giovani" del 1974 alla domanda sul ruolo del Sessantotto nella sua critica all'alienazione della società capitalistica e di conseguenza sulla costruzione di un nuovo discorso politico e culturale, Pasolini risponde con un secco "no". La scissione avvenuta, per opera della classe dominante, tra "progresso" e "sviluppo" viene imputata da Pasolini anche alla sinistra e alla cultura cattolica le quali avrebbero dovuto assumere su di loro la responsabilità del momento, avvertirne l'urgenza e impegnarsi al fine di tutelare i valori. Questa esortazione si collega ad uno degli interventi più dissacratori e oracolari di Pasolini, intitolato "Bologna, città consumista e comunista", contenuto nelle Lettere Luterane, una raccolta di articoli e saggi politici molto pugnaci e demistificatori del sistema di potere italiano, usciti di volta in volta sul "Corriere della Sera", su "Mondo" e su "Vie Nuove" nel corso del 1975. Nel saggio sopracitato descrive il suo strazio nel constatare come anche sull' Emilia, e sulla sua amata Bologna nello specifico, si sia diffuso lo spettro della modernizzazione capitalistica che con la sua furia distruttrice ha demolito alla base la possibilità (ai suoi occhi un tempo concreta) di realizza