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Physical inactivity is a pressing public health concern. In this commentary we argue that Canada's approach to increasing physical activity (PA) has been fragmented and has lacked coordination, funding and a strategic approach. We then describe a potential solution in Active Canada 20/20 (AC 20/20), which provides both a national plan and a commitment to action from non-government and public sectors with a view to engaging corporate Canada and the general public. It outlines a road map for initiating, coordinating and implementing proactive initiatives to address this prominent health risk factor. The identified actions are based on the best available evidence and have been endorsed by the majority of representatives in the relevant sectors. The next crucial steps are to engage all those involved in public health promotion, service provision and advocacy at the municipal, provincial and national levels in order to incorporate AC 20/20 principles into practice and planning and thus increase the PA level of every person in Canada. Further, governments, as well as the private, not-for-profit and philanthropic sectors, should demonstrate leadership and continue their efforts toward providing the substantial and sustained resources needed to recalibrate Canadians' habitual PA patterns; this will ultimately improve the overall health of our citizens.

Charles Underwood was in the United States Army for more than 31 years from 1941 to 1972. His active military service included command of infantry, armored infantry and armored units from platoon through brigade. Most staff assignments were in information and public affairs. He was a Prisoner of War for the Japanese Imperial Army from 1942-1945 and survived the Bataan Death March. ; The collection consists of slides, photographs, letters, military documents, and other personal documents of Charles Underwood. It includes information on the Bataan Death March as well as the different bases around the world he was stationed at during his time in the Army. ; The collection is organized by the following series: Bataan, Birth Records, Certificates, Correspondence, Drawings, Financial Records, Genealogy, Legal Document, Literary Productions, Medical Records, Memorial, Military Documents, Newspaper, Periodical, Personal Documents, Photographs, Printed Material, Retirement Records, School Records, Scrapbook, and Slides. ; Box 1, Folder 20

Pat Williams remembers his childhood in Butte, Montana, and early tenure in the Montana state legislature in the mid-to-late 20th century. Williams recalls growing up working in his father's restaurants in Butte, and the changing Butte culture from his childhood to the present. He discusses his first campaign, running to be a Montana legislator from Silver Bow County, and navigating Butte political scene. He describes his dealings with the Anaconda Copper Mining Company, and its complicated relationship with the people of Butte and of Montana. Williams discusses members of the legislature he admired, and legislation he supported or introduced early in his career. ; https://scholarworks.umt.edu/brown/1076/thumbnail.jpg

The mammalian radiation has corresponded with rapid changes in noncoding regions of the genome, but we lack a comprehensive understanding of regulatory evolution in mammals. Here, we track the evolution of promoters and enhancers active in liver across 20 mammalian species from six diverse orders by profiling genomic enrichment of H3K27 acetylation and H3K4 trimethylation. We report that rapid evolution of enhancers is a universal feature of mammalian genomes. Most of the recently evolved enhancers arise from ancestral DNA exaptation, rather than lineage-specific expansions of repeat elements. In contrast, almost all liver promoters are partially or fully conserved across these species. Our data further reveal that recently evolved enhancers can be associated with genes under positive selection, demonstrating the power of this approach for annotating regulatory adaptations in genomic sequences. These results provide important insight into the functional genetics underpinning mammalian regulatory evolution. ; We thank Stephen Watt, Frances Connor, the CRUK-CI Genomics and Bioinformatics cores, Biological Resources Unit (Matthew Clayton), Margaret Brown (West Yorkshire bat hospital), Julie E. Horvath (North Carolina Central University), and Chris Dillingham (University of Cardiff) for technical assistance; Matthieu Muffato for assistance with whole-genome alignments; Claudia Kutter, Gordon Brown, Christine Feig, and Christina Ernst for useful comments and discussions, and the EBI systems team for management of computational resources. This research was supported by Cancer Research UK (D.V., D.T.O.), the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (C.B., P.F.), the Wellcome Trust (WT095908) (P.F.) and (WT098051) (P.F., D.T.O.), the European Research Council, EMBO Young Investigator Programme (D.T.O.), the National Science Foundation (0744979) (T.J.P.), NIH (P40 OD010965, R01 OD010980, R37 MH060233) (A.J.J.) and MRC (U117588498) (J.M.A.T.). Cetacean samples were collected by the UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme, funded by Defra and the Governments of Scotland and Wales. ; This is the final version. It originally appeared at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867415000070.

The main objective of the analysis is to study the detailed aerodynamics & the characteristics of the lift & drag of the aircraft with the canard wing & the co-efficient of pressure & flow separation patterns over the wings at different spans and angles of attacks. Here the Onera-M6 wing is modelled for the transonic flow conditions in 3D with the adiabatic flow conditions. In the first case only the Onera-M6 wing is analyzed to know the performance. In the second case the canard is considered along with the Onera-M6 main wing and the modelling is done with the same set of conditions as 3D- transonic flows. In the present study two canard positions are considered, one under the same axis of the main wing (20% shrinkage), and another above the axis line of the main wing (20% shrinkage-offset). In the first design i.e., canard of 20% shrinkage with same axis, the design is performing well than clean wing & 20% shrinkage-offset canard at the lower angle of attacks. In the second design i.e., canard with 20% shrinkage-offset with the axis of the main wing is analyzed at different angles of attacks, the design is performing better than clean wing & 20% shrinkage with the same axis at higher angles of attacks.

Presented is a broad historical view of critical moments in the biotech industry that have framed the current issues with stress on the need for independent voices with limited ties to industry to serve as a science-based forum to address agriculture and food policy. Agree, with its broad cross-sectional representation of the food and agricultural system, is an organization that strives for consensus among groups with differing views. Such organizations can address complex questions, such as whether biotechnology can aid the organic industry rather than put farmers with differing production approaches at odds. However, the complex issues surrounding coexistence are unlikely to be fully resolved by voluntary or market forces, but will almost certainly require government regulation. The statutory authority of the USDA empowers the agency to issue "fair and transparent regulation" as a solution to coexistence.

This report provides an retrospective and prospective analysis of the LDA on its 20th anniversary, using research conducted and data collected by the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M capstone class over the 2014-2015 academic year.

Even though he is widely considered to be the founding father of the economic discipline, Adam Smith would have a hard time finding a job at an economics department or getting his ideas published in any of the major economics journals, had he lived today. One of the central reasons for this is that neoclassical economics, which dominates the discipline today, and economics at the time of the great political economists such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo are differentiated by one single characteristic more than any other: their use of mathematics1 (Schabas, 1989). While today's economics is best characterized as a thoroughly mathematical science, the writings of the classical economists were almost entirely discursive (Lawson, 2012; Hodgson, 2013). This mathematical condition of modern economics has quite recently become the subject of heated debate and strong criticism in light of the economic crisis that has hit us in 2008 and still lingers on today. Many (i.e., Friedman, 1999, p. 137; Krugman, 2009a, 2009b) have argued that, caught up in more and more complex models, economics itself had become detached from its appropriate subject matter: real world economic problems. The economic science failed to make sense of our reality, and instead got lost in a different reality of their own making consisting of models and equations. Such criticisms regarding the role of mathematics in economics and its inability to capture our economic reality are not, however, just something of the past seven years. Even though the role of mathematics has evolved to one of absolute dominance since the end of the 19th century, many have voiced criticisms towards this development. And the list of those critical of the mathematization of economics does not just name quirky heterodox economists at the margins of the discipline but also includes some of the most famous and important economists of the 19th and 20th century. In this paper I will take a closer look at some of the concerns and warnings about the role of mathematics in economics put forward by Alfred Marshall, Friedrich Hayek and John Maynard Keynes. Specifically these economists have been selected because each of them has had a significant and constituting influence on the economic discipline, and because taken together they represent a substantial part of the diversity of the economic discipline at their time and today (i.e. Keynes' argument for the occasional government intervention versus Hayek's laissez-faire economy).2 This paper will focus on the concerns they voiced regarding mathematics in economics, which were born out of their shared conviction of the complexity of economic reality. They argue that the world is too complex and varied for mathematics to be able to capture it, and that this thus poses limits to its use. They do not deny that mathematics can be useful but one must know its place and restrictions. In

In the 1990s, a number of protracted armed conflicts were finally ended. This period can be described as a paradigmatic shift with regards to how armed conflicts are brought to an end. When the logic of the Cold War no longer hindered the United Nations (UN) to intervene, the number of UN peace operations rose dramatically and became more comprehensive. In addition, conflicts increasingly ended through negotiated settlements rather than military victory. The peace processes of the 1990s gave rise to great optimism that negotiations and peacebuilding efforts, often with considerable international involvement, would bring sustainable peace to war-affected countries. The outcomes of these peace processes, however, appears to be far from unanimously positive. Today, 20 years after the war endings of the 1990s, it is therefore imperative to critically analyze and evaluate these peace processes and their long-term results. What is the situation like today in countries where conflicts ended in the 1990s? What has become of the peace? In this paper, the long-term outcomes of peace processes that took place in the 1990s are evaluated through brief analyses of a number of cases,demonstrating that the nature and quality of peace today show great diversity. The paper also includes a conceptualization of the "peace triangle" aimed at distinguishing between different forms of peace, as well as a study of the relationship between peacebuilding and democracy in UN peace operations in the 1990s, concluding that outcomes with regards to democratic development in the intervened countries are generally poor.

In the 1990s, a number of protracted armed conflicts were finally ended. This period can be described as a paradigmatic shift with regards to how armed conflicts are brought to an end. When the logic of the Cold War no longer hindered the United Nations (UN) to intervene, the number of UN peace operations rose dramatically and became more comprehensive. In addition, conflicts increasingly ended through negotiated settlements rather than military victory. The peace processes of the 1990s gave rise to great optimism that negotiations and peacebuilding efforts, often with considerable international involvement, would bring sustainable peace to war-affected countries. The outcomes of these peace processes, however, appears to be far from unanimously positive. Today, 20 years after the war endings of the 1990s, it is therefore imperative to critically analyze and evaluate these peace processes and their long-term results. What is the situation like today in countries where conflicts ended in the 1990s? What has become of the peace? In this paper, the long-term outcomes of peace processes that took place in the 1990s are evaluated through brief analyses of a number of cases,demonstrating that the nature and quality of peace today show great diversity. The paper also includes a conceptualization of the "peace triangle" aimed at distinguishing between different forms of peace, as well as a study of the relationship between peacebuilding and democracy in UN peace operations in the 1990s, concluding that outcomes with regards to democratic development in the intervened countries are generally poor.

Bygninger er ansvarlige for op til 35% af det samlede energiforbrug i de lande som deltaer i IEA-projektet. EU-Parlamentet godkendte i april 2009 en anbefaling om, at medlemsstaterne skal sætte delmål for eksisterende bygninger for at fastsætte et minimum af bygninger til at være energineutrale i 2015 og 2020. Et par eksempler på renoveringsprojekter af erhvervsbygninger har vist, at det samlede primær-energiforbrug kan reduceres drastisk samtidig med at indeklimaet forbedres. De fleste bygningsejere er ikke klar over, at sådanne besparelser er mulige, og fastsætter derfor alt for konservative energimål. Bygninger som kun renoveres til middelmådigt niveau kan være tabte muligheder for de kommende årtier. Målene med dette projekt er at udvikle et solidt vidensgrundlag om, hvordan man energirenoverer erhvervsbygninger ned til niveau svarende til NZEB-standarder (Net-Zero Energy Buildings) på en bæredygtig og omkostningseffektiv måde og til at identificere de vigtigste marked og politiske spørgsmål samt marketing strategier for en sådan renoveringer.

© 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. The prebiotic fructooligosaccharide content of yacon makes this root an attractive alternative for the supplementation of a variety of food products. The preservation of yacon by fermentation has been proposed as an alternative to increase the probiotic content of the root concomitantly with its shelf life. Thus the fermented yacon could have significant functional content. The objective of this research was to characterize the biochemistry and microbiology of spontaneous yacon fermentation with 2% NaCl and define the viability of the proposed process. The biochemical analysis of spontaneous heterolactic fermentation of yacon showed a progressive drop in pH with increased lactic and acetic acids, and the production of mannitol during fermentation. The microbial ecology of yacon fermentation was investigated using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Bacterial cell counts revealed a dominance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) over yeasts, which were also present during the first 2. days of the fermentation. Results showed that the heterofermentative LAB were primarily Leuconostoc species, thus it presents a viable method to achieve long term preservation of this root. ; The author thanks Ms. Sandra Parker and Ms. Janet Hayes at the USDA-ARS, SAA Food Science Research Unit located in Raleigh, NC for the administrative support and technical assistance, respectively. We also thank Nevermore Farm in Arbuckle, CA, USA for supplying yacon. This research was partially supported (10%) by the National Institutes of Health grant number P30 DK34987, and a Simmons award. A Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Spanish Government (MECD) fully funded Dr. E. Medina. ; Peer Reviewed

This document details the scope and the main elements of the Country Partnership Framework (CPF) with the Republic of Botswana for FY16-20. The previous Country Partnership Strategy (CPS), considered by the Board on May 21, 2009 and completed in 2013 has built a solid foundation to design the new World Bank Group (WBG) program. The CPF supports the government's ongoing National Development Plan (NDP10) that has recently been extended until 2017. It also reviews the new NDP11 now under preparation. The Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) was completed after Botswana's General Elections in October 2014. The SCD drew on all available research and benefited greatly from the series of stakeholder consultations conducted in the country between March and September, 2014. The report was well received by the national authorities and sent for information to the Board on March 31, 2015. The SCD identified the following priority development challenges: (a) despite rapidly declining poverty, low job creation keeps inequality extremely high; (b) with the weakening of traditional growth drivers, a new growth model is needed that is jobs-intensive, export-oriented, and private sector-driven; (c) despite broad and well-intentioned investment, inclusion barriers remain; (d) sustainability is threatened as resource vulnerability challenges long-term growth and inclusion.

Background The Swedish Act regarding Support and Service for Persons with Certain Functional Impairments (LSS), in effect since 1994, guarantees good living conditions for the users and covers a wide range of user groups with regard to age, disability and severity of needs. The aim of the study was to examine the content of the intervention, to get an understanding how of the core concept, "good living conditions" has been interpreted and to gain an insight on how users perceive quality of their personal assistance. Method A literature survey of perceived quality in personal assistance was undertaken. The review was based on qualitative studies conducted during the past 20 year's implementation of the act. Results The review emerge joint themes that perceives quality of personal assistance by the user. Overall outcomes shows that an efficient personal assistance is characterized by feeling independent in relation to the environment, trust of feeling safe and secure in relation to the assistant and performed assistance, and that actions through personal assistance as a whole provides well-being for both the user as well as for the family members. Prerequisites for the ability to exercise control by the user, in the management of personal assistance, are emerging as a key condition for the experience of quality. A dilemma for policy intervention is, however, how the principle of user control should be practiced when groups with weak user control require personal assistance. Conclusions The result shows that perceived quality of personal assistance are in line with general health care and social indictors, rather than performing the core concept of the independent living through the LSS legislation. There is a need to further investigate how perceived quality of personal assistance falls out for users with different degrees of user control.

Inadequate policy surveillance has undermined the effectiveness of multilateral climate agreements. To illustrate an alternative approach to transparency, I evaluate policy surveillance under the 2009 G-20 fossil fuel subsidies agreement. The Leaders of the Group of 20 nations tasked their energy and finance ministers to identify and phase-out fossil fuel subsidies. The G-20 leaders agreed to submit their subsidy reform strategies to peer review and to independent expert review conducted by international organizations. This process of developed and developing countries pledging to pursue the same policy objective, designing and publicizing implementation plans, and subjecting plans and performance to review by international organizations differs considerably from the historic approach under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. This paper draws lessons from the fossil fuel subsidies agreement for climate policy surveillance.