Suchergebnisse

Note continued: Premiums -- Contests and Sweepstakes -- Refunds and Rebates -- Bonus Packs -- Price-Off Deals -- Loyalty Programs -- Event Marketing -- Summary of Consumer-Oriented Promotions and Marketer Objectives -- Trade-Oriented Sales Promotion -- Objectives of Trade-Oriented Sales Promotion -- Types of Trade-Oriented Promotions -- Coordinating Sales Promotion with Advertising and Other IMC Tools -- Budget Allocation -- Coordination of Ad and Promotion Themes -- Media Support and Timing -- Sales Promotion Abuse -- 17.Public Relations, Publicity, And Corporate Advertising -- Public Relations -- The Traditional Definition of PR -- The New Role of PR -- Integrating PR into the Promotional Mix -- Marketing Public Relations Functions -- The Process of Public Relations -- Determining and Evaluating Public Attitudes -- Establishing a PR Plan -- Developing and Executing the PR Program -- Advantages and Disadvantages of PR -- Measuring the Effectiveness of PR -- Publicity -- The Power of Publicity -- The Control and Dissemination of Publicity -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Publicity -- Measuring the Effectiveness of Publicity -- Corporate Advertising -- Objectives of Corporate Advertising -- Types of Corporate Advertising -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Corporate Advertising -- Measuring the Effectiveness of Corporate Advertising -- pt. Six Monitoring, Evaluation, and Control -- 18.Measuring the Effectiveness of the Promotional Program -- Arguments For and Against Measuring Effectiveness -- Reasons to Measure Effectiveness -- Reasons Not to Measure Effectiveness -- Conducting Research to Measure Advertising Effectiveness -- What to Test -- When to Test -- Where to Test -- How to Test -- The Testing Process -- Concept Generation and Testing -- Rough Art, Copy, and Commercial Testing -- Pretesting of Finished Ads -- Market Testing of Ads -- Establishing a Program for Measuring Advertising Effects -- Problems with Current Research Methods -- Essentials of Effective Testing -- Measuring the Effectiveness of Other Program Elements -- Measuring the Effectiveness of Sales Promotions -- Measuring the Effectiveness of Nontraditional Media -- Measuring the Effectiveness of Sponsorships -- Measuring the Effectiveness of Other IMC Program Elements -- pt. Seven Special Topics and Perspectives -- 19.International Advertising and Promotion -- The Importance of International Markets -- The Role of International Advertising and Promotion -- The International Environment -- The Economic Environment -- The Demographic Environment -- The Cultural Environment -- The Political/Legal Environment -- Global versus Localized Advertising -- Advantages of Global Marketing and Advertising -- Problems with Global Advertising -- When Is Globalization Appropriate? -- Global Products, Local Messages -- Decision Areas in International Advertising -- Organizing for International Advertising -- Agency Selection -- Advertising Research -- Creative Decisions -- Media Selection -- The Roles of Other Promotional Mix Elements in International Marketing -- Sales Promotion -- Public Relations -- Digital Media -- 20.Regulation of Advertising and Promotion -- Self-Regulation -- Self-Regulation by Advertisers and Agencies -- Self-Regulation by Trade Associations -- Self-Regulation by Businesses -- The National Advertising Review Council and the NAD/NARB -- Self-Regulation by Media -- Appraising Self-Regulation -- Federal Regulation of Advertising -- Advertising and the First Amendment -- Background on Federal Regulation of Advertising -- The Federal Trade Commission -- The Concept of Unfairness -- Deceptive Advertising -- The FTC's Handling of Deceptive Advertising Cases -- Developments in Federal Regulation by the FTC -- Additional Federal Regulatory Agencies -- The Lanham Act -- State Regulation -- Regulation of Other Promotional Areas -- Sales Promotion -- Marketing on the Internet -- 21.Evaluating the Social, Ethical, And Economic Aspects of Advertising and Promotion -- Advertising and Promotion Ethics -- Social and Ethical Criticisms of Advertising -- Advertising as Untruthful or Deceptive -- Advertising as Offensive or in Bad Taste -- Advertising and Children -- Social and Cultural Consequences -- Summarizing Social Effects -- Economic Effects of Advertising -- Effects on Consumer Choice -- Effects on Competition -- Effects on Product Costs and Prices -- Summarizing Economic Effects -- 22.Personal Selling (Online)

Freedom and Law offers a provocative new view of the relationship between human desire, the production of knowledge, and conceptions of power by developing a nonpolemical account of divine law. Where recent trends in political theology have insisted upon the antagonistic nature of the law, this book presents the paradigm-altering power of a discourse in the nexus between law and freedom. It demonstrates how this nexus catapults religious thought into a free and powerful engagement with nonreligious political, ethical, and social positions.Freedom and Law challenges a contemporary wave of scholarship, including the work of Jacob Taubes, Giorgio Agamben, and Slavoj Zizek, that identifies Jewish law as the originary soucre of polemic between nations and therefore as historically responsible for the exceptionalism that undergirds contemporary conflict. By contrast, Freedom and Law argues that only in an account of revelatory law can divine freedom and human freedom be thought of without contradiction.The first part analyzes the logic of exceptionalism. In the second part, the author argues that one cannot invoke a doctrine of election without rigorous scrutiny of texts that portray an electing God and an elected people. Once we scrutinize these texts, the character of freedom and law within the divine-human relationship shows itself to be different from that found in exceptionalist logics.The third and final part examines the impact of the logic of the law on Jewish-Christian apologetics. Rather than require that one defend one's position to a nonbeliever, this logic situates all epistemological justification within the order or freedom of God. If the condition of the possibility of my claim is the reality of divine freedom, such freedom also justifies the possibility of another's claim.In a significant contribution to the post-ecclesiastical reengagement between religion, critical theory, and the political, Freedom and Law introduces new categories of knowledge and action into Jewish and Christian thinking, unbound by the dialectics of desire that has dominated the discourse of both traditions for centuries. It shows how thinking of law and freedom together may now enable Judaism and Christianity to engage in a historically self-conscious and nonrelativistic relation to each other and to nonbelievers

To what extent is Marx's thought conceptually and analytically relevant for a systematic understanding of modern society -- this was the subject of the theoretical dialogue which engaged many researchers, including some of the most prominent ones. This text focuses on the theoretical critical confrontation of Dag Strpic (in the article "Market or Commodity Formation/Production of Society?", which is the third, partly reworked chapter of his book Karl Marx and the Political Economy of Modernity) with the philosophical project of reconstruction of Marx's science of history in Jacques Bidet's work What is To Be Done with "Capital"?. The discussion focused on two basic issues: the logical starting point and the character of exposition of Marx's theory of capital. Bidet advocates the thesis that commodity as Marx's starting point (Section I of Book I) is inadequate, and he demonstrates the non-dialectical ("genetic") character of the categorial exposition of the capitalist-way-of-production theory as a whole. In contrast therewith, Strpic demonstrates that the logical starting point of Marx's system is adequately apprehended as "commodity in general", if one perceives it from the viewpoint of the logic of the entire system and of the subject of his analysis as "capital in general". Bidet seeks to show that Marx, in defining the capital system logic, gradually abandoned, albeit inconsistently and only in part, the dialectical figures as epistemological obstacles. Strpic, on the other hand, shows what makes the Marxian modality of materialistic dialectics constitutive not only with regard to Marx's "critique", but also to the very reality of capitalist society and the possibility of surpassing it. Notwithstanding his agreement with Bidet and Strpic that a (truly indispensable) general theory of modernity can be constituted only through creative and interpretative relying on the great works of political thought of modernity, and his sincere commendation to both for their outstanding reading of Marx's work in this context, the author concludes in his final remarks that both are open to the following objection: their projects of a contemporary general theory of modernity, regardless of all aspects in which they differ, rely too much on further development of Marx's intention, and thereby lose from sight the fundamental "theological-political" problem, which Marx dissolves in the immanentism of the process of production/reproduction of the modern civil community. Adapted from the source document.

The author regards his book Karl Marx and the Political Economy of Modernity, as a summarized polemical autobiography. For him, above all, Marx is an extremely successful key for a new understanding of the classical political and political-economic theory and for its applicability in future analysis and projections of ways out from the actual world crisis. Even though in his book he documented and elaborated ways of completing Marx's critique of political economy in accordance with Marx's plan from Das Kapital, and demonstrated also the possibility of founding a critical political theory on the basis of the critique of political economy. For Dag Strpic, a critical political theory, contradictory to Marx's planning, would be required already in building a concretized theory of markets and prices in the "competition of a multitude of capitals" on the "surface of civil society" -- based on Marx's methodology. Somewhat aside from that, in this article Strpic is focused on an extended clarification of the Modern Normal's meaning. The Modern Normal (MN) in his book was constructed in an analysis based on a combination of classical modern and contemporary political and political-economic theory. But also on analytical use of results of all social sciences and humanities in principle, and science as a whole -- especially by necessity of problem-solving public policy. With a fundamental and implementational focus on an integral political science. In this, Strpic holds on to the basic scheme of the Modern Normal, Fl, from his book. Strpic's Modern Normal in this basic form is designed as a cross-section view of a corridor of cyclical movements of changing orders and fluctuating processes in mutually structurized elements of modern nation-states and their world-system. Those orders and elements developed various foundations on classical modern political and political-economic principles. With various centers of gravity or normals and different formating dominants in a structure of sequential political/political-economic counterpoints of development in series of historically different variants of the Modern Normal. Strpic observes the conjunctures and crises of development of those processes and orders, and also the actual worldwide economic, political, social and cultural crisis, through cycles of the Modern Normal as a whole. This is most evident in semi-centennial and (multi)centennial cycles, and most striking in great crises and pics of conjunctures. Adapted from the source document.

An introduction to McDonaldization / George Ritzer -- Precursors: bureaucracy and Max Weber's theory of rationality, irrationality, and the iron cage / George Ritzer -- Islands of the living dead: the social geography of McDonaldization / George Ritzer -- On mass distribution: a case study of chain stores in the restaurant industry / Joel I. Nelson -- A sociology of rib joints / P.D. Holley, D.E. Wright, Jr. -- McDonald's as a Disneyized institution / Alan Bryman -- Urgent dreams: climbing, rationalization, and ambivalence / Ian Heywood -- A conversation with Eric Schlosser, author of Fast food nation -- McDonaldization: the major criticism / Bryan S. Turner -- McDonaldization of America's police, courts, and corrections / Matthew B. Robinson -- McDonaldization of the sex industries? The business of sex / Kathryn Hausbeck, Barbara G. Brents -- McDonaldizing men's bodies? Slimming, associated (ir)rationalities and resistances / Lee F. Monaghan -- McDonaldization and the family / Sara Raley -- McSchools for McWorld? Mediating global pressures with a McDonaldizing education policy response / Gary Wilkinson -- The de-McDonaldization of the internet / Nathan Jurgenson -- Multinational retailers in China: proliferating 'McJobs' or developing skills? / Jos Gamble -- Supersizing farms: the McDonaldization of agriculture / Andrew J. Knight -- From burgers to biodiversity: the McDonaldization of on-farm nature conservation in the UK / Carol Morris, Matt Reed -- From creeds to burgers: religious control, spiritual search, and the future of the world / John Drane -- McCitizens: risk, coolness, and irony in contemporary politics / Bryan S. Turner -- Cathedrals of consumption: rationalization, enchantment, and disenchantment / George Ritzer -- The McDonaldization thesis and cruise tourism / Adam Weaver -- A case of McDonald's restaurant: the built environment and the perpetuation of the phenomenon of globalisation / Kristine Peta Jerome -- Credit cards, fast-food restaurants, and rationalization / George Ritzer -- Jihad vs. McWorld / Benjamin R. Barber -- September 11, 2001: mass murder and its roots in the symbolism of American consumer culture / George Ritzer -- The McLibel trial story / McSpotlight -- Jos(c)♭ Bov(c)♭ vs. McDonald's: the making of a national hero in the French anti-globalization movement / Wayne Northcutt -- The emergence of Slow Food: social entrepreneurship, local foods, and the Piedmont gastronomy cluster / Hielke S. Van Der Meulen -- Globalization and culture: three paradigms / Jan Nederveen Pieterse -- McDonaldization and the global culture of consumption / Malcolm Waters -- Transnationalism, localization, and fast foods in East Asia / James L. Watson -- The McDonald's mosaic: globalization and diversity / Bryan S. Turner -- Domesticating the French fry: McDonald's and consumerism in Moscow / Melissa L. Caldwell -- Glocommodification: how the global consumes the local: McDonald's in Israel / Uri Ram -- Globalization and McDonaldization: does it all amount to ... nothing? / George Ritzer -- Globaloney / Michael Veseth -- eBayization / Elif Izberk-Bilgin, Aaron Ahuvia

This article includes some ideas on the crisis that took place in Osh, Kyrgyzstan in June 2010. Apart from a brief summary of the events, it describes viewpoints of the main 'actors' including the international organizations; it also seeks an answer to the question on what the reasons leading up to these tragic events were. Regarding possible sources of conflicts, including the factor of ethnic minorities, the question arises whether the various international mechanisms created for handling regional conflicts function properly, in a conducive way, and whether they can warn the international community of an evolving crisis and prevent conflicts. According to the facts, in the concrete case of the Osh crisis, the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities succeeded in fulfilling his task in the area of early warning; however, no concrete actions were taken by the above-mentioned 'actors' in regional and international politics to prevent the conflict. This paper has no intention of dwelling on this issue as it was very adequately addressed by an earlier article written by Sabine Machl. The ethnic conflicts of 1990 and 2010 in Central Asia demonstrate the vulnerability of the region, which also faces some additional challenges in the field of security. This article does not intend to examine all the aspects of the Kyrgyz crisis. However, as some experts at the time of the Osh events explicitly mentioned, the possibility of the infiltration of militants from Afghanistan and their involvement in the clashes and as Afghanistan itself is a country, where about half of the population belong to various ethnic 'minority' groups (Tajiks, Uzbeks, Hazaras, Turkmens, etc.), one cannot ignore the danger of the implication of the conflict going on in Afghanistan for its vicinity, including Central Asia. The awareness of this challenge was reflected in various ideas and suggestions (to address the Afghan crisis) emanating from these countries. The most comprehensive of these -- according to the views of the author of this article -- is the so called '6+3' initiative developed by Uzbekistan. One of the 'messages' of this article should be that, at the present, stronger and more consistent as well as concerted efforts are needed to deal with evolving conflicts and crises in the broader region of Central and West Asia, where these potential conflicts may develop not only by themselves, in separate countries or 'subregions', but they could include the danger of a 'spillover' which may also effect other countries. Adapted from the source document.

""This book is a must-read for anyone concerned with voter fraud in twenty-first-century America. Lorraine C. Minnite defines voter fraud so as to allow the careful, systematic investigation of the subject she reports in this volume. I highly recommend it."---Chandler Davidson, editor, Minority Vote Dilution" ""This is the first systematic---and convincing---answer to the decade-long campaign by Republican ideologues, the Wall Street Journal, and, for a time, the U.S. Department of Justice to create what Lorraine C. Minnite rightly calls t̀he myth of voter fraud.' This myth feeds the ongoing partisan efforts in states throughout the country to adopt v̀oter identification' laws, which have the effect of disproportionately disenfranchising minorities and the aged. Minnite's gracefully written book, brimming with fascinating stories and trenchant analysis, provides a clear-eyed, factual background for this major public policy debate. If you want to go beyond slogans and fantasies on voter fraud, this is the place to start."---J. Morgan Kausser. author of Colorblind Injustice: Minority Voting Rights and the Undoing of the Second Reconstruction" "Allegations that Widespread Voter Fraud is threatening to the integrity of American elections and American democracy itself have intensified since the disputed 2000 presidential election. The claim that elections are being stolen by illegal immigrants and unscrupulous voter registration activists and vote buyers has been used to persuade the public that voter malfeasance is of greater concern than structural inequities in the ways votes are gathered and tallied, justifying ever tighter restrictions on access to the polls. Yet, that claim is a myth." "In The Myth of Voter Fraud, Lorraine C. Minnite presents the results of her meticulous search for evidence of voter fraud. She concludes that while voting irregularities produced by the fragmented and complex nature of the electoral process in the United States are common, incidents of deliberate voter fraud are actually quite rare. Based on painstaking research aggregating and sifting through data from a variety of sources, including public records requests to all fifty state governments and the U.S. Department of Justice, Minnite contends that voter fraud is in reality a politically constructed myth intended to further complicate the voting process and reduce voter turnout. She refutes several high-profile charges of alleged voter fraud, such as the assertion that eight of the 9/11 hijackers were registered to vote, and makes the question of voter fraud more precise by distinguishing fraud from the manifold ways in which electoral democracy can be distorted. Effectively disentangling misunderstandings and deliberate distortions from reality, The Myth of Voter Fraud provides rigorous empirical evidence for those fighting to make the electoral process more efficient, more equitable, and more democratic."--BOOK JACKET

"The question at hand seems relatively simple and straightforward: whether and to what extent the protection and promotion of human rights is necessary for efforts to address conflict and build peace. The issue has been much debated over time. The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights forcefully associated the protection of human rights with the prevention of violent conflict, stating that 'it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law' (UN 1948, preamble). Yet in 1996, an anonymous author in Human Rights Quarterly accused the international human rights movement of prolonging the war in Bosnia Herzegovina. There, human rights activists had rejected pragmatic deals that could have ended the violence and, from hindsight, were no worse than the eventual agreement in rewarding ethnic cleansing and aggression. In that author's view, it made 'today's living the dead of tomorrow' by pursuing a perfectly just and moral peace that would bring 'justice for yesterday's victims of atrocities' (Anonymous 1996, 259). Since then, the idea that the normative nature of human rights standards may complicate the practical demands of peacemaking has been a recurrent theme in discussions on the relationship between human rights and efforts to address violent conflict. This is especially the case when the latter is conceived of in terms of conflict settlement or resolution. Questions of definitions and objectives are thus key. Also relevant are the time frame, context and level of intervention one focuses on, though few authors on the subject make this explicit. In addition, narrow perceptions and generalizations abound in this debate as people working on human rights, peace and conflict have been grouped into categories of 'human rights activists' and 'conflict resolvers' as if these were homogenous and coherent clusters of actors. In this chapter, the authoress argues that considering human rights and conflict transformation in conjunction deepens one's analysis of what is involved in moving from violence to sustainable peace. It is informed by the idea that the two fill 'gaps' in one another, in that each contributes to a better understanding of the other by highlighting elements that are relatively under-explored in the theory and practice of each separate field. For conflict transformation, which will be the main focus here, the perspective of human rights forces a greater emphasis on structural conditions, especially the role of the state, systems of governance and issues of power in generating, escalating and transforming violent conflict. Considering human rights in relation to conflict transformation, moreover, highlights the need to employ a holistic, multidimensional understanding of human rights that does not reduce them to their legal foundations. This chapter suggests that conflict transformation, because of its explicit grounding in social justice, and hence inherently normative foundation, may provide a more nuanced and fruitful conceptual space for thinking about human rights, conflict and peace than conflict resolution and conflict management. Placing constructive social change at its core, conflict transformation acknowledges the need for addressing power imbalances and recognizes a role for advocacy and the importance of voices that challenge the status quo. Its concern with direct, structural and cultural violence is thus also highly relevant from a rights perspective. In order to place these ideas in context, the chapter will briefly comment on literature that has been published on human rights and approaches for addressing conflict and building peace (section 2). Section 3 proposes a framework for understanding the relationship between human rights and conflict transformation, using the metaphor of an iceberg, with its graphic image of things visible connected to matters unseen. It also introduces four dimensions of human rights that need to be taken into account in processes to build a just and sustainable peace. Section 4 discusses some of the practical implications of adopting a human rights perspective on conflict transformation. Nepal, South Africa, and other countries where the authoress has worked over the past 15 years, are used as illustrative examples throughout sections 3 and 4. Finally, section 5 concludes and points to some areas for further research." (excerpt)