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Main description: From the Outside In examines the profound impact of World War II on American government. The book argues that the wartime and immediate postwar experiences of the 1940s transformed and redirected the policies and government institutions of the New Deal. In a work that makes significant contributions to the study of U.S. politics and history, Bartholomew Sparrow proposes a new model of the state and of "state-building." The author applies this model, which derives from the resource dependence perspective, to the historical record of four areas of public policy: social security, labor-management relations, public finance, and military procurement.This book is the first to use recently available archival materials documenting the consequences of World War II for the programs and political agendas of the welfare state. It is also the first to apply the resource dependency perspective to the U.S. federal government as a complex organization. The book will lead readers to reevaluate the impact of international factors on American political development, to reappraise the role of the New Deal in shaping the postwar federal government, and to reconsider the application of organizational theory to American government.From the Outside In will be of particular interest to political scientists, political sociologists, and historians. It will appeal to anyone with an interest in the comprehensive effects of the Second World War on domestic policies and U.S. government itself.Originally published in 1996.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

'Japan as - anything but - Number One should be everybody's number two book to read about Japan. After almost any introduction that lays out the claims made for Japan's truly unusual economy and society, the next step forward should be to read an informed critical text, to set a contrast in the mind. No book achieves this more concisely, more acurately and more succinctly than Japan as - anything but - Number One .' - James Y. Bourlet, Professor of Japanese Management, London Guildhall University Is Japan No 1? Well, maybe it is if you only consider those sectors where it has been particularly successful. But not if you add many others where its performance was mediocre or worse. Is Japan No 1? Well, maybe it is if you ask the foreign 'friends' who have made a career (and sometimes a fortune) as apologists of Japanese causes. But, if you ask the Japanese themselves, you will find that they are anything but satisfied. Is Japan No 1? Well, maybe it is if you are taken in by the tatemae, i.e. the official version or how its admirers like to picture it. But it does not look so great once you perceive the honne, i.e. the realities of life in Japan. Is Japan No 1? Well, maybe it is if you take what is best in Japan and contrast it to what is less good in foreign countries. But it does not compare so well if you mix the good with the bad in both places. No, the author does not think that Japan is a horrible place or that its leaders have made a complete mess of things. But, if you look closely, it is certainly not the extraordinary success it is frequently claimed to be. It is closer to the mean, with many serious problems that will only get worse if people foolishly assume it is No 1.

Die heutigen Märkte unterliegen einer bisher noch nicht gekannten Dynamik, durch die sie immer komplexer und internationaler werden. Für die beteiligten Unternehmen folgt daraus, daß sie zunehmend reaktionsfähiger werden müssen, was u.a. Konsequenzen für ihre Organisationsformen bedeutet. Der Blick in die Zeitungen läßt zunehmend eine Tendenz dahingehend erkennen, daß die zentralistisch orientierten Strukturen zugunsten kleinerer Einheiten aufgeteilt werden, um sich so schneller dem Wandel der Märkte anpassen zu können. Für die Region Hannover können hierfür zwei Beispiele genannt werden: - die Preussen Elektra beabsichtigt unter dem Dach einer Holding fünf selbständige Gesellschaften zu gründen, die die bisherigen Aufgaben der Veba-Tochter übernehmen sollen. - bei Bahlsen sollen Teile der Verwaltung auf kompetente Dienstleister verlagert werden. Im Zusammenhang mit solchen Umstrukturierungen von Unternehmen wird immer wieder von 'Just-in-Time', 'Lean Production' oder 'Outsourcing' gesprochen. Es ist zu beobachten, daß bei der Ermittlung derjenigen Bereiche eines Unternehmens, deren Aufgaben von Dritten ausgeführt werden sollen, betriebswirtschaftliche Zielsetzungen im Mittelpunkt der Betrachtungen stehen. Dabei erfolgt eine grundsätzliche Unterscheidung in auslagerungsfähige und nicht-auslagerungsfähige Aufgabenbereiche. Anhand dieser Unterscheidung soll gezeigt werden, wann es sich für ein Unternehmen lohnt, Aktivitäten abzugeben und bei Bedarf von externen Anbietern zu beziehen. Die Bestimmung dieser Bereiche kann beispielsweise anhand von Transaktionskosten oder anderen Kennzahlen erfolgen. Diese Überlegungen werden inzwischen nicht nur auf die Bereiche der Produktion im Sinne einer Verringerung der Fertigungstiefe bezogen, sondern auch in der Dienstleistungsbranche ist Outsourcing schon seit langer Zeit ein Thema. In diesem Zusammenhang muß jedoch darauf hingewiesen werden, daß neben den betriebswirtschaftlichen Zielgrößen, die durch eine Outsourcing-Maßnahme erreicht werden sollen, auch zu beachten ist, daß Unternehmensveränderungen eng mit Fragen des Arbeitnehmerschutzes verbunden sind. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt daher auf, welche Fragen im Bereich des Arbeitsrechts bei der Durchführung von Outsourcing-Maßnahmen von Bedeutung sein können, wobei hier eine besondere Berücksichtigung des am 1.1.1995 in Kraft getretenen Umwandlungsgesetzes erfolgt. Im Rahmen des zweiten Kapitels werden dafür wesentliche Begriffe der vorliegenden Problemstellung näher betrachtet. Darüber hinaus erfolgt eine kurze Darstellung des klassischen Betriebsübergangs nach § 613 a BGB. Den Hauptteil der Arbeit bildet das dritte Kapitel, da dort die unterschiedlichen arbeitsrechtlichen Fragestellungen beim Outsourcing behandelt werden. Hierbei wird das Kapitel dreigeteilt, in dem zunächst auf individualarbeitsrechtliche Fragen eingegangen wird, bevor im zweiten Bereich eine Untersuchung auf der betriebsverfassungsrechtlichen Ebene erfolgt. Im letzten Abschnitt des dritten Kapitels werden schließlich die Folgen von Outsourcing-Maßnahmen für den Bereich der Unternehmensmitbestimmung aufgezeigt. Inhaltsverzeichnis:Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1.Einleitung7 2.Grundlagen8 2.1.Allgemeine Aussagen zum Outsourcing8 2.1.1.Definition und Gründe des Outsourcing8 2.1.2.Mögliche Erscheinungsformen des Outsourcing10 2.2.Grundlagen zum Umwandlungsgesetz11 2.2.1.Entstehungsgeschichte und Ziele des Umwandlungsgesetzes11 2.2.2.Aufbau des Umwandlungsgesetzes13 2.2.3.Umwandlungsarten im Sinne des Gesetzes13 2.3.Rechtsfolgen des 'klassischen' Betriebsübergangs durch Einzelrechtsnachfolge gem. § 613 a BGB15 2.3.1.Ziel und Voraussetzungen der Rechtsnorm16 2.3.2.Die Rechtsprechungen des EuGH und BAG zum Betriebsübergang im Vergleich17 2.3.3.Rechtsfolgen eines Betriebsübergangs nach § 613 a BGB19 3.Arbeitsrechtliche Probleme bei Unternehmensveränderungen nach dem Umwandlungsgesetz20 3.1.Fragen auf der Ebene des Individualarbeitsrechts20 3.1.1.Übergang der Arbeitsverhältnisse20 3.1.1.1Anwendbarkeit von § 613 a Abs. 1 und 4 BGB21 3.1.1.2Abhängigkeit des Übergangs vom Willen der Arbeitnehmer23 3.1.1.3Zuordnung von Arbeitnehmern im Interessenausgleich nach § 323 Abs. 2 UmwG26 3.1.2.Inhaltsschutz der betroffenen Arbeitsverhältnisse27 3.1.2.1Weitergeltung einzelvertraglich geregelter Rechte undPflichten28 3.1.2.2Weitergeltung der Rechte und Pflichten aus bestehenden Betriebsvereinbarungen29 3.1.2.3Weitergeltung der Rechte und Pflichten aus bestehenden Tarifverträgen32 3.1.3.Haftungsschutz der betroffenen Arbeitsverhältnisse35 3.1.3.1Haftungsschutz bei Verschmelzungen nach §§ 22, 45 UmwG35 3.1.3.2Haftungsschutz bei Spaltungen nach §§ 133, 134 UmwG37 3.1.3.3Haftungsschutz bei Formwechsel41 3.1.4.Bestandsschutz der betroffenen Arbeitsverhältnisse41 3.1.4.1Kündigungsverbot aufgrund einer Umwandlung nach § 613 a Abs. 4 BGB41 3.1.4.2Erhalt der kündigungsrechtlichen Stellung nach § 323 Abs. 1 UmwG43 3.1.4.3Gemeinsame Führung eines Betriebs nach § 322 Abs. 2 UmwG45 3.2.Fragen auf der Ebene der Betriebsverfassung48 3.2.1.Unterrichtung und Beteiligung des Betriebsrats48 3.2.1.1Unterrichtungspflichten nach dem Umwandlungsgesetz48 3.2.1.2Weitere Unterrichtungs- und Beteiligungspflichten nach dem Betriebsverfassungsgesetz53 3.2.1.3Unterrichtung des Betriebsrats bei Vorliegen einer Betriebsänderung nach § 111 BetrVG57 3.2.1.4Durchführung eines Interessenausgleichsverfahrens60 3.2.1.5Vereinbarung eines Sozialplans63 3.2.2.Übergangsmandat des Betriebsrats nach § 321 UmwG65 3.2.2.1Allgemeines zum Übergangsmandat66 3.2.2.2Sachlicher Anwendungsbereich der Regelung zum Übergangsmandat66 3.2.2.3Träger, Kompetenzen und Befristung des Übergangsmandates70 3.2.2.4Abgrenzung zum Restmandat71 3.2.3.Vermutung eines gemeinsamen Betriebs nach § 322 Abs. 1 UmwG72 3.2.3.1Bedeutung der Rechtsnorm und deren Zusammenhang mit der Rechtsprechung des BAG zum gemeinsamen Betrieb72 3.2.3.2Voraussetzungen der Vermutung eines gemeinsamen Betriebs73 3.2.3.3Folgen der Vermutung eines gemeinsamen Betriebs74 3.2.4.Vereinbarung der Fortgeltung von Rechten und Beteiligungsrechten des Betriebsrats nach § 325 Abs. 2 UmwG76 3.2.4.1Allgemeines zur Rechtsnorm76 3.2.4.2Voraussetzungen für die Fortgeltung von Rechten und Beteiligungsrechten des Betriebsrats für die Vereinbarung77 3.2.4.3Möglicher Inhalt einer Vereinbarung zur Fortgeltung78 3.2.4.4Formen der Vereinbarung zur Fortgeltung der Rechte und Beteiligungsrechte des Betriebsrats79 3.3.Fragen auf der Ebene der Unternehmensmitbestimmung81 3.3.1.Grundlagen zur Unternehmensmitbestimmung81 3.3.2.Beibehaltung der Unternehmensmitbestimmung nach § 325 Abs. 1 UmwG82 3.3.2.1Vorgeschichte und Inhalt der Rechtsnorm83 3.3.2.2Anwendungsbereich nach § 325 Abs. 1 S. 1 UmwG 84 3.3.2.3Ausschluß der Beibehaltung nach § 325 Abs. 1 S. 2 UmwG87 3.3.3.Fortgeltung der Amtsdauer bei Formwechsel nach § 203 UmwG87 4.Fazit und Ausblick89

As electric restructuring spreads rapidly across countries and states, leading industry experts are increasingly concerned that in many instances policy makers are pushing their proposals into practice more quickly than policy analysts can provide answers to difficult questions of market design. In this process, different structures for organizing this industry are evolving without a firm basic understanding of their implications for long-term market performance. There is a risk that, in the process, we may be inadvertently locked into an inferior market design that will be costly to change. Designing Competitive Electricity Markets develops some guiding principles to be used when evaluating alternative proposals for reorganizing the US electric power industry. Preliminary versions of the papers in this book were presented at a Workshop convened by the Electric Power Research Institute and held at Stanford University in March 1997. The authors are prominent economists, operation researchers, and engineers who have been instrumental in the development of the conceptual framework for electric power restructuring both in the United States and in other countries. Rather than espousing a particular market design for the industry's future, each author focuses on an important issue or set of issues and tries to frame the questions for designing electricity markets using an international perspective. The book focuses on the economic and technical questions important in understanding the industry's long-term development rather than providing immediate answers for the current political debates on industry competition. Extensive issues are covered, including: the role of the system operator; the problems of ensuring longer-term investment in expanding the transmission system, and in industry research and development; the problems in pricing that are created by arbitrarily segmenting related markets; the relationship between efficiency in the near and long term; ownership rights and incentives; and designing experiments to better understand the operation of different auction mechanisms. The intended audience for this volume includes policy-makers, policy-oriented academics, and corporate leaders with an interest in designing workable and more efficient electricity markets. The arguments in each chapter are based upon sound economic principles but do not require expertise in mathematical modeling or technical economic analysis

The Knowledge Evolution offers a unique and powerful road map for understanding knowledge creation, learning, and performance in everyday work. This book reframes current thinking by delving into the hidden world of knowledge supporting both individual and organizational performance, laying the foundation for the emerging art of knowledge management. Packed with best practices from leading edge companies, essential guidelines, design principles, analogies, and conceptual frameworks, it serves as a practical guidebook for mastering the Knowledge Era. It will help managers make more intelligent decisions about knowledge creation, reduce wasteful technology investments and lead to new ease and confidence in applying knowledge and learning principles for themselves and for their organizations. Verna Allee delves into current thinking and practice to unravel the genetic code of knowledge itself. This revolutionary approach has surfaced a simple and elegant knowledge archetype. She demonstrates how this archetype can help us deal with complexity and suggests ways of self-organizing that make profound sense in today's networked enterprises. From strategies for core knowledge competencies to the key components of individual expertise, The Knowledge Evolution zeroes in on the critical success factors for the knowledge-based enterprise. What emerges is an approach to knowledge management that is simple enough to communicate at every level of the organization, yet rich enough to encompass all the complexity of modern enterprises. Verna Allee is the founder of Integral Performance Group, a consulting practice in California that specializes in the learning organization, knowledge competencies, organizational systems change, systems thinking, total quality and learning, benchmarking support, best practices research, and strategic development. She holds a degree in the Study of Human Consciousness and her work is informed by a deep interest in intelligence, human development, cognition, intuition and consciousness. She is the author of Learning Links: Enhancing Individual and Team Performance, Pfeiffer and Co-Jossey Bass, 1996. Explains the best practices from leading edge companies. Contains a learning guide for TQM tools. Gives navigational aids for the Knowledge Era

`Miwa is one of the leading young Japanese scholars debunking the myths - all too common in the west but eagerly promoted in Japan also - about the distinctive Japanese way. He soberly examines the roles of government and banks, firms and networks, workers and managers. The result is a fine analysis of how where and why the Japanese economic system fundamentally resembles that in the west, with a clear explanation of the few areas where it significantly differs.' - Leslie Hannah, London School of Economics and Political Science `Professor Miwa has earned quite a name for himself in Japan for his brilliant but biting iconoclastic views. Now, Western readers will learn what the fuss has been about. Self-styled authorities on the Japanese economy will squirm, for Miwa takes no prisoners; his logic is relentless, merciless and - inevitably - right.' - J. Mark Ramseyer, the University of Chicago Law School `This is a monumental work, demystifying the Japanese economy and contesting the conventional view that `Japan is different'. In doing so, Professor Miwa paves the way for a new era of comparative study.' - Kazuo Koike, Hosei University, Tokyo `Professor Miwa, no longer an enfant terrible, has established himself as one of the most far-reaching researchers of the contemporary Japanese industrial organisation. His argument is always pointed, provocative, outrageous, but illuminating and productive.' - Yutaka Kosai, Japan Center for Economic Research, Tokyo We love Japan, but many of us for wrong reasons. Studies of Japan's economy are full of misconceptions, described by such keywords as dual structure, keiretsu, corporate groups, main banks, subcontract, and industrial policy. Without using these keywords, the author demonstrates that Japan has for a long time been a world of exchange by agreement rather than by coercion, and that the standard principles of economics explain the dominant patterns of the Japanese economic phenomena. Providing detailed information on firms and industrial organization in Japan, this volume is a doorway both to proper understanding of Japan's economy and the study of actual firms and the market in general.

This book offers a comprehensive critical study of popular cultural representations of prisoners from 1950 to the present. Rather than attempting to explain the causes of crime or the actual conditions of prisons, or providing prescriptions for criminal justice policies, the author describes how prisoners and punishment have been represented in popular discourse, most notably along the lines of race and gender. The readings from the period 1950-59 represent the male prisoner as humorous, patriotic, Caucasian, and hapless. Both male and female prisoners are represented as having altruistic motives and as desiring a reunion with the culture previously shunned. During the period 1960-68, the failure of rehabilitation programs and a renewal of prison riots are cited as evidence for often competing depictions of the male prisoner. Representation of the altruistic Caucasian continues, but a different sort of prisoner also emerges, one who becomes "African-Americanized," while seen as increasingly violent. Another split in the dominant representations of the male prisoner emerges during the period 1969-75. In the readings, although the white male prisoner remains forever open for rehabilitation and reunion, the other male prisoner divides into complex characterizations - both violent and both depicted as African-American. Weighted by the depictions of the past and plagued by economic and political events that increase the number of prisoners, the period 1975 to the present is depicted as a complex time when the public has adopted the concept of "just deserts" for prisoners and when the "willing" prisoner has emerged. The "cultural prison" refers to the way in which this study acts as an investigation of "the discipline of discipline"; it is a study of the way in which discipline is shaped and formed in public discourse. The volume concludes with a fascinating account of the move to electronic means of surveillance, and coupled with the representations of the prisoner along the lines of race and gender, its explains what these new techniques mean to contemporary culture

"This volume, the fourth in the ZUMA-Nachrichten Spezial series on methodological issues in empirical social science research, takes up issues of nonresponse. Nonresponse, that is, the failure to obtain measurements from all targeted members of a survey sample, is a problem which confronts many survey organizations in different parts of the world. The papers in this volume discuss nonresponse from different perspectives: they describe efforts undertaken for individual surveys and procedures employed in different countries to deal with nonresponse, analyses of the role of interviewers, the use of advance letters, incentives, etc. to reduce nonresponse rates, analyses of the correlates and consequences of nonresponse, and descriptions of post-survey statistical adjustments to compensate for nonresponse. All the contributions are based on presentations made at the '8th International Workshop on Household Survey Nonresponse'." (author's abstract). Contents: Larry Swain, David Dolson: Current issues in household survey nonresponse at Statistics Canada (1-22); Preston Jay Waite, Vicki J. Huggins, Stephen P. Mack: Assessment of efforts to reduce nonresponse bias: 1996 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) (23-44); Clyde Tucker, Brian A. Harris-Kojetin: The impact of nonresponse on the unemployment rate in the Current Population Survey (CPS) (45-54); Claudio Ceccarelli, Giuliana Coccia, Fabio Crescenzi: An evaluation of unit nonresponse bias in the Italian households budget survey (55-64); Eva Havasi and Adam Marton: Nonresponse in the 1996 income survey (supplement to the microcensus) (65-74); Metka Zaletel, Vasja Vehovar: The stability of nonresponse rates according to socio-demographie categories (75-84); John King: Understanding household survey nonresponse through geo-demographic coding schemes (85-96); Hakan L. Lindström: Response distributions when TDE is introduced (97-112); Vesa Kuusela: A survey on telephone coverage in Finland (113-120); Malka Kantorowitz: Is it true that nonresponse rates in a panel survey increase when supplement surveys are annexed? (121-138); Vasja Vehovar, Katja Lozar: How many mailings are enough? (139-150); Amanda White, Jean Martin, Nikki Bennett, Stephanie Freeth: Improving advance letters for major government surveys (151-172); Joop Hox, Edith de Leeuw, Ger Snijkers: Fighting nonresponse in telephone interviews: successful interviewer tactics (173-186); Patrick Sturgis, Pamela Campanelli: The effect of interviewer persuasion strategies on refusal rates in household surveys (187-200); Janet Harkness, Peter Mohler, Michael Schneid, Bernhard Christoph: Incentives in two German mail surveys 1996/97 and 1997 (201-218); David Cantor, Bruce Allen, Patricia Cunningham, J. Michael Brick, Renee Slobasky, Pamela Giambo, Jenny Kenny: Promised incentivcs on a random digit dial survey (219-228); Eleanor Singer; John van Hoewyk, Mary P. Maher: Does the payment of incentives create expectation effects? (229-238); Edith de Leeuw, Joop Hox, Ger Snijkers, Wim de Heer: Interviewer opinions, attitudes and strategies regarding survey participation and their effect on response (239-248); Geert Loosveldt, Ann Carton, Jan Pickery: The effect of interviewer and respondent characteristics on refusals in a panel survey (249-262); Brian A. Harris-Kojetin, Clyde Tucker: Longitudinal nonresponse in the Current Population Survey (CPS) (263-272); Ulrich Rendtel, Felix Büchel: A bootstrap strategy for the detection of a panel attrition bias in a household panel with an application to the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) (273-284); Seppo Laaksonen: Regression-based nearest neighbour hot decking (285-298); Rajendra P. Singh, Rita J. Petroni: Handling of household and item nonresponse in surveys (299-316); Susanne Raessler, Karlheinz Fleischer: Aspects concerning data fusion techniques (317-334); Siegfried Gabler, Sabine Häder: A conditional minimax estimator for treating nonresponse (335-349).

Tommaso Campanella (1568-1639) is one of the most fascinating, if hitherto inaccessible, intellectuals of the Italian Renaissance. His work ranges across many of the intellectual, ecclesiastical, and political concerns of that tumultuous era. John Headley uses Campanella's life and works to open a window into this complex period. He not only explicates the frequently contradictory texts of a prolific author but also situates Campanella's writings amidst the larger currents of European thought.For all its obscurely magical and astrolgocial intricacies, Campanella's entire intellectual endeavor expresses an effort to impose a distinctive order and direction upon the major issues and forces of the age different from that which was shortly to prevail with the new Galilean science and the Leviathan state. In the process of identifying and engaging these issues and imparting in some instances something of his own, he managed to mobilize and deploy many of the salient principles of late medieval and Renaissance culture, often cast in a curiously modern hue and aligned with the new forces of the age. Indeed, modern and antique, new and old juxtapose violently in the person of this reformer who combines an encyclopedic comprehensiveness of intellect with an appalling intensity of will. He is a man who strove to destabilize the regnant forces of what he identified as tyranny, sophistry, and hypocrisy and to shake the world into a new order. In this book, Headley invites readers to look anew at this mercurial figure and at the turbulent times in which he lived.John M. Headley is Professor of History at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He has authored studies of Luther, Thomas More, the Emperor Charles V, and San Carlo Borromeo.Originally published in 1997.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905

"The time has come to define feminism; it is no longer possible to ignore it." The Century Magazine, 1914In this landmark addition to scholarship, Nancy F. Cott, author of The Bonds of Womanhood, offers a new interpretation of American feminism during the early decades of this century-a period traditionally viewed as on in which women won the right to vote and then lost interest in feminist issues. Cott argues instead that his period was a time of crisis and transition from the nineteenth-century "woman movement' to the beginning of modern feminism. Many of the issues that are central to women today, says Cott, were firmly articulated in the early decades of this century. For example, the problem of defining sexual equality so as to recognize sexual difference between men and women, the ambiguous potential of a movement seeking individual freedoms for women by mobilizing sex solidarity, and the tensions involved in attaining full expression in work and love are all enduring elements of feminism seized upon by women of the 1910s and 1920s.First discussing how feminism was indebted to its predecessors, Cott shows that increasing heterogeneity and diverse loyalties among women in the early twentieth century contradicted the premise of the nineteenth-century "cause of woman" (the singular noun symbolizing the unity of the female sex). From this crisis emerged feminism, championing individual variability and refuting the premise that a singular "woman" existed.Cott focuses on the suffrage-campaign milieu in which feminism arose, giving particular attention to the character and role of the National Woman's Party from its militant suffrage days to its advocacy of the equal right amendment in the 1920s. Against prevailing interpretations of the decline of women's political activities after 1920, Cott counterposes the swelling numbers in women's voluntary associations and their political efforts. She also analyzes the pitfalls that awaited women who tried for effectiveness in the male-dominated political parties. She sets the controversy over the equal rights amendment in new context, discussing the full dimensions of the conflict as not merely over personalities, tactics, or class loyalties, but as a signal example of the modern problem of capturing sexual equality and sexual difference in law.The book explores the irony-strewn path of women who as aspiring professionals and political actors attempted to put into practice the feminist intent to replace the ...

Problemstellung: Für die Versorgung der Bevölkerung im Rentenalter spielen grundsätzlich drei verschiedene Bereiche eine Rolle: die Zugehörigkeit zur GRV, zu betrieblichen Rentenkassen sowie die Bildung privater Ersparnisse. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auch von den 'drei Säulen der Alterssicherung ' gesprochen, wobei den GRV Renten die Funktion der Regelsicherung zukommt, während Betriebsrenten und Privatversicherungen nur ergänzenden Charakter haben . Die Untersuchung von Änderungsvorschlägen wird sich aber ausschließlich auf den Bereich der GRVRenten konzentrieren. Gang der Untersuchung: Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die wichtigsten in der einschlägigen Literatur diskutierten Reformmodelle für die Deutsche GRV zu systematisieren und einer ökonomischen Analyse zuzuführen. Prinzipiell lassen sich dabei zwei Hauptkategorien von Änderungsvorschlägen unterscheiden: einerseits Anpassungen des bestehenden Systems wie z.B. eine Modifikation der Rentenformel. andererseits systernverändernde Vorschläge wie z.B. die Absenkung des Rentenniveaus bis hin zu einer Grundrente. In Kapitel II wird zunächst ein Überblick über die derzeitige Situation der Deutschen GRV vermittelt, wobei neben einem kurzen Exkurs über Aufbau und Organisation vor allem die Grundprinzipien des derzeitigen GRV Systems erläutert werden. Danach folgt eine kurze Darstellung der beiden wichtigsten Rentenreformen früherer Jahre, nämlich jener aus den Jahren 1957 und 1972. Im Mittelpunkt des III Kapitels stehen die Finanzierungsprobleme der Deutschen GRV, da diese den Fortbestand des derzeitigen Alterssicherungssystems am meisten bedrohen. Als Hauptursachen hierfür gelten sowohl die demographische Entwicklung als auch die Konsequenzen der momentanen wirtschaftlichen Situation in Deutschland. Neben den finanziellen Schwachstellen existieren in der GRV aber auch noch andere Probleme, die von einer nach Ansicht von Kritikern 'ungerechten Verteilung' der Rentenleistungen herrühren. Hier wären z.B. die zunehmende Altersarmut vor allem bei alleinstehenden Frauen sowie die Benachteiligung kinderreicher Familien im gegenwärtigen System zu nennen. Die momentanen Reformdiskussionen über finanzielle Fragen lösen daher also noch weitergehendere Änderungswünsche bei denjenigen Politikern aus, die sich mit der bisherigen Ausgestaltung der GRV nicht einverstanden gezeigt haben und nunmehr grundlegende Veränderungen, wie z.B. eine stärkere Berücksichtigung der Kindererziehung bei der Festsetzung der Beiträge, als notwendig erachten . Kapitel III enthält daher neben dem Schwerpunkt Finanzierungsschwierigkeiten' noch einen eigenen Abschnitt über Verteilungsprobleme innerhalb des GRV Systems. Im IV. Kapitel wird das Rentenreformgesetz 1992 (RRG '92) dahingehend näher untersucht, inwieweit es die derzeitigen Probleme der GRV bereits gelöst hat bzw. noch zu lösen imstande ist. Gründe, Maßnahmen und Auswirkungen des RRG'92 werden ausführlich dargestellt. Es ist aber fraglich, ob das RRG '92 auch wirklich weitreichend genug war oder ob nicht schon in einigen Jahren neuerliche Reformen notwendig sein werden. In Kapitel V, dem Kein dieser Arbeit, werden zunächst grundlegende Aspekte von Alterssicherungssystemen erörtert, z.B. ob auch weiterhin eine staatliche Intervention im Bereich der Alterssicherung erfolgen soll. Daran anschließend werden eine Reihe von systemkonformen also die gegenwärtigen Grundprinzipien beibehaltenden Reformmaßnahmen vorgestellt, wie z.B. die bereits erwähnte Modifikation der Rentenformel. Vorschläge, die im Zusammenhang mit den jüngsten Bonner Sparbeschlüssen die augenblickliche Diskussion prägen, werden an dieser Stelle in ihren Grundzügen skizziert. Da unter Umständen aber lediglich Anpassungen des bestehenden Systems an den gesellschaftlichen Wandel zur Lösung der Rentenmisere nicht ausreichen könnten, folgt im Anschluß eine ausführliche Darstellung systemverändernder Reformmodelle, die die Zukunft der Deutschen GRV auch längerfristig sicherstellen sollen. Inhaltsverzeichnis: GliederungI AbkürzungsverzeichnisIV TabellenverzeichnisVI I.Einführung, Problemstellung und Vorgehensweise1 I.1.Einführung1 I.2.Problemstellung und Vorgehensweise3 II.Die derzeitige Situation der Deutschen GRV6 II.1.Aufbau und Organisation6 II.2.Grundprinzipien6 II.2.1.Generationenvertrag und Umlageverfahren6 II.2.2.Finanzierung8 II.2.3.Umfang der Sicherung9 II.2.4.Äquivalenzprinzip und Versicherungssystem9 II.3.Frühere GRV Reformen10 III.Aktuelle Probleme innerhalb der Deutschen GRV12 III.1.Finanzierungsprobleme12 III.1.1.Die demographische Entwicklung in Deutschland12 III.1.1.1.Problembeschreibung12 III.1.1.2.Mögliche Konsequenzen für die Deutsche GRV14 III.1.2.Der Trend zur Frühverrentung und die hohe Arbeitslosigkeit als Folgen der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung Deutschlands16 III.1.2.1.Problembeschreibung16 III.1.2.2.Mögliche Konsequenzen für die Deutsche GRV17 III.2.Verteilungsprobleme18 III.2.1.Die unzureichende Altersversorgung bestimmter Personengruppen18 III.2.2.Die Benachteiligung kinderreicher Familien20 IV.Das Rentenreformgesetz von 1992 (RRG '92)22 IV.1.Gründe für das RRG'9222 IV.2.Maßnahmen des RRG'9223 IV.3.Auswirkungen des RRG'9224 V.Reformmodelle für die Deutsche GRV27 V.1.Grundlegende Aspekte von Alterssicherungsystemen27 V.1.1.Zur Rechtfertigung staatlicher Intervention im Bereich der Alterssicherung27 V.1.2.Art des Sicherungssystems: Versicherungs versus Steuer Transfer-System29 V.1.3.Beachtung der Bundesverfassungsgerichts Rechtsprechung zurEigentumsgarantie von Rentenanwartschaften30 V.1.4.Das Vertrauen der Mitglieder als Zukunftsgarant der Deutschen GRV31 V.2.Systemkonforme Reformmaßnahmen für die Deutsche GRV31 V.2.1.Primär einnahmenorientierte Reformmaßnahmen33 V.2.2.Primär ausgabenorientierte Reformmaßnahmen .34 V.2.3.Weitere Reformmaßnahmen im Zusammenhang mit den jüngsten Bonner Sparbeschlüssen35 V.2.4.Erhöhung des Bundeszuschusses zur künftigen Rentenfinanzierung37 V.2.5.Höhere Rentenbesteuerung zur künftigen GRV Finanzierung38 V.2.6.Beurteilung systemkonformer Reformmaßnahmen39 V.3.Systemverändernde Reformmodelle41 V.3.1.Lebensstandardsicherungsmodelle41 V.3.1.1.Der Übergang vom Umlage zum Kapitaldeckungsverfahren41 V.3.1.1.1.Grundidee und mögliche Umsetzung des Kapitaldeckungsverfahrens 41 V.3.1.1.2.Vorteile des Kapitaldeckungsverfahrens43 V.3.1.1.3.Nachteile des Kapitaldeckungsverfahrens44 V.3.1.2.Die Ausweitung von Familienlastenausgleichsmaßnahmen46 V.3.1.2.1.Grundidee und konkrete Vorschläge46 V.3.1.2.2.Beurteilung zusätzlicher Familienlastenausgleichsmaßnahmen47 V.3.1.3.Die Einführung einer Wertschöpfungsabgabe in die Deutsche GRV48 V.3.1.3.1.Grundidee einer Wertschöpfungsabgabe48 V.3.1.3.2.Vorteile einer ergänzenden Wertschöpfungsabgabe50 V.3.1.3.3.Nachteile einer ergänzenden Wertschöpfungsabgabe51 V.3.1.4.Die Integration von Mindestsicherungelementen in die Deutsche GRV52 V.3.1.4.1.Das 'Voll Eigenständige System' und die 'bedarfsorientierte Mindestrente' als mögliche Lösungsansätze52 V.3.1.4.2.Vorteile von Mindestsicherungselementen55 V.3.1.4.3.Nachteile von Mindestsicherungselementen56 V.3.1.5.Die Einführung einer Kombination aus steuerfinanzierter Grund- und beitragsfinanzierter Zusatzsicherung (Grünen Modell)57 V.3.1.5.1.Grundidee und mögliche Umsetzung des Grünen Modells57 V.3.1.5.2.Beurteilung des Grünen Modells59 V.3.2.Grundsicherungsmodelle61 V.3.2.1.Das Modell des Kronberger Kreises62 V.3.2.1.1.Grundidee und möglicher Übergang zum 'Kronberger Kreis Modell'62 V.3.2.1.2.Beurteilung des 'Kronberger Kreis Modells64 V.3.2.2.Das Modell von Miegel/Wahl.65 V.3.2.2.1.Grundidee und möglicher Übergang zum Miegel/Wahl Modell65 V.3.2.2.2.Beurteilung des Miegel/Wahl Modells67 V.3.2.3.Abschließende Analyse von Grundrentenmodellen.69 Vl.Zusammenfassung und Ausblick72 AnhangVIII LiteraturverzeichnisXVIII Eidestattliche ErklärungXXIV

Main description: With the publication of French Philosophy of the Sixties, Alain Renaut and Luc Ferry in 1985 launched their famous critique against canonical figures such as Foucault, Derrida, and Lacan, bringing under rigorous scrutiny the entire post-structuralist project that had dominated Western intellectual life for over two decades. Their goal was to defend the accomplishments of liberal democracy, particularly in terms of basic human rights, and to trace the reigning philosophers' distrust of liberalism to an "antihumanism" inherited mainly from Heidegger. In The Era of the Individual, widely hailed as Renaut's magnum opus, the author explores the most salient feature of post-structuralism: the elimination of the human subject. At the root of this thinking lies the belief that humans cannot know or control their basic natures, a premise that led to Heidegger's distrust of an individualistic, capitalist modern society and that allied him briefly with Hitler's National Socialist Party. While acknowledging some of Heidegger's misgivings toward modernity as legitimate, Renaut argues that it is nevertheless wrong to equate modernity with the triumph of individualism. Here he distinguishes between individualism and subjectivity and, by offering a history of the two, powerfully redirects the course of current thinking away from potentially dangerous, reductionist views of humanity.Renaut argues that modern philosophy contains within itself two opposed ways of conceiving the human person. The first, which has its roots in Descartes and Kant, views human beings as subjects capable of arriving at universal moral judgments. The second, stemming from Leibniz, Hegel, and Nietzsche, presents human beings as independent individuals sharing nothing with others. In a careful recounting of this philosophical tradition, Renaut shows the resonances of these traditions in more recent philosophers such as Heidegger and in the social anthropology of Louis Dumont.Renaut's distinction between individualism and subjectivity has become an important issue for young thinkers dissatisfied with the intellectual tradition originating in Nietzsche and Heidegger. Moreover, his proclivity toward the Kantian tradition, combined with his insights into the shortcomings of modernity, will interest anyone concerned about today's shifting cultural attitudes toward liberalism.Originally published in 1999.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

This study on evidence before international tribunals, with an emphasis on the burden of proof, is one of the more important and interesting issues of evidence under both municipal and international law. The study is mainly based on documented cases and special attention is paid to the case law of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal in the Hague. The study is divided into three parts. Part One presents the preliminary issues concerning the concept of the burden of proof and the burden of evidence, as well as the nature and scope of the burden of proof. Part Two discusses the main aspects of the burden of proof, identified by considering the fact that there are three main actors in each litigated case, viz. the claimant, the respondent and the judge or arbitrator. Different chapters are allocated to: the claimant's role in bearing the main task with respect to the burden of proof; general aspects of collaboration of parties in matters of evidence; and the authority and duties of international tribunals with respect to the burden of proof. Part Two ends with a chapter on the rules of the burden of proof and a discussion on whether or not there are any such rules that could be considered as principles of international law. Some related issues are discussed in Part Three. Among the items considered are presumptions and the effect that they may have on the burden of proof; practical aspects of the collaboration of parties; the issue of possible sanctions against non-production of evidence; and the question of the standard of proof to be applied in international proceedings and the discretion of international tribunals in that regard. The study ends with a concluding chapter. As noted by Professor Verhoeven in his foreword, the subtleties of evidence in international proceedings has not been systematically studied for a number of decades. The book will become a standard work of reference in the area. Audience: An invaluable tool for practitioners of international law and Government advisors as well as university professors and students of law. The long experience of the author as a judge in a civil law system, his intimate knowledge of the work of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal in The Hague, and currently with the United Nations (Security Council) Compensation Commission for Claims against Iraq have made him eminently well equipped to address the subject competently, both from a theoretical and practical perspective

People once stood in awe of electricity, writes Dale Zand, until scientists identified and harnessed its three basic variables: voltage, current, and resistance. Likewise, people marvel at the achievements of successful leaders, such as Lee Iacocca at Chrysler or Jack Welch at GE, and wonder how they do it. In this superb volume, Zand dispels the mystery surrounding leadership so that managers at all levels - from the CEO to the shop supervisor - can develop the skills needed to lead effectively. Zand highlights the three elements required for leadership in today's information-driven organizations: knowledge, trust, and power. Knowledge, Zand argues, is essential to decision making: Leaders must be able to tap information about customers, products, and processes found throughout the organization. The book brims with suggestions about how to tap this knowledge.; The author demonstrates, for instance, how a leader's attitudes and behavior can release (or repress) the flow of knowledge in a corporation (he shows how at one failed home-appliance company managers suppressed information about customer complaints and reprimanded factory workers for suggesting changes, fatal mistakes); he outlines how the skillful use of questions can draw out and highlight the knowledge managers and workers possess; and he discusses how to avoid subtle obstacles (such as the complacency of success) to improve the link between knowledge and action. Trust, the second element of the triad, helps a leader achieve open, collaborative communication. Indeed, Zand shows that the degree to which people trust a leader determines how much access they will give him or her to their knowledge. The book explores the key elements in the development of trust (a leader must disclose relevant information, share influence, live up to the spirit of agreements, and not abuse power) and also illustrates some basic laws of trust - mistrust drives out trust; trust stimulates productivity; and mistrusting groups self-destruct.; Zand then considers power, showing how the leader must set the agenda for the firm; select, develop, and motivate the people who will implement the agenda; and examine and adjust individual performance. Equally important, he shows that in today's knowledge-driven corporation, the effective leader rarely issues directives, but instead acts more as a consultant or a client. At Chrysler, for example, CEO Robert Eaton, senior managers, and project leaders all meet when a new car model is to be created or redesigned. After the objectives are worked out, the team is turned loose to organize itself and get the job done. Freed from constant second-guessing by top bosses, teams work harder and take greater pride in their work. By the mid-1990s, this design-consignment process at Chrysler was so effective that the companys speed to market and reduction of development costs far exceeded its U.S. competitors. Masterfully written, Triadic Leadership is a down-to-earth, powerful guide.; Full of examples-many from the author's consulting experience-of companies from General Motors, Wal-Mart, and American Express to electronics, manufacturing, and health care organizations, it offers a wealth of practical information to managers at all levels, and to anyone who aspires to a leadership position.