Suchergebnisse

Discusses the "segmented assimilation" of immigrant students arriving in the US as exemplified by a CA high school with a rapidly increasing immigrant population & how it has responded to issues of race, class, culture, & language. An ethnographic study conducted 1992-1994 focused on 10 immigrant students & their experience of their new country. The author also designed projects to involve students & teachers in related studies of immigration. Immigrant students found themselves caught between the need to gain acceptance by becoming American & the need to remain themselves. Nonimmigrant students had similar concerns, but their problems were related to race rather than national origin, & they tended to ignore immigrants. The article discusses teachers' attempts to deal with the needs of both groups. The author discusses this school as a microcosm of the US immigrant experience. 1 Table, 25 References. J. R. Callahan

The author outlines Sweden's approach to chemicals policy, considered an example of one of the most stringent types of environmental policy developed by any country in the world. The goals & need of such policy to protect the environment are discussed. References. D. Miller

The author presents a case study on the way the UK government handled BSE, with a specific focus on the problems that resulted due to scientific uncertainties that accompanied the attempt to formulate a response to this outbreak. References. D. Miller

The author looks into the impacts of transformation research on comparative educational studies. Academic disciplines involved in transformation research are political science, economics, sociology and cultural anthropology. In this context, he sees educational science in a minor dependent position among the dominating disciplines as far as the foundations of transformation theory are concerned. But in the areas of historical and empirical studies, he sees education research in a significant role. Three main targets have been given particular attention in transformation processes: market economy, liberal democracy (both as a poltico-institutional category and as a way of life) and civil society. Looking on transformation research from a comparative perspective, the author sees special attention be paid to the functions of educational transformation processes whereby supportive, contributing and anticipating components are distinguished. His concluding considerations are focused on the need for micro-analyses and an increase of comparative work. (DIPF/Orig.).

The author rejects the interpretation that US immigration history reflects a creed of liberal universalism & argues instead that a system of segregated race relations has coexisted with immigration policy & Americanization. His analysis focuses on the period from 1880 through the 1920s, when immigration policy was based on the "melting pot" image, despite the practice of restricting or excluding certain immigrant groups, including those from eastern & southern Europe. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 marked the beginning of this trend. The article also discusses efforts to Americanize Native American groups during the same period, as reflected in Hollywood films, contemporary literature, & federal legislation. The establishment of a "white" US identity included laws to prevent black & Asian immigration. The author concludes that scholars' past neglect of the role of race in immigration policy has limited our understanding of US identity. 70 References. J. R. Callahan

The author rejects the interpretation that US immigration history reflects a creed of liberal universalism & argues instead that a system of segregated race relations has coexisted with immigration policy & Americanization. His analysis focuses on the period from 1880 through the 1920s, when immigration policy was based on the "melting pot" image, despite the practice of restricting or excluding certain immigrant groups, including those from eastern & southern Europe. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 marked the beginning of this trend. The article also discusses efforts to Americanize Native American groups during the same period, as reflected in Hollywood films, contemporary literature, & federal legislation. The establishment of a "white" US identity included laws to prevent black & Asian immigration. The author concludes that scholars' past neglect of the role of race in immigration policy has limited our understanding of US identity. 70 References. J. R. Callahan

The effects of transnational ties upon the emotional lives of second-generation Filipino Americans are studied. Second-generation Filipino students (N = 22) enrolled at the U of California, Davis, in 1995, were interviewed to determine the influence that family had upon their emotional well-being. Several findings are reported: participants perceived family as the most important part of being Filipino & generally referred to the Philippines as "home"; students experienced significant pressure from their parents to achieve high academic marks; some Filipina participants stated that their parents attempted to restrict their educational achievement in order to preserve control over female students' lives; many students delineated their relations with parents as strained; & several female participants contemplated suicide or developed eating disorders in response to family pressures. It is subsequently asserted that second-generation experience "emotional transnationalism," defined as the influence of transnational relations over immigrant population members' emotional lives. Recommendations for future research are also offered, eg, whether members of diasporic communities are also affected by emotional transnationalism. 50 References. J. W. Parker

Describes a longitudinal cohort analysis of 698 individuals born in 1955 in Kauai, HI, following them from the perinatal period through midlife (age 40). Focus was on evaluating the long-term impacts of perinatal complications, poverty, & adverse childrearing conditions on child development & later-life adjustment. Similar to findings from other longitudinal research, results indicated that perinatal complications were related to serious physical &/or psychological developmental problems only when combined with chronic poverty, parental psychopathology, or poor rearing conditions in the home. Among those at high risk because of these environmental conditions, three clusters of protective factors were identified that prevented adverse developmental outcomes: (1) affectional ties with parental substitutes, (2) at least average intelligence & scholastic competence & positive temperamental attributes, & (3) an external support system, eg, youth or church groups. Follow-up data collected during early adulthood & at midlife are reported, revealing several other factors that helped individuals overcome adverse beginnings in life. Policy implications & recommendations for future research are summarized. 22 References. K. Hyatt Stewart

Examines protests carried out by the popular classes in Latin America to oppose austerity measures implemented by international creditors or imposed by state governments to alleviate foreign debts. A description of the debt crisis facing many Latin American countries emphasizes its magnitude & its roots in global patterns of accumulation & developmental goals of dependent states. The economic situation in Latin America is analyzed in relation to interacting states & international actors, including the International Monetary Fund. Austerity measures undertaken by various nations are described, along with the wave of popular protests that emerged in response. It is noted that, between 1976 & 1986, over half of the major countries of Latin America & the Caribbean experienced social upheavals as the result of austerity measures. The motives, forms, membership, & consequences of these popular protests are examined, & it is argued that their importance must not be viewed as a separate determinant of change, but as part of the multiple forces involved in reshaping state & society. 2 Tables, 22 References. J. Lindroth

Uses the metaphor of the two-way street to describe the problems encountered in trying to develop a constructive discourse between feminism & education on the Bates Coll (Lewiston, ME) campus. The goals were to include feminist perspectives in science courses & encompass scientific material in women's studies courses as a way to both enrich women's studies & develop a "self-conscious science" that was aware of its own assumptions, historical background, & social context. The project was approached "one lane at a time" by first addressing scientists, & then the women's studies faculty, in an effort to alleviate the fear each group had of the other. The numerous barriers to opening a two-way discussion are related, including significant problems related to language differences between scientists & feminists. By the second year, women's studies faculty members were willing to consider the importance of including scientific content in their courses, & members of both groups were beginning to talk "to," rather than past, each other. The urgent need to develop communication between different discourse communities is discussed. 22 References. J. Lindroth

Examines protests carried out by the popular classes in Latin America to oppose austerity measures implemented by international creditors or imposed by state governments to alleviate foreign debts. A description of the debt crisis facing many Latin American countries emphasizes its magnitude & its roots in global patterns of accumulation & developmental goals of dependent states. The economic situation in Latin America is analyzed in relation to interacting states & international actors, including the International Monetary Fund. Austerity measures undertaken by various nations are described, along with the wave of popular protests that emerged in response. It is noted that, between 1976 & 1986, over half of the major countries of Latin America & the Caribbean experienced social upheavals as the result of austerity measures. The motives, forms, membership, & consequences of these popular protests are examined, & it is argued that their importance must not be viewed as a separate determinant of change, but as part of the multiple forces involved in reshaping state & society. 2 Tables, 22 References. J. Lindroth

Uses an ethnohistorical approach to explore the sociopolitical organization & cultural model of war among the Western Apache in the US during the 19th century & the earlier colonial period. It is maintained that warfare was an important part of both the political economy & Apache ideology. Narratives of members of the culture are drawn on to illustrate how an Apache's way of remembering war typically differs from that of Anglo American observers. The focus is on how images of the enemy were construed; how the use of violence against other groups was legitimized; & the goals/results of external violence. It is shown that Apache warfare was a complex, multicausal, multifunctional, changing social fact that was both a strategy for pursuing material benefits & a ritual practice charged with religious meaning. Suggestions are made for future research intended to analytically reconstruct Western Apache warfare in order to deconstruct the nefarious image of a particularly violent, bloodthirsty Apache culture. Numerous excerpts from Apache narratives are included. 22 References. J. Lindroth

Land reform has been vital to the reconstruction of China because it gave peasants the opportunity to equal distribution of land to all who farmed it. The author outlines the history of this land reform & points out aspects of its success & reasons for declines during the hardship years of 1959 to 1961. Despite revanchist forces that deny the success of the New Democratic Revolution, peasant communities expanded crop production, achieved village government, empowered women, & started primary education & literacy campaigns. Deng reformers dissolved many collectives, starting with the least profitable & offering incentives & pressures for the others to follow until they had again privatized agriculture & undone 30 years of cooperatives efforts. The vast majority of the family contracts that were established have stagnated due to lack of capital, fragmentation of land, & an attitude of self-centered anarchy. The author encourages a return to the more productive approach of collective agriculture. L. A. Hoffman

Land reform has been vital to the reconstruction of China because it gave peasants the opportunity to equal distribution of land to all who farmed it. The author outlines the history of this land reform & points out aspects of its success & reasons for declines during the hardship years of 1959 to 1961. Despite revanchist forces that deny the success of the New Democratic Revolution, peasant communities expanded crop production, achieved village government, empowered women, & started primary education & literacy campaigns. Deng reformers dissolved many collectives, starting with the least profitable & offering incentives & pressures for the others to follow until they had again privatized agriculture & undone 30 years of cooperatives efforts. The vast majority of the family contracts that were established have stagnated due to lack of capital, fragmentation of land, & an attitude of self-centered anarchy. The author encourages a return to the more productive approach of collective agriculture. L. A. Hoffman

The author looks at organized labor's shrinking public sphere & seeks to identify the underlying causes of labor's decline in the US. He finds the potential for a revitalized, vigorous counter-public sphere for labor in the new rank-&-file union movements & the local union leaders affiliated with them. 11 References. A. Funderburg