Suchergebnisse

The chapter examines shifts in British employment participation for married women & couples, analyzing the influence of husbands' economic & labor status; women's life-cycle (eg, marriage, childbirth) variables since the 1960s; & employment transition patterns. Longitudinal & life-cycle data indicate a trend toward married women's labor-force polarization, with reentry into full-time work after childbirth both swifter & more likely among the highly educated. Other findings support the prevalence of assortative mating; the influence of spousal income & education on women's work transitions; & the comparative weakness of social traditionalism & strengthening of individualism in GB, as opposed to, eg, Germany. 7 Tables, 5 Figures, 1 Appendix, 22 References. K. Coddon

Offers a world-systems explanation for the postmodernist movement in contemporary culture & thought that attributes this development to the influence of the capitalist world economy. It arose in the 1970s, a time when US hegemony within the world system had started to decline & a plurality of national powers (& international rivalries) was developing. Cyclical shifts between political conflict/economic crisis & periods of imposed peace/economic expansion are analyzed using a global version of Erving Goffman's frame analysis. Assumptions underlying the postmodern frame are explicated, with emphasis on its ideological influence on hegemony & rivalry. Shifts in art that parallel these political & economic cycles are identified, identifying different movements in different countries. 22 References. K. Hyatt Stewart

Offers a world-systems explanation for the postmodernist movement in contemporary culture & thought that attributes this development to the influence of the capitalist world economy. It arose in the 1970s, a time when US hegemony within the world system had started to decline & a plurality of national powers (& international rivalries) was developing. Cyclical shifts between political conflict/economic crisis & periods of imposed peace/economic expansion are analyzed using a global version of Erving Goffman's frame analysis. Assumptions underlying the postmodern frame are explicated, with emphasis on its ideological influence on hegemony & rivalry. Shifts in art that parallel these political & economic cycles are identified, identifying different movements in different countries. 22 References. K. Hyatt Stewart

Examines Max Weber's notion of plebiscitary leadership in the context of his general political orientation. Weber's political views are described as a complicated mix of liberalism, nationalism, & realism. These views developed over time into a form of social liberalism in which he sought a balance between the hope for democracy & the requirement of order. Important to the development of this balance was the cultivation of a form of responsible leadership that balanced the necessity of controlling the bureaucratic state with need to foster charismatic leaders who were also sensitive to institutional constraints. It was in parliament, therefore, that Weber saw that the intrinsic tension between charisma & bureaucracy might be negotiated. 22 References. D. M. Ryfe

Am Beispiel von Parlamentsdebatten im Niedersächsischen Landtag wird untersucht, in welchem Umfang und in welcher Weise Medieninhalte reflektiert werden und wie Politiker in ihren Debattenbeiträgen auf Medieninhalte verweisen. Art, Umfang und Kontext der Medienverweise wurden anhand der stenografischen Berichte zu neun aufeinander folgenden Plenarsitzungen zwischen dem 29. März und dem 22. Juni 2000 inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet. Die Analyse führte zu sechs zentralen Ergebnissen: (1) Verweise auf Medieninhalte sind ein übliches rhetorisches Mittel in Landtagsdebatten und werden in beträchtlicher Anzahl und in unterschiedlichen thematischen und formalen Kontexten eingebracht; (2) Medienverweise kommen überwiegend von den Oppositionsparteien, die dadurch ihr Informationsdefizit gegenüber der Regierung ausgleichen und damit ihrer Kontrollaufgabe nachkommen; (3) Heimatzeitungen sind - zumindest im Niedersächsischen Landtag - die häufigsten Quellen der Medienverweise; (4) Medienverweise beziehen sich häufig auf den politischen Prozess und dienen damit der Selbstbeobachtung des politischen Systems; (5) Medienverweise dienen in der Mehrzahl dazu, Fakten in die Debatte einzubringen; (6) Medienverweise haben vor allem in der Phase der Problemartikulation und -definition eine große Bedeutung. Im weiteren Verlauf des Policy-Prozesses verlieren sie hingegen an Bedeutung. Wenn unter Integration die Herstellung der Anschlussfähigkeit zwischen verschiedenen Diskursen verstanden wird, weisen die Ergebnisse insgesamt auf eine deutliche Integrationsleistung der Medien hin. (ICI2)

Data from the CA Vital Statistics Birth Records are drawn on to analyze patterns of multiracial-multiethnic births in that state, 1982-1999, in terms of racial/ethnic group size & maternal age & education, & to construct a profile of the proportion of these newborns by ethnic-racial group. The impact of the continuation of CA's high rate of immigration on multiracial-multiethnic births is explored, acknowledging the influence of factors such as country of origin, generational effects, residential segregation, group size, & intermarriage. Analysis reveals the rapid & continuing growth of the state's multiracial Hispanic population; implications of this & other trends for the future of the state's demographic composition -- & policies based on it -- are discussed. 8 Figures, 22 References. K. Hyatt Stewart

The authors explore how books by African American & Asian American women are challenging the traditional boundaries of the public sphere. Their textual analysis focuses on four books: The Street by Ann Petry, Maud Martha by Gwendolyn Brooks, Floating World by Cynthia Kadohata, & Native Speaker by Chang-Rae Lee. They investigate how minority literature depicts the boundaries of the public & private spheres, how those boundaries reinforce & overlap with class & gender, & how the nation-state became involved in dictating those boundaries. They analyze how the private & public spheres are portrayed in the four texts, how females negotiate their positions within & between the public & private spheres, & how literary texts locate & represent the political & economic powers that shape women's lives. 22 References. A. Funderburg

The author presents in his contribution in a critical manner an outline regarding the development of self-evaluation in Scotland during the last decade. In 1988 in Scotland the context for school improvement and accountability was external inspection. Although this did not mean that schools themselves were unconcerned with improvement and accountability, schools tended to see much of the responsibility for quality assurance and accountability as lying outside their control. The author characterises what schools at that time could be. From the late eighties onwards teams of teachers, university researchers and Scottish Office policy advisers worked together to fashion a new system. In 1992 a set of self-evaluation guidelines were launched, distributed to all schools in Scotland, primary, secondary and special schools. They contained an indicator framework, a set of suggested criteria, tools for self-evaluation, guidelines on their use, and examples of professional development activities for teachers. In the final section of his essay "The challenge ahead" the author formulates six characteristics typical of the self-evaluating school. (DIPF/Orig./Ba.).

Problems with conventional definitions of political corruption are highlighted to better define such political behavior. Three categories are identified: corruption by public officials; public officials' abuse of their offices; & corruption by business enterprises & other private citizens. Political corruption is not perceived as a seminal characteristic of organized crime syndicates. Various legal, public interest, & public opinion definitions of political corruption are examined, further demonstrating the problem of preserving traditional definitions. Analysis of several public opinion definitions of corruption indicates significant differences in how the public defines political corruption & that these notions have changed over time. In addition, different nations posses disparate legal, public interest, & public opinion understandings of political corruption. The need to acknowledge the legitimacy of multiple definitions of corruption is stressed. 22 References. J. W. Parker

Evolutionary approaches to international relations theory typically fall into three categories: "extra light," which includes historical-descriptive analyses that fail to embrace a true evolutionary perspective; "light," which includes analyses of basic evolutionary concepts; & "heavy" -- an approach that has yet to materialize. Each of these approaches should be rejected in favor of a "strong" variant approach, which embraces explanatory theory & uses evolutionary concepts to outline an ideology's transformation process. The author's own work on "evolutionary world politics" is outlined in an effort to illustrate how the evolution of processes, ideas, & structures concerning global problem management can come together to form a stronger, more complete analysis of international relations questions. It is also argued, however, that evolutionary theory should be viewed as a "work in progress.". 1 Figure, 22 References. K. Larsen

The "virtues & vulnerabilities" of constitutional democracy are examined in the context of social & culture issues affecting the postmodern, multicultural world system, focusing on issues of citizenship, social justice, & rights. Several types & symptoms of difference, conflict, fragmentation, & heterogeneity between & among particular groups are discussed & related to some longstanding issues in political theory & philosophy. Four primary strategies available to democracies to consolidate a homogeneous demos & implement the ideal of citizenship are identified -- civil, social, political, & identity group. A critical review is offered of contemporary political group rights efforts to equalize citizenship by granting special group rights to minorities, arguing that the concepts of what constitutes a "group" & "rights" are too ambiguous for such efforts to be valid, & that they only end up increasing inequalities. 22 References. K. Hyatt Stewart

The author examines how risks are assessed & managed in today's world, focusing on posing & answering three questions about risk management -- the 'risk game.' -- These questions include, (1) why is risk regulation diffuse & fragmented, (2) why is it difficulty to establish accountability, & (3) why does the process often seem to produce adverse effects? In the process of addressing these questions, the author identifies how the 'blame game' shapes the 'risk game'. The 'blame game' refers to the strategies -- presentational, policy, &/or agency -- used by politicians or other public officials to avoid or limit the amount of blame. Tables, Figures, References. D. Miller

In this chapter the author reflects upon the Norwegian experience with school-based evaluation and tries to answer the question: Why is it so difficult to persuade teachers to do school-based evaluation? Part of his answer will be found in the different perspectives on evaluation seen from governmental and municipal level on the one side and ordinary teachers on the other. In many schools the author has studied, a common pattern was observed: Too much pressure to do school-based evaluation creates suspicion of a hidden agenda from above leading to lacking involvement in what should be an important part of school development. (DIPF/Orig./Ba.).

Investigates the nature & impact of state regulation on entry & integration of US immigrants. The author argues that the current debate on membership concerns access to both state & civil society. Starting with a review of the literature on state policies, migration, & integration, the author examines the effects of legislation such as CA's Proposition 187. He identifies three perspectives for scholarly examination of the state: its impact on migration & integration, its role as a self-interested actor, & its multifaceted nature. The article concludes with a discussion of the structure of US membership today, recent citizenship legislation, & topics for future study. 47 References. J. R. Callahan

Investigates the nature & impact of state regulation on entry & integration of US immigrants. The author argues that the current debate on membership concerns access to both state & civil society. Starting with a review of the literature on state policies, migration, & integration, the author examines the effects of legislation such as CA's Proposition 187. He identifies three perspectives for scholarly examination of the state: its impact on migration & integration, its role as a self-interested actor, & its multifaceted nature. The article concludes with a discussion of the structure of US membership today, recent citizenship legislation, & topics for future study. 47 References. J. R. Callahan