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Machine generated contents note: Foreword -- by Uwe E. Reinhardt -- Acknowledgments -- Preface to the Second Edition --1 Introduction -- 1.1 Why Should the Economics of Health Be Reconsidered? -- 1.2 Purpose of the Book -- 1.3 Outline of the Book -- 2 Market Competition -- 2.1 The Traditional Economic Model -- 2.1.1 Consumers -- 2.1.2 Producers -- 2.1.3 The Economy as a Whole -- 2.1.4 Pareto Optimality and Social Welfare -- 2.2 Problems with the Traditional Model -- 2.2.1 Negative Externality: Concern About Status -- 2.2.2 Positive Externality: Concern About Others -- 2.2.3 Consumer Tastes Are Predetermined -- 2.3 Implications for Health Policy -- 2.3.1 Does the Distribution of Income Affect the Health of the Population? -- 2.3.2 Equalizing Access to Health Services -- 2.3.3 What Comes First: Allocation or Distribution? -- 2.3.4 Competition and Prevention -- 2.3.5 Government-Sponsored Health Education -- 2.3.6 Should Cost Control Be a Public Policy? -- 3 Demand Theory -- 3.1 The Traditional Economic Model -- 3.1.I Utility and Social Welfare -- 3.I.2 Revealed Preference -- 3.1.3 Demand Curves and Functions -- 3.1.4 The Meaning of Demand and Consumer Surplus --3.2 Problems with the Traditional Model -- 3.2.1 Social Welfare and Consumer Choice: A Syllogism -- 3.2.2 Are Individual Utilities Maximized When People Are Allowed to Choose? -- 3.2.3 Is Social Welfare Maximized When Individual Utilities Are Maximized? -- 3.3 Implications for Health Policy -- 3.3.1 Is Comprehensive National Health Insurance Necessarily Inefficient? -- 3.3.2 Should Patient Cost-Sharing Be Encouraged, or Should We Use Other Policies? -- 3.3.3 Should People Pay More for Price-Elastic Services? -- 3.3.4 Defined Contribution, Premium Support, and MSAS --4 Supply Theory 129 -- 4.1 The Traditional Economic Model -- 4.2 Problems with the Traditional Model -- 4.2.I Are Supply and Demand Independently Determined? -- 4.2.2 Do Firms Have Monopoly Power? -- 4.2.3 Do Firms Maximize Profits? -- 4.2.4 Do Increasing Returns to Scale Exist? -- 4.2.5 Is Production Independent of the Distribution of Wealth? -- 4.3 Implications for Health Policy -- 4.3.1 Capitation and Incentive Reimbursement -- 4.3.2 Issues Surrounding Patient Cost-Sharing -- 4.3.3 Allowing Only Selected Hospitals to Provide Particular Services -- 4.3.4 Improving Productivity by Providing Insurance -- 5 Equity and Redistribution 171 -- 5.1 The Traditional Economic Model -- 5.2 Problems with the Traditional Model -- 5.2.1 Overview of Utilitarianism -- 5.2.2 Problems with Ordinal Utilitarianism --5.3 Implications for Health Policy -- 5.3.I Providing Health Services Rather than Cash -- 5.3.2 Focusing on People's Health, Not Utility -- 5.3.3 National Health Insurance -- 6 The Role of Government 201 -- 6.1 Alternative Views on the Role of Government -- 6.1.1 Market Failure -- 6.1.2 Government Failure -- 6.2 Different Approaches to the Role of Government in the -- Health Services Sector -- 6.2.1 Structure of the System -- 6.2.2 Nature of Coverage and Delivery -- 6.2.3 Regulation of Prices and Expenditures -- 6.2.4 Regulation of Volume -- 6.2.5 Control of Input Supply -- 6.3 Cross-National Data on Health System Performance -- 6.3.1 Access -- 6.3.2 Utilization -- 6.3.3 Expenditures -- 6.3.4 Quality and Satisfaction -- 6.3.5 Equity of Financing System -- 6.3.6 Summary of Evidence -- 6.4 Ten "Lessons" on the Role of Government in Health Systems --7 Conclusion 271 -- Appendix: Overview of the Health Services Systems -- in Ten Developed Countries -- by Miriam J. Laugesen and Thomas Rice 275 -- References 306 -- Index 335 -- About the Author 342

ist of maps -- Preface -- List of acronyms -- Introduction -- References -- Social movements and revolutions -- Revolutionary movements: critical factors -- Revolutions that failed -- Theories of revolution -- Summary -- References and further readings -- The russian revolutions and Eastern Europe -- Geography and population -- The setting for revolution -- The Russian social democratic party -- The attempted revolution of 1905 -- The revolutions of 1917 -- Assessing the Bolshevik seizure of power -- The Civil War -- Leadership struggle -- The Soviet Union under Stalin -- The Russian Revolution: long-term consequences -- The Soviet Union and revolution in Eastern Europe -- The Solidarity movement and the roots of conflict in post-communist party states -- The disintegration of the Soviet Union -- Russian economic and political trends -- Corruption -- Health and related issues -- The disintegration of Yugoslavia and the tragedy of Bosnia -- Summary and analysis -- Russian revolutions: chronology of major events -- References and further readings -- Selected DVD, film, or videocassette documentaries -- Revolution in China -- Geography and population -- Social and historical settings for revolution, -- The development of the republican movement -- War in China -- The People's Republic of China: 1949-1990 -- The great proletarian Cultural Revolution: 1966-1968 -- Post-1978 reforms -- The 1989 prodemocracy demonstrations -- China's economic and political systems in the 1990s -- China's economic success relative to the former USSR -- Morality and the future of the Chinese revolution -- China's progress, problems, policies, and plans for the future -- Summary and analysis -- Chinese revolution: chronology of major events -- References and further readings -- Selected DVD, film, or videocassette documentaries -- The Vietnamese Revolution -- Geography and population -- Early cultural and political characteristics -- French conquest -- The French impact on Vietnam -- Resistance to French rule -- The impact of World War II -- Insurrection -- The French Indochina War: 1946-1954 -- The 1954 Geneva Accords on Indochina -- U.S. involvement in Vietnam: 1954-1975 -- Aftermath and related developments -- Summary and analysis -- Vietnamese revolution: chronology of major events -- References and further readings -- Selected DVD, film, or videocassette documentaries -- The Cuban revolution -- Geography and population -- Prerevolutionary political history -- Economy and social classes -- Revolution -- Revolutionary Cuba -- U.S. reactions to the revolution -- Cuba and revolution in Latin America and Africa -- Cuba and Venezuela's Bolivarian revolution, and the democratic shift to the left in Latin America -- Cuban economy and political system, -- Summary and analysis -- Cuban revolution: chronology of major events -- References and further readings -- Selected films and videocassettes -- Revolution in nicaragua -- Geography and population, 205 -- Nicaragua before the revolution -- The revolution -- Postrevolutionary government, changes, and conflicts -- U.S. and world reactions to the revolution -- Peace agreement and 1990 election -- Nicaragua in the 1990s -- Why were republican administrations so hostile? -- Nicaragua after the Violeta Chamorro presidency -- Summary and analysis -- Nicaraguan revolution: chronology of major events -- References and further readings -- Selected DVD, film, or videocassette documentaries -- The Iranian revolution and Islamic fundamentalism -- Geography and population -- National culture -- The Qajar Dynasty and foreign influence -- The Pahlavi Dynasty -- The setting for revolution -- The revolutionary process -- Revolutionary Iran -- Iran after Khomeini -- Iran and the Gulf War -- Iran and Islamic revolution elsewhere -- Iran, Afghanistan, the War on Terror, and the U.S. led invasion and occupation of Iraq -- Summary and analysis -- Iranian revolution: chronology of major events -- References and further readings -- Selected DVD, film, or videocassette documentaries -- Islamic revolutionary movements -- Historical background of Islamic fundamentalism -- Fundamentalism, millenarianism and revolutionary potential in Shia Islam -- Contemporary revolutionary fundamentalism in Sunna Islam: hamas, al -- Qaeda, Taliban, Hamas of Palestine -- Al Qaeda and transnational revolution -- Taliban of Afghanistan -- The war in Iraq -- Iraq war: nationalist insurgents -- Iraq war: Sunni Islamic insurgents -- Iraq war: Shia fundamentalists -- Iraq war: the future of Iraq? -- Summary and analysis -- Islamic revolutionary movements: chronology of major events -- References and further readings -- Selected DVD, film, or videocassette documentaries -- South Africa -- Geography and population -- Dutch and British colonization -- The Union of South Africa -- The Apartheid state -- Changes in the Apartheid system -- Opposition to Apartheid -- Counterinsurgency strategies of the regime in the 1980s -- Reforming Apartheid -- The dismantling of Apartheid, 320 -- South Africa after Apartheid: economy, aids, crime, and politics -- Summary and analysis -- South Africa: chronology of major events -- References and further readings -- Selected DVD, film, or videocassette documentaries -- Conclusions -- Some comparisons among the case studies -- Inadequacies in the theories of revolution -- Revolutions of the future? -- References and further readings -- Rental sources -- About the book and author