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Clifford Gaddy's and Barry Ickes' paradigm of the "virtual economy" has fundamentally changed the way people think about Russia's economy. Circulated at the highest levels of the Russian and U.S. governments and reported in leading publications worldwide, their thesis--that Russia's economy is based on illusion or pretense about nearly every important economic yardstick, including prices, sales, wages and budgets--has forced broad recognition of the inadequacies of the intended market reform policies in Russia. More important, their work has provided a coherent framework for understanding how and why so much of Russia's economy has resisted reform. Gaddy and Ickes now use the virtual economy concept to project the near- and middle-term future of the Russian economy and suggest possible policy responses. Drawing on new empirical material from published and unpublished sources and from their own extensive field work in Russia, the authors examine critical aspects of the virtual economy: manufacturing enterprises, households and the public sectors, both local and federal. For the first time, they will also integrate the financial and agricultural sectors into their model. Gaddy's and Ickes' book can be expected to be a seminal work for understanding the inner workings of the Russian economy. Clifford G. Gaddy is a fellow in Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution and a member of Brookings' Center on Social and Economic Dynamics. He is the author of The Price of the Past: Russia's Struggle with the Legacy of a Militarized Economy (Brookings, 1996) and coauthor of Open for Business: Russia's Return to the Global Economy(Brookings, 1992). Barry W. Ickes is associate professor of economics at Pennsylvania State University and director of research at the New Economic School, Moscow.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Preface -- Virtual Dreams -- Virtual Folklore: Breaking the News about the Internet -- Point of No Return: Crossing the Virtual Threshold -- When Cultures Collide: The Internet versus the "Great Conversation" -- Internet Economics: The Complex Synergies of Wealth Creation -- The Evolutionary Implications of the Internet -- Notes from Santa Fe: The Internet as a Complex Adaptive System -- Virtual Nightmares -- Work, Leisure, and the Overthrow of Matter -- Tube Time: Power Cocooning for Fun and Profit -- Quality of Information: The Human Bandwidth Problem -- Information Overload: A Challenge for Human Productivity -- The Electronic Agora and the Death of History -- Inferiority: Our Most Precious Natural Resource -- Electronic Mediation and Technological Depende -- The Psychopathology of Online Life -- Yellow Alert: Massive System Vulnerability -- The Electronic Polity -- The Complexities of Role and Identity in Cyberspace -- Spin Doctors Invade Net-Film at Eleven -- The Strange Obscurantism of the Virtual World -- Virtual Schmoozing: The Ever Popular Cocktail Party Effect -- A Postmodern Dilemma: Are All Ideas Created Equal? -- The Myth of Electronic Democracy: A Reality Check -- Digital Culture -- Why Wired Is Tired: The Transformation of Technology into Culture -- Random Thoughts on the Defining Works of Cyberculture -- The New Media: Tossing Out the Rules -- The Internet and Spirituality: A Strange Brew Indeed -- The EFF and Net Politics: Technocracy in the Making? -- Telecom Unchained: Privatizing the Public Network -- Science, Culture, and the Internet -- Is Science Our National Religion? -- Back to the Future: Science Fiction as Mythology -- Mediated Society: The Cybersomething That Lies beyond Gesellschaft -- Orwell Reconsidered: The Paradox of Decentralization -- Is Cyberspace a Trojan Horse for Technocracy? -- Science, Spirituality, and the Crisis of Epistemology -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About the Author

The advent of Franz Boas on the North American scene irrevocably redirected the course of Americanist anthropology. This volume documents the revolutionary character of the theoretical and methodological standpoint introduced by Boas and his first generation of students, among whom linguist Edward Sapir was among the most distinguished. Virtually all of the classic Boasians were at least part-time linguists alongside their ethnological work. During the crucial transitional period beginning with the founding of the Bureau of American Ethnology in 1879, there were as many continuities as discontinuities between the work of Boas and that of John Wesley Powell and his Bureau. Boas shared with Powell a commitment to the study of aboriginal languages, to a symbolic definition of culture, to ethnography based on texts, to historical reconstruction on linguistic grounds, and to mapping the linguistic and cultural diversity of native North America. The obstacle to Boas's vision of anthropology was not the Bureau but the archaeological and museum establishment centred in Washington, D.C. and in Boston. Moreover, the "scientific revolution" was concluded not when Boas began to teach at Columbia University in New York in 1897 but around 1920 when first generation Boasians cominated the discipline in institutional as well as theoretical terms. The impact of Boas is explored in terms of theoretical positions, interactional networks of scholars, and institutions within which anthropological work was carried out. The volume shows how collaboration of universities and museums gradually gave way to an academic centre for anthropology in North America, in line with the professionalization of American science along German lines during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.The author is Professor of Anthropology and Director of the Centre for Research and Teaching

When the Cold War ended in 1989, American hopes for a new world order were quickly disappointed. A new wave of violence soon erupted, engulfing places from Rwanda and Somalia to Chechnya and Bosnia. These new "clashes of civilizations," fundamentalist jihads, and ethnic massacres appeared to be more savage and less rational than the long twilight struggle with the USSR, during which Washington's adversary was clearly identified and relatively predictable. In an effort to understand these post-Cold War conflicts and to advise the government on how to deal with them, a new school of foreign policy thought has developed. Dubbed "chaos theory," it argues that the much heralded processes of globalization are actually breeding a reaction of irrational violence. Thus, the spread of Western cultural icons through new electronic media often shocks and offends moral sensibilities in traditional societies. The explosive growth of international commerce has triggered a wave of migration and urbanization that throws together people from different cultures and fertilizes xenophobia. Chaos theory has already won converts in the U.S. military, the intelligence community, and the foreign service. Its influence has been manifest in an array of policies, particularly during the U.S. engagement in Bosnia. But chaos theory is mostly wrong. In this book, the author outlines the growth of chaos theory and its growing influence, and then provides a thorough empirical critique. Using detailed studies of Bosnia and global comparisons, he shows that globalization has not played a decisive role in fueling recent conflicts. Indeed, journalists' impressions notwithstanding, there is no evidence that since 1989 warfare has become more savage or even more frequent. The advocates of chaos theory are thus urging the U.S. to invest in preparing for a threat that is largely

For decades educators and cultural critics have deplored the corrosive effects of electronic media on the national consciousness. The average American reads less often, writes less well. And, numbed by the frenetic image-bombardment of music videos, commercials and sound bites, we may also, it is argued, think less profoundly. But wait. Is it just possible that some good might arise from the ashes of the printed word? Most emphatically yes, argues Mitchell Stephens, who asserts that the moving image is likely to make our thoughts not more feeble but more robust. Through a fascinating overview of previous communications revolutions, Stephens demonstrates that the charges that have been leveled against television have been faced by most new media, including writing and print. Centuries elapsed before most of these new forms of communication would be used to produce works of art and intellect of sufficient stature to overcome this inevitable mistrust and nostalgia. Using examples taken from the history of photography and film, as well as MTV, experimental films, and Pepsi commercials, the author considers the kinds of work that might unleash, in time, the full power of moving images. And he argues that these works--an emerging computer-edited and -distributed "new video"--have the potential to inspire transformations in thought on a level with those inspired by the products of writing and print. Stephens sees in video's complexities, simultaneities, and juxtapositions, new ways of understanding and perhaps even surmounting the tumult and confusions of contemporary life. Sure to spark lively--even heated--debate, The Rise of the Image, the Fall of the Word belongs in the library of millennium-watchers everywhere.

Paperback released by IAP in May, 2008Scholars in various disciplines are recommending comprehensive measures to solve multiple societal as well as individual problems. The philosophy of "community education" has been overlooked but is a workable, comprehensive approach to addressing crime. As used in this book, community education is a philosophy, process, and program comprised of three overriding and interrelated elements: community empowerment, community problem-solving, and the effort to involve all community members in the pursuit of lifelong learning. The Hyde Park neighborhood in St. Louis has one of the highest rates of reported drug sales and high rates of homicide, robbery, aggravated assault, arson, and burglary. The community lays claim to several crime-inducing variables including population loss, a high percentage of population shift resulting in a higher percentage of black population and boarded-up housing units, a high rate of unemployment, a very low per capita income and a high percentage of citizens living below the poverty line, and a high percentage of female-headed households. Nevertheless, the people of Hyde Park are participating in a crime prevention approach that is applicable to all communities. Insights to urban life and problem solving are provided by community members, covering such topics as policing and how it can be improved. These insights and others offered by the author are supported by theories and philosophies found in the literature. In the process of solving their own problems, community members involve themselves in lifelong learning activities and leadership development. Written in a style that is appealing to the general public as well as academics, it is of special interest to educators, community leaders, criminologists, academics in urban affairs and sociology, social workers, law enforcement agents, and politicians.

Machine generated contents note: Foreword xi -- Steven C. Rockefeller -- Introduction xv -- Peter Miller and Laura Westra -- Part 1 Valuing the Earth -- Introduction to Part 1 3 -- A New Global Covenant -- I The Earth Charter 9 -- 2 The Earth Charter: An Ethical Framework for Sustainable Living 17 -- Fayen d'Evie and Steven M. Glass -- 3 The Earth Charter Principles: Source for an Ethics of Universal -- Responsibility 26 -- Abelardo Brenes -- 4 The Earth Charter as a New Covenant for Democracy 37 -- J. Ronald Engel -- 5 Ecofeminism, Integrity, and the Earth Charter: A Critical Analysis 53 -- Victoria Davion -- Humanistic Values and the Earth Charter -- 6 A Pragmatic Focus on Humans 61 -- Julia J. Bartkowiak -- 7 Human Values as a Source for Sustaining the Environment 69 -- Naomi Zack -- 8 The Earth Charter, Servant-Leadership, and Philosophy: Valuing the -- Earth by Implementing Ideals 74 -- Rubye Howard Braye and Ruth Miller Lucier -- Measuring Progress and Decline -- 9 Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) Accounting: Relating Ecological -- Integrity to Human Health and Well-Being 83 -- Mark Anielski and Colin L. Soskolne -- 10 Understanding the Consequences of Human Actions: Indicators from -- GNP to IBI 98 -- James R. Karr -- Part 2 People in Ecosystems: Reciprocal Impacts and -- Human Responsibilities -- Introduction to Part 2 113 -- Sustainable Agriculture and the Human Prospect -- 11 The Future of Human Populations: Energy, Food, and Water -- Availability in the Twenty-First Century 119 -- Clive A. Edwards and David Pimentel -- 12 Impacts of Milk and Meat on People and the Planet 140 -- Robert Goodland -- 13 Integrity and Sustainability of Natural and Man-Made Ecosystems 155 -- Lech Ryszkowski -- Addressing the Destruction in Production -- 14 Gold, Cyanide, and Fish in the River of Life and Death 167 -- Imre Ldzdr and Emese Kiss -- 15 The Planetary Life Crisis: Its Systemic Cause and Ground of -- Resolution 180 -- John McMurtry -- 16 Global Consumption in the New Millennium 193 -- Patricia H. Werhane and Mary A. Hamilton -- 17 What Practical Difference Would the Adoption of the Earth Charter -- Mean to the Resolution of Global Warming Issues? 205 -- Don Brown -- Part 3 Justice, Conflict, and the Preservation of Nature -- Introduction to Part 3 217 -- What Is Environmental Justice? -- 18 Socially Just Eco-Integrity: Getting Clear on the Concept 221 -- William E. Rees -- 19 The Fair Distribution of Environmental Goods 243 -- Janos I. T6th -- 20 A Stakeholder-Based Approach to Environmental Justice Using -- Geographical Information Systems (GIS) 252 -- Garrick E. Louis and Luna M. Magpili -- Case Studies: Conflict, Risk, and the Preservation of Nature -- 21 Violence and the Environment in Colombia: Questions Regarding -- Environmental Ethics 269 -- Luis Alberto Camargo and Vicky Castillo -- 22 Ethics and Risks in Building a Cyclotron 284 -- Sonia Ftacnikova -- 23 The Tactics of Forest Preservation: Authenticity and Rhetoric in -- Poland's Bialowieza Forest Preserve 294 -- Eunice Blavascunas -- 24 Can Corcovado National Park in Costa Rica Be Saved? How to Apply -- the Principles of the Earth Charter 303 -- Paul T. Durbin -- 25 Gendered Resistance to Corporate Environmentalism and -- Debt-for-Nature Swaps in Costa Rica 311 -- Ana Isla and Terisa E. Turner -- About the Contributors 323

Aus der Einleitung: Seit der Liberalisierung der Energiewirtschaft durch das "Gesetz zur Neuregelung des Energiewirtschaftsrechts" am 25. April 1998 das die Binnenmarktrichtlinien für Strom und Gas in nationales Recht umgesetzt hat haben die Energieversorgungs-unternehmen (EVU) die Möglichkeit, Strom nicht nur innerhalb ihrer ehemaligen Versorgungsgebiete, sondern in ganz Deutschland (und teilweise auch in Europa) zu verkaufen. Durch eine Preisoffensive der RWE Energie AG wurde in diesem Sommer der Wettbewerb um Haushaltskunden eröffnet nachdem schon seit letztem Jahr Industriekunden von niedrigeren Strompreisen profitieren. Die Preissenkungen im Absatzbereich führen allerdings auch zu verminderten Margen aus dem Stromverkauf und zwingen die EVU's dazu, Kosten-einsparpotentiale in der gesamten Wertschöpfungskette zu identifizieren und auszuschöpfen. Gleichzeitig bietet der sich entwickelnde Stromhandel Möglichkeiten, den Strombezug und -absatz zu optimieren. Durch das Entstehen eines Spotmarkts und dem Eintritt neuer Marktteilnehmer (z.B. IPP und ausländische Händler und Erzeuger) in den Markt ergeben sich flexiblere Bezugs- und Absatzmöglichkeiten für die EVU's. Gleichzeitig ergeben sich jedoch durch volatile Strompreise und flexiblere Vertragsgestaltungen Risiken, denen die EVU's bisher nur begrenzt ausgesetzt waren. Die vollständige Umsetzung der Binnenmarktrichtlinie für Gas muß innerhalb einer Frist von zwei Jahren erfolgen, im Moment führen die Verbände Verhandlungen über eine Verbändevereinbarung für die Gasdurchleitung, welche bis zum Jahr 2000 abgeschlossen werden sollen. Daher ist bald mit einem ähnlich intensiven Wettbewerb wie im Strommarkt auch im Gasmarkt zu rechnen. Ebenso soll mit dieser Vereinbarung der Weg für eine deutsche Gasbörse bereitet werden. Der aus der Finanzwirtschaft bekannte und durch die Portfolio – Selection – Thoerie begründete Portfoliomanagement – Prozeß stellt einen Ansatz dar, den Einsatz der verschiedenen Bezugs- und Absatzalternativen ( d.h. der verschiedenen "Assets") auf Grundlage der individuellen Situation und der Präferenzen des EVU (des "Investors") strukturiert und zielorientiert zu steuern. Bei der Bewertung und Gewichtung der Assets im Portfolio wird insbesondere deren Rendite- / Risikoprofil berücksichtigt und eine Allokation der Assets nach der jeweiligen Risikopräferenz des Anlegers angestrebt. Allerdings können die Methoden und Instrumente des Portfoliomanagements aufgrund der Spezifitäten des Strom- und Gasmarkts nur eingeschränkt auf diese übertragen werden. Besonders komplex erweist sich die Bewertung der Assets im Strom- und Gasportfolio (und hier insbesondere die Kraftwerksbewertung). Die vorliegende Arbeit soll Möglichkeiten und Probleme der Anwendung des Portfoliomanagament-Prozesses im Strom- und Gashandel analysieren und Lösungsansätze erarbeiten. Gang der Untersuchung: Im 2. Kapitel wird die Moderne Portfoliotheorie der Finanzwirtschaft in ihren Grundzügen dargestellt und das Portfolio –Selection – Modell als Entscheidungs-modell für die Asset Allocation vorgestellt. Die spezifischen Eigenschaften von Strom und Gas als Handelswaren erschweren eine Übertragung der finanzwirtschaftlichen Portfoliotheorie auf den Energiemarkt. Daher werden diese Eigenschaften im dritten Kapitel aufgezeigt. Im vierten Kapitel der Arbeit wird versucht, die Portfoliotheorie unter Berücksichtigung der Spezifität des Strom- und Gashandels auf den Energiemarkt zu übertragen. Als besonders komplex erweist sich dabei die Bewertung von Kraftwerken. Bei der Umsetzung der Portfoliotheorie auf den Energiemarkt wird schwerpunktmäßig der Strommarkt betrachtet. Diese Gewichtung erfolgt einerseits als Konzession an den begrenzten Umfang einer Diplomarbeit, andererseits aus der Tatsache, dass der Strommarkt "weiter" liberalisiert ist als der Gasmarkt. Allerdings können einige Vorgehensweisen des Portfoliomanagements aufgrund ähnlicher Strom- und Gasmarktstrukturen insbesondere im Absatzbereich zusammengefasst betrachtet werden. Im Anschluss an die Darstellung des Portfoliomanagement - Prozesses im Strom- und Gashandel wird versucht, ein Modellportfolio für den Strommarkt darzustellen und zu bewerten. Inhaltsverzeichnis: InhaltsverzeichnisI AbbildungsverzeichnisV AbkürzungsverzeichnisXIII 1.Einleitung1 1.1Problemstellung1 1.2Gang der Untersuchung2 1.3Definition zentraler Begriffe2 2.Darstellung und kritische Würdigung der Portfoliotheorie3 2.1Grundlagen der Portfoliotheorie3 2.1.1Rentabilität, Sicherheit und Liquidität als Zielkomponenten des Portfoliomanagements3 2.1.1.1Rentabilität und Rendite3 2.1.1.2Sicherheit und Risiko4 2.1.1.3Liquidität6 2.1.2Verteilungsfunktionen7 2.1.3ny, sigma - Entscheidungsprinzip8 2.2Phasen und Ablauf des Portfoliomanagement–Prozesses8 2.2.1Anlegeranalyse9 2.2.2Finanzanalyse9 2.2.3Asset Allocation10 2.2.3.1Anlagepolitik11 2.2.3.2Strategische Asset Allocation (SAA)14 2.2.3.2.1Assetklassenallokation15 2.2.3.2.2Länderallokation15 2.2.3.2.3Währungsallokation16 2.2.3.3Taktische Asset Allocation16 2.2.4Portfolio – Selection – Modell (Markowitz)17 2.2.4.1Prämissen des Portfolio – Selection – Modells17 2.2.4.2Zentrale Aussagen des Modells18 2.2.5Performance – Analyse eines Portfolios20 2.2.5.1Performance – Messung20 2.2.5.2Performance – Attribution21 2.3Einsatz von Derivaten im Portfoliomanagement22 2.3.1Begriffsbestimmungen 22 2.3.2Forwards23 2.3.3Futures24 2.3.4Swaps24 2.3.5Optionen25 2.3.5.1Basisoptionen25 2.3.5.2Exotische Optionen26 2.3.5.3Sensitivitätsmaße für Optionen26 2.3.5.4Bewertungsmodelle für Optionen27 2.3.6Portfolio – Insurance28 2.4Kritische Würdigung der finanzwirtschaftlichen Portfoliotheorie29 3.Spezifität von Strom- und Gas als Handelsware30 3.1Spezifität von Strom als Handelsware30 3.2Spezifität von Gas als Handelsware35 3.3Abgrenzung zwischen Strom und Gas als Handelswaren37 4.Portfoliomanagement im Strom – und Gashandel38 4.1Einführendes Beispiel38 4.2Anlegeranalyse und Marktanalyse39 4.1.1Anlergeranalyse39 4.1.2Marktanalyse40 4.3Beschaffungsportfolio41 4.3.1Asset Allocation im Strombeschaffungsportfolio41 4.3.1.1Anlagepolitik41 4.3.1.2Strategische Asset Allocation (SAA)42 4.3.1.3Taktische Asset Allocation43 4.3.1.4Assetbewertung44 4.3.1.4.1Marktpreisrisiko44 4.3.1.4.2Eigenerzeugung46 4.3.1.4.3Fremdbezug53 4.3.2Asset Allocation im Gasbeschaffungsportfolio56 4.3.2.1Anlagepolitik56 4.3.2.2Strategische Asset Allocation56 4.3.2.3Taktische Asset Allocation58 4.3.2.4Assetbewertung59 4.3.2.4.1Eigenförderung59 4.3.2.4.2Fremdbezug60 4.4Absatzportfolio für Strom und Gas62 4.4.1Asset Allocation 62 4.4.1.1Anlagepolitik62 4.4.1.2Strategische Asset Allocation62 4.4.1.3Taktische Asset Allocation62 4.4.1.4Assetbewertung63 4.4.1.4.1Industriekunden63 4.4.1.4.2Haushaltskunden64 4.4.1.4.3Spotmarkt65 4.5Darstellung und Bewertung eines Gesamtportfolios am Beispiel Strom65 4.6Performance – Analyse des Gesamtportfolios69 4.7Risikomanagement im Portfoliomanagement70 4.7.1Portfolio Selection70 4.7.2Derivate70 4.8Konvergenz von Strom- und Gasmarkt71 5.Zusammenfassung und Ausblick72 Literaturverzeichnis74

Inhaltsangabe: Zusammenfassung: Ausgangspunkt dieser Arbeit war die Frage nach dem Selbstbild und Selbstverständnis von Jet- und Transportflugzeugführern der Luftwaffe. Ziel war es, ihre subjektive Berufsrealität unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten zu erfassen. Schwerpunkte waren dabei: Persönlichkeits- und Leistungsmerkmale, Motivation, Ansehen/Image (intern/extern), Arbeitsklima, Berufszufriedenheit und berufliche Zukunft. Auf der Grundlage einer empirischen Untersuchung (schriftliche Befragung) von n=167 Piloten konnte ein recht eindeutiges Bild der aktuellen Situation abgeleitet werden. Jede Untersuchungsgruppe hat ein gemäß ihrer Tätigkeiten differenziertes, realistisches Selbstbild und Selbstverständnis. Beide sind außergewöhnlich hoch motiviert und beziehen diesen Leistungsantrieb rein aus der praktischen Tätigkeit des Fliegens. Der Tendenz einer zunehmenden Imageentwertung innerhalb der Bundeswehr wurde von beiden Seiten zugestimmt. Das vermutete Ansehen bei der Bevölkerung wurde eher vorsichtig eingeschätzt. Die allgemeine (Klischee-) Vorstellung, Jet-Piloten würde allgemein ein höheres Ansehen beigemessen, wurde überwiegend bestätigt. Das Arbeitsklima wurde als 'gut' bis 'mittelmäßig' bewertet. Ebenso sind die Befragten ohne gruppenspezifische Unterschiede mit ihrem Beruf als Pilot eher zufrieden. Für die Vorhersage der Berufszufriedenheit spielt dementsprechend die berufliche Leidenschaft eine nicht zu unterschätzende Rolle, sowie die Imageentwertung innerhalb der Bundeswehr. Hinsichtlich der beruflichen Zukunft läßt sich feststellen, daß nur ein geringer Anteil in der Luftwaffe verbleiben will. Transportflugzeugführer tendieren dazu, nach ihrem aktiven Dienst im Fliegerischen Dienst in der zivilen Luftfahrt tätig sein zu wollen. Dies hat auch ein Teil der Jet-Piloten vor, dennoch finden sich in dieser Gruppe beachtliche 30%, die mit der Fliegerei nichts mehr zu tun haben und einer völlig anderen Tätigkeit nachgehen möchten. Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, daß es praktisch außerordentlich wichtig ist, die hohe Motivation der Piloten durch entsprechende Rahmenbedingungen von Organisationsseite aufrechtzuerhalten und für ein den Anforderungen entsprechendes Ansehen der Luftfahrzeugführer zu sorgen, um die bestehenden Verhältnisse beizubehalten bzw. zu verbessern. Aus der Dependenz von Gesellschaft und Militär ergeben sich die zukünftigen Aufgaben und das gesamte impulsgebende Potential der Militärsoziologie, was nicht nur im Interesse der Soziologie an sich wäre, sondern auch im Interesse der Streitkräfte. Trotz aller skizzierten Defizite weist die Situation durch den engen Theorie-Praxis-Zusammenhang auch perspektivische Möglichkeiten auf. Erst das Wissen darum, welche Faktoren z.B. zur Berufszufriedenheit beitragen, ermöglichen entsprechenden Stellen, mit gezielten Maßnahmen unterstützend oder gegebenenfalls korrigierend zur Aufrechterhaltung der Leistungsfähigkeit beizutragen. Die Ergebnisse aus vorliegender Arbeit können durchaus - unter Umständen nach einer Erweiterung oder Folgeuntersuchung - praktisch umgesetzt werden, wie Meinungen aus der 'Vorerhebung' belegen: 'für Anforderungsprofile', 'für die psychologische Betreuung von Besatzungen', 'hat ganz sicher eine Bedeutung für die Nachwuchswerbung', '(es ist) vielversprechend, die Ergebnisse unter dem Gesichtspunkt 'Innere Führung' zu betrachten'. 'Jede Studie läßt Lücken der Interpretation, jede Studie führt zu neuen Problemen.' Mögliche Anknüpfungspunkte für Folgeuntersuchungen sind vielfältig: So bemängelten Piloten, daß andere Besatzungsmitglieder nicht vergleichend berücksichtigt wurden, ebenso das Fehlen einer Gegenüberstellung von Ergebnissen zwischen den drei Teilstreitkräften oder gar zwischen einzelnen Waffensystemen, das heißt Einsatzrollen. Vermutlich sind auch Unterschiede zwischen einzelnen Geschwadern oder sogar Staffeln auffindbar. Denkbar ist auch, die Untersuchung mit einer Kontrollgruppe außerhalb des Militärs (z.B. Verkehrsflugzeugführer) durchzuführen und einen echten Fremd-vs.-Selbstbildvergleich anzustreben. Generationsbedingte Veränderungen könnten erfaßt werden, wenn Altersunterschiede berücksichtigt werden. Interessante Ergebnisse könnte auch der Vergleich mit einer strukturverwandten Organisation, z.B. der Polizei, oder aber eine internationale Untersuchung zutage fördern. Das in der Auseinandersetzung mit der sozialen Umwelt gebildete Selbstverständnis von Piloten, das sowohl für das berufliche Handeln, als auch für das außerberufliche Leben der Piloten bedeutsam ist, sollte sorgsam beobachtet werden. Zufriedene, motivierte Luftfahrzeugführer sind nicht nur für die Kampfkraft, sondern auch für die Flugsicherheit unerläßlich. Daher sollte auch in Zukunft immer der Mensch im Vordergrund stehen. Inhaltsverzeichnis: Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Vorwort 1.Einführung 1.1.Vorüberlegungen zum Thema1 1.2.Aufbau und Ziel der Arbeit4 1.3.Abgrenzung der Fragestellung7 1.3.1.Strahlflugzeugführer9 1.3.2.Transportflugzeugführer10 2.Militärsoziologie 2.1.Überblick zu einem wenig beachteten Forschungsgebiet11 2.2.Militär als Organisation18 2.3.Der Begriff der 'totalen Institution'22 2.4.Die Subjektperspektive in der Militärsoziologie25 3.Leitende Forschungsfragen 3.1.Persönlichkeit und Selbst28 3.1.1.Beruf, Identität und Profession33 3.1.2.Die 'Fliegermentalität'39 3.2.Andere Studien42 3.3.Begriffsbestimmung, Operationalisierung und Hypothesen44 3.3.1.Persönlichkeits- und Leistungsmerkmale45 3.3.2.Motivation47 3.3.3.Ansehen/Image (intern/extern)48 3.3.4.Arbeitsklima51 3.3.5.Berufszufriedenheit52 3.3.6.Berufliche Zukunft56 4.Empirische Ergebnisse 4.1.Untersuchungsaufbau und Methode58 4.2.Empirische Auswertung: Überblick61 4.3.Einzelergebnisse: 4.3.1.Persönlichkeits- und Leistungsmerkmale69 4.3.2.Motivation74 4.3.3.Ansehen/Image (intern/extern)78 4.3.4.Arbeitsklima83 4.3.5.Berufszufriedenheit85 4.3.6.Berufliche Zukunft93 4.4.Darstellung der Anmerkungen der Befragten97 5.Zusammenfassung und Ausblick100 6.Literaturverzeichnis103 7.Anhang Anh. 1: Zusammenfassung Vorerhebung Anh. 2: Fragebogen (mit Anschreiben) Anh. 3: Antworthäufigkeiten im Überblick Anh. 4: Persönlichkeitsprofile (B1, B2) Anh. 5: Eigenschaftsprofile (B3, B4) Anh. 6: Eignungsprofile für fliegerische Tätigkeiten (nach Hansen 1985)

From Pulitzer-Prize-nominated author Susan Griffin comes an unprecedented, provocative look at the dazzling world of the West's first independent women, whose lively liaisons brought them unspoken influence, wealth, and freedom.While they charmed some of Europe's most illustrious men honing their social skills as well as their sexual ones, the great courtesans gained riches, power, education, and sexual freedom in a time when other women were denied all of these. From Imperia of sixteenth-century Rome, who personified the Renaissance ideal of beauty; Mme. de Pompadour, the arbiter of all things fashionable in eighteenth-century Paris and Versailles; Liane de Pougy, known in France during the Belle Epoque as "Our National Courtesan"; to Sarah Bernhardt, who, following in her mother's footsteps, supported herself in her early career with a second profession, The Book of the Courtesans tells the life stories and intricacies of the lavish lifestyles of these women. Unlike their geisha counterparts, courtesans neither lived in brothels nor bent their wills to suit their suitors. They were strong- willed, autonomous, and plucky.An open secret, their presence can be felt throughout our culture. The muses who enflamed the hearts and imaginations of our most celebrated artists, they were also artists in their own right. They wrote poetry and novels, invented the cancan at the Moulin Rouge, and presented celebrated acts at the Folies Bergères. They helped to influence and shape the sensibility of modern literature, painting, and fashion. When Greek sculptor Praxiteles wanted to depict Venus he used a famous courtesan as a model, as in later centuries Titian, Veronese, Raphael, Giorgione, and Boucher did when they painted goddesses. When Marcel Proust was a young man it was the courtesan Laure Hayman who took him under her wing, introducing him to the

Nel Noddings, one of the central figures in the contemporary discussion of ethics and moral education, argues that caring--a way of life learned at home--can be extended into a theory that guides social policy. Tackling issues such as capital punishment, drug treatment, homelessness, mental illness, and abortion, Noddings inverts traditional philosophical priorities to show how an ethic of care can have profound and compelling implications for social and political thought. Instead of beginning with an ideal state and then describing a role for home and family, this book starts with an ideal home and asks how what is learned there may be extended to the larger social domain. Noddings examines the tension between freedom and equality that characterized liberal thought in the twentieth century and finds that--for all its strengths--liberalism is still inadequate as social policy. She suggests instead that an attitude of attentive love in the home induces a corresponding responsiveness that can serve as a foundation for social policy.With her characteristic sensitivity to the individual and to the vulnerable in society, the author concludes that any corrective practice that does more harm than the behavior it is aimed at correcting should be abandoned. This suggests an end to the disastrous war on drugs. In addition, Noddings states that the caring professions that deal with the homeless should be guided by flexible policies that allow practitioners to respond adequately to the needs of very different clients. She recommends that the school curriculum should include serious preparation for home life as well as for professional and civic life.Emphasizing the importance of improving life in everyday homes and the possible role social policy might play in this improvement, Starting at Home highlights the inextricable link between the development of care in individual lives and any discussion of moral life and social policy

An "experienced overseer of intelligence" maps out the future of American intelligence and security Recent years have seen numerous books about the looming threat posed to Western society by biological and chemical terrorism, by narcoterrorists, and by the unpredictable leaders of rogue nations. Some of these works have been alarmist. Some have been sensible and measured. But none has been by Loch Johnson. Johnson, author of the acclaimed Secret Agencies and "an experienced overseer of intelligence" (Foreign Affairs), here examines the present state and future challenges of American strategic intelligence. Written in his trademark style--dubbed "highly readable" by Publishers Weekly--and drawing on dozens of personal interviews and contacts, Johnson takes advantage of his insider access to explore how America today aspires to achieve nothing less than "global transparency," ferreting out information on potential dangers in every corner of the world. And yet the American security establishment, for all its formidable resources, technology, and networks, currently remains a loose federation of individual fortresses, rather than a well integrated "community" of agencies working together to provide the President with accurate information on foreign threats and opportunities. Intelligence failure, like the misidentified Chinese embassy in Belgrade accidentally bombed by a NATO pilot, is the inevitable outcome when the nation's thirteen secret agencies steadfastly resist the need for central coordination. Ranging widely and boldly over such controversial topics as the intelligence role of the United Nations (which Johnson believes should be expanded) and whether assassination should be a part of America's foreign policy (an option he rejects for fear that the U.S. would then be cast not only as global policeman but also as global godfather), Loch K. Johnson here maps out a critical and prescriptive vision of the future of American intelligence.

What makes the US different from other advanced economies is the opportunity for newcomers acting as entrepreneurs to start new companies, a few of which will then change the world. This book develops three points. First, the New Economy is real: part micro, part macro, and all digital. Second, its emergence around networked PCs propelled the US resurgence in the world economy during the 1990s. Third, rather than subsiding, the current US lead in information technology (IT) could well increase over the next decade. The reason lies in the clustered linking of venture capital and entrepreneurs in a system that can be stylized as 'the invention of the method of innovation'. The central theme of the book is the vital role played by newcomers, acting as entrepreneurs, to overthrow the old order and blast through the deep tendencies toward stagnation that afflict advanced, affluent economies. Related strands are (1) an update and reappraisal of Joseph Schumpeter's vision of capitalist development, (2) a regional focus on the rebirth of US computing, and (3) a detailed inquiry into the geography of innovation in strategic clusters of venture capital firms and IT knowledge workers. The author provides a sharply etched portrayal of the geography of the new economy. He lists specific case studies of the failure of established managerial corporations to capitalize on inventions, a failure remedied by newcomers. The book recounts traditional and new theories of the entrepreneur and of creative destruction. Primers on venture capital, IPOs, and internet business models are included, as are comparisons of theory and data on the emergence of new 'strategic cities'. Lastly, it offers a brief, readable, detailed, and company-specific history of the PC revolution and the coming of the internet. Economists, geographers, and regional scientists, students and readers interested in the digital economy, the internet, the history of economic thought, and the New Economy and investors will all find this book revealing and enlightening

East Timor : development challenges for the world's newest nation -- Contents -- Tables -- Figures -- Maps -- Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Preface by Xanana Gusmao -- Preface by Carlos Belo -- Preface by José Ramos Horta -- Preface by Asian Development Bank -- 1. The Key Issues by Hal Hill and João M. Saldanha -- 2. Currency and Monetary Arrangements for East Timor by Gordon de Brouwer -- 3. Folly or Foresight: Strategic Options for Fiscal Policy in East Timor by Jay K. Rosengard -- 4. Trade and Commercial Policy by Hal Hill -- 5. East Timor's Economic Relations with Indonesia by Hadi Soesastro -- 6. Food Policy in East Timor: Linking Agriculture, Economic Growth and Poverty Alleviation to Achieve Food Security by C. Peter Timmer -- 7. The Rural Economy and Institutions in East Timor by Colin Barlow -- 8. Coffee and the Economy in East Timor by Jacqueline Pomeroy -- 9. Agriculture, Comparative Advantage and the Macroeconomy by Helder da Costa -- 10. Diversity and Differential Development in East Timor: Potential Problems and Future Possibilities by James J. Fox -- 11. Property Rights in East Timor's Reconstruction and Development by Daniel Fitzpatrick -- 12. Future Political Structures and Institutions in East Timor by J.A.C. Mackie -- 13. Finance Policies for East Timor by Ross H. McLeod -- 14. Transport and Power by Chris Cheatham and Sirpa Jarvenpaa -- 15. Poverty, Equity and Living Standards in East Timor: Challenges for the New Nation by Anne Booth -- 16. Social Policy Issues in East Timor: Education and Health by Gavin W. Jones -- 17. Country Size and Economic Performance: A Commentary with Implications for East Timor by João M. Saldanha and José Tavares -- 18. Reconstruction of War-torn Economies: Lessons for East Timor by Jonathan Haughton -- 19. Lessons for Development from Pacific Island Countries by Satish Chand -- 20. The Papua New Guinea Experience: Some Issues for the Early Years of East Timor by Andrew Elek -- 21. Aid, Shocks and Trade: What East Timor Can Learn from African Experience by Paul Collier -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

What is art? The arts establishment has a simple answer: anything is art if a reputed artist or expert says it is. Though many people are skeptical about the alleged new art forms that have proliferated since the early twentieth century, today's critics claim that all such work, however incomprehensible, is art. A groundbreaking alternative to this view is provided by philosopher-novelist Ayn Rand (1901–1982). Best known as the author of The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged, Rand also created an original and illuminating theory of art, which confirms the widespread view that much of today's purported art is not really art at all. In What Art Is, Torres and Kamhi present a lucid introduction to Rand's esthetic theory, contrasting her ideas with those of other thinkers. They conclude that, in its basic principles, her account is compelling, and is corroborated by evidence from anthropology, neurology, cognitive science, and psychology. The authors apply Rand's theory to a debunking of the work of prominent modernists and postmodernists—from Mondrian, Jackson Pollock, and Samuel Beckett to John Cage, Merce Cunningham, and other highly regarded postmodernist figures. Finally, they explore the implications of Rand's ideas for the issues of government and corporate support of the arts, art law, and art education. "This is one of the most interesting, provocative, and well-written books on aesthetics that I know. While fully accessible to the general reader, What Art Is should be of great interest to specialists as well. Ayn Rand's largely unknown writings on art—especially as interpreted, released from dogma, and smoothed out by Torres and Kamhi—are remarkably refined. Moreover, her ideas are positively therapeutic after a century of artistic floundering and aesthetic quibbling. Anyone interested in aesthetics, in the purpose of art, or in the troubling