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A response to Alan Ryan's, James Miller's (2003), Charles L. Griswold, Jr.'s, & Eduardo A. Velasquez's critiques (all, 2003) of the author's (2001) study of the emergence of "philotyrannical" thought among modern European philosophers. Ryan's discussion of the author's delineation of Alexander Kojeve as a supporter of philotyranny is addressed. Griswold's objections to the portrayal of Jacques Derrida as intellectually reckless & assertion that none of the studied modern European philosophers correspond with Plato's engagement with tyrannical eros are then discussed. Miller's contention that Plato exhibits similarities with Michel Foucault's thought, which is portrayed as an ongoing philosophical experiment, is questioned. Velasquez's critique is welcomed for raising issues concerning whether philosophers are obligated to contemplate moral & political questions & are required to adhere to the rules of moral decency; brief responses to both concerns are presented. J. W. Parker

Enthält Rezension von: Naumkin, Vitaly: Radical Islam in Central Asia : between pen and rifle. - Oxford : Rowman and Littlefield, 2005

Presents a translation of the Law of 22 Prairial adopted by France's National Convention in 1794, including the introduction by Couthon of the Committee of Public Safety who claimed that the reign of despotism was opposed to both ethical & natural truth. Couthon maintained that the revolutionary tribunal had become paralyzed & justice had become a "false religion that consisted entirely of dogmas, rites, & mysteries, from which moral doctrine was banned." He stated that the time has come to bring the tyrants to justice & then read all of the Articles of the law, including the revised composition of the revolutionary tribunal & a detailed description of enemies of the people "who seek to annihilate public liberty, either by force or by cunning." The penalty for all crimes handled by the revolutionary tribunal was death & proof for condemnation could include any verbal, written, or moral document that could "naturally persuade a fair & reasonable mind." Other articles of the law are described. Translation by Dan Edelstein & Christy Wampole. J. Lindroth

Presents a translation of the Law of 22 Prairial adopted by France's National Convention in 1794, including the introduction by Couthon of the Committee of Public Safety who claimed that the reign of despotism was opposed to both ethical & natural truth. Couthon maintained that the revolutionary tribunal had become paralyzed & justice had become a "false religion that consisted entirely of dogmas, rites, & mysteries, from which moral doctrine was banned." He stated that the time has come to bring the tyrants to justice & then read all of the Articles of the law, including the revised composition of the revolutionary tribunal & a detailed description of enemies of the people "who seek to annihilate public liberty, either by force or by cunning." The penalty for all crimes handled by the revolutionary tribunal was death & proof for condemnation could include any verbal, written, or moral document that could "naturally persuade a fair & reasonable mind." Other articles of the law are described. Translation by Dan Edelstein & Christy Wampole. J. Lindroth

Questionnaire data derived from the 1995 module of the International Social Survey Program are drawn on to examine two dimensions of nationalist attitudes -- chauvinism & patriotism -- in 22 countries. Patriotism is the feeling of pride in one's people & country but with a critical understanding that can allow for other viewpoints & other peoples. Chauvinism, on the other hand, denotes blind acceptance of one's country & people as unique & superior. This latter, negative form of nationalism is likely to promote rejection of ethnic outgroups. Varying degrees of these two nationalist attitudes were found among the 22 countries, theorized to be mediated by ethnic competition, localistic orientation, contextual characteristics, & perceived ethnic threat. Cross-national analyses indicate a distinction between a country's patriotic vs chauvinistic nationalist attitudes in determining acceptance of ethnic outgroups. Tables, Figures. J. Stanton

Although the George W. Bush administration has utilized religion to support its foreign policy agenda & advocacy of global democracy, it is stressed that previous administrations have utilized religious rhetoric & metaphors to advance the international spread of liberty. Three religious features of US religious rhetoric are identified: the US is a chosen nation; the US possesses a mission to transform the world; & the US represents the forces of good in the struggle against evil. The origins of US religious rhetoric in national politics & foreign policy are traced back to 17th century Protestant millennialism imported from Western Europe; even though Protestant millennialism is grounded upon an apocalyptic religious mentality, scrutiny of historical US foreign policy demonstrated that success in international relations & foreign policy was frequently predicated on an non-cataclysmic understanding of the US's position within the global order. It is subsequently asserted that the Bush administrations foreign policy agenda has embraced a millennialist mentality but that this perspective has failed to achieve democratization via apocalyptic confrontation throughout the Middle East. The consequences of the Bush administrations inability to recognize its foreign policy failures are also pondered. J. W. Parker

Describes the French Law of 22 Prairial that was adopted by the National Convention on 10 June 1794. Maximilien Robespierre, president of the National Convention & dominant figure of the Committee of Public Safety (CPS), encouraged French citizens to "purify the earth that (the tyrants) have soiled." The law of 22 prairial radically reformed the revolutionary tribunal by denying the accused right to legal counsel; allowing the prosecution to present "moral" proofs of guilt in the absence of (or in addition to) material evidence; & accelerating the judicial process. It is noted that the new law initiated the period known as the "Great Terror" in which 1,400 people were sentenced to death within the space of seven weeks. Possible motives for the CPS to turn the tribunal into a killing machine & to depart so radically from more enlightened norms of judicial processes are considered. Particular attention is given to the natural right theory upon which the legal process of the 22 prairial law is based. J. Lindroth

Indonesia's private television industry blossomed into a powerful source of national, mass culture production in the 1990's and early 2000's. This essay examines the ways in which producers' subject position, in relation to global media form and narrative, is transformed, through production processes and conventions, into a distinctive 'way of looking'. By focusing on the example of a travel program, issues related to the representation of elements classified as 'traditional' or 'ethnic' is explored. Grounded in long-term ethnographic fieldwork among the country's TV producers, programmers and station executives, the essay puts forward the notion that the use of global forms and narratives leads to the encoding of a particular 'gaze' in popular programming, which positions viewers as foreign to symbols of traditional culture. (Asian J Commun/NIAS)

Ten years after the handover, this article examines the macro and collective consequences of self-censorship, change of media ownership and, two major issues of press freedom during the transition period. The article argues that journalists working in media organizations acquired by 'pro-China' business tend to steer the media toward a 'neutral' and 'objective' position. The result is a new modal center in the spectrum of political ideology and reduced diversity in the marketplace of opinions. (Asian J Commun/NIAS)

This chapter considers whether strong positive attitudes toward the ethnic ingroup of a given nation are related to strong exclusionist reactions to ethnic outgroups, a phenomenon defined as ethnocentrism or chauvinistic nationalism. The presence of this relation is comparatively examined among 22 countries, based on 1990s survey data. The primary aim is to discern whether the extent to which various dimensions of nationalist attitudes were related to various dimensions of exclusionist reactions differed systematically by socioeconomic population group & country, or whether these interrelations were universal & invariant, both within & across countries. The findings indicate a relatively strong relation between chauvinistic nationalism & resistance to immigrants, & this relation appears to be universal. Tables. J. Stanton