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The paper in a complex manner analyses the institute of a municipality's mayor in Germany andthe evolution of the mayor's status in German society. The institute of a mayor and its status togetherwith changes of the latter in modern Germany, especially in the Land of Baden-Württemberg, are discussedon the basis of professional portrait of a mayor and giving the assessment of the specifics ofthe portrait in the context of current processes of the local governance system improvement and politicalchange. The main questions, which receive the priority attention, are: 1) role of municipality'smayor in contemporary Germany; 2) direct election of a mayor and elections in the municipalitycouncil; 3) dependence to a party, circumstances for cooperation with political parties, political selfdependenceand loyalty and tolerance to different political attitudes; gender issues, typical formayor's institute. The article provides material from a survey, which was aimed to construct amayor's portrait and to assess its changes. The article can be relevant and important to those readers,who are interested in organization of modern local governance and German experience in local governanceimprovement.

This paper describes a wide range of definitions of the policy agenda, which enables one to have a widerview over the concept of the policy agenda and its contexts. On the one hand, policy agenda-setting is a processthat is rather open for participation; on the other hand, it is a complex mechanism of influence. A lot of participantstake part in the policy agenda design: mass media, politicians, interest groups, etc. From the classicalpoint of view, formation of the policy agenda is basically influenced by three forces: political parties, interestgroups and institutions. The article pays a significant attention to the government as an institution that has tomaintain sustainability of the public policy and react to spontaneously discussed issues, and an institution,which maintains resources in a competition with other political actors. Many policy agenda formation modelshave been criticized for their narrowness; thus, in the perspective of time, models of a single variable have provokedthe development of a multi-variable model, which has a more systematic approach, yet was criticized fora synthetic construct.

The taxation of inheritances and donationsis a relatively a wide issue, which can be formulatedin the structures of different forms of taxation.Gratuitous acquisition can be levied bothindirect and direct taxes. This article describesone of the most commonly used method- tax oninheritances and donationsSuccession tax is a widely known and commonlyused tribute in the tax system both in andoutside Europe.Considering the circumstances and themethod of levying a tax, and first of all, for fiscalreasons, in the tax legislation succession taxis supplemented by donation tax. Mostly thesetwo tributes are included in the same legal act[1].T

The article presents survey of research conducted on the behalf of Klaipeda city municipality, which had toevaluate expediency of municipality governance decentralisation by establishing new neighbourhoods. Theconclusions were made on the base of results of representative pool of 250 inhabitants of Klaipeda city and 23experts. The research showed that legal regulations provide possibilities for city governance decentralisation by establishingnew neighbourhoods, but satisfactory administrative and financial self-government means for that arenot established. Inhabitants and experts positively evaluated activity of Klaipeda city municipality by decidingdeals related to city development and improving living surround. Majority of respondents did notwelcome establishment of new neighbourhoods. At same time, they sustained formation of institute of representativesof living societies and improving their impact to government of the city.

There are no social movements or political parties in Europe which would strive for united social policymodel. Large historic, structural and financial differences between various countries are the main reasons for that.Negative results of referendums for adoption of European Constitution in France and the Netherlands, as otherforms of resistance, are witnessing about aims of population to preserve continental corporative European modelwithout changes or only with slight changes. The latter does not help European integration and harmonization ofsocial tasks, although helps to survive for developed and well financed social security systems in Europe. EuropeanUnion , as before, foresees social security as a subject for national competence and jurisdiction. Nevertheless,separate problems considering common EU labour market are solved jointly and positively.Social policy modeling in Western European countries has a history of several decades. It enables todefine one or another European social security model and to conduct analysis of existing social situation andprognostic perspectives. English sociologist Richard Titmuss and danish sociologist Gosta Esping-Andersen havemade the largest input into social policy modelling. They both have scientifically founded the liberal, corporativeand socialdemocratic welfare models. If Titmuss in his work have made more qualitative analysis, Esping-Andersenhave added substantial quantitative indicators of decommodification. The works of other researchers haveshown the impact of this theory for other parts of societal life, especially- for labour market policies.Globalisation impact is decisive for one or another social policy model configuration. Mainly because ofglobalisation impact the "passive social policy", which was functioning until the 90-ies is replaced by "active socialpolicy" which is posing final social reintegration aims. Such changes of paradigms are also changing social policymodels by diminishing the role of institutional socialdemocratic elements and increasing ...

The changing global economy, dramatic technological change, and increased expectations for governmentperformance demand new attention to the complex set of public skills and capacity. Civil servantsare experiencing great pressures emanating from increasing global integration – economic, political, socialand cultural. New technology, new ways of organizing work, new means of delivering services and anincreasing reliance on temporary employment have redefined the nature of public service. Meeting allthese challenges requires a unique combination of knowledge, skills and attitudes and effective humanresource development policies and strategies to nurture these competencies.

This article analyses issues of police personnel training and the influence of recent public administrationand social life tendencies on police personnel training. When analyzing historical context ofpolice training and administration in Western countries, it is stated that paramilitary model of policepersonnel administration which has been formed in the West in early 19th century is more and morequestionable. It is stated that because the society is becoming more democratic, the uniformed policeis becoming a crime prevention institution rather than a prosecutor. The police in CEE countries is alsochanging due to democratic reforms. New philosophy of police activities should be concerted with the systemof police personnel training, but in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe the aspect of the existingpractical conditions of police activities and institutional as well as cultural aspects must be considered.This article states that training system of the detective forces must be strenghtened. Also the transitionalmodel of police personnel training must be developed where "police as public service" concept is adjustedto the concept of administrative method. This could be a paradigm to the structures of police personneltraining in Western countries, especially in the context of increasing terrorism.

Globalization is a catch-all term used to describe a combination of trends and processes that linkeconomies, societies and governments around the world. The underlying forces creating global interdependenceare not new. However, events around the world have made larger, and more sudden, impacts on socialorganizations, economic performance and public policy that haven't been experienced before. The purpose ofthis paper is to examine the potential of public administration modernization regarding principles of NewPublic Management that is being influenced by the forces of politics globalization and by rise ofsupraterritorialy fact. Paper explores the concept of globalization, emphasize globalization of politics, andstress the influence of globalization on a state. Trends of public administration reforms, export of publicadministration models, regional specifics of public administration reforms, changes of national andinternational governance systems are examined in the paper as the consequence of public administrationglobalization.

The subject of this article is of great relevance regarding the present Lithuanian government attempts toimprove and to modernize Lithuanian public administration supervising system by implementing the publicadministration monitoring system. The main objectives of this research are to explore the current state ofmonitoring system demand in Lithuania, the concept of monitoring, the premises of effective monitoringsystem. Besides that authors present some proposals how to make public administration monitoring systemmore effective and efficient.

In this work we propose a framework to give a global analysis of eGovernment and eGovernance inSwitzerland. First we discuss the eGovernment strategies and the eGovernance policies of the Federal Government,of the Cantons and of the largest cities in Switzerland in order to identify the overall directions ofthe Swiss ePolicies. We then propose a mean of measuring the proximity of eGovernment and its differentgeneric functions. In order to do so we analyzed different international studies and defined an indicatorbased on 21 elements of measures grouped in six dimensions of proximity. In this paper we present briefly theresults of two surveys conducted in 2002 and 2003 on the official Websites of the French-speaking SwissCantons. To conclude this work we give some hints for the application of a methodology based on proximitymeasurement.

The ISPA programme and Cohesion fund Project Management Cycle is analysed in the article. Herein the sixof the ISPA programme and Cohesion Fund Projects Cycle Phases are outlined. The changes in Project managementCycle, law and management system which will occur as outcome because of ISPA programme will transforminto Cohesion fund after Lithuania will become one of the European Union member state are highlighted. Themajor problems which arising during European Union funds implementation in candidate countries and memberstates are segregated. In order to assure that ISPA programme and prospective Cohesion fund would be implementedproperly the solutions were found and made recomendations for resolving with management and lawrelated problems.

The growing recognition of the importance of strengthening the civic society to perform its designated role hasbeen an important factor in shaping the debate on fiscal transparency. The series of financial crises experiencedduring the last decades have raised two issues about public policy making, and the need to reduce high vulnerability.Public policy making, in general, and the national fiscal system, in particular has become a unit of analysis.Transparency enables all stakeholders in a country to see the structure and functions of the government, itspolicy intentions and fiscal projections, and accounts for past periods. The main purpose of opening these windowsis to render those inside accountable and answerable for their decisions and actions. Accountability is the obligationto render an account for the responsibility conferred.Fiscal transparency, reflecting a system of well organized windows on public policy making and policy implementation,is not an end in itself, but is a means contributing to effective and comprehensive accountability that aimsat securing full answerability from governments and their officials. Greater fiscal transparency is seen as a means ofimproving economic governance arrangements in ways, which, by promoting fiscal stability, will in turn improve thefunctioning of the government sector and facilitate improvements in the economic environment for the privatesector.Accountability imposes discipline on national authorities by ensuring that the authorities are answerable to thegeneral public and market participants for their decisions. Accountability thereby lessens the likelihood that nationalauthorities will make imprudent policy decisions. More particularly, transparency and accountability shouldresult in better–informed public debate about the design and objectives of fiscal and monetary policies and therebystrengthen the credibility and public understanding of macroeconomic policies and choices, as well as the quality ofdecisions taken. To facilitate the efficient allocation of ...

The main problems and priorities of regional social and economic development in Lithuania and other East –and Central European countries are described in the article. Innovation activities as the most important direction ofregional development are analyzed too.The main priorities of regional development oriented policy are characterized as follows:• specialization of regional social, economic and technological development,• establishing and modernization of the networks and infrastructure of industrial enterpises and industrialknots, multiindustrial clusters, social oriented groups of factories as well as innovation centres, businessincubators, science and technologies parks, investment and regional economic development agencies,• interregional and international cooperation with different regional economic and innovation systems, especiallyin EU.Idea of "oazis" policy in the regional development.Possibilities and necessity to prepare and realize regional development oriented national innovation policy aredescribed in the article as well.

In many countries the tendency of management development getting to the public sector is growing bigger.Especially underlined is the New public management role. Different authors, differently treat this conception. Onegroup understands it like an absolutely new perception idea, which unifies general tendencies that were dominatingin many countries and had an impact to the early stage of understanding the modernization of public sector. Otherssay that the New public management system isn't a new idea and it came from various theoretical thesis. Howeverscientific literature in most cases writes the opinion that the New public management has no independent theoreticalsources and that its theoretical base consists of two foundations: public opinion theory and management.Talking about standard basis, which regulates the dominating system of the local administration in the Republicof Lithuania, the author analyze only the acts of law that state the position of country about the dominatingsystem of local administration. That is, law acts have to have stated in them the main reform aspects of the publicsector. Noteworthy points of this strategy fixed in the law acts are: Country's long-term development strategy,Public administration expansion strategy as far as to year 2010, Lithuanian regional politics strategy to the year2013, balanced National development strategy. Not less important are the other law acts like the LithuanianRepublic's Government program for the year 2004-2008, confirmed by some central government institutions andthere carried out functions of decentralization and deconcentration conception with the realization of the first stepof this conception by all confirmed means.Noteworthy those at this time working laws that regulate the local administration in Lithuanian Republicsometimes have arguing points, but how to efficiently install new management development in the public sector, bythis means and in the local administration, are not presented.It seems that the present valid law acts are prepared with ...

In the context of constant change the public administration system undergoes different types of reforms:amendment of interaction mechanisms among institutions representing different management levels, applicationof competence and qualification improvement methods in the public service, etc. By stressing the importanceof improvement of public administration system on a wider general environment this article analysestheoretical and practical aspects of politization of the system in both Lithuania and other countries. Although inreality the separation of politics and administration is impossible, yet, by assuring a maximum protection of thepublic service system from political interests, it is possible to stabilize the process of state governance and tocreate a professional public service, which would be based on qualification, performance and merit results, butnot on personal or party-based (political) interests.