Political attention has increasingly focused on limiting warming to 2êC. However, to date the only mitigation commitments accompanying this target are the so-called Copenhagen pledges, and these pledges appear to be inconsistent with the 2êC objective. Diverging opinions on whether this inconsistency can or should be resolved have been expressed. This paper clarifies the alternative assumptions underlying these diverging view points and explicits their implications. It first gives simple visualizations of the challenge posed by the 2êC target. It then proposes a decision tree, linking different beliefs on climate change, the achievability of different policies, and current international policy dynamics to various options to move forward on climate change.
This thesis critically analyzes the H-2C temporary worker program (TWP) that was part of the 2006, Senate-approved Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act. Employer opinions and lessons from past U.S. TWPs are presented, resulting in recommendations for changing H-2C's design in order to maximize its potential as a core component of future immigration reform in the United States. The paper finds that small businesses, which comprise the majority of the businesses in the United States, and are among the heaviest users of foreign labor, consider the 2006 H-2C program to be unaffordable. Policy makers must redesign H- 2C to be affordable for small businesses while still offering an effective system for protecting domestic worker interests. The paper concludes that the best means to achieve both program affordability for small businesses and effectual domestic worker protections is likely a user -friendly, electronic program process
The G20 has produced mixed results. After initial high hopes and some success, negotiations within the G20 forum have slowed, progress is less visible and disagreement rather than agreement has come to the fore. Against this background, this paper revisits the basic economic and geopolitical motivations for the G20, in order to review its performance and attempt to draw lessons for the path ahead. We conclude that: (1) in today's global economy (with its trade and financial market integration and its institutional architecture) a 'G20-type' institution is necessary - if it didn't exist, it should be created; (2) the G20 had its high noon moment in 2008-09 and some recalibration of expectations was inevitable, but its achievements in 2010-11 have nevertheless been disappointing; (3) to be fair there is, in detailed and technical work, more progress than there seems to be at first sight; (4) from a governance standpoint, the G20 is not an efficient forum; improvements in working methods are urgently needed; (5) more fundamentally, for the G20 to retain its role, its members need to develop a common vision of global economic problems and the way to approach them.
This report is categorized into three categories: (I) Introduction, (II) Key Issue and (III) Congressional Action. It also consist a figure for F-22A Weapons Loadout.
The Netherlands has a tradition in public spatial planning and design. In the past 20 years, we have seen an increasing role for the market in this field, and more recently, growing attention for sustainability. Sustainability has become an economic factor. Not only at the building level, but also on the level of large-scale area development projects. More and more local governments have high ambitions for sustainable development. Increasingly, during project development, buildings are developed on a sustainable basis. Most of the time, the focus in this approach is on energy. However, sustainability also comprises social aspects. Energy measures have a direct relation to an economic factor such as investment costs, and payback time can be calculated. The economic aspects of social sustainability are more complex. Therefore, for all sustainability development projects, especially in large-scale projects planned over a longer period, it is necessary to make presumptions, which are less reliable as the planning period is extended. For future larger-scale developments, experience in the Netherlands points to two design approaches: 'backcasting', or using a growth model (or a combination of these two). The power of design is the ability to imagine possible scenarios for the future. The layer approach helps to integrate sustainability into public spatial planning. And more specifically, Urban Design Management (UDM) supports an integrative and collaborative approach also on the operational level of a project in which public and market partners work together. This article outlines how design, based on these approaches, can contribute to sustainable development based on the 'new playing field', where spatial problems should be solved in networks. Dutch projects in Almere (Benoordenhout) and Rijswijk are used to illustrate this approach. ; Real Estate and Housing ; Architecture
Ilja Luciak, professor and chair of the Department of Political Science in Virginia Tech's College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences, recently completed a multi-year study on "Gender Equality and Democratization in Central America and Cuba" for the European Commission.
Marine ecosystems around the globe are increasingly affected by human activities such as fisheries, shipping, offshore petroleum developments, wind farms, recreation, tourism and more. Whereas the necessity and urgency to regulate and plan competing marine spatial claims is growing, the planning and regulation of these claims is even more difficult than on land, among others because of insufficient data and knowledge on how ecosystems are affected, the international dimension of marine ecosystems and, as yet, poorly validated Marine Spatial Planning practices. The main question in this paper is: what exactly defines the high level of complexity of Marine Spatial Planning (MSP), and, given the strong transnational dimension of MSP, what can be done to integrate and harmonize the various planning practices of the EU member states? In this paper, the authors present the use of an international simulation-game (with 68 international MSP professionals in Lisbon, 3 November 2011) to conduct an expert panel study on MSP, both in the real and gamed countries. In order to analyze the panel and in-game data, several scales on MSP-outcome and process were defined and validated. In this paper the authors present the main insights of the pre-game panel study. They conclude that the differences in approaches to the MSP process and outcomes among the real countries are significant. ; Multi Actor Systems ; Technology, Policy and Management
Ports are known to be one of the most polluting sectors, and therefore provide an opportunity to reduce emission significantly. Until now, the attention has been given to reduction of emissions in transport and shipping. The scope of research must expand to include port infrastructures, which should be made more sustainable. In many industries, sustainable purchasing and procurement is already integrated, but the procurement by port authorities for construction works seems to be lagging behind. The objective of this paper is to promote sustainable procurement, through preparing a tool, method or model that can be easily used by all stakeholders. The research has been divided into four phases: Analysis, Synthesis, Simulation and Evaluation. In the first phase, i.e. Analysis, insight is gained in the processes for (sustainable) procurement of different institutions and stakeholders, e.g. governments, port authorities and contractors. In addition, the legal aspects of procurement are examined. In the next phase, i.e., Synthesis, a procurement model is set up. This requires a selection of procurement criteria based on Life Cycle Analysis, and a selection of weight factors to be assigned to the various criteria. The format and type of model too needs to be determined based on requirements such as flexibility, stability and user-friendliness. During the third step, i.e., Simulation the model is tested using reference contracts from current or existing projects. The impact of different criteria can be examined in this manner and, eventually, the model can be adapted. In the last step, Evaluation and recommendations over the application of the model will be given. ; Hydraulic Engineering ; Civil Engineering and Geosciences
In Swahili Forum III Elena Bertoncini-Zubkova (1996) discussed some of the political criticisms, expressed in the form of literary motifs and imagery, that emerged in the works of the Tanzanian Swahili writer Euphrase Kezilahabi since 1978 onwards. She situates this emergent critique in the new political discoursive context where critical reviews of the Ujamaa policy could now be publicly voiced since President Nyerere himself admitted the failure of Ujamaa in his delivery Azimio la Arusha baada ya Miaka Kumi (The Arusha Declaration Ten Years Later, 1977). According to Bertoncini this admission `clear[ed] the way for critical literary works` of which Kezilahabi satirical play Kaputula la Marx (Marx`s Shorts, 1978) and his short story Mayai- Waziri wa maradhi (Eggs- Minister of Sickness, 1978) were among the first.
Government agencies and businesses cooperate and invest heavily to achieve reliable and secure global supply networks. A so-called data pipeline, which integrates data from various parties in the supply chain and incorporates data from new tracking and monitoring technologies, would enable real-time data management for businesses. This IT infrastructure has a global scale, since it has to function both within and across countries and continents. Governments can use this data pipeline to improve the coordination of border management and reduce the administrative burden for businesses. Furthermore, businesses and government can collaborate to capitalize on modern IT and use the innovation for improving risk and data management. This paper explains a conceptual model of the data pipeline and its governance implications. As this global infrastructure cannot be built by government alone but needs to be largely realized by businesses, a public-private governance model is needed. Governments, and even supra-national institutions, would need to create the right technical, organizational, and legal environment (e.g. standards, harmonization of procedures, mutual recognition), and have to provide alternative incentives to stimulate the development of those parts of the pipeline that are without commercially viable business models. ; Infrastructures, Systems and Services ; Technology, Policy and Management
We developed a new education curriculum called "ALPS" (Active Learning Project Sequence) at Keio University that emphasizes team project-based learning and design thinking with systems engineering techniques. ALPS is a 6 month course, in which students work as a team and design and propose innovative systems. Students identify requirements, propose solution scenarios, and define competitive products or service systems. The multi-university faculty team consists of members of one Japanese university (Keio University), two US universities (Stanford University and MIT), and one European university (TU Delft). The faculty team members from these universities teach design thinking methods and systems engineering methods along a "V model" roadmap. Each year, the university team announces a grand theme. The themes we announced so far were "Enhancing Senior Life in Japan" in 2008, "Creation of Sustainable Community" in 2009, "Safety and Security" in 2010, and "Symbiosis and Synergy" in 2011. Since 2010, the university team asked companies, government, and nonprofit organizations to propose a project based on the grand theme. Proposer organizations work with Keio University early on to define the project and define project requirements. At the end of the 6 months, the final deliverable is an in-depth analysis and recommendations on the problem, based on the latest insights developed at participating universities. By proposing an ALPS project, proposer organizations can encounter fresh, innovative ideas by the mixed student body of multinational/ cultural/professional backgrounds and experience sophisticated system design methods. ; Infrastructures, Systems and Services ; Technology, Policy and Management
CONTENTS I. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONSJurga Cibulskienė (Lithuania). Are Ideologies Reflected in Metaphors?.11Lara N. Sinelnikova (Russia). The Addresser as an Alter Ego of the Addressee.26 II. FACTS AND REFLECTIONSOleg N. Grinbaum (Russia). Chapter 3 in Pushkin's Novel Eugene Onegin: Rhythm and Sense in Tatiana Larina's Letter . 43Jadvyga Krūminienė (Lithuania). Oscar Milosz as Translator: Playing Games with Memory. 55Magdalena Ożarska (Poland). 19th-Century Lake District as a Land of Tourists, Homemakers and Writers: a Selection of Writings by Dorothy Wordsworth, William Wordsworth and Harriet Martineau. 67Inga Bartkuvienė (Lithuania). Definitions of Nationality in the Theory of Homi K. Bhabha.79Mindaugas Grigaitis (Lithuania). Deconstruction of Jaques Derrida: Theoretical Postulates and Possibilities of Practice. 94Janusz Detka (Poland). Eastern Episode in Polish Poetry of 1955–1957. 106Kristina Bačiulienė (Lithuania). The Worldview of Marcelijus Martinaitis' Collection of Poems K. B. Suspect. 120Yelena A. Nakhimova (Russia). Metaphorical Projection and Conceptual Integration in Political Communication. 130Anna Biyumena (Belarus). Verbs of Period and Existence in Political Discourse. 139Anna V. Vladimirova, Tatyana G. Skrebtsova (Russia). Discourse Strategies in Women and Men's Glossies as a Reflection of Gender-Specific Behaviour. 148Joanna Bryła (Poland). Phraseological Units in Fashion Advertisements.159Michael Louis Bakalinsky (Ukraine). New Theory and Methodology of Social Dialect Studies: US Underworld Social Dialect as a Case in Point. 170Tatiana V. Poplavskaia, Tatiana I. Svistun (Belarus). The Interrelation between Types and Functions Abbreviations Perform in the Internet-Discourse. 186Vilhelmina Vitkauskienė (Lithuania). Review of Research Methods on Language E-Learning Interactions .195Bernd Gliwa (Latvia), Daiva Šeškauskaitė (Lithuania). What Does Dievmedis (God's Tree) Have in Common with God(s)?.205 III. OPINIONOlga Jagintseva (Estonia). The Ethnolinguistic and Etymological Aspects of the Noun Glyok 'an Earthenware Jug' . 219 IV. OUR TRANSLATIONSPatrick Seriot (Switzerland). Oxymoran or Misundersanding. Anna Wierzbicka's Universal Relativism of Natural Semantic Metalanguage. Part II. Translated by Vilhelmina Vitkauskienė. 227 V. SCIENTIFIC LIFE CHRONICLEBooks reviewsSaulius Lapinskas (Lithuania). MELNIKIENĖ, Danguolė, 2009. Dvikalbiai žodynai Lietuvoje: megastruktūros, makrostruktūros ir mikrostrutūros ypatumai. 233Eleonora Lassan (Lithuania). ЛАРИНА, Татьяна, 2009. Категория вежливости и стиль коммуникации. Сопоставление английских и русских лингвокультурных традиций. 237Galina Michailova (Lithuania). ЧЕРНЫХ, В. А., 2008. Летопись жизни и творчества Анны Ахматовой. 1889–1966. 241Barbarа Greszczuk (Poland). LUCIŃSKI, Kazimierz, 2009. Языковые заимствования и ментальность. 247 Announce . 249 VI. REQUIREMENTS FOR PUBLICATION. 250 VII. OUR AUTHORS. 258 ; TURINYS / SPIS TREŚCI I. PROBLEMOS IR SPRENDIMAI / PROBLEMY I ICH ROZWIĄZANIAJurga Cibulskienė (Lietuva / Litwa). Are Ideologies Reflected in Metaphors?.11Лара Н. Синельникова (Rusija / Rosja). Адресант как alter ego адресата.26 II. FAKTAI IR APMĄSTYMAI / FAKTY I ROZWAŻANIAОлег Н. Гринбаум (Rusija / Rosja). Третья глава романа А. С. Пушкина «Евгений Онегин»: письмо Татьяны Лариной в ритмико-смысловом освещении.43Jadvyga Krūminienė (Lietuva / Litwa). Oscar Milosz as Translator: Playing Games with Memory. 55Magdalena Ożarska (Lenkija / Polska). 19th-Century Lake District as a Land of Tourists, Homemakers and Writers: a Selection of Writings by Dorothy Wordsworth, William Wordsworth and Harriet Martineau. 67Inga Bartkuvienė (Lietuva / Litwa). Tautiškumo metmenys Homi K. Bhabha'os teorijoje. 79Mindaugas Grigaitis (Lietuva / Litwa). Jacques'o Derrida dekonstrukcija: teoriniai postulatai ir taikymo galimybės. 94Janusz Detka (Lenkija / Polska). Epizod "wschodni" w polskiej poezji lat 1955–1957 . 106Kristina Bačiulienė (Lietuva / Litwa). Marcelijaus Martinaičio eilėraščių rinkinio "K. B. įtariamas" pasaulėvaizdis. 120Елена А. Нахимова (Rusija / Rosja). Метафорическая проекция и концептуальная интеграция в политической коммуникации. 130Anna Biyumena (Baltarusija / Białoruś). Verbs of Period and Existence in Political Discourse. 139Анна В. Владимирова, Татьяна Г. Скребцова (Rusija / Rosja). Коммуникативные стратегии в дискурсе женских и мужских глянцевых журналов как отражение гендерной специфики поведения. 148Joanna Bryła (Lenkija / Polska). Związki frazeologiczne funkcjonujące w prasowych komunikatach dotyczących mody. 159Michael Louis Bakalinsky (Ukraina / Ukraina). New Theory and Methodology of Social Dialect Studies: US Underworld Social Dialect as a Case in Point. 170Tatiana V. Poplavskaia, Tatiana I. Svistun (Baltarusija / Białoruś). The Interrelation between Types and Functions Abbreviations Perform in the Internet-Discourse. 186Vilhelmina Vitkauskienė (Lietuva / Litwa). Elektroninio kalbų mokymo interakcijos sąvoka: mokslo tiriamųjų darbų apžvalga. 195Bernd Gliwa (Latvija / Łotwa), Daiva Šeškauskaitė (Lietuva / Litwa). Kas bendra tarp dievmedis ir dievas, dievai?. 205 III. NUOMONĖ / OPINIE I POGLĄDYОльга Ягинцева (Estija / Estonia). Сущ. глек 'глиняный горшок' в этнолингвистическом и этимологическом аспектах. 219 IV. MŪSŲ VERTIMAI / NASZE PRZEKŁADYPatrick Seriot (Šveicarija / Szwajcaria). Oksimoronas ar nesusipratimas? Annos Wierzbickos universaliosios natūraliosios semantinės metakalbos universalusis reliatyvizmas. II dalis. Vertė / Tłum. Vilhelmina Vitkauskienė. 227 V. MOKSLINIO GYVENIMO KRONIKA / KRONIKA ŻYCIA NAUKOWEGOKnygų recenzijos / Recenzje książekSaulius Lapinskas (Lietuva / Litwa). MELNIKIENĖ, Danguolė, 2009. Dvikalbiai žodynai Lietuvoje: megastruktūros, makrostruktūros ir mikrostrutūros ypatumai. 233Элеонора Лассан (Lietuva / Litwa). ЛАРИНА, Татьяна, 2009. Категория вежливости и стиль коммуникации. Сопоставление английских и русских лингвокультурных традиций. 237Галина Михайлова (Lietuva / Litwa). ЧЕРНЫХ, В. А., 2008. Летопись жизни и творчества Анны Ахматовой. 1889–1966. 241Barbarа Greszczuk (Lenkija / Polska). LUCIŃSKI, Kazimierz, 2009. Языковые заимствования и ментальность. 247 Anonsai / Zapowiedzi.249 VI. REIKALAVIMAI STRAIPSNIAMS / ZASADY OPRACOWYWANIA PUBLIKACJI. 250VII. MŪSŲ AUTORIAI / NASI AUTORZY. 258
John Vincent, describes his interest in political science and how that influenced him to run for public office. He discusses his leadership roles in the Montana House of Representatives as Speaker of the House, Minority Leader, and Majority Whip. He talks about some of the other members of the House as well Montana governors Stan Stephens, Ted Schwinden and Brian Schweitzer. ; https://scholarworks.umt.edu/brown/1069/thumbnail.jpg
Dave Lewis describes his 40 year participation in politics including his work as budget director, campaign contributor, director of the Department of Administration, director of the State Board of Investments, and as a member of the Montana legislature where he served as chairman of the House Appropriations Committee. Lewis discusses the pros and cons of being a partisan politician and reflects on changing governmental trends in Montana. This interview largely focuses on Governors Judge, Schwinden, Stephens, Racicot and Martz; their agendas; and conflicts during various administrations. ; https://scholarworks.umt.edu/brown/1031/thumbnail.jpg
Through three case studies of online political activism on Facebook, this article conceptualizes the deployment of issue publics (Lippmann, 1993; Marres, 2005) on Facebook. We argue that issue publics on Facebook come into being through a specific set of double articulations of code and politics that link and reshape informational processes, communicational constraints and possibilities, and political practices in different and sometimes contradictory ways. Using Maurizio Lazzarato's exploration of immaterial labour (2004), we demonstrate the need to further understand the networking of publics and their issues by considering how online platforms provide the material, communicational, and social means for a public to exist and therefore define the parameters for assembling issues and publics and circumscribe a horizon of political agency. ; Langlois, G., Elmer, G., McKelvey, F., & Devereaux, Z. (2009). Networked Publics: The Double Articulation. Canadian Journal of Communication, 34(3), 415-434. Retrieved from http://www.cjc-online.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/2114
