Suchergebnisse

Bianca Maria Gerlich
It was the object of this article to discover possible historical traces of the basic structure of the novel-cycle Ciclo dei Pirati della Malesia by Emilio Salgari, in particular the historical existence of its chief protagonist Sandokan. Since historical facts corresponding to the setting of the cycle can in fact be found, it is clear that Salgari's novel should not be read as mere fictional literature but rather as literature with an historical background. Besides some rather general historical facts and circumstances, even some of the details turn out to be historical. The names of persons, places and constellations that were well-known in Europe such as "James Brooke", "Sarawak" and "Labuan" figure, but so do "Sandokan" and the "flag of the tiger" which were known at the time to a rather small group of people in Sabah. Salgari's dates are correct, too : Le Tigri di Mompracem starts at the end of 1849, and the original version La Tigre della Malesia in 1847 ; the battle of Malludu in fact took place in 1845. In the Yanez-passage we are informed that Sandokan was resident on the north coast of Borneo for a few years before he settled down in Mompracem.
Perhaps the fundamental messages of the cycle correspond more to historical reality than some reports by European contemporaries or historians do. The Sandokan' s fight for freedom against the European colonizers reflects historical reality. Salgari portrayed history from the perspective of the "losers" and not from that of the "winners", unlike what one finds in most European literature of the last century. His protagonist, who belongs to the weaker party, is positively valued, whereas in official British historiography Malludu is obviously viewed negatively.
However, it should be realized that only the basic structure of the novel coincides in part with historical events and persons, whereas vast parts - especially the immanent actions - belong to fiction. The cycle shows a form of virtual historical reality : Salgari worked his story out upon a historical frame, the polarity between "Sandokan" and "the British". The tension between this poles is essentially determined through the efforts of the colonizers. A detailed examination of historical analogies in the immanent parts of the cycle, or concerning Salgari's descriptions on Bornean customs, social relations and other aspects could bring forth further interesting results. The introductory question concerning the place of historicity in Salgari's Ciclo dei Pirati della Malesia can however be answered positively even on the basis of our preliminary examination. The three symbols "Mompracem", and the "flag of the tiger" and "Sandokan" did exist and were handed down orally and in writing. But more relevant perhaps is the connection between "Sandokan" and the "flag of the tiger" through Sandokan's native country Malludu. He lived there and was indeed very probably in a position of authority. The emblem of Malludu was the flag of the tiger. Malludu was mentioned by Salgari in what may be seen as a basically correct historical context. His fundamental historical message privileges the "Malay" and not the "European" side. Salgari's anti-colonial interpretation thus finds interesting echoes in the modern discussion of nineteenth-century colonial expansion in Southeast Asia.

On s'attendait à un triomphe des partisans du président Djukanovic lors des élections du 22 avril dernier, mais le Monténégro se présente comme un pays toujours aussi divisé, écartelé entre la tentation indépendantiste et l'attachement à l'alliance traditionnelle avec la Serbie. La petite république est-elle condamnée au statu quo ?

Externalizing the Prison Administration's Tasks : the Impact of the Delegated Management Development

Developed in 1986, the idea of conferring the construction and operation of french prisons to private companies has today become a reality with the adoption and the entry into effect of the Act of 22 June 1987. This has created an important model of shared management in which some tasks may be delegated to private sector firms while the administration retains control over a hard core of activities where competences cannot be transferred.

Le 22 mai 1963, le député de la Gauche démocratique unifiée Grigoris Lambrakis fut assassiné à Thessalonique par deux membres d'une organisation terroriste de la droite devant le général chef de la gendarmerie et d'autres officiers de la police de la ville de Thessalonique. Il s'agissait d'un assassinat minutieusement organisé par le pouvoir pour se débarrasser de la personnalité la plus marquante de l'époque de la lutte pour la paix et le désarmement. Cet assassinat ne fut pas seulement un événement de l'histoire de la Grèce de l'après-guerre. Il s'agit d'un fait majeur de l'évolution politique du pays, d'un fait créateur d'histoire.

Le mystère de l'émergence d'un duo à partir du rapprochement des coeurs et des corps se pose tout particulièrement en ce qui concerne les amours juvéniles : qu'est-ce qui explique la naissance du sentiment de faire couple à un âge où l'apprentissage sentimental, à travers différentes expériences amoureuses, est parfaitement admis voire parfois même conseillé ? Telle est la question à laquelle cet article se propose de répondre en utilisant les données d'une enquête longitudinale menée en 1995 puis en 1998 auprès de jeunes issus de •bac ES ", •bac pro •ou de "stages d'insertion" et âgés lors de la première vague d'entretiens de 17 à 22 ans.

Les politiques de territorialisation de la fonction de justice ont été traditionnellement soumises, en France, à une tension entre deux conceptions des territoires de justice : l'une où ils sont d'abord territoires de l'État jacobin, l'autre où ils sont principalement « travaillés » par la société, les problèmes qu'elle rencontre, les exigences des citoyens. La réforme du 22 décembre 1958 répond parfaitement à la première conception, mais elle constitue une exception dans la mesure où l'influence de la représentation politique aboutit généralement à des compromis ou à l'immobilisme. La forte inscription de la justice dans des changements structurels de la puissance publique et de ses territoires laisse néanmoins supposer des réformes prenant acte de la déstabilisation actuelle des territoires de justice.

Recombinant Property in East European Capitalism.
David Stark [89-130].
Studying the recomposition of the links of industrial properties in Hungary, the author criticizes the theories of transition in political science. Instead of transition, the author argues that in that case, we observe a transformation in which new entities are emerging in behalf adaptations, new arrangements, permutations of existing organizational forms. Hungary has never known an institutional vacuum but dealt with institutional inheritances of the socialist period. This approach underlines that there is no one capitalism (the occidental form) but several capitalisms, which the East Europe propose one example.

Melvin Edelstein, Electoral Participation and Sociology in the Landes department in 1790.
Taking the example of a department far-removed from the capital, the author reviews the elections of August 1790. Far from being dominated by an active militant minority, voter participation reveals a keen interest in politics, with 61 % of active citizens present at primary assemblies. So too, the sociology of the voters and of those elected highlights the presence of a wide variety of strata from local society, especially large minorities of fanners. This prompts the author to compare his research findings with the conventional historiography and with other departments which have served as case studies.