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This paper is based on the author's doctoral thesis, "La Construction of the University Power Agenda," which recounted the 1999 student conflict at the National Autonomous U of Mexico (UNAM) over the university's decision to raise tuition fees. UNAM was closed for 10 months. The author conducted a representative questionnaire survey of 766 students (of different educational levels & academic disciplines) on 22, 23, & 27 Mar 1999 to measure student opinion about the fee increase & the conflict. An exacerbating factor in the conflict was the high level of political activity that year, leading up to the national elections. Most of the students were against the fee increases, but they were also against the protest & violence on the part of some students. Adapted from the source document.

El "efecto Powell" impone cambios a las tres fuerzas. - S. 3-10. Grigsby, William: "Tío Powell: los Sam son míos". - S. 11-22

Grandes ladrones. - S. 4-5. Corrupción estructural. - S. 6. El costo de la corrupción sistémica. - S. 7-9. Paredes Oporto, Martín: El lado verde de la corrupción. - S. 10-21. Los blanquitos «solapas». - S. 22-25

This article is about the concept of the contemporary city - the influence that technology has when one thinks about, plans and lives in a city. The conjunction of technology and city reformulates customs and social practices; it can even determine the way one constitutes one's own identity. One can see how close the relation is between technology (specifically, TICS) and the structures of the city in a wide variety of situations: in social interactions on the street, in transport, and in ways of buying, of working and entertainment. '@City' is a concept that very well reflects the emergent properties of a current city, that is, the coexistence of a physical and a virtual urban space. The '22@Barcelona' project attempts to bring together different types of spaces. By combining the physical with the virtual, 22@Barcelona, as a neighborhood of @City, creates an uncertain and blurred border between both spaces. The article also examines the impact that these spaces have on the psycho-social processes involved in the daily life of a traditionally working-class neighborhood, now strongly limited by technological boundaries.

The author discusses the Zedillo administration proposal for modernizing public administration. Was this proposal in effect novel & was it as important as it was made out to be? Was it boxed in by formal aspects, as similar programs in the past had been? The author points to the fact that modernization in this area was a commitment that became formalized in a program -- Promap -- & she discusses the two main issues that it addressed: the evaluation of public administration & career bureaucrats/civil service. The author compares the program's goals with its achievements & concludes that it was more successful in other aspects, not as important as these two. Adapted from the source document.

Alfredo Zarazúa: Así avanza la integración económica de Centroamérica. S. 3-9. García, Juan Francisco: Guatemala: año electoral complicado. S. 10-15. Vidaurre Álvarez, Aramis K.: Costa Rica: la clase política ante un desafío. S. 16-19. El Salvador: partidos políticos listos para las elecciones de marzo. Balance general del año 2002. S. 20-22. Longino Becerra, Héctor: Honduras: una economía que no arranca. S. 23-25. Rivas Leiva, Raúl Lenín: Nicaragua: ¿crisis de gobernabilidad en el 2003? S. 26-30. Panamá: Moscoso busca buen final de presidencia. Balance general del año 2002. S. 31-34

In the present paper, the author explores the hypothesis of a political antidemocratic use of former Mexican president Vicente Fox's government's social programs against poverty to favor candidate Felipe Calderon in the electoral competition for the Mexican presidency in July 2006. Through the application of a rigorous methodology, the author analyzes the distribution of the vote in those areas of the country that most benefited from the federal programs against poverty, such as the Local Development Program "Micro-regions," the Program of Human Development "Opportunities," Rural Homing, Temporal Jobs & Elderly Care in Rural Areas. The author reaches a striking conclusion: there is no evidence of the political use of these social programs to benefit Calderon & damage Lopez Obrador. Adapted from the source document.

The author examines how the concept raison d'etat was conceived & shaped. Although this concept is tied up to Machiavelli's thoughts, the author shows that the florentinian thinker did not coin it such as we know & use it nowadays, & paradoxically was one of its contestants, Giovanni Botero, the first one to use this concept in an explicit manner & to analyze it in a systematic way. The essay examines critically Botero's work, an author who was formerly considered as a second line political thinker, although he has provided interesting approaches on topics such as power, governorship & religion. To conclude, the concept raison d'etat was born in the cradle layed by the historical dialectics & confrontation between Machiavelli & his impugnants. Adapted from the source document.

In this article, the author examines the ties that should exist between science, ethics, morality & human rights. In his work, the author exposes the transcendental role that bioethics holds as a guardian of fundamental human rights & liberties based in a dynamic relation between the scientific & technologic developments applied -- in fields such as biology, biotechnology, genetic and, specially in her modern expressions, genomics & proteomics -- and human values & ethical options. Likewise, the article enters upon the growing international cooperation in this matters. Adapted from the source document.

Offers a first-person account from the constitutional legal representative for the municipality of Texcoco, Mexico, of the controversy involving Mexico's federal government's 22 Oct 2001 expropriation of land for Mexico City's international airport. The case involves not only the expropriation of private property within Texcoco, but also the federal government's claims for the appropriation of construction contracts. The ongoing case involves 29 articles in the Mexican Constitution pertaining to federal domain & public rights. It tests the constitution's ability to negotiate conflicts between state power, municipal politics, & public & individual rights. All 29 articles are examined as they apply to these rights. The conclusion declares plans to construct the airport unconstitutional. Adapted from the source document.

Summarizes Jacques Le Goff's philosophy of historical study apparent in his 1991 depiction of daily life in Western Europe during the Middle Ages & his 1986 connections between Western European intelligentsia & politics in the Middle Ages. Le Goff's interdisciplinary & comprehensive approach to the study of history emphasizes the researcher's duty to evaluating all information at hand & the use of the most contemporary technology available. His work is described as a history of history in the way it depicts the political, the quotidian, & the philosophical life of the Middle Ages & then carefully draws connections between them. His major French sociological & philosophical influences are identified, showing Le Goff's ability to establish intellectual bridges between multidisciplinary views of history. 22 References. Adapted from the source document.

In this article, the author analyzes the handling of confidential information, in accordance with the new Mexican Law of Transparency & Access to Public Information, that took effect in July of 2003. The author approaches two themes: the item of the right to information & the right to confidentiality, this means, the information under reserve or "classified." In other words, the right to "secret." In this instance, is debated the when, the how & the why of the use of one or the other right. Adapted from the source document.