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Abstract: Author of the article analyzes the reasons of the fail of Napoleon's attempts to set the guerrilla war in France during the campaign of 1814. While the forces of anti-Napoleonic coalition were standing near the border of France, Napoleon did his best to recruit his new army. But the human resources of France were exhausted, and that's why Napoleon decided to set the guerrillia. But all his proclamations and even his orders were disobeyed - French people were too tired of incessant war, and Napoleon again decided to gain his goals on the battlefield. Besides author shows great efforts of Russian headquarters to avoid the guerrilla war. Alexander I and his allies in theirs proclamations declared that they were fighting only with Napoleon, but not with the French nation. That tactic gave a brilliant result and helped to avoid the patriotic uplift in France in 1814. In this propagandistic war Napoleon was defeated and that cost him his throne. The reasons of Napoleon's fail, firstly, was the unclear image of the enemy. French emperor didn't manage to unite French nation against the rival. On the contrary the French Emperor, his enemies managed (in their proclamations and personal conversations) to persuade the French people, that the allies had one enemy - the Emperor Napoleon, not the French nation, and the ultimate goal of war - to set peace on the European continent. That was exactly how the allies did set the disunity between Napoleon and his people. Ultimately, the combination of these factors was the reason that a guerrilla war never broke out in France.

The Gilgit-Division (northern Pakistan) and the Dah-Hanu area (the westernmost part of Ladakh, India) have always been difficult to access. This is due in part to the mountainous terrain, which is made even more treacherous by the prevailing security instability (certain areas are still off limits for foreigners due to the Kashmir conflict). Hence, there has been very little anthropological research undertaken in this area over the last 50 years. The present paper attempts to revive the interest in these neglected regions by examining ancient traits of shamanism, as well as the worship of pre-Islamic and pre-Buddhist deities, still prevailing around Gilgit and in the Dah-Hanu area. Furthermore, this study sheds light on the history, culture and religion of the Shin people. It does so by elaborating on the changes the old Dardic belief system underwent in order to adapt to the missionary efforts of "world-religions" conquering the region. Finally, this work attempts to explain and date the different Shin-migrations, which took these people from their homesteads in Kohistan to the Gilgit region and from there to the Dah-Hanu area. The research is based on interviews carried out by the author in Gilgit, Bagrot, Hunza and Nagar, as well as in the Dah-Hanu area (15 male and 15 female shamans; 6 male priests, and numerous villagers) between 2011 and 2013. In addition, the author witnessed the very rare initiation of a male shaman in Lower Hunza. He further observed two shamanic séances in the Dah-Hanu area.

The analysis of public governance modernization and reform shows that public governance reform for each region and country has universality and specific features. Reform trajectories can be divided, described and explained as the trajectories of development methodology, mechanisms and instruments of ongoing reforms. The author, based on the opportunities of meta-analysis, classification and theoretic modeling methods, in the article seeks to indicate the essence of the main factors, trajectories and problems in the process of construction and implementation of public governance reform and modernization in the first decade of the 21st century. The aim of the article is to discuss and to show methodological aspects of the content of public governance reform and the impact of global change in a period of public governance evolution from the paradigm of the New Public Management to the New Public Governance. The author pays particular attention to the necessity to analyze and to explain the positions of theoretical constructs and to analyze the complexity of public governance reforms, as the modernization of bureaucratic form of governance, problems of centralization and decentralization, the creation of new innovative forms of inter-sector partnership, cross-sector interaction and the development of networking, hybrid organization as the modern form of creation of public value. Finally, the identification of content and complexity of public governance reform can help to define the main tendencies and trajectories, seeking to improve the quality of reform processes.

Purpose– Prior research suggests that cultural values affect individuals' preferences in whether work rewards (i.e. pay and benefits) are allocated according to rules based on equity, equality, or need. However, this research has focussed primarily on societal-level values or individual-level operationalizations of values originally conceptualized at the societal level. Drawing on equity and social exchange theories, the purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical model and nine propositions that incorporate both individual and societal values as determinants of these reward allocation rule preferences.Design/methodology/approach– The author briefly reviews of the relevant literature on values and reward allocation preferences and present arguments supported by prior research, leading to a model and nine propositions.Findings– The author proposes that societal values and individual values have main and interactive effects on reward allocation preferences and that the effects of societal values are partially mediated by individual values.Research limitations/implications– The model and propositions present relationships that could be tested in future multi-level studies. Future conceptual/theoretical work may also build on the model presented in this paper.Practical implications– The proposed relationships, if supported, would have important implications for organizational reward systems and staffing.Originality/value– Prior research on reward allocation preferences focusses mostly on the effects of societal or individual values. This theoretical paper attempts to clarify and distinguish values at these two levels and to better understand their main and interactive effects on individual reward allocation rule preferences.

The article analyzes the need to develop a new type of interaction between providers of the equipment and its end-users in a changing social and cultural reality. This type of interaction is a guarantee of innovative modernization of Russian industrial facilities, as it is based on a revision of the social reality in light of new information and/or knowledge. The choice of innovative technologies that contribute to fruitful and qualitative relationships among the actors of the social process acquires significance since there have been changes in the role, objectives and potential of technology. The author focuses on the changes in perceptions of social time and space, reflection of consumers (the impact of economic, social and psychological factors on their decision to purchase), and suppliers. There is a reflection of the habitus of social actors in the context of social interaction, based on the organization of innovative practices. Today technology is also reflecting, its symbolic characteristics, contained in the codes of signification, become more important, than technical ones. The research is based on in-depth interviews with experts from the pharmaceutical industry aimed at identifying the factors influencing the decision to purchase an innovative high-quality imported equipments and machinery, which would contribute to the modernization of the existing production process. The author concludes that adequate reflection which promotes the creation and dissemination of new social practices based on close and confidential contacts and development of flexible communication tools would provide for successful modernization of Russia.

The article is devoted to the new law on dual citizenship in Germany and analyzes its eventual impact on the international political system. Dual citizenship establishes political and legal connections between an individual and two states at the same time. Its admissibility has been a subject of various discussions since the very appearance of this institution and doubtful loyalty has always been the main argument against it. The adoption of a law permitting dual citizenship in Germany for those whose both parents are foreigners means passing another stage of liberalization. This decision is part of the idea of an open multicultural society officially praised all over Europe and that has silenced (at least for now) arguments on unreliability of those who hold two ID cards. The author focuses on Turkish diaspora that will benefit the most from the initiative, since it is the largest and the most influential foreign community on German territory. Thus, issues related to citizenship are closely connected with modern migration problems. Suggesting that migration flows from Turkey will grow and so will the proportion of German citizens of Turkish descent, the author attempts to predict how the new law can influence world politics. In these circumstances further changes are possible in integration processes, the relations between EU and its key partners and equally in international security architecture. The analysis is preceded by a short historical overview of Turkish diaspora formation in Germany and German vision of a national community that inevitably determines the State citizenship policies.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to reflect on reflective practice as a qualitative methodology, and reflection-in-action as a modus operandi to engage with the artistry of cross-language qualitative research.Design/methodology/approach– The author draws on the doctoral research, a cross-language multiple case study aimed at investigating the author's evolving understanding, as a reflective practitioner, of drama-based pedagogy for teaching Italian as a second language.Findings– A reflective analysis of the author's tacit decision making during drama improvisation unveiled a clash between covert beliefs and overt attitudes in the author's practice. In this paper, the author examine this process and highlight the value of translingual writing (writing in two languages) as a method of enquiry that allowed me to become aware of this clash.Research limitations/implications– A limitation of this research is that the nature of this clash of beliefs is confined to the idiosyncrasy of one practitioner. However, the methodological implications are relevant to cross-language qualitative researchers fluent in two (or more) languages. Frequently, translingual researchers focus all writing efforts in one language only, because of the absence of methodological guidelines bridging cross-language research, reflective practice and translingual studies.Practical implications– Strategies to investigate awareness of tacit beliefs in educational practice may help other second language/drama reflective practitioners to better understand their knowing in-action.Originality/value– This paper represents a first step in disseminating knowledge about translingual writing as method, and is of value to all those translingual researchers who are interested in reflective methodologies.

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the respective effects of advertising, word of mouth (operationalized as "tweets" on Twitter), and serialization on sales of console game series in Japan.


Design/methodology/approach
– To do this, the author classified console game series into four categories on the basis of their sales, identified a singular case that corresponds to each category, and presented a performance calculation model that approximates variation in sales for the first and second titles of each series.


Findings
– Coupled with the results generated by the performance models a comparison of each game series showed that although word-of-mouth and backward serialization may influence sales performance for the first title in a console game series, sales of the second title in the series were most heavily influenced by forward serialization and advertising. The author further found that word-of-mouth via social networks was unlikely to affect the sales performance of a series' second title.


Research limitations/implications
– The sales of first title video game console series permit the forecasting and evaluation of the sales' second title performance through the performance calculation model incorporating the advertising, word-of-mouth, and serialization effect and vice versa.


Originality/value
– Taken together, these results demonstrate that the affordances of social networking can be used to improve sales performance for the first title in a series, and the use of backward serialization for subsequent titles could incite the purchase of over a million copies of the game(s).

This article explores a general situation in the Middle East as well as the role and value of Kurds in regional geopolitics. The author concludes that in the context of a growing threat of the radical Islamists take-over in a number of the Middle East states, the ISIS strengthening, the incitement of a widespread armed conflict between Sunni and Shia communities, and a tendency towards Syria and Iraq territories turning into the area for an open confrontation between regional centers of power, the Kurds intrinsically become a "Third Force" and play an increasingly important role in stabilizing the military-political situation both in each country of their compact settlements and in the region as a whole. The 40-million strong Kurdish nation, divided by borders of four states, preserves its language, rich spiritual and cultural heritage, manners and customs (and hangs on to its age-old dream to create an independent state). The main attention is paid to the Iraqi Kurdistan as to an advance party of the Kurdish national movement. Today, the Kurdish region of Iraq has all attributes of the state, successfully carries out foreign policy and economic activity. The author notes an important role of Erbil as an intermediary in resolving inter-Arab contradictions in Iraq, for the unity of Kurds in Syria, for a peaceful solution of the Kurdish problem in Turkey. A very important statement is the potential of Iraqi Kurdistan to turn into a national and cultural center of all Kurdish people, and to proclaim an independent state on the North of Iraq, if necessary.

The article is devoted to consideration and comparative analysis of the governmental support to small-medium enterprises' (SMEs) export activities in the USA and the leading countries of the European Union such as Germany, France and United Kingdom. This question deserves to be considered because of a number of reasons. Support of exporting activities helps small and medium enterprises to increase their presence in the foreign markets, to find new business partners, and to develop deeper forms of economic interaction. State support is very important especially for those SMEs which either are not very experienced in exporting activities or just enter into the new foreign markets. The author analyses the most important features and particularities of SME's exporting activities' support in the countries under consideration. It is pointed out that in the USA there are at least five official institutions that provide a wide range of support to SMEs' exporting activities. US government pays a lot of attention to enterprises which are only going to enter foreign markets mainly through pre-export support and short-term crediting. According to the author's conclusions, the European approach to support of SMEs' exporting activities is somewhat different. Each European country has also several institutes that provide such support. The main point is the priority of the innovative component in the exporting activities of SMEs and of stimulation their technological development. Finally, the author proposes a comparative analysis of forms of SMEs' export support. Two principal models of national systems of support to SMEs' exporting activities are described.

Is a critique of forms of life possible? Does it make sense to say that forms of life are good, successful or even rational? While philosophy has given up on the Socratic question of how we ought to live [actually we say the good life when talking Plato in English, but I think Jaeggi says how we ought to live in her article, right?], the political order of the liberal constitutional state presents itself as a way of organizing a coexistence that is ethically neutral towards different forms of life. The way we ought to lead our lives is relegated to the private sphere, treated as mere preferences that cannot be questioned. In this paper, the author proposes a way in which we can viably criticize forms of life by means of a social, immanent critique that overcomes the constraining distinctions between ethics and morality, the good life and moral principles, or the right and the good. This approach first requires an exposition of what forms of life are, how they work, and how their ontology renders them amenable to immanent critique. For this critique to have more than merely arbitrary normative force, the author goes on to show that its reasons and standards can be found in the very structure of forms of life, once they are understood as historically situated problem-solving processes. Thus, forms of life interact with their critique through a dynamic that ultimately yields immanent and emancipatory critique. Adapted from the source document.

The article is devoted to the research of Russian initiatives concerning its participation in international system of Internet governance. In the research, conceptual and theoretic basis for participation of state governments in Internet governance is given, academic discourse of this issue is assessed, the review of main Russian initiatives made from 2005 (since the second stage of the World Summit on Information Society) till the present day is carried out. The conclusion is made that the most successful Internet governance initiative of Russia is the implementation of cyrillic top level domains. Much less successful are Russian attempts to reconstruct existing organizational structure of Internet governance. Russian policy is assessed as a policy of preferring loud statements and PR rather than real influence on development of Internet technologies. Russia consideres Internet as political resource and tries to increase its influence on decision making process on a political, not operational level of Internet governance. The author states that federal government of the United States of America has fully lost the control on the domain name systems. These functions are going to be given to the private sector, while ICANN, which was established according to the Memorandum of Understanding/Joint Project Agreement with U.S. Department of Commerce, is becoming a truly independent international organization. Considering this, the author comes to the conclusion that political transformations for the sake of Russia are already made. He also forecast that next initiatives of Russia will be directed to the segmentation of the Internet.

The author reveals theoretical approaches to the problem, interprets the views of otherresearchers. The problem of higher educational establishment deadaptation is cleared up in thearticle, interpretation of the phenomenon of teenagers' deadaptation in different spheres ofpsychological-pedagogical science is given. At the modern stage deadaptation is understood as atotality of features and manifestations, which affirm inconsistency of a person's interaction with hisor her environment. And as deadaptation ruins the results, which were achieved in the process ofadaptation, it is necessary in the first place to found out the essence of this phenomenon. Literatureanalysis and practical experience of work in the pedagogical university allow us to determine somecharacteristics of social status of a student of the first years of study. The analysis of different formsof pedagogical work as foe the overcoming of deadaptation manifestations of the future educatorsin higher educational establishment is done. The author analyses the questionering conducted atthe faculty of pre-school education, which allows to affirm that at the beginning of study studentsovercome educational difficulties and aren't very thoughtful as for the perspectives of their futureprofessional activity. In this period great responsibility is on the academic group supervisors. Toprevent the manifestations of deadaptation the supervisors should should create psychologicalcomfort in the group for the students – desirable for students state, affirming harmony in the inner,psychological and social life. To avoid the manifestations of deadaptation of the students-freshmenand in order to accelerate their adaptation, we have created the program for special course for theteachers and supervisors of academic groups

The First World War (WWI) constituted a fundamental event for the stabilisation of Fascism both as an ideology and as a regime. However, 1930s Italian cinema resisted the Fascist vision of the conflict to a certain extent. In this article, the author argues that Italian war films of the period avoided in part the Fascist myth of the Great War, while being fully inserted in the official film circuits of the time. Examining the films' commercial imperatives and production history, the author demonstrates that the event constituted a paradoxical form of taboo in fiction cinema. Contrary to other film forms (newsreels and documentary), the industrial nature of fiction cinema and its link with international film production allowed for a relative space of freedom. Based on film analysis as well as archival material and textual sources, the article shows how this film production conflicts with the Fascist celebration of WWI. Concerned with understanding their initial reception context, it focuses in particular on the problematic nature of these films as put forward by certain observers at the time. Characterised by a lack of triumphalism and rhetoric, the cinematic representation of WWI was instead associated with extrinsic values that ran parallel to or even conflicted with the selective memory of the conflict imposed by Fascism. Despite this, these films contributed to the war culture of the regime, consequently testifying to the weakness of Fascist militant cinema, perceptible at the very heart of the image of WWI it created.

Purpose– This research presents uncomfortable questions about the viability of alternative energy technologies, which arise during economic contraction and degrowth but are scarcely addressed within media and academia.Design/methodology/approach– The author identifies and graphically illustrates differences between media expectations for renewable energyproductionversus energyreductionstrategies. The author contrasts green energy expectations with material factors to develop unasked questions about potential: urban myths (e.g. solar cells are made from sand), assumptions (e.g. alternative energy is of comparable quality to fossil fuel energy and can offset its use), strategic ignorance (e.g. solar cost drops reflect Moore's law), and trained incapacity (e.g. solar and wind energy is low- or zero-carbon).Findings– Compared to energyreductioncoverage, journalists cover energyproductionusing 1) more character-driven storytelling, 2) about twice the promising language, and 3) far more references to climate change and energy independence. These observations help loosely illustrate a pervasive energy production ethos, a reflexive network including behaviors, symbols, expectations, and material conditions.Social implications– Fascination with alternative energy may serve as a form of techno-denial to avoid facing the uncertain but inevitable end of growth in consumption and population on our finite planet.Originality/value– This paper offers journalists, policymakers, researchers, and students new, unasked, questions regarding the expectation that alternative energy technologies can replace fossil fuel. For instance, if wind and sunlight are free, why are wind and solar energies so expensive, requiring billions in subsidies? Where do solar cell and wind turbine costs ultimately arise, if not from fossil fuels (via labor, materials, etc.)?