Suchergebnisse

<p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify">Esta entrevista objetiva compreender o comprometimento de teorização feminista de Heleieth Saffioti através da análise da influência dessa autora para a academia, a luta feminista e as organizações não governamentais (ONGs). Para atender ao objetivo traçado, realizou-se uma visita à trajetória da intelectual feminista brasileira Betânia Ávila, como o exílio na França na década de 1970 e a criação do SOS Corpo – Instituto Feminista para a Democracia. Heleieth Safiotti marcou desde o início as teorizações feministas de Betânia Ávila, em particular os debates e conceituações sobre trabalho doméstico, patriarcado e práxis feminista.</p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify"> </p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify">HELEIETH SAFFIOTI IN THE FEMINIST THEORIZATION COMMITMENT: between academia, feminist movement and nongovernmental organizations (ONGs)</p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify">This interview aims to understand Heleieth Saffioti's commitment to feminist theorization through the analysis of the influence of this author for the university, feminist movement and nongovernmental organizations (ONGs). To meet the objective set, we paid a visit to the trajectory of the Brazilian feminist intellectual Betânia Ávila, as the exile in France in the 1970s and the creation of SOS Corpo – Feminist Institute for Democracy. Heleieth Safiotti marked Betânia Ávila's feminist theories from the beginning, in particular the debates and concepts about domestic work, patriarchy and feminist praxis.</p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify">Keywords: Heleieth Saffioti. Feminist Theory. Household Work. Patriarchy. Feminist Praxis.</p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify"> </p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify">L'ENGAGEMENT D'HELEIETH SAFFIOTI: entre l'université, la lutte féministe et les organisations non gouvernementales</p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify">Cette entretien vise à comprendre l'engagement d'Heleieth Saffioti dans la théorisation féministe. Ces dernières ont pris forme dans le croisement entre le monde universitaire, la lutte féministe et les organisations non gouvernementales (ONGs). Nous sommes parties de la trajectoire de l'intellectuelle féministe brésilienne Betânia Ávila – notamment son exil en France dans les années 1970 et la création de SOS Corps – Institut féministe pour la démocratie pour comprendre l'importance de Saffioti pour le féminisme brésilien. Heleieth Safiotti a marqué dès le début les théorisations de Betânia Ávila, notamment les débats et les conceptualisations du travail domestique, du patriarcat et de la praxis féministe.</p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.18cm; margin-right: 0.35cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-PT" align="justify">Mots clés: Heleieth Saffioti. Théorisation féministe. Travail domestique. Patriarcat. Praxis féministe.</p>

Outsourcing was born as a side effect of the implementation of business process reengineering (BPR). Another problem that arises from outsourcing practices is the elimination of labor rights by employers. Based on the Constitutional Court Decision (MK Decision No. 27 / PUU-IX / 2011), the Court emphasized that Outsourcing is a reasonable business policy of a company in the context of business efficiency. However, workers who carry out work in an outsourcing company may not lose their rights which are protected by the constitution. Following up on the Constitutional Court Decision, the Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration has issued Circular Letter Number B.31 / PHIJSK / I / 2012 concerning Implementation of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 27 / PUU-IX / 2011 dated January 17, 2012. Based on this, there are 3 (three ) The legal issues that the author will examine are: (1) How is the suitability of the implementation of the provision of worker services at PT. Semen Padang with the applicable law; (2) How to fulfill workers' rights in the implementation of Worker Service Provision at PT. Semen Padang; and (3) What are the negative and positive consequences of the implementation of the Provision of Worker Services on workers' rights at PT. Semen Padang. This exploratory research reveals how the application of legal norms from Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower and Regulation of the Minister of Manpower and Transmigration Number 19 of 2012 concerning Requirements for Submission of Part of Work Implementation to other companies at PT. Semen Padang. From the results of the study concluded that: (1) Implementation of the provision of employee services at PT. Semen Padang has not complied with the applicable law. On the one hand, PT. Semen Padang has implemented the provisions of Article 66 paragraph (3) of the Manpower Act. PT. Semen Padang has set one of the most basic requirements, namely the vendor must have an Operational Permit (SIO) for Manpower Providers issued by the Department of Manpower (Disnaker) of West Sumatra Province. PT Semen Padang has also complied with the provisions of Article 17 Paragraph (3) of the Regulation of the Minister of Manpower and Transmigration No. 19 of 2012. On the other hand, PT. Semen Padang still uses worker service providers for jobs that are not regulated in Article 17 of the 2012 Minister of Manpower Regulation or even doing work that should be done by employees of PT Semen Padang itself; (2) The fulfillment of the rights of outsourcing workers at PT Semen Padang has been carried out quite well, where this can be proven by PT Semen Padang providing legal protection to Outsourcing Workers through the Decree of the Board of Directors of PT.Semen Padang No. 0000143 / HK.00.02 / SKD / 50003853/3000 / 12.2017 dated 21 December 2017 concerning Changes in the Value Structure of PT Semen Padang's Outsourcing Labor Contract, and (3) Implementation of Provision of Worker Services at PT. Semen Padang has negative consequences and positive consequences. The negative consequence is the high level of jealousy of the outsourcing workers towards organic workers, both in terms of the type of work performed, the uniforms worn, and differences in workers' rights. One of the positive consequences of employing outsourcing workers, labor costs can be reduced in one way through the provision of worker services.

В статье рассматриваются слова, вышедшие из употребления в разговорной речи, но сохранившиеся в воспроизведенном виде на чувашском языке в переводе произведения И. В. Гете «Фауст», выполненном Н. А. Андреевым (Урхи). Термин «стилистика», будучи учением об употреблении языка, трактуется нами как индивидуальная манера речи переводчика в процессе выявления архаизмов в чувашском варианте. Дифференциация письменного и разговорного стилей осуществляется с учетом национальных корней. Прерогатива в тексте трагедии принадлежит диалогу, в котором наиболее транспарентно представлены возможности стилистических особенностей употребления древних лексем, ставших для носителей языка архаизмами. Отдельно в качестве выразительных средств языка анализируются устаревшие устойчивые словосочетания, в которых функционально необходимый архаический стиль вызван к жизни пером Урхи, переводчика-самоучки (нем. Dolmetscher, чув. тăлмач, толмач). Семь лексических единиц из числа архаизмов характеризуются выделением двух степеней устарелости в зависимости от их употребления носителем простонародной речи и исследователем, усвоившим современный литературный язык по книгам, в одном лице. Н. А. Урхи освоил речь с молоком матери в самобытном натуральном пространстве во время активного повседневного общения в трудовой деятельности. Языком перевода он овладел своеобразно - благодаря учебникам для самообразования, самоподготовке к экзаменам экстерном, заочной форме обучения, т. е. его становление как переводчика шло дистанционно и долго (стал студентом вуза в возрасте 75 лет). В возрасте 88 лет Н. А. Урхи представил трагедию на своем материнском языке в Центральную библиотеку г. Веймар, тем самым увековечив свое имя в ряду переводчиков классики на чувашский язык. В статье его труд репрезентируется с целью активизации архаизмов в устной и письменной речи, ибо во времена переводчика Н. А. Урхи они были живым голосом современности.
The article considers the words that have become obsolete in colloquial speech but preserved in reproduced form in the Chuvash language in the translation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's «Faust» made by N.A. Andreev (Urkhi). The author considers «style» as an individual manner of the translator's speech in the process of identification of archaisms in the Chuvash language. Written and colloquial styles vary based on the ethnic background. The dialogue plays a prerogative role in the text of the tragedy, in which the possibilities of stylistic features of the use of ancient lexemes are most transparently presented and which have become archaisms for native speakers. The article analyzes as the archaic set phrases in which Urkhi, the Chuvash self-taught translator (German: Dolmetscher, Chuvash: tălmach) brought the archaic style to life. Seven archaisms are characterized by the two degrees of obsolescence depending on their use by both the native speaker of the vulgar language and the researcher of the modern literary language. Urkhi learnt the vulgar speech early in his childhood in an authentic natural environment during daily communication when working. He mastered the language of translation in a peculiar way. Urkhi was able to do that thanks to the textbooks for self-education, passing exams without attending lectures, being an external student. His becoming a translator took him a long time (he became a university student at the age of 75). At the age of 88, Urkhi contributed Goethe's «Faust» in his mother language to the Central Library of the city of Weimar, thereby perpetuating his name among the translators of the classic literature into the Chuvash language. The article presents his work with the goal of activating the archaisms in oral and written speech, because in the time of Urkhi those archaisms were the living voice of his modernity.

The article analyzes the historiographic texts of the first wave of Russian émigré historians. In these texts, the Soviet historiographic process of the 1920s and 1930s was interpreted. The relevance of the study is associated both with the poor study of historiographic texts created during that period in emigration, and with the narrative turn of modern historical science, as well as with the experience of understanding the structure and nature of the Soviet narrative, which is beginning to be comprehended and problematized as an independent problem. The study of narratives makes it possible to move away from general assessments of the Soviet stage of historical studies to a more specific description of it through studying the stylistics of the text, isolating the standards and the uniqueness of their construction, with close attention to the problems of their unification. This process can be clarified and refined through the prism of the "emigre mirror". The source base was the historiographic texts of P.N. Milyukov, A.A. Kizevetter, A.V. Florovsky, and E.F. Maksimovich in the form of published works and manuscript heritage from the archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ARAN) and the Slavic Library in Prague (Slovanská knihovna v Praze). Based on textual analysis and developments in the field of intellectual history, the author highlights the unifying features of the émigré narrative. These include: 1) scholars' understanding of their special mission in emigration which consists of preserving the historiographic tradition and presenting Russian historical science to the world community as part of world science; 2) close attention to the classics, focus on tradition; 3) an assessment of the historiographic process within the framework of the reference time, the Golden age of pre-revolutionary historical science (late 19th – early 20th centuries); the criterion for assessing the current historiographic process was the compliance with the experience of Moscow and St. Petersburg scientific schools; 4) a statement about the lack of freedom of research, the monopoly of Marxist methodology and the hypertrophied class approach in relation to the historicist views of historians; 5) changes in the form and structure of the classic narrative – the proportion of reviews, literature reviews, obituaries in the structure of emigrant narrative was increasing; the deconstruction of the old narrative followed the path of its archaization; 6) the unifying factor that tightened the texts, gave them tension and a special emotional charge, was the figure of M.N. Pokrovsky. However, the verification of the current historiographic process by one's own past is not without contradictions. On the one hand, this ensures the continuity of historiographic knowledge and confirms the thesis of the intrinsic value of the so-called «outdated innovations». In addition, in this В. П. Корзун 54 regard, we can talk about the fundamental eclecticism of science as a cultural tradition. On the other hand, the reciprocating nature is fraught with a closure on the old. The absolutization of tradition leads to the blocking of intellectual transfers. In science of science, this process is called the rut effect. As an example of searching for «one's own track», the article presents an attempt by A.V. Florovsky to understand and to clarify the phenomenon of Soviet historiography by coarsening the classical historiographic approach and using the inventory-registration method. As a result, he managed to present the meaningful complexity of the internal structure of Soviet historical science

Purpose. The basic aim of our research was to establish the applicability of an innovative method of academic visualization, which the author has tentatively called Methodological Imaging of Academic Works© (in Polish – Obrazowanie Metodologiczne Prac Naukowych – OMPN©), as an instrument to enhance the information content of traditional abstract systems used in academic periodicals, with graphic abstracts presenting the methodological profile of articles. The method was verified by identifying the study methods and procedures in academic articles in Folia Turistica and by defining and comparing the methodological profiles of various issues and annuals of the magazine published in 2014-2018. The identification and comparison of the authors' research methods is an additional, though no less important aim of the work, especially given the anniversary issues.

Method. The OMPN© method is based on information acquired from authors (through surveys) on the methodology they use in their work. This information has been used to create profiles of various academic articles, to define an overall profile of the journal, as well as profiles of the thematic and varia issues. The surveys used a twenty-part set of methodological traits, arranged in ten pairs of opposites: quantity research – quality research, analysis – synthesis, induction – deduction, etc., and the authors gauged (on a scale of 0-5) how far a trait applied to their publication, attempting to identify more with one side of each pair. The research covered all the articles published in the relevant period (N=186), gaining information on 60% of the articles.

Results. Graphic methodological abstracts using OMPN© could become an interesting tool to enhance the traditional abstract, informing readers of the basic methodological attributes of various articles and entire issues, and even of the methodological profiles of entire academic magazines, in a simple fashion. In analyzing the profile of Folia Turistica the research shows that, in the relevant period, its academic articles contained a wide variety of methodologies. The majority was empirical, multidisciplinary, and quality research (as opposed to theoretical, monodisciplinary, and quantity research, respectively), which far more often concerned culture in its broadest definition (i.e. economy, society) than nature. Respondents somewhat more frequently saw their work as positivist than interpretive; the knowledge it produced, they believed, was more idiographic than nomothetic.

Research and conclusions limitations. This research method is based on the authors' opinions from a special survey. This makes it highly subjective. Taking this into consideration, and trying to objectify the study as far as possible, each of the authors, along with the survey and a letter outlining the aim of the research, received a specially-produced ten-page "methodological glossary," with a brief outline of scholarly approaches and methodological traits that form the basis for OMPN©. We should stress that the authors were entirely free in describing the methodological traits of their works.

Practical implications. The research demonstrates that OMPN© can be used in a variety of magazines, regardless of the field of study, as a graphical supplement to descriptive abstracts.

Originality. This article presents the author's innovative concept.

Type of article. This article presents a new way of analyzing and depicting the methodological aspects of academic studies, based on empirical research.

Purpose. The basic aim of our research was to establish the applicability of an innovative method of academic visualization, which the author has tentatively called Methodological Imaging of Academic Works© (in Polish – Obrazowanie Metodologiczne Prac Naukowych - OMPN©), as an instrument to enhance the information content of traditional abstract systems used in academic periodicals, with graphic abstracts presenting the methodological profile of articles. The method was verified by identifying the study methods and procedures in academic articles in Folia Turistica and by defining and comparing the methodological profiles of various issues and annuals of the magazine published in 2014-2018. The identification and comparison of the authors' research methods is an additional, though no less important aim of the work, especially given the anniversary issues.

Method. The OMPN© method is based on information acquired from authors (through surveys) on the methodology they use in their work. This information has been used to create profiles of various academic articles, to define an overall profile of the journal, as well as profiles of the thematic and varia issues. The surveys used a twenty-part set of methodological traits, arranged in ten pairs of opposites: quantity research – quality research, analysis – synthesis, induction – deduction, etc., and the authors gauged (on a scale of 0-5) how far a trait applied to their publication, attempting to identify more with one side of each pair. The research covered all the articles published in the relevant period (N=186), gaining information on 60% of the articles.

Results. Graphic methodological abstracts using OMPN© could become an interesting tool to enhance the traditional abstract, informing readers of the basic methodological attributes of various articles and entire issues, and even of the methodological profiles of entire academic magazines, in a simple fashion. In analyzing the profile of Folia Turistica the research shows that, in the relevant period, its academic articles contained a wide variety of methodologies. The majority was empirical, multidisciplinary, and quality research (as opposed to theoretical, monodisciplinary, and quantity research, respectively), which far more often concerned culture in its broadest definition (i.e. economy, society) than nature. Respondents somewhat more frequently saw their work as positivist than interpretive; the knowledge it produced, they believed, was more idiographic than nomothetic.

Research and conclusions limitations. This research method is based on the authors' opinions from a special survey. This makes it highly subjective. Taking this into consideration, and trying to objectify the study as far as possible, each of the authors, along with the survey and a letter outlining the aim of the research, received a specially-produced ten-page "methodological glossary," with a brief outline of scholarly approaches and methodological traits that form the basis for OMPN©. We should stress that the authors were entirely free in describing the methodological traits of their works.

Practical implications. The research demonstrates that OMPN© can be used in a variety of magazines, regardless of the field of study, as a graphical supplement to descriptive abstracts.

Originality. This article presents the author's innovative concept.

Type of article. This article presents a new way of analyzing and depicting the methodological aspects of academic studies, based on empirical research.

The article includes five parts: 1. Introduction – information about the book promotion event held in Warsaw on December 19, 2019 on the Polish edition of Xi Jinping's Governance of China vol. I. The book launch was great not only because of the editing and the contents of the book, but also because it was a political, economic, cultural and international event, since the author is the number one politician not only in China but also in the contemporary world. The introduction includes information about the book content and demonstrates its importance for the theoretical generalizations and recognition of the main problems of contemporary China. 2. According to the authors of the paper, problems mentioned in the book are especially important. The original Chinese way of building socialism and the early stages of Chinese revolution were national, anti-feudal, anti-capitalist, democratic and socialist. Mao Zedong established class-based Maoism as a Marxism-Leninism in the Chinese version, while Deng Xiaoping and his successors established and developed the socialist market economy, which is the continuation of Maoism in the new era and they created the Chinese path to the anti-capitalist revolution and the building of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The perspective of the development of China till 2021 and 2049 (as a modern and developed socialism) and its influence on the national rejuvenation is not only Chinese but also an international issue. 3. Third part of the paper is devoted to the problems of building socialism in China, the analysis of the theory of Xi Jinping, the leading role of the CPC, the economic role of the owner and foreign capital in economy and policy, and the socio-economic contradictions in the contemporary PRC. 4. Forth part concerns Confucianism and Marxism as theoretical and practical problems in China; the original Chinese culture and civilization; the continuation and discontinuation of the historical development in contemporary epoch; the original development; the policy of opening- -up; the necessity of considering human contents of Confucianism in building and developing of socialism in China. 5. Fifth part of the paper is on the future status of the Communist Party of China's Economy. Since the emergence of state-owned economy, it has played a huge role in the economic development of all countries. However, under the way of neoliberalism, state-owned economy has gradually been associated with backwardness and inefficiency. On the forum of state-owned economy enterprise reform in China, General Secretary Xi Jinping gave out important instructions. State-owned enterprises are an important force for strengthening the comprehensive power of the country and safeguarding the common interests of the people. State-owned enterprises must be made stronger, better and bigger. Academia has had a huge disagreement on this, and some scholars believe that this is an act of favoritism toward state-owned enterprises. This paper analyzes China's state-owned economy from the perspective of total factor productivity (TFP), Marx's historical materialism, national productivity, and social development, clarifying that state-owned economic reform is diff erent from the system of "profit based demands" rooted in the private economic market, but a system based on national productivity and the "needs" of the people. Making state-owned enterprises "stronger, better, and bigger" is in line with the historical development of socialism and material productivity, resolving doubts on the direction of state-owned economic reform.

This paper examines the origin and the relationship between Islamist and non-Islamist political trends in Libya, highlighting the development of the contestation between the two before and after the fall of Gaddafi's rule. The relationship appears to be that of a contestation between Islamists and liberals but this may be misleading. Islamists are not united but they share an adherence to the establishment of a Muslim society and some form of a khilafa. However, non-Islamists may not easily be identified as "on current." Indeed, the "current" includes an array of political factions of various dispensations with some not necessarily subscribing to liberal models of democracy. Some belong to pre-Gaddafi-era political parties or were political and human rights' activists during Gaddafi's reign. They range from leftist, nationalist, and liberal orientations to populist Arab nationalist forces (including the Ba'th, Pan-Arabists, and others with socialist or communist orientations). When the uprising took place in 2011, the positions each trend took differed before some tactical unity was deemed necessary. When the regime fell, however, differences remerged and became more evident once the transitional structures were put in place. Just before and during the first elections in 2012, Islamists broke ranks with their struggle comrades and fired their cannons at the leaders of the liberal, nationalist, and other elements within the non-Islamist orientations. Islam then became crucial in political expression and rhetoric, especially for Islamist actors. Focusing on the development of this contestation, this paper analyzes the reaction of both Islamist and non-Islamist trends to the policies and tactics adopted by each side in the aftermath of the 2011 uprising and the post-Gaddafi phase. It suggests that although ideology, specifically references to Islam, became crucial in the political contention between Islamists and non-Islamists, the cleavage was not entirely ideological, as both trends considered the Islamic identity of Libya central to their political programs. The interviews with leading representatives of both trends that the author conducted for the purpose of writing this article confirm such a view on the role of ideology in the contestation. As the following discussion indicates, ideology is evidently part and parcel of each sides' tools, ready to be employed against the other. However, when it does not suit all their purposes, they claim ideology has no role, offering insights into the instrumental and tactical approach to the ongoing contestation of both sides. The article therefore examines the struggle between the two factions as a political competition for the control of resources and positions of power, yet it also argues that ideology and ideas have a role to play, as they constitute the instruments deployed in this struggle, which has, with foreign involvement and backing of different sides, reduced Libya to a "failed state." In fact although ideological contraposition figures in the contestation, political factionalism and contention in post-2011 were actually fuelled by political factors related to the struggle over access to power and resources, which are instrumental in enabling each side to shape the future state and its political order according to their plans. The struggle between Islamists and non-Islamists may have been the most visible, but it is certainly not the most significant factor in explaining the political dynamics and contention in the country since the fall of Gaddafi.

The article deals with the problems to conceptualize social ethics of democratic transformation in post-soviet society. Special attention is paid to the role of European social standards in the process of realizing the European civilization choice of Ukraine. It is also stressed here that European social standards remain a key factor making a project of European integration so attractive for the majority of Ukrainians. Special role of a stage by stage solution of a so-called «social approach» on the way to all-rounded humanization of state-forming strategies of European nations and of the system of European international relations in general is being stressed here. The main emphasis is also laid on the historical role of common European values. An attempt is made here to elucidate the above problems in correspondence with the ones expressed in the National report «Civilizational choice of Ukraine — a paradigm of cognition and a strategy to act» (2016), prepared by the leading scholars of Ukrainian Academy of Science. It is also accentuated that decisive factor to achieve success in joining the space of European unity is in integrity of understanding the ideas of Freedom and Justice. Since internal and external components of European freedom and justice are so closely intertwined that their separate interpretation in author's opinion has no epistemological perspective. In conditions of world economic crisis the configuration, dynamics and content of integrational processes both in Europe and in post-soviet countries are being substantially changed while preserving basic system factors. Stable economic prosperity and social progress are becoming more and more dependent on world economic situation. At the same time, social welfare of citizens in some countries as well as their authority in contemporary world fully depend on moral-ethical maturity of national elites, level of confidence in society, general level of culture and the rate of individual responsibility of citizens for their future. With this view we consider the role of social ethics in general context of forming new theoretical and methodological basis of contemporary historical science. The utter importance of social problems for adequate understanding of crisis phenomena in political, economic and cultural life of the European Union after several stages of substantial expansion is being underlined. Special place of «European social model» in contemporary scientific and political discourse is being emphasized. It is underlined that nowadays we speak not only about rational and pragmatic correction of logic of international interaction but about radical change of all logic of internal social interaction, about formation and application of qualitatively new theory of making decisions. The above problems acquire special meaning in modern conditions of sharpening geopolitical competition concerning Ukraine. Real social result of Ukrainian civilizational choice directly influences the process of this competition, as it directly defines the position of both Ukrainian citizens and citizens of European Union countries. Modern financial and migration crisis of EU only enhances the influence of social factor on collective consciousness of «old» and «new» Europeans, frequently engendering rather dangerous tendencies in European life. The author tries to accentuate the importance of the idea of a serious social optimization strategy of European integration of Ukraine while considering qualitatively new external and internal conditions of National progress.

Purpose
Health care is a complex system, mandating adoption of unrelenting updates of guidelines and best practices. Securing a balanced system of current practice and matching documentation has always been a challenge due to impaired connection between traditional forms of documentation (e.g. policies, procedures, and guidelines) and users. Departmental manuals always find their way back to shelves away from the workplace, and continuous interaction with customers and complexity of business processes hinder timely update and consequently sustainable improvement. The paper aims to discuss this issue.


Design/methodology/approach
In late 2014, the corresponding author visited Japan as part of Kaizen benchmark tour that introduced the concepts and applications of "Kaizen," the Japanese word for continuous improvement, in Toyota factory and health care institutes in Fukuoka, Nagoya, and Tokyo. Soon thereafter, the authors adopted Kaizen to be the organizational theme for improvement. QPS team launched several initiatives throughout 2015 to improve the quality of documentation. Documents submitted had one thing in common, all participants used flowcharts, diagrams, and even drawings to simplify hard-to-understand processes. This challenge highlighted the utilization of diagrams, well-organized forms, infographics, and other methods to simplify processes and to vitalize documents.


Findings
Since the hospital utilizes the paper-form prescribing system, prescription errors lead to delays in dispensing time, affecting patient satisfaction in emergency room's pharmacy. Pharmacy team launched a project using document vitalization as an improvement strategy. Aggregate results showed 16.7 percent reduction in average time per prescription in inpatient pharmacy and 20.0 percent reduction in emergency room pharmacy. Although measurements did not continue over a longer period or were statistically analyzed, they provide a crude indication of possible improvement using document vitalization.


Research limitations/implications
Lack of a sound measurement system with proper statistical analysis prevented the provision of reliable evidence of improvement. Moreover, lack of previous case studies has been an obstacle. It is the authors' plan to provide measurable evidence of improvement for multiple projects through measurement of process time, customer and employee satisfaction, the number of process errors, etc. Nevertheless, feedback from users provides a rough indication of possible improvement using document vitalization. It is the authors' aim to incorporate "document vitalization" into the fabric of documentation process and SFHPM culture.


Practical implications
Empowerment creates an energy-filled work environment where staff members feel they are the real change factors and are actively contributing to the advancement and success of their organizations (Taylor 2013). This does not mean allowing chaos and unplanned changes to disrupt process flow but rather to leave room for trial and error in a controlled environment and pilot-testing significant changes before generalization.


Originality/value
The term vitalization itself is a brand new one used in this field, and the authors introduce it for the first time to be a solution that comes from frontliners and can bridge the gap between document and practice. If all document vitalization successes were a tribute to one factor, it would be "empowerment." Once leaders have the courage to listen to frontline staff voice and allow them to do things differently, the staff members will surprise their organizations with the marvels of their creations.

The maritime and land trade of the City of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and its surroundings has always been "the corner stone" on which the grandeur of Dubrovnik, its political and economical power and culture were built. As early as 1441, the Dubrovnik trade was considered to consist of 3/4 of the maritime and only 1/4 of the land based trade. In 1181, the comunitas ragusina - the Commune of Ragusa was mentioned for the first time; as the time went by, it became the City-state. It was named The Ragusan Republic in 1430. The treaty concluded with Turkey in 1442 was in force up to the twilight of the Dubrovnik Republic (1806). It was convenient for Ragusans to have a sole ruler and a single state in their neighbourhood, not to mention how stubborn and quite often wanton ones. In his work "Mari, Gol , Isole,..." (1688.), Vincenzo Coronelli, the mapmaker, said about the Ragusans: "...They are the most ardent defenders of their freedom, putting in a great deal of effort to secure it, and at the same time, hating any kind of slavery...". The Ragusan vessels were attacked by the pirates from Rhodes from 1507-1509 and later on. The main reason for flourishing of Ragusan shipping and trade was based upon focussing on their public life within these domains. The Ragusan Republic depended upon its investments into maritime affairs and assistance offered through stimulations, interaction of processes and consequential strengthening of its own prosperity (its enriched citizens). The Ragusan Maritime Insurance Law (Ordo super assecuratoribus) of March 5th, 1568 is the oldest enacted law in the world, and in this way it was more than a century older than legal regulations on the maritime insurance - Ordonnance de la marine of 1681. Apart from the main shipyard in the old City port (in portu interiori Ragusii, in portu Ragusii), up to the construction of the new shipyard in Gruž (1526) there were shipyards in Ston and in the nearby islands of Lopud, Šipan (in Suđurađ) and Koločep (Kalamota) already in the 14th century. Palladius Fuscus (1450-1520), in his work De situ orae Illyrici (published posthumously in 1540) cited that "there was no such a secluded part of Europe or one so inaccessible to the newcomers, where you would not encounter Ragusans practicing their merchant activity". According to some researchers, Ragusa was the third strongest force in the Mediterranean (after Genoa and Venice) in the 14th century. The Ragusan Republic was the first in the Mediterranean in the 16th century and, in terms of their trading ocean-going sailing vessels under Ragusan and foreign flags, it was the third in the world (after Spain and the Netherlands). In his work Nautica Mediterranea (Rome, 1602, pp. 4-5), Bartolomeo Crescentio said: "...among experts and master craftsmen for galleons are the most numerous, and the most capable in this (the Mediterranean Sea, observation of the author) are Ragusans", and Pantero Pantera in his work L'Armata Navale (Rome, 1614, p. 66) wrote down: "...while for navas and galleons building, masters of Dubrovnik, Portugal and England were highly esteemed"."Argosy", in fact, means "a Ragusan ship". Many endeavours and achievements in the art of shipbuilding raise the East Adriatic coast above the West one, since it had most frequently been a successful way in which ships and men reached di erent parts of the world.

ResumenDesde el triunfo revolucionario, el modelo de desarrollo cubano se ha destacado históricamente por una concepción política, basada en la centralidad del Estado en la provisión del bienestar y en una vocación de justicia social, así como en la construcción de ciudadanía a través de la implementación de políticas de carácter universal. Un dilema, sin embargo, con el que ha tenido que lidiar este modelo, ha estado asociado a la contradicción entre la intención política, los avances obtenidos en materia social, por un lado; y las dificultades para sedimentar un sostén económico con el cual respaldar una propuesta integral de desarrollo. El artículo presenta una propuesta de análisis sobre la reforma iniciada en el 2011, presentando resultados respecto al estrechamiento de las políticas sociales en el marco de un legado institucional de desarticulación entre universalidad y focalización en ese contexto. Desde la perspectiva metodológica, las principales fuentes utilizadas fueron de base documental: fuentes oficiales y resultados de investigación realizados por la autora y autores sobre la reforma cubana actual.Palabras-Chaves: Políticas Sociales, Asistencia Social, Pobreza y Desigualdades en Cuba, Reforma. ***Tensões no Modelo de Proteção Social Cubano: uma arqueologia para olhar o presente das políticas sociais.ResumoDesde a vitória da revolução, o modelo de desenvolvimento cubano vem se assentando em uma concepção política que enfatiza a centralidade do Estado na provisão do bem-estar e na promoção de justiça social, assim como na construção de cidadania pela via da implementação de políticas de escopo universal. Contudo, este modelo teve de enfrentar o dilema colocado pela contradição entre, de um lado, os avanços obtidos em matéria social, e de outro, as dificuldades de consolidar um suporte económico capaz de respaldar uma proposta integral de desenvolvimento. O artigo pretende analisar a reforma iniciada em 2011, apresentando resultados a respeito do estreitamento das políticas sociais no marco de um legado institucional de desarticulação entre universalidade e focalização. Do ponto de vista metodol&oacute ;gico, privilegiou-se base documental, incluindo fontes oficiais, e resultados de pesquisa realizados tanto pela autora como por outros autores sobre a trajetória recente da reforma cubana.Palavras-chaves: Políticas Sociais, Assitência Social, Pobreza e Desigualdade e Cuba, Reforma. ***Tensions in the Cuban Social Protection Model: an archeology to look at the present of social policies.AbstractThe Cuban Model of Development has been characterized, since the Revolution triumph for a political conception based on State centrality in welfare provision and social justice. As well as in the building of a citizenship trough the implementation of social policies with universal perspective.A dilemma, however associate to this Model has been related to the contradiction between the political intentions, the advancement achieved in social indicators in one hand; and in the other, the difficulties in order to achieve efficient economic policies, which could support the social development.This article present a proposal about the reform started on 2011, which the objective to present outcomes about the retrenchment of the Cuban social policies in the frame of non-correspondence between universality and focalization in a historical perspective. Since the methodological point of view, the main sources used were official and research results conducted for the author and other academics about current Cuban reform.Keywords: social policies, social assistance, poverty and inequalities in Cuba, reform

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o avanço de conceitos e práticas de gestão do trabalho designados como "flexíveis" na indústria automotiva do Brasil, em especial os oriundos do Sistema Toyota de Produção. Por meio de uma investigação bibliográfica e de um estudo de caso empírico numa planta pertencente a um grupo transnacional do setor de autopeças, situada em Campinas, SP (Brasil), demonstra-se como foram efetuadas alterações na organização do trabalho, concomitantes à exigência de novos perfis de qualificação profissional e educacional aos trabalhadores. Em termos conclusivos, a presente análise evidencia como tais perfis – articulados a métodos gerenciais de avaliação em processos de contratação e promoção – têm fragmentado o coletivo de trabalhadores nas empresas, mercantilizando as relações que estabelecem entre si no cotidiano de trabalho, uma vez que se baseiam na introjeção e manipulação de princípios de conduta entre eles, no sentido de servilizá-los ao propósito da acumulação capitalista. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Sistema Toyota de Produção. Sociologia do Trabalho. Indústria Automotiva – Brasil. TOYOTISM AND THE MERCANTILIZATION OF LABOR IN THE BRAZILIAN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY Geraldo Augusto Pinto The aim of this article is to analyze the advancement of concepts and practices in labor management called "flexible" in the Brazilian automotive industry, particularly those rooted in the Toyota Production System. Through bibliographical research and an empirical case study of a Campinas, SP (Brazil) plant belonging to a transnational group in the auto parts sector, the author shows how changes in the organization of labor were brought about, together with the demand for the workers to have new professional and educational profiles. This analysis conclusively shows how these profiles – articulated with management's methods of evaluation in the contracting and promoting processes – have fragmented workers' collectivity in companies, putting monetary value on the relationships that they establish with one another in the workplace since they are based on the introjection and manipulation of their principles of conduct, in the sense of making them subservient to the purpose of accumulation of capital. KEY WORDS: Toyota Production System. Labor Sociology. Automotive Industry – Brazil. LE TOYOTISME ET LA MERCANTILISATION DU TRAVAIL DANS L'INDUSTRIE AUTOMOBILE AU BRÉSIL Geraldo Augusto Pinto L'objectif de cet article est d'analyser l'état d'avancement des concepts et des pratiques de gestion du travail appelées "flexibles" dans l'industrie automobile au Brésil, et en particulier celles provenant du Système Toyota de Production. Grâce à une recherche bibliographique et à une étude de cas empirique dans le cadre d'un groupe transnational de pièces détachées automobiles situé à Campinas (Etat de Sao Paulo/Brésil), nous démontrons comment des changements ont eu lieu dans l'organisation du travail, changements liés à l'exigence de nouveaux profils de qualification professionnelle et d'éducation des travailleurs. En conclusion, l'analyse montre bien comment de tels profils – articulés à des méthodes de gestion pour l'évaluation en cours de contrats et de promotions - ont fragmenté le collectif des travailleurs au sein des entreprises, monnayant les relations qui s'établissent au quotidien dans l'ambiance de travail étant donné l'introjection et la manipulation des principes de conduite entre eux afin de servir à l'accumulation capitaliste. MOTS-CLÉS: Système Toyota de Production. Sociologie du Travail. Industrie Automobile – Brésil. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH no Scielo: http://www.scielo.br/ccrh Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

65 Filgueiras


O aprimoramento recente da sociologia latino-americana caminha no
sentido de reforçar e valorizar a
produção
científica própria. Isso permite consolidar uma
autointerpretação de sua
realidade social capaz de promover o desenvolvimento das diferentes
potencialidades das sociedades latino-americanas. O objetivo deste
texto é resgatar as posições
práticas e
epistemológicas de Alberto Guerreiro Ramos publicadas em
diferentes meios e conhecidas como
"redução
sociológica". A partir das
posições de
Guerreiro Ramos apresentadas no II Congresso
Latino Americano de Sociologia, pretende-se relacionar os termos da
redução sociológica com o
imaginário
pós-colonialista, observando proximidades e distanciamentos
metodológicos do ofício da sociologia e as
inovações proporcionadas pelo autor a partir do
conceito
de redução sociológica.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: teoria sociológica, pensamento social
brasileiro, epistemologia das ciências sociais, nacionalismo,
pós-colonialismo.

GUERREIRO
RAMOS, LA RÉDUCTION
SOCIOLOGIQUE ET L'IMAGINAIRE POST-COLONIAL
Fernando de Barros Filgueiras

Le perfectionnement récent de la sociologie
latino-américaine se veut de renforcer et de valoriser une
production scientifique propre. Ceci permet la consolidation
d'une auto-interprétation de sa
réalité
sociale capable de promouvoir le développement des diverses
potentialités des sociétés
latino-américaines. L'objectif de cette
étude est
de reprendre les opinions pratiques et
épistémologiques
d'Alberto Guerreiro Ramos publiées dans
différents
milieux et connues en tant que "réduction
sociologique". Partant des idées de Guerreiro
Ramos
présentées lors du IIe Congrès Latino-
Américain de Sociologie, nous voulons faire le lien entre
les
termes de la réduction sociologique et
l'imaginaire
post-colonialiste, à partir de l'observation des
rapprochements et des éloignements
méthodologiques du travail de la sociologie ainsi que les
innovations apportées par l'auteur avec ce concept
de
réduction sociologique.

MOTS-CLÉS: théorie sociologique,
pensée sociale
brésilienne, épistémologie des
sciences sociales,
nationalisme, post colonialisme.

GUERREIRO
RAMOS, THE SOCIOLOGICAL
REDUCTION AND THE POST COLONIAL IMAGINATION
Fernando de Barros Filgueiras

The recent improvement of Latin-American sociology moves towards
reinforcing and giving value to its own scientific production. This
enables the consolidation of the self interpretation of its social
reality, capable of promoting the development of several potentialities
in Latin-American societies. The objective of this text is to recover
the practical and epistemological positions of Alberto Guerreiro Ramos
published in different media and recognized as a
"sociological
reduction". Based on Guerreiro Ramos' standpoints
presented
in the 2nd Latin-American Conference in Sociology, this paper aims at
relating the terms of sociological reduction to the postcolonialist
imagination, observing methodological proximities and distances from
the craft of sociology and the innovations provided by the author,
bearing in mind the sociological reduction.

KEY WORDS: sociological theory, Brazilian social thought, social
sciences epistemology, nationalism, post-colonialism.

Publicação
Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br


Publicação
Online do Caderno CRH no Scielo: http://www.scielo.br/ccrh

This short article offers a simple but profound alternative to the economic dogma of continually seeking to maximize profit and growth—seek instead to maximize personal happiness. Drawing on the work of Donella Meadows and others whose updated study, produced 30 years after the original Limits to Growth thesis that found existing economic policies and practices to be already unsustainable, the author cites Aristotle and thinkers from other cultures who proposed centuries ago that it was happiness not wealth or reputation that human beings truly desired. Recent international surveys of what makes people happy, and research into the theoretical consequences of expanding prosperity without material growth by reducing time devoted to work, are offered as examples of how educators and policy makers can act to raise general awareness that happiness is not linked to excessive wealth and that a sustainable environment combined with the optimum development of each individuals" mental, physical, and moral potential can in fact be achieved. There might be more professional economists in our society than people in any other profession. Yet, most of them appear to still accept without question the idea that growth is always beneficial. Conventional wisdom says that growth is essential to control unemployment and promote stability. As our current recession shows, when growth stops, demand falls, and business revenues drop, all leading to a reduction in levels of investment and the laying off of workers. In fact, as a nation's economy becomes more efficient, it actually generates more unemployment. At the same time, since most nations run their economies in deficit, there are strong arguments to support the idea that growth is needed to pay off our high levels of personal and national debt. These arguments are hard to refute. But the other side of the coin is: more growth necessarily brings leads to greater depletion of resources, and destruction of the environment, all contributing to global climate change and potential ecological collapse. The consequences of not limiting our growth—the "business as usual" route that our world is on—are so dire that it is high time we explore what might be done to limit economic and social growth while maintaining a functioning capitalist free market system. Though we have long recognized that there would be a limit to growth eventually, few macro-economic models have seriously examined just where that limit might lie. In 1972, commissioned by The Club of Rome, Meadows, Randers and Meadows of MIT compiled a study entitled: "Limits to Growth." 1 Using system dynamic theory and computer modeling, they produced a model called "World3." With this model they produced 12 different scenarios for Earth's future. World3 showed how the interaction of population growth and natural resource use necessarily imposed finite limits to industrial growth. The idea of such a limit was novel and somewhat controversial at the time and many, as expected, dismissed it as an alarmist doomsday prophecy. At that point in time, the world's economy with a global population at about 3.8 billion 2 was still comfortably within the planet's carrying capacity. Thus it seemed to many that the Earth still had plenty of room to grow.