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"Of the writing of texts in social psychology there is no end. The author or each of them believes that he has a special justification for offering his own particular version of the common theme, and I am no exception to this general rule. Perhaps I can formulate the raison d'etre of this volume by outlining a little of its history and by expressing my indebtedness to a few of the individuals from whom its main ideas have been borrowed. These and other converging influences have led me to frame nearly every kind of social-psychological problem in terms of psychological processes which take their particular form from the interactional context in which they occur. And I have come to see group memberships as providing the sine qua non for specifying the interactional context of human social behavior. Groups provide their members with shared frames of reference--particularly in the form of positions and roles, in terms of which they perceive themselves as well as one another. So little social behavior is immune to such shared influences, and so much of it is very largely determined by them, that I have come to accord them a central place in my own thinking. I hope that, in so doing, I have not fallen into the fallacy of assuming that social behavior springs merely from the interiorizing of social norms. This would be quite as disastrous as to ignore social norms altogether. At any rate, this point of view has led me to view social behavior as occurring on the part of biological organisms which are also group members. To understand it we must study both individual life and group life, in terms of a single body of coherent concepts and principles. I have therefore tried to sketch an outline of the psychology of group membership in a way which is neither merely psychological nor merely sociological but which, I hope, may contribute to the growth of a body of concepts and principles of truly social-psychological nature"--Preface. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)

It is generally known that John Stuart Mill spent his working career in the service of the East India Company, but very little has been written about him in this capacity. As an administrative official of the company, the home government of India, John Mill's activities have been greatly overshadowed by the influence exerted upon Indian policies by his father, James Mill, historian of British India and a member of the Examiner's Office of the Company from 1819 until his death in 1836. Like his father, John Stuart recognized the company's government of India for what it actually was—a despotism of an alien race, which, despite the good accomplished by it in the last decades of its existence, was established by conquest, treaty, and annexation. And yet, he spent almost half of his life as an official of this establishment, drafting dispatches to the India government, and, in defence of the company's rule against extinction by Parliament, wrote what Lord Grey described as the ablest state paper he had ever read.How did John Mill, the great exponent of nineteenth century liberalism, reconcile his employment as an official of a despotic government with his espousal of the principles of civil and political freedom? How, in other words, did he reconcile this freedom with colonialism? What conceptions did he entertain concerning: (1) the place of India in the history of civilization; and (2) its eventual emergence from British rule as an industrially transformed self-governing nation? These questions, arising out of Mill's career with the East India Company, have not been discussed in any of the numerous treatises on the great man. In considering them here we hope to fill this gap in the literature. Other questions, such as Mill's administrative skills and his influence upon the company's policies, cannot be taken up in this paper. The author does not share the view that Mill's influence at India House was insignificant. He is inclined to a moderate version of Henry Fawcett's opinion that all the important principles for governing the great dependency of India were laid down by Mill in the documents he drafted for the East India Company.

Our subject concerns the dialogue held between English financiers and Canadian politicians and the response of Lombard Street to the calls of the Province of Canada over the last ten or fifteen years of its existence. Its scope is limited because of the limited array of materials surveyed. The intention is to review some of the correspondence between the financial agents in London and the Canadian ministers or other officials entrusted with English money through the agents. The materials comprise some two hundred letters, a few duplicates of which can be found in the Baring collection at the Public Archives in Ottawa, which the author was fortunate enough to peruse at Glyn, Mills & Co., Lombard Street, London.These fragmentary materials have been marshalled back into the conventional framework of Canadian economic history, where in the author's estimation they belong, in order that they might shed some more light on matters already known. The role of the agents in money matters exerted a remarkable influence on Canada's political affairs, to the extent that the presence of the English investor implied some kind of participation in the decision-making process of the Province of Canada. The English press may have exerted a similar influence, since it reflected the attitude of those financially interested in Canada, whether directly or indirectly.Not all of the difficulties that the Province had been through in the last decade of its existence can be traced back, however, to its financial connection with the English money market. Indeed, several problems arose from its commercial structure, its precarious trade pattern upon which the neighbouring states exerted a continuous pull, the deflated expectations of Canadian traders as regards the western trade, and the over-all modification of trade channels which accompanied the cotton revolution. Yet we have chosen here to single out one factor—the opinion of Lombard Street—by way of suggesting the importance of market forces in the shaping of Canadian economic policies.

SummaryAn empirical frequency distribution, belonging to a certain quantity x, can be considered as the realization of a {theoretical) probability distribution. This latter furnishes i. the mathematical expectation (theoretical mean), 2. the (theoretical) moments with respect to, i.e. the math. exp. of the different powers of t = x —, denoted by m = tk, in particular m2— t2=s̀2, the square of the standard deviation.The deviations of a probability distribution from‐ the normal type are often characterized by the Skewness S and the Excess E, defined byPlotting the probability density y = ‐ as an ordinate against the abscissa x, we obtain the density curve.The author shows how far, under certain simplifying conditions, the algebraic sign of S and E can be predicted from the course of the density curve.Skewness: If an asymmetrical density curve ascends more steeply to the left of the top than it descends to the right, and if, in particular, at any pair of points with equal y, the curve is left steeper than right, the Skewness S is proved to be positive. If, on the other hand, the curve is right steeper than left, S is negative.Excess: With a symmetrical, not normal curve, S = o, whilst E can differ from zero. Such a curve can be confronted with a normal curve having the same centre and equal a. Then these two curves must have at least two points of intersection on both sides of the centre (top). Provided that there are precisely two points of intersection, the sign of the Excess E is connected with the height of the top of the given curve. If this top is higher than that of the corresponding normal curve (leptokurtosis), E is positive; if it is lower (platykurtosis), E is negative.In case there are more than two points of intersection on either side of the centre, there is no close connection between the top‐height and the sign of E. This is illustrated by the behaviour of density curves of the type y = C (1 — t2)3 (1 +αt2+βt4).

In the type-region of the Maastrichtian of Dumont for a long time strata have been recorded which differ considerably in faune from the underlying Maastrichtian tuffaceous chalk.
Recently they were again discovered in the neighbourhood of Geul-hem (6 kms NE of Maastricht) and, on account of the microforami-nifera they yielded, ascribed to the Paleocene by Hofker.
The definition of the age of these layers offers an important strati-graphical problem : the fixation of the upper limit of the Maastrichtian and its relations with the Secondary-Tertiary boundary, which problem occupies many micropaleontologists and stratigraphers in the world at present.
In 4 localities layers were observed differing from the underlying tuffaceous chalk in lithological aspect by the presence of a more or less large quantity of glauconite. They are separated from the latter by a typical hard ground or by a series of coarse strata rich in fossils conspicuously reworked from the Maastrichtian.
The hard ground contains many Ammonites, Baculites and other typical cretaceous Molluscs and the underlying tufïaceous chalk, characterized by abundant Hemiaster prunella, yielded several Belem-nella Casimir ovensis, which is generally considered as the last Belem-nite of the Maastrichtian.
The overlying glauconitic tuffaceous chalk did not yield any Ammo¬ nite or Belemnite, but a macrofauna composed of species which do generally not occur in the Maastrichtian. Crania brattenburgica, a characteristic Brachiopod of the Danian of Denmark, is represented here by the subspecies Cr. brattenburgica geulhemensis.
Examination of the planktonic Foraminifera from samples taken at several levels and spots in the various sites showed a marked change in microfaune above the hard ground or its equivalent. In the tuffa-ceous chalk planktonic Foraminifera, though relatively rare, were found forming an association of typical cretaceous species, with the exception, however, of a representative of the group Girt, compressa, species until now known from Post-Maastrichtian deposits only. In the glauconitic tuffaceous chalk the planktonic fraction consists of an entirely different association, with dominating species Gl. daub-jergensis, which species characterizes Danian strata all over the world.
The author concludes that the upper limit of the Maastrichtian in the type-region is characterized by a typical hard ground or its lateral equivalents. The overling strata are, especially on account of the planktonic Foraminifera they contain, ascribed to the Danian.

SUMMARYRecent theories of capitalism concentrate upon the defects of markets. The theories of Karl Polanyi and Bruno Seidel are examined in this article. In a broad survey of economic history since the middle ages, Polanyi concludes that the whole economic market system destroys the substance of society and creates disadvantages for all groups. Yet disintegration was halted through the principle of social protection which comprises all forms of collective economic actions, whether by groups or states. Yet, the author has failed to give a specific market analysis which would indicate how specific disadvantages arise in the process of pricing. The all comprehensive "social protection" contains so many diverse elements that one cannot infer from the principle how interventions have reformed the market system of capitalism.In his analysis of industrialism and capitalism, Seidel sees a conflict between the industrial and capitalist elements of our economy. Capitalist elements have been "tamed", while we have been unable to control the industrial elements. Modern technology has become independent of capitalist property and markets. Industrialism has been economically beneficial and socially disintegrating. Deconcentration of large concerns and decentralization of large cities are proposed as necessary reforms. Interventions in markets spring from cartels of producers, organizations of farmers, unions of laborers, and the interference of states. The multitude of interventions is developing into a planned capitalism. The result of these interventions has been a greater degree of equality in the economic and social relationships among men. Control of capitalism was achieved through introducing social‐ethical principles into the economy.The newer version of the defect theory limits control of the market system to the most recent period, and states some of the reasons why organized groups control their markets. The theory of social protection is limited in its scope; its economic, political and social impact upon capitalism is traced in detail. Yet missing is still a theory of deficient markets as well as of controlled markets. The future task of economic research is to provide an analysis of the different market sectors controlled by groups, of the monopoly of concentrated property, of the specific nature of social protection, and the economic role of big government in controlled capitalism.

SUMMARYTHE CONSEQUENCES OF CHANGES IN AGRICULTURE FOR CHANGING FUNCTIONS OF THE COUNTRYSIDE AND COMMUNITY PATTERNSAn introductory section includes considerations on: the definition of rural communities; the different ways in which change is envisaged by social scientists (the historical approach and the approach, called comparative statics); the nature of underdevelopment (considered it to be a total process, intimately linked with its opposite: the process of development); and the continuity of change in the so‐called underdeveloped areas ever since the age of Discovery.It is then argued that completely self‐sufficient, closed, subsistence communities are a rarity anywhere, and that subsistence agriculture is closely related to regional market economies, through monetary exchanges and wagelabor. In the underdeveloped world there is a marked tendency towards increased monetarization of the village economy, but several economic forces also tend to maintain a subsistence base in agriculture as a complement to regionally localized capitalist agricultural enterprise.The implications of this situation for family and community life are then briefly discussed. The money economy, it is suggested, while no doubt contributing to certain developments which are advantageous to the community (or some sectors of it), has also produced a number of negative results (e.g. the decrease of foodstuffs, increased expenditures on inessential consumer goods, the rise of increasingly powerful categories of intermediaries, moneylenders and so forth). In general, it has not been the boon to economic and social development for which it is usually hailed. The author then discusses the changes in land tenure which have taken place in the underdeveloped countries, and their varying consequences and implications.Finally, a few remarks are devoted to the world‐wide efforts towards community development. By many standards, the results of these programs have been meager, and the author finishes by suggesting that many of the problems that beset the rural comunities in the underdeveloped countries today can be solved only by adopting regional or nation‐wide perspectives.RésuméTRANSFORMATIONS DANS LES FONCTIONS DE LA COMMUNAUTÉ RURALE DANS LES PAYS EN VOIE DE DÉVELOPPEMENTUn paragraphe introductif est consacréà des considérations générates portant sur la définition des communautés rurales, les diverses manières dont les sociologues envisagent le changement (l'approche historique et l'approche dire »comparative statics«) la nature du sous‐développement (considéré comme un processus global, intimement liéà son antagoniste: le processus de développement) et la continuité historique (depuis la période de la découverte de l'Amérique) du changement dans les zones dites sous‐développées.L'auteur démontre ensuite que les communautés de subsistance, fermées, se suffisant entièrement à elles‐mêmes sont très rares et que l'agriculture de subsistance est étroitement liée à des économies de marché régionales, par les échanges monétaires et les salaires. Dans le monde sous‐développé, il existe une tendance marquée à l'accroissement de l'emprise de la monnaie sur l'économie villageoise; cependant, de nombreuses forces économiques tendent à maintenir à la base une agriculture de subsistance en tant que complément d'entreprises agricoles capitalistes régionales.Les implications de cette situation pour la vie de la familie et de la communauté sont ensuite, brièvement discutées. L'auteur suggère que, l'économie monétaire, bien que contribuant indubitablement à certains développements avantageux pour les communautés (ou certains de ses secteurs) a engenderé un certain nombre de résultats négatifs (par exemple, la diminution des produits alimentaires, dépense accrue pour des biens de consommation superflus, l'apparition de catégories d'intermédiaires au pouvoir croissant, de prêteurs à gages et autres). En général, l'économie monétaire n'a pas été pour le développement économique et social le bienfait que Ton en attendait ordinairement. Puis, l'auteur discute des transformations dans la tenure de la terre qui se sont déroulées dans les pays sous‐développés, et de Ieurs conséquences et implications variées.Enfin, quelques remarques sont consacrées aux efforts entrepris, à l'échelle mondiale, pour le développement communautaire. A de nombreux égards, les résultats de ces programmes ont été restreints et l'auteur termine en suggérant que de nombreux problèmes, parmi ceux qui font entrave aux communautés rurales, dans les pays sous‐développés, ne peuvent trouver de solutions que dans l'adoption de perspectives régionales ou nationales.ZusammenfassungDER EINFLUSS VON VERÄNDERUNGEN IN DERLANDWIRTSCHAFT AUF DIE FUNKTIONEN DES LANDES UND DER LÄNDLICHEN GEMEINDEIn einem einleitenden Kapitel werden allgemeine Betrachtungen über die ländlichen Gemeinden angestellt, über die verschiedenen Methoden, mit denen die Sozialwissenschaftler den Wandel zu erklären suchen (die historische Methode und die sogen. vergleichende statische Methoden), über das Wesen der Unterentwicklung (als einem umfassenden Prozess, der eng mit ihrer Kehrseite, dem Prozess der Entwicklung, verbunden ist) und über den geschichtlich fortwährenden Wandel in den sogen. unterentwicklten Gebieten jeweils seit ihrer Entdeckung.Dan wird ausgeführt, dass vollständig sich selbst versorgende, abgeschlossene Gemeinden eine Seltenheit sind und dass bedingt durch Geldverkehr und Lohnarbeit der Lebensunterhalt in der Landwirt‐schaft eng an regionale Markteinrichtungen gebunden ist. In der unterentwickelten Welt gibt es eine deutliche Tendenz zunehmender Geldwirtschaft in den Dörfern. Aber verschiedene ökonomische Kräfte tendieren auch dazu, die Existenzgrundlage in der Landwirtschaft zu erhalten als Ergänzung zu regional verbreiteten kapitalistisch‐landwirtschaftlichen Unternehmen.Weiter werden die Folgerungen aus dieser Situation für Familie und Gemeinde kurz dargestellt. Während die Geldwirtschaft ohne Zweifel zu gewissen Entwicklungen beiträgt, die für die Gemeinde (oder für Teilgebiete dieser) vorteilhaft sind, führt sie auch zu negativen Ergebnissen (z.B. Verminderung der Nahrungsmittel, zunehmender Aufwand für unwesentliche Verbrauchsgüter, Zunahme von immer mächtiger werdenden Gruppen von Zwischenhändlern, Geldver‐leihern usw.). Im allgemeinen ist sie für die wirtschaftliche und soziale Entwicklung nicht die Wohltat gewesen, als die sie gewöhnlich be‐grüsst wird. Der Autor erläutert dann die Landbesitzverhältnisse in den unterentwickelten Ländern und ihre verschiedenen Folgerungen und Verwicklungen.Abschliessend werden einige Bermerkungen zu den welrweiten Be‐mühungen um die Entwicklung der Gemeinde gemacht. In der Regel sind die Ergebnisse dieser Programme dürftig gewesen. Der Autor schließt mit dem Vorschlag, das heute viele der Probleme, die die ländliche Gemeinde in den unterentwicklten Ländern bedrängen, nur im Rahmen regionaler oder nationaler Zielsetzungen gelöst werden können.

by Georges Langrod « Maître de recherches », French National Centre for Scientific Research, Full Professor at the University of the Saar The legal aspect of administrative procedure is traditionally neglected by the Science of administrative Law. Considered as a technical problem, it is left to administrative scientists only. The whole legal operation preceding the administrative decision remains outside the sphere of scientific analysis, thereby impoverishing our knowledge of the administrative phenomenon. On the one hand the specialist in administrative law respects to a surprising degree the tradition that administrative law regulates the aims of administrative action, but leaves the ways leading to accomplishment of these aims solely to administrative technicians. On the other hand, the specialist in Public Administration sees only the essential contradiction between the strict bounds of restrictive legal precept and the necessary elasticity of administrative action. He defends the latter and is therefore prima facie opposed to the former. Although the Administration should be as unhampered as possible in order to be effective in everyday life, the « Rechtsstaat » — with its characteristic curtailment of « Le Roy le veult » — is founded also on the active participation of cujus res agitur in administrative disputes. This participation assures at the same time an important control of administrative action by the citizen. It constitutes one of the victories of political democracy over the unbridled licence of « royal pleasure ». Political expediency can no longer be considered as the only motivation of all administrative action. Nevertheless it should not be undervalued: a balance must be sought between the legal, technical and political aspects of this action, the political aspect being accepted in its widest sence. The process of « juridicalisation » of Administration through administrative Law — extended even to administrative procedure — must be constantly scrutinized with a view to controlling the effects of old mental habits and conservative approach to Public Administration and to administrative management. Professor Langrod examines, in all its aspects, the generally underestimated but important problem of « purely administrative » procedure, i.e. of non-contentious disputes within the frame of administrative action. He discusses the different approaches of the traditional doctrine to this problem and its frequent lack of comprehension in this field. Having weighed the consequences of the traditional application of procedural theory and process rules to justice alone, the author goes on to examine — by methods of comparison — the present-day solutions to the problem. These solutions are grouped under three principal headings: — administrative systems with well-developed administrative Law but without any « processual » approach, such as those existing in France and Germany. This approach is reserved only for the administrative courts («juridiction administrative», «Verwaltungsgerichtsbarkeit»). Everything which happens within the framework of « pure » Administration is left, almost entirely, to the discretion of internal rules, under the subsequent judicial control of legality; — « mixed » systems, or half-way solutions, i.e. mainly the Anglo-Saxon doctrine of « quasi-judicial » functions, presupposing the existence of a dispute between equal parties, before the Administration. The procedural rights of these parties, accorded by law or by practice, differentiate this type of procedure from the « purely » administrative activity. Thus appear in England the so-called « administrative tribunals » which are not judicial courts, but administrative authorities with a particular process, resulting from the fundamentals of fair play in administrative action. To this group belong also the administrative systems of Spain, Portugal, Latin America, Italy and Sweden, where — if not always the legislature and practice — at least the doctrine of administrative Law and the jurisprudence in administrative matters frequently accept a procedural point of view for the administrative action; — systems comprising a complete « processual » sector of administrative Law doctrine and a legislative codification of legal procedure of Public Administration. This is the case in Austria and three other countries of Central-Eastern Europe where in the years 1925-1930 « codes of administrative procedure » appeared, and are still obligatory. In spite of changes after 1945 in countries now under Communist regime, in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, the great Austrian model remains unchanged. The United States of America, owing to the A.P.A. 1946, are found in the same group, because of their global approach to this problem of administrative dispute, based on the classical « due process » doctrine and on the application of the « audi alteram partem » formula (through adjudication, hearing, notice, examiners corps, etc.). Professor Langrod's study comprises administrative dispute considered as an integral part of a « general legal procedure », constituting in theory a « processual » uniformity, regardless of the sector of Law to which it applies. Thus procedural approach ceases to be a monopoly of justice as it was for centuries, and has to be extended to all official actions concerning parties' interests or rights. The author endeavours finally to formulate some general principles of administrative legal procedure, based on empirical comparative experience. After having examined and summarized these principles, he concludes that the great process of « juridicalization » of Public Administration has generally desirable effects. It brings about more social outlook, the true democratization of Administration owing to the active and « organized » co-operation between authorities and parties) and the fact that — if well conceived and balanced — legal rules tend not to hamper, but rather to guide the processes of litigation, to the true interests of legal security and administrative efficiency.

AbstractThis paper analyzes a two person zero‐sum game in which the strategies on the two sides are probability distributions. The solutions always turn out to contain jumps. In most cases the distributions are combinations of delta functions and density functions.The problem is as follows: a submarine chooses a range r, within a declared war zone, at which to fire his missile. If he is detected at a larger range he attempts to fire at that larger range with the effectiveness at that range decreased by defense measures such as attempts to kill the submarine, shoot down the missile, or protect the target. If this defense effectiveness is denoted by ω, with ω = 0 referring to perfect defensive reaction measures, and ω = 1 referring to poor defensive reaction measures, the following is true. If ω = 0, the problem is analogous to a problem ("The Two Machine‐gun Duel") solved by L. Gillman and the author in 1949 (Ref. 2) and is not difficult. The defenses in this case are in close to the coast. If ω = 1 the problem is different but not difficult and the defenses are well out towards (and in some cases at) maximum missile range. There are for ω = 1 no defenses near the coast; this is referred to as an "initial gap.".The first problem that arises is to find for what values of ω is there an "initial gap." A necessary and sufficient condition for such gaps was found. For general ω there may be instead an "interior gap," i.e., defense contiguous to the coast and out near or at maximum missile range, but none at intermediate ranges. Necessary and sufficient conditions for such interior gaps were found. In a typical case the solution for the defense follows one function out to a certain target, then is zero, then follows another function to maximum missile range, then has a delta function at maximum missile range.It was necessary to study in detail the behavior of expressions involving discontinuous functions by breaking into continuous parts and discontinuous parts. A great deal of the complexity of the paper arises from this fact. A second cause is that it is essential to admit completely arbitrary distribution functions on the two sides as strategies. There is no a priori reason for instance, why the attacking player could not choose his plays from the Cantor distribution, a function increasing on (0, 1) from 0 to 1, but having almost everywhere a zero derivative. These possibilities emphasize the need for great care in the analysis and for the somewhat tedious existence proof of a later section of this paper.

I. From Autocracy to Democracy: Political Institutions at the End of the Ch'ing Dynasty -- 1. Transformation from Absolute to Constitutional Monarchy -- 2. Causes of the Constitutional Movement -- 3. Preparation for Constitutionalism -- 4. The Principles of Constitution, September 22, 1908 -- 5. The National Legislative Council (Tse-cheng Yüan) -- 6. The Provincial Assembly (Tse-I Chu) -- 7. The Beginning of Local Self-Government -- 8. The Revolution and the Nineteen Articles of November 3, 1911 -- II. Democracy in Experiment: Political Institutions During the Early Republican Period -- 1. Preparations for a Provisional Government -- 2. Analysis of the Organic Law of the Provisional Government -- 3. Inauguration of the Provisional Government at Nanking -- 4. The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, March 11, 1912 -- 5. The Change of the Provisional Presidency and the Seat of Government -- 6. The Establishment of Parliament -- 7. The Drafting of the Constitution and the Election of President -- 8. The Judicial System of the New Republic -- 9. The Local Government System -- III. Monarchism VS. Republicanism: Political Institutions under the Dictatorship of Yüan Shihk'ai -- 1. Yüan Shih-k'ai vs. Constitutional Democracy -- 2. Yüan Shih-k'ai and the Constitutional Compact of 1914 -- 3. The Reorganized National Government Under Yüan Shih-k'ai -- 4. Th Local Government System Under Yüan Shih-k'ai -- 5. The Rise and Fall of Yüan's Monarchial Movement -- IV. Split Between the North and the South: Political Institutions During the Period of Internal Dissensions -- 1. Developments Under the Regime in Peking -- 2. The New Parliament and the New Constitutional Draft -- 3. Parliament's Second Restoration and its Adoption of the 1923 Constitution -- 4. The Constitution-Protecting Government in the Southwest -- 5. The Peking Government Under Provisional Chief Executive Tuan -- 6. The Local Government System -- V. The Nationalist Party in Power: Unification of China under Kuomintang Programs -- 1. The Reorganization of the Nationalist Party in 1924 -- 2. Basic Principles and Programs of the Nationalist Party -- 3. The Northern Expedition and the Unification of China -- 4. The Beginning of Political Tutelage -- VI. The Five-Power Constitution at Work: Political Institutions During the Period of Political Tutelage -- 1. The National Government Before 1928 -- 2. The National Government Since 1928 -- 3. The National People's Convention and the Promulgation of the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China for the Period of Political Tutelage -- 4. Nationalist Efforts to Carry Out Party Principles and Programs -- 5. The Preparation for Constitutional Rule in China -- 6. The Local Government System During the Period of Political Tutelage -- VII. Communism Versus Nationalism: The Chinese Communist Party and Soviet Regimes (1921–1945) -- 1. The Formation of Communist Organizations in China -- 2. The First United Front of the Nationalists and Communists -- 3. Armed Uprisings and the Change of Leadership -- 4. The Establishment of Soviet Regimes in China -- 5. The Second United Front and Expansion of the Communist Regimes -- VIII. China at War: Political Institutions During the Period of the Sino-Japanese War -- 1. The Hostilities Between China and Japan -- 2. The Formal Establishment of Chiang Kai-shek's Leadership -- 3. Wartime Party Alignments -- 4. The Supreme National Defense Council — The Highest Organ of Wartime China -- 5. The Triple-linked Administrative System -- 6. The Wartime National Government -- 7. The People's Political Council -- 8. The Wartime Local Government -- 9. The Local Representative Bodies -- IX. From the Mainland to Taiwan (Formosa): Political Institutions During the Postwar Period -- 1. Peace Negotiations Through the Political Consultative Conference -- 2. The Convocation of the National Assembly and the Constitution of 1946 -- 3. The Central and Local Governments Under the Constitution of 1946 -- 4. The First Session of the First National Assembly -- 5. The Nationalist Debacle and Retreat to Taiwan -- 6. The National Government in Taiwan -- 7. The Local Government System in Taiwan -- 8. Taiwan Today -- X. The Communist Party in Power: Mao's Political Thought and the Party Organization -- 1. On the Road to Victory -- 2. The Political Thought and Strategy of Mao Tse-tung -- 3. The Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party and Its Guiding Principles -- 4. The Organization and Functions of the Communist Party -- 5. The Communist Youth League -- 6. The Communist Relationship with Minor Political Parties and Mass Organizations -- XI. Fundamental Laws of the People's Republic: From the Common Program to the Constitution of 1954 -- 1. The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) -- 2. The Common Program of 1949 in the Nature of a Provisional Constitution -- 3. The Central Government System, 1949–1954 -- 4. The Local Government System, 1949–1954 -- 5. The Adoption of the Constitution by the National People's Congress -- 6. General Principles of the Constitution of 1954 -- XII. The Government of "Democratic Centralism": Political Institutions under the Constitution of 1954 -- 1. The Present System of Government -- 2. The National People's Congress -- 3. The Head of the State -- 4. The State Council -- 5. The People's Courts and Procuratorates -- 6. Local People's Congresses and Councils -- 7. Self-Government Organs of National Autonomous Areas -- 8. The Communist Government in Action -- Appendices.

R. S. Fitton and A. P. Wadsworth. The Strutts and the Arkwrights, 1758‐1830: A Study of the Early Factory System. (Manchester University Press. 1958. Pp. xvii +361. 35s.)T. S. Willan. Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade. (Manchester University Press. 1959. Pp. x + 349. 35s.)R. S. Sayers. Lloyd's Bank in the History of English Banking. (Oxford University Press. 1957. Pp. xiv +381. 35s.)Charles Newman. The Evolution of Medical Education in the Nineteenth Century. (Oxford University Press. 1957. Pp. x + 340. 30 s.)Godfrey Davies. The Early Stuarts 1603‐1660. (Oxford University Press. 1959. 2nd Edition. Pp. xxiii + 458. 35s.)CHARLES HADFIELD. British Canals. An Illustrated History. (Phoenix House.'959‐ pP‐ 291‐ 36sT. W. Freeman. The Conurbations of Great Britain. (Manchester University Press. 1959. Pp. xii + 393. 37s. 6d.)Publications of the Bedfordshire Historical Record Society. Vol. XXXVIII. Ed. JOYCE GODBER. (Luton, Beds. 1958. Pp. 109. Price to non‐members, 25.1.)Enid M. Dance (Ed.). Guildford Borough Records 1514‐1546. (Surrey Record Society. 1958. Pp. xlvi + 153. 4 plates. 355.)William Letwin. Sir Josiah Child‐Merchant Economist, with a reprint of Brief Observations concerning trade, and interest of money (1668). (Publication Number 14 of the Kress Library of Business and Economics. Boston: Baker Library, Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration. 1959. Pp. vi + 76. $2.00.)A. L. POOLE (Ed.). Medieval England. Vols. I and II. (Oxford University Press. 1958. Pp. xxviii and xiii +661. 70s.)Joan Thirsk and Jean Imray. (Eds.). Suffolk Farming in the Nineteenth Century. (Suffolk Records Society. Vol. I. 1958. Pp. 178. 255.)J. H. Morris and L. J. Williams. The South Wales Coal Industry 1841‐1875. (Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 1958. Pp. xiv + 289. 255.)Wallace T. MacCaffrey. Exeter 1540‐1640. (Harvard University Press. 1959‐ PP‐ 310‐ 45sBasil, E. Cracknell. Canvey Island: The History of a Marshland Community. (Leicester University Press. 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(Abhandlungen zur Handels‐ und Sozialgeschichte, edited by the Hansischen Geschichtsverein. Vol 11. Weimar. 1959. Pp xii +282.)Rudolf Forberger. Die Manufaktur in Sachsen vom Ende des 16. bis mm Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts. (Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Schriften des Instituts für Geschichte, Reihe 1: Allgemeine und deutsche Geschichte, Vol. 3. Akademie‐Verlag, Berlin. 1958. Pp. ix + 456 + 2 maps. DM 46.‐.)Ingomar Bog. Der Reichsmerkantilismus. Studien zur Wirtschaftspolitik des Heiligen Romischen Reiches im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert. (Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer. 1959. Pp. 194. DM 29.50.)Theodore S. Hamerow. Restoration, Revolution, Reaction: Economics and Politics in Germany, 1815‐1871. (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1958. Pp. xi + 347. $6.00.)Gerhard Bondi. Deutschlands Aufienhandel 1815‐1870. (Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Schriften des Instituts für Geschichte Reihe I, Band 5. Berlin: Akademie‐Verlag. 1958. Pp. viii + 156. DM (Ost) 8.‐.)Theodor Schieder. Staat und Gesellschaft im Wandel unserer Zjeit. Studien zur Geschichte des ig. und 20. Jahrhunderts. (Miinchen: Oldenbourg. 1958. Pp. 208. DM 18.50.)Adolf Trende. Geschichte der deutschen Sparkassen bis zum Anfang des 20. Jahr‐hunderts. (Stuttgart: Deutscher Sparkassenverlag. 1957. Pp. xii ‐f‐ 610. DM 34.50.)W. G. Hoffmann, J. H. Müller. Das deutsche Volkseinkommen, 1851‐1957. (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck]. 1959. Pp. 162. DM 16.50.)Heinrich Benedikt. Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in der Franz‐Joseph‐eit. (Wiener Historische Studien, Vol. IV. Vienna, Munich: Herold. 1958. Pp. 200. DM 17.50.)Hans Georg Kirchhoff. Die staatliche Sozialpolitik im Ruhrbergbau, 1871‐1914. (Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung des Landes Nordrhein‐Westfalen, Vol. 4. Köln und Opladen: West‐deutscher Verlag. 1958. Pp. 179. DM 12.80.)Karl Erich Born. 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Von der Zeit der Pioniere zur Ara von Big Business. (Sammlung Dalp. Vol. 86. Berne: A. Francke. 1958. Pp. 240. S frs. 9.80; DM 9.40.)A. Hoffmann.'Die Grundherrschaft als Unternehmen', Zeitschrift für Agrar‐geschichte und Agrarsoziologie, VI (1958), 123‐131.H. ‐J. Stiebens.'Die Gehöferschaften des Trierer Bezirks und sonstige alt‐deutsche Gemeinschaften in Rheinland‐Pfalz', Zeitschrift für Agrarge‐schichte und Agrarsoziologie, VI (1958), 131‐143.K. Lippmann.'Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung der Landwirtschaft und der Wandel im Bereich des Bäuerlichen', zeitschrift für Agrargeschichte und Agrarsoziologie, VI (1958), 155‐176.I. Leister.'Zum Problem des "Keltischen Einzelhofs" in Irland', Zeitschrift für Asrargeschichte und Agrarsoziologie, VII (1959), 3‐13W. Achilles.'Getreidepreise und Getreidehandelsbeziehungen europaischer Raume im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert', Zeitschrift für Agrargeschichte und Agrarsoziologie, VII (1959), 32‐55‐W. Schubring.'Betriebs‐ und Grundbesitzverhaltnisse der Agrarwirtschaft der Welt', Zeitschrift für Agrargeschichte und Agrarsoziologie, VII (1959), 56‐80.H. Kellenbenz.'Der italienische Grosskaufmann und die Renaissancé, Vierteljahrsschrift für Sozial‐ und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, XXXXV (1958), 145‐167.M. Barkhausen. Staatliche Wirtschaftslenkung und freies Unternehmertum im westdeutschen und im nord‐ und sudniederlandischen Raum bei der Entstehung der neuzeitlichen Industrie im 18. Jahrhundert, Vierteljahrsschrift für Sozial‐ und Wirtschqftsgeschichte, XXXXV (1958), 168‐241.H. Stoob.'Minderstädte. Formen der Stadtentstehung im Spatmittel‐alter', Vierteljahrsschrift für Sozial‐ und Wirtschqftsgeschichte, XXXXVI (1959), 1‐28K. E. Born. 'Sozialpolitische Probleme und Bestrebungen in Deutschland von 1848 bis zur Bismarckschen Sozialgesetzgebung', Vierteljahrsschrift für Sozial‐ und Wirtschqftsgeschichte, XXXXVI (1959), 29‐44.W. Kollmann.'Industrialisierung, Binnenwanderung und "Soziale Frage". (Zur Entstehungsgeschichte der deutschen Industriegroßstadt im 19. Jahrhundert)', Vierteljahrsschrift für Sozial‐ und Wirtschqftsgeschichte, XXXXVI (1959), 45‐70.W. Treue.'Die Ilseder Hütte und der Staat in den Jahren 1916 bis 1919′, Tradition, ZeitschriftfurFirmengeschichte und Untemehmerbiographie, III (1958), 129‐140.P. E. Schramm.'Kaufleute während Besatzung, Krieg und Belagerung (1806‐1815). Der Hamburger Handel in der Franzosenzeit, dargestellt an Hand von Firmen‐ und Familienpapieren', Tradition, Zeitschrift für Firmengeschichte und Untemehmerbiographie, IV (1959), 1‐22 and 88‐114.E. v. BÖVENTER.'Die wirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen amerikanischer Rezes‐sionen auf die iibrige Welt. Eine Untersuchung über die amerikanischen Konjunkturriickschlage, 1937/38, 1949 und 1953/54′, ‐zeitschrift für die p&amte Staatswissenschaft. CXIV (1958). 297‐330.H. Sperling.'Die wirtschaftliche Struktur des Erwerbslebens der Bundes‐republik im internationalen Vergleich', Schmollers Jahrbuch, LXXVIII (1958) 149‐166A. Hauser.'Die Schweiz und der Deutsche Zollverein, Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft und Statistik, XCIV (1958), 482‐494.Rosario Romeo. Risorgimento e Capitalismo. (Bari: Laterza. 1959. Pp. 209. Lire 1400.)L. Dal Pane. Storia del Lavoro in Italia. Vol IV. Dagli Inizi del secolo XVIII al 1815. (Milano: Giuffré. 1958 Pp. xx + 629.)R. P. Dore. Land Reform in Japan. (Royal Institute of International Affairs and Oxford University Press. 1959. Pp. xvii +510. 55J.)Albert Feuerwerker. China's Early Industrialization: Sheng Hsuan‐huai (1844‐1916) and Mandarin Enterprise. (Harvard University Press; Oxford University Press. 1958. Pp. xiii + 311+ xxxii. $ 6.50; 52s.)Sally Falk Moore. Power and Property in Inca Peru. (Columbia University Press. New York. 1958. 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