Suchergebnisse

The article is devoted to the development of approaches to the legal qualification of the consent to harm in German doctrine and case law. The author explores the problems of the transactional theory of consent, based on the provisions of the German Civil Code and dogmatically formulated in the work of E. Zitelmann. The article describes the early case law of the German high courts on the consent to harm. The author generalizes critique of the transactional theory of consent in the doctrine and describes a departure from it in the case law of the mid-20th century in Germany. The author dwells in detail on various non-transactional approaches to the qualification of consent presented in the works of K. Larentz, E. Schenke, O. Bucher and W. Münzberg. The article describes a modern approach to consent based on the teleological reduction of some rules on transactions. The author comes to the conclusion that the development of doctrinal views on consent to harm in Germany proceeded dialectically: from the transactional qualification of consent through non-transactional approaches to the limited application of certain rules on transactions. The author suggests to qualify consent to harm as a transaction with some reservations.

This article examines some current problems of EU and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Also this article generalize and illustrate in new way long waves hypothesis. The author suggests a non-customary approach to the study and forecasting of the economic life within the framework of Kondratieff approaches. Cyclical patterns were successfully used by the author in the business and in the banking sphere. Taking into account long waves, in 2009 the author warned about the possible economic crises in Russia in 2014-2015, 2020 and such crises actually happened. The aim of this article is the systematization and the adaptation of long waves approaches to the study of many acute economic problems. The hypothesis of long waves was used by the author but only as a general empirical reference point. It touches on many actual problems of world development, including the decrease of global FDI and the growth of centrifugal forces in the EU. The question is raised about the large-scale spread of coronavirus. The rapid spread of COVID-19 could have been connected with high global instability in addition to other well-known factors. Taking into account Kondratieff's waves and many years of the author's experience in the Russian business and in the Russian banking sphere, the author touches on a long unfavorable period of economic instability in Russian economy. Some economic advices to regulators and business in Russia are provided. Also the author concludes that it is necessary to continue studying the Kondratieff long wave hypothesis with the aim of its further successful use in forecasting.

В статье представлено эмпирическое исследование, выполненное на материале электронных петиций русскоязычного сегмента международной цифровой платформы петиций Change.org. Электронные петиции анализируются в теоретическом поле цифрового политического участия, включая слактивизм, с целью охарактеризовать границы эффективности петиций и представить тематические доминанты по федеральным округам как на уровне выдвижения петиций, так и на уровне их поддержки онлайн-голосованием. Исследование включает материалы Change.org с 2012 по 2017 гг. При помощи компьютерного обеспечения Python, библиотек Lxml, Requests и Re были извлечены и проанализированы 22 452 петиции с учетом территории их создания. Также были идентифицированы 918 петиций, получивших статус "исполненных" (статус после голосования определяет автор петиции) для анализа по регионам. Обе текстовые базы тематизированы на основе открытого кодирования при помощи программного обеспечения AntConc и TopicMiner и проанализированы с применением инструментов описательной статистики, включая кластерный анализ (SPSS Statistics 22). В процессе исследования определились три группы территорий, где (1) власть и бизнес готовы, отвечая на запросы населения, решать широкий круг вопросов в русле культурной, социальной и политической жизни региона, (2) власть и бизнес откликаются только на проблемы выживания населения, (3) власть и бизнес безопасно ощущают себя, содействуя решению проблем защиты животных и игнорируя другие требования населения, изложенные в онлайн-петициях. Исследование позволяет утверждать, что онлайн-петиции популярных негосударственных цифровых платформ оказывают эффект на принятие политических решений. Наиболее показательна тематика поддержанных петиций, поскольку является интегративным показателем: отражает потребности населения территории, указывает на готовность других россиян признать проблему стоящей решения, показывает, какие проблемы населения региональные власти или бизнес готовы решать без значительного общественного давления.

This article focuses on changes in regulation of financial markets abroad after the financial crisis of 2007-2009 and provides comments on the effectiveness of such regulation. Specially the author analyzes the risks that the derivatives market creates for the financial sector and proposes mechanisms to enhance transparency and stability of the market. The author considers how introduction rules of FATCA and FCPA to the U.S. will influence on the financial sector, the possibility of continuing Russian banks overseas financial transactions, the cost of loans to Russian companies. Also the author writes how the introduction of Tobin tax will impact on international financial transactions in Europe. He describes the changes in the area of offshore jurisdictions in the world occur. There is the experience of creating an international financial center abroad. He gives information on what measures taken to transform the emirate of Dubai to International Financial Centre. In conclusion, the author proposes measures of increase of investment attractiveness of Russia and the possibility of establishing a Russian international financial center.

Author reveals the features of the political culture of the electorate in Russia and Germany. Through the comparative survey he finds gender differences in political consciousness and the voting behavior. Author analyzes the reasons for the limited participation of women in Russian political life and provides some recommendations
for improving the democratization process of the political sphere.

The set of credit goods and services is changing to meet the demand of users, however, if there is enough information about generation X and Y — the parents of modern «zoomers» («zoomers» are representatives of generation Z) and they have already shown their credit behavior, then generation Z is new customers of banks and there are no exact characteristics of their credit behavior yet.
The aim of the work was to study the behavior of generation Z, in accordance with the theory of U. Strauss and N. Howe, in order to make a forecast of zoomer's credit behavior based on the information received. At the first stage of the study, information about the behavior of generation Z in different spheres of their lives was collected and analyzed, as well as the conditions of the surrounding reality in which they live, and how it affects them. The article reveals that generation Z was born in a relatively quiet period, they grew up simultaneously with the active development of technology and the Internet, so since childhood, speed in everything is important for them. Representatives of the generation like a creative approach to the presentation of information, do not like physical labor and are ready to work remotely or as freelancers. The author of the article separately noted that at a young age, the «zoomers» witnessed global changes in the world: coronavirus, exams in online format, a special military operation, partial mobilization, which affected their expectations of the world. Representatives of Z are ready to raise the global problems of the planet for discussion and present solutions to these problems. In order to determine the attitude of «zoomers» to loans and identify their values, at the second stage of the study, a survey of representatives of generation Z «Credit behavior of Yaroslavl residents» was conducted (August — September 2023). Yaroslavl, the sample is spontaneous (N = 570), the age of respondents is from 17 to 22 years, of which 47 % are men and 53 % are women. Among the respondents, 87 % receive higher education, 5 % receive secondary vocational education, 8 % receive secondary general education.
Method of collecting information: oral survey and on-line questionnaire. As a result of the study of the generation of «zoomers», the author of the article revealed that education will be important for them in order to keep up with the realities of the time and possess key, in-demand competencies. Generation Z is ready to take out a loan on a smartphone to always stay in touch with the outside world. A personal car, as the third purchase in the popularity rating of «zoomers», must necessarily reflect their individuality and be eco-friendly. This generation will open up new approaches to the consumption of goods, the attitude to the disposal of funds and their accumulation.

In this article the author gives an analysis of the problem of the organization of the activity approach in the development and formation of the personality of the child, based on the concepts of work, the author focuses on current research activity approach and finds it necessary in the organization of educational process and pogotovki child's further learning based on this experience.

The article discusses the evolution of theories of social revolution from the mid-nineteenth to the late twentieth centuries. The author analyzes the basic concepts of theorists and practitioners of the armed revolutionary struggle - from the founder of the classical Communist theory of Karl Marx to the Mexican guerrilla leader Subcomandante Marcos. The author focuses on the analysis of changes in the understanding of the subject ("driving forces") of the left political revolution, as well as the strategy of armed revolutionary struggle. The author comes to the conclusion about the historical evolution of the subject of the revolutionary struggle from major sustainable macro-groups ("classes"), targeted at the armed struggle, to self-born (by the network principle) unstructured protest groups, situational leaders, mild forms of the revolutionary struggle, which minimize the armed violence, though do not eliminate it completely. The author substantiates the conclusion about the absence in the modern protest movement of social forces, able to become the subject of revolution socialist orientation. This increases the danger of dominance of the social protest of extremist nationalist and religious political spectra. The author offers two models of response to this threat: the growing influence of the reigning centre-right conservative parties of Russia; return to center-left positions of the social democratic movement of the countries of the European Union.

Analyzing the practices of development, application and research in managerial
social technologies, the author reveals a number of essential problems in their further
development. The revealed problems are combined into three groups: the problems of
theory and methodology, the problems of development and the problem of practical
application. Basing on the analysis of modern managerial social technologies, the
author suggests comprehensive and universal classification that uses the two criteria:
the content of technology and its functional relevance. The applied research taken by
the author and described in the article reveals that managerial social technologies as a
phenomenon are widespread in contemporary managerial practice. However the
practice is irregular and not systematic, while its efficiency is still low.

The article is devoted to the study of the current position of the schumpeterian competition. Interpreting schumpeterian competition as a struggle of entrepreneurial ideas, the author shows how the results of checking and developing Schumpeter's ideas in contemporary neoSchumpeterian
literature. Focusing on the conditions that determine the innovative nature of competition, the author outlines the main features of the Russian economy, which prevent its transition to an innovative competition.

Based on the market failure theory the author argues that market mechanism
is unable to undertake solid structural change in the national economics concluding that establishment of the governmental industrial policy is necessary. Mechanism of the "Dutch disease" with its local implications is disclosed. On the basis of
comparison of various industrial policy scenarios appropriate for the Russian economics the author defines the most suitable one.

The author considers the concept of «pensionary good» and the specifics of its production at the state and non-state levels. The purpose of the study is to analyze the actions aimed at creating a «pensionary good» under the influence of incentives and coercion. Drawing on the theory of goods, the author comes to conclusion that the elements of pensionary good can be produced in the form of public goods, merit goods, club goods and private goods. The author identifies the specifics of pensionary good structure at the analyzed levels and shows that national pension in the Russian Federation is based on coercion, with stimulation being of secondary importance. Non-state-funded retirement also uses the coercion and incentives. It has been established that coercion and incentives provide contradictory results as mechanisms used in the process of producing a pensionary good. While preparing the article, the author used the data from the Federal Statistic Service, the Pension Fund of Russia and various sociological surveys and scientific works on pensions and insurance. The conclusions of the study may be useful for further research on the development of Russian pension system.

The author defines outsourcing not only as a business-tool, but also as one of the most important indicators of the health of the national economy and its competitiveness. Methodology to define the volume of outsourcing in the economy proposed by the author is new to the Russian economic science. By using a range of econometrics of personal design — namely methods of «statistics», «industries» and «outsourcing» (explained hereinafter) the author defines the share of outsourcing as 19% of GDP. At the same time, the author proves that the current volume of outsourcing is insufficient to secure stable growth of the economy. Industrial behemoths and state owned companies — so called national champions — are weakening, not strengthening the competitiveness of the Russian economy with their size. Because of the very overconcentration in the Russian economy, the share of small and medium enterprises is too small. The number of workers hired by SMEs is also less than in other comparable economies. The insufficient share of outsourcing also to the lack of innovations, because innovation breeds not inside large state owned corporations but amongst entrepreneurs. In the end of the article
summarizes factors that will contribute or otherwise hamper the development of outsourcing in the Russian economy, influencing its competitiveness worldwide.

The author examines the process of Soviet military involvement in the events that took place in Afghanistan from the viewpoint of the United States. This topic is poorly studied, and the author makes an attempt to fill this gap. The main goal of the paper is to consider the process of increasing involvement of the USSR in the interior Afghan affairs from the U.S. position and to trace how this position changed during 1979. Methods and materials: The author mainly relies on the document 'The secret correspondence of the foreign policy agencies of the United States on Afghanistan' and also draws documents from the U.S. Congress and a monthly bulletin from the U.S. State Department. Analysis. The special attention is paid to the period from the beginning of the spring of 1979 to the end of 1979, since it was during this period of time that the Soviet military presence in Afghanistan continued to grow. Results: The author concludes that throughout 1979 and earlier, the U.S. closely followed the events in Afghanistan and Soviet actions there. However, the U.S. position on possible Soviet military involvement was expectant, and the USSR was not given strong protests, which could promote the Soviet decision on military intervention in the civil war in Afghanistan.

The corpus of political science problems related to the development, security, and sovereignty of the state, which stimulates the increased interest of both government structures and representatives of the scientific community, also includes a new concept of 'food miles.' The deconstruction method and comparative analysis applied by the author showed that the semantic foundation of the terminological unit under consideration is based on the neorealist paradigm of international relations. The author seeks not only to highlight the epistemological gaps of the concept, but also to convert them into competitive advantages, thus contributing to the discourse related to the construction of 'improved food miles.' In the empirical part of the research, the author chose the agricultural policy of the Moscow region as an example, in particular, fixing the low food self-sufficiency of the region, compensated both by the intra-national commodity movement and the import of basic foodstuffs. For the first time, the dependence on the intensive import of foreign food products into the subject of the Russian Federation was compared with the degree of environmental damage identified using mathematical methods. The author concludes that the concept of 'food miles,' having replenished the categorical and conceptual apparatus of political science and the theory of international relations, can be used as a mechanism of 'green protectionism,' activating the protection of national interests and stimulating the diversification of domestic agroecological production. As a recommendation to state bodies, the author offers a plan of amendments to legislative acts, as well as a graphic project of ecological labeling of food products.