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The article deals with the main trends in the dynamics of the Eurozone's general business situation (GBS) since its formation. The first (2008–2009) and the second (2012–2013) waves of the recession are compared. Average growth rates of key business cycle indicators are calculated. The periodization of the Eurozone business cycles as well as the identification of turning points made by the Centre for Economic Policy Research is critically assessed. The steady character of economic revival in 2014 is challenged. Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) as a principal factor of GBS is assessed. GFCF rate as well as returns on GFCF are calculated and monitored. The classification of the Eurozone countries as per GDP volume and GDP per capita is provided. The mechanism of GBS formation is analyzed; the roles of the core countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain) are highlighted. Also, the interaction of the block as a whole and its individual member countries is revealed. Deviations of individual countries dynamics from that of the Eurozone are identified and possible explanations for such phenomena are proposed. Then, the differences in GBS dynamics in the pre-crisis and post-crisis periods are analyzed in details. The correlation between the Eurozone and US business cycle is tracked. The desynchronization of the Eurozone members' dynamics in 2008-2014 is highlighted. The connection between the level of economic development and the divergence in countries and Eurozone GBS dynamics is established. Business cycle phases and changes in key indicators among the Eurozone members are compared. The fragility of the future Eurozone GBS is forecasted. The author points at a dubious character of the allegations about significant improvement of GBS in the Eurozone and expects the continuation of its competitiveness' crisis.

The authors thank the Education Spanish Ministry for the grant provided for the first author under the "Ayudas para la movilidad postdoctoral en centros extranjeros'' scheme. The James Hutton Institute receives funding from the Scottish Government. ; Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) need to be adapted to survive in the absence of a suitable host or in hostile environmental conditions. Various forms of developmental arrest including hatching inhibition and dauer stages are used by PPN in order to survive these conditions and spread to other areas. Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) (Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis) are frequently in an anhydrobiotic state, with unhatched nematode persisting for extended periods of time inside the cyst in the absence of the host. This paper shows fundamental changes in the response of quiescent and diapaused eggs of G. pallida to hydration and following exposure to tomato root diffusate (RD) using microarray gene expression analysis encompassing a broad set of genes. For the quiescent eggs, 547 genes showed differential expression following hydration vs. hydratation and RD (H-RD) treatment whereas 708 genes showed differential regulation for the diapaused eggs following these treatments. The comparison between hydrated quiescent and diapaused eggs showed marked differences, with 2,380 genes that were differentially regulated compared with 987 genes following H-RD. Hydrated quiescent and diapaused eggs were markedly different indicating differences in adaptation for long-term survival. Transport activity is highly up-regulated following H-RD and few genes were coincident between both kinds of eggs. With the quiescent eggs, the majority of genes were related to ion transport (mainly sodium), while the diapaused eggs showed a major diversity of transporters (amino acid transport, ion transport, acetylcholine or other molecules). ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

The article is focused on the philosophy and the practical actions of Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) — the most significant African-American leader of the late XIX — early XX centuries. Theauthor analyzes the formation of attitudes and life principles of this figure, his search of peacefulinteraction of white and black people, in conditions of the restriction of civil and political rights of theAfrican-Americans in the territory of the southern states after the end of the Reconstruction in 1879.The temporary renouncement by the black population of the struggle for political equality in returnfor socio-economic opportunities, that was the main idea of the Washington's "ideology of adaptation",became a compromise in the relationship between the two races. The author also focuses hisattention on the Washington's educational program, his economic development strategy of the blackpeople, and his attitude to the racial discrimination, as well as the reasons that led the "ideology ofadaptation" to the failure in attempt to stop the further offensive racist legislation. ; Статья посвящается философии и практической деятельности Букера Т. Вашингтона(1856—1915) — наиболее значительного афроамериканского лидера конца XIX — начала XX вв. Автор анализирует формирование взглядов и жизненных принципов данного деятеля, его поискмирного взаимодействия белого и чернокожего населения, в условиях ограничения гражданскихи политических прав афроамериканцев на территории южных штатов после окончания периодаРеконструкции в 1879 г. Временный отказ чернокожего населения от борьбы за политическоеравноправие взамен на социально-экономические возможности, являвшийся основной идеей«идеологии приспособления» Вашингтона, стала компромиссом во взаимоотношении двух рас.Особое внимание автор уделяет рассмотрению образовательной программы Вашингтона, егоэкономической и социальной стратегии развития чернокожего населения в условиях расовойдискриминации на Юге США, а также причинам, приведшим к неудаче «идеологии приспо-собления» в попытке сдержать дальнейшее наступление расистского законодательства.

Frequent economical, political and cultural exchanges between German and Scandinavian people during the Middle Ages led to the large scale changes that affected many parts of people's lives and resulted in the appearance of German-Scandinavian frontier culture with its specific features. This article, using the example of Middle German heroic epic "Das Nibelungenlied" ("The Lay of the Nibelungs") and the corpus of adjoining texts that comprise "the legend of Nibelungs / Nibelungenlegend" aims at describing how literature transgresses boundaries, how frontier literature and folklore function in their new space, how canon texts are restructured following the effects of migration and how the ancient and the new plots can be blended in new works of art. The article begins with a short review of the existing manuscripts of the medieval German heroic epos ""Das Nibelungenlied". The most characteristic features of the manuscripts are briefly described. Special attention is paid to the so called m and n-versions dating back to the XIV-XV centuries (Darmstadt manuscripts) of the poem, as they can be regarded the marginal versions, containing a specific mixture of oral and written traditions of the Nibelungen legend. The article proceeds with description of how Nibelungen legend is reflected and transformed in the folklore of Faeroe Islands. Further the article discusses the contents of medieval Danish ballads of the Hven island "Grimhild's Vengeance" ("Grimhildis Hæven"), the history of creation and the publication of these ballads is briefly described. The content-analysis of texts allows the author to draw a number of conclusions on the sources which formed the basis of these works of folklore, and more widely about the ways of evolution of Nibelungen legend within the space of medieval German-Scandinavian frontier.

В византийских исторических сочинениях X-XI вв. большое внимание уделялось деятельности военачальников. Анализ этих произведений позволяет говорить о формировании в византийской исторической литературе нескольких типичных образов военачальников. Статья посвящена характеристике одного из данных типов образу «бездарного полководца». В качестве примера автором рассматривается военная карьера магистра Михаила, сына логофета Анастасия, служба которого в императорской армии прослеживается с 1042 по 1057 гг. В сочинении Иоанна Скилицы он был подвергнут резкой критике, обвинен в отсутствии военного опыта и неспособности командовать войсками. На него возлагалась ответственность за серьезное поражение византийской армии в 1042 г. на территории Сербии. Несмотря на это, дальнейшая карьера Михаила складывалась удачно. По мнению автора статьи, негативное отношение Скилицы к Михаилу было вызвано субъективными факторами: принадлежностью военачальника и хрониста к противоборствующим политическим группировкам или семейным конфликтом.In the Byzantine historical compositions of the 10th 11th centuries special attention was paid to activities of military leaders. The analysis of these works was devoted to formation in the Byzantine historical literature the several typical images of military leaders. Article is focused to the characteristic of one of these types the image of "talentless warlord". For example, military career of the magister Michael, son of logothetes Anastasios. His service in imperial army proceeded from 1042 to 1057. In Chronicle of John Skylitzes he has been subjected to sharp criticism. Michael was accused of lack of military experience and inability to order troops. Responsibility for serious defeat of the Byzantine army (1042) in the territory of Serbia was conferred on it. Despite it, further career of Michael was developed successfully. According to the author, negative attitude of Skylitzes to Michael has been caused by subjective factors: belonging of the military leader and chronicler to opposing political groups or by family conflict.

В статье рассматриваются вопросы государственного регулирования деятельности субъектов малого предпринимательства, в том числе по противодействию их теневой экономической деятельности. Дается авторская интерпретация сущности теневой экономической деятельности, как рационального поведения субъектов малого бизнеса, направленного на получение максимальной прибыли в условиях неопределенности. Обобщаются работы методологического характера, раскрывающие понятие эффективности в отношении управления деятельностью органов власти. Представлены критерии и показатели эффективности государственных институтов по противодействию теневой экономической деятельности субъектов малого предпринимательства на макрои мезоуровне с определением ожидаемого экономического эффекта. Оценку эффективности государственного противодействия теневой экономической деятельности субъектов предлагается проводить на основе анализа стадий жизненного цикла малых предпринимательских структур. Разработана схема процесса формирования модели совершенствования системы государственной поддержки малого предпринимательства и противодействия их теневой экономической деятельности, основанного на ее идентификации, как угрозы социально-экономического развития региона. ; This article discusses the governmental regulation of small entrepreneurial activities and considers the issue of combating their shadow economic affairs. The author redefines the shadow economic activity as a rational behavior of small business owners that aims at maximizing profits under circumstances of uncertainty. Methodological research that reveals the concept of the public administration management efficiency is summarized; criteria and indicators of the efficiency of State institutions in combating shadow economic activities of small businesses at the macro and meso levels are proposed, together with the expected economic results. It is argued that the evaluation of the effectiveness of State policy in combating shadow economic activity should be based on the analysis of the development stages of small business entities. Finally, the paper suggests a plan for improving State system of support for small businesses and combating shadow economic activity as a threat of social and economic development of the region.

Along with the development of a more advanced civilization, then the existence of an adequate road transportation is preferred. To support this Balangan county government make policy / program that is handling the construction and improvement of roads, routine and periodic maintenance. The policy is to achieve a smooth road services, safe and comfortable. So that development activities in the area there is no constraint. Way to memenuhu smoothness, safety and comfort requirements would have a thickness of the layers according to the circumstances existing subgrade. On that basis then, in the final writing, the author raised the title of Flexible Pavement Thickness Analysis Methods With ISO 1989 And Methods NCSA (National Crushed Association Design) At Toll Road District Education Balangan.The purpose of the writer was to determine thick flexible pavement with ISO 1989 method and the method of NCSA (National Crushed Association Design). Based on secondary data using the ISO 1989 obtained the results of calculations for the surface layer lataston HRS-WC with 3 cm thick HRS-BASE 4 cm thick, the base layer of crushed stone class A with 20 cm thick, and a layer of crushed stone foundation below grade B with a thickness of 10 cm. With the NCSA method to get a thick layer with a thick surface layer lataston 5 cm, the base layer of crushed stone class A 10 cm thick layer of crushed stone foundation under class B with a thickness of 25 cm.Of the two methods above can be known methods NCSA at the surface layer and the base layer is thinner, but to the method NCSA foundation layer 15 cm thicker than the method of ISO 1989.

Publisko iepirkumu likuma mērķu efektīvai realizācijai šķēršļus rada trūkumi normatīvajā regulējumā, publisko iepirkumu realizācijā iesaistīto pušu prettiesiska rīcība, kā arī nepietiekami administratīvās atbildības piemērošanas mehānismi. Spēkā esošajā normatīvajā regulējumā konstatējami trūkumi, jo netiek noteikts atbilstošs atbildības apmērs pretendentiem un kandidātiem, kā arī iepirkuma komisijas pieaicinātiem ekspertiem. Viens no veidiem kā nodrošināt tiesiskas publisko iepirkumu sistēmas izveidi – samērīgs un efektīvi piemērojams normatīvais regulējums atbildības noteikšanai visām publisko iepirkumu procesa īstenošanā iesaistītajām pusēm. Pētījuma ietvaros tiek analizēti būtiskākie Publisko iepirkumu likuma pārkāpumi, piemērojamais atbildības apmērs, kā arī trūkumi normatīvajā regulējumā. Konstatētie problēmjautājumi ilustrēti ar juridiskās prakses piemēriem, kā arī aplūkots tiesiskais regulējums Eiropas Savienības dalībvalstīs. Pētījuma rezultātā autore izvirza vairākus priekšlikumus grozījumiem Publisko iepirkumu likumā un Latvijas Administratīvo pārkāpumu kodeksā. ; Deficiencies in the normative regulation, unlawful conduct of the parties involved in the public procurement process, as well as insufficient administrative liability enforcement mechanisms hinder effective implementation of the objectives of the Public procurement law. Weaknesses in the existing regulatory framework are identified, as insufficient liability is applied neither on bidders and candidates, nor on the procurement commissions invited external experts. One of the ways to ensure establishment of a legal framework for public procurement proportionate and effectively applicable regulatory framework on establishment of liability on all parties involved in the public procurement process realization. Within the study most significant violations of the Public Procurement Law, the amount of applicable liability as well as shortcomings in the regulatory framework are analyzed. Identified issues are illustrated with legal practices, also examining the legal framework within other European Union Member States. As the result of the study the Author puts forward number of proposals for amendments to the Public Procurement Law and the Latvian Administrative Violations Code.

The author analyzes the criteria and the structure of leadership in political and administrative activity. The features of leadership in political and administrative activity and characteristics that are unique to this realm are studied. The basic criteria of political leadership in political and administrative activity are analyzed, and the most important structural elements of the political leadership are described. The following scientific methods of research are used: analysis, generalization, description, concretization, systematization, structural and functional method. The criteria and the components of personality, that can become a leader in the political and administrative field are identified (i. e. professional, emotional and informational components of leadership, as well as the ability to satisfy public interests and needs. ; Анализируются критерии и структуры лидерства в политико-управленческой деятельности. Исследуются особенности лидерства в деятельности политических институтов и присущие только этой сфере характеристики. Анализируются основные критерии лидерства в политико-управленческой деятельности, а также рассматриваются наиболее важные структурные элементы политического лидерства. В основном применяются следующие методы исследования: анализ, обобщение, описание, конкретизация, систематизация, структурно-функциональный. Выделяются критерии и компоненты личности, которая становится лидером в политико-управленческой сфере деятельности, а именно: профессиональная, эмоциональная и информационная составляющие лидерства, а также способность удовлетворять общественные интересы и потребности. ; Аналізуються критерії та структури лідерства в політико-управлінській діяльності. Досліджуються особливості лідерства в діяльності політичних інститутів та властиві лише цій сфері характеристики. Аналізуються основні критерії лідерства в політико-управлінській діяльності, а також розглядаються найбільш важливі структурні елементи політичного лідерства. Здебільшого застосовуються такі методи дослідження: аналіз, узагальнення, опис, конкретизація, систематизація, структурно-функціональний. Виділяються критерії та компоненти особистості, що стає лідером в політико-управлінській сфері діяльності, а саме: професійна, емоційна та інформаційна складові лідерства, в також здатність задовольняти суспільні інтереси та потреби.

El presente trabajo propone, tomando como eje los postulados de Iuri Lotman acerca de la memoria, una lectura de la novela Los pichiciegos (1984), del escritor argentino Rodolfo Enrique Fogwill (1941-2010). Escrito en paralelo a la guerra de las Malvinas, este relato pone en cuestión la narrativa oficial de la guerra y problematiza, en clave literaria, las tensiones entre memoria y ficción en la construcción de un acontecimiento relevante de la historia latinoamericana. De este modo, nuestro trabajo propone un abordaje, desde el campo de la semiótica de la cultura, de las complejas relaciones entre memoria y ficción. ; From the perspective of Iuri Lotman's concept about memory, this paper propose a reading of Los pichiciegos, novel that wrote by the Argentinian author Rodolfo Enrique Fogwill (1941-2010). Written at the same moment of Falklans War happens, this story calls into question the official narrative of the war and discuss, in literary key, boundaries between memory and fiction on contemporary Latin-American history. Thus, from the field of Cultural Semiotics, our work proposes an approach of the complex relationship between memory and fiction in Los Pichiciegos. ; Aquest treball proposa, prenent com a eix els postulats de Iuri Lotman sobre la memòria, una lectura de la novel·la Los pichiciegos (1984), de l'escriptor argentí Rodolfo Enrique Fogwill (1941-2010). Escrit en paral·lel a la guerra de les Malvines, aquest relat posa en qüestió la narrativa oficial de la guerra i problematitza, en clau literària, les tensions entre memòria i ficció en construir un esdeveniment rellevant de la història llatinoamericana. D'aquesta manera, el nostre treball proposa un abordatge, des del camp de la semiòtica de la cultura, de les complexes relacions entre memòria i ficció.

Las formaciones políticas de la izquierda argentina durante los años 60 y 70 estuvieron marcadas por tres elementos sustantivos: a. La ruptura con las concepciones de la izquierda tradicional acerca de la importancia de los procesos electorales y de los caminos institucionales de acceso al poder; b. La aceptación de la lucha armada como estrategia privilegiada de la izquierda revolucionaria; c. El socialismo como objetivo a lograr en el mediano plazo. La autora de este artículo presenta estos ejes de análisis al estudiar el desarrollo de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Argentina. ; The political formations left Argentina during the 60s and 70s were marked by three substantive elements: a. The break with the conceptions of traditional left on the importance of elections and the institutional access roads to power; b. Acceptance of armed struggle as privileged strategy of the revolutionary left; c. Socialism targeting achieve in the medium term. The author of this article presents these lines of analysis to study the development of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Argentina. ; As formaçoes políticas de esquerda Argentina durante os anos 60 e 70 foram marcado por três elementos substantivos: a. A ruptura com as concepçoes de esquerda tradicional sobre a importância das eleiçoes e da estradas de acesso institucionais ao poder; b. A aceitaçao da luta armada como estratégia privilegiada da esquerda revolucionária; c. Socialismo segmentaçao alcançar a médio prazo. O autor deste artigo apresenta essas linhas de análise para estudar o desenvolvimento das Forças Armadas Revolucionárias da Argentina. ; Fil: González Canosa, Mora. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (UNLP-CONICET); Argentina.

У статті розглядається механізм реформування системи соціальних послуг в умовах децентралізації влади в Україні. Обгрунтовано, що впровадження нової моделі системи соціальних послуг в Україні неможливе без реформування різних сфер господарської системи країни та реалізації наявного управлінського потенціалу сучасної системи менеджменту на всіх рівнях управління. Наведено модель механізму реформування системи соціальних послуг, яка містить комплекс інструментів та методів реалізації реформи соціальної сфери. Показано, що основною метою впровадження такого механізму має виступати забезпечення стійкого розвитку соціальної сфери та системи надання соціальних послуг шляхом посилення її спроможності до адаптації до стабільно мінливих економічних, геополітичних, правових умов у межах моделі, що задовольняє потреби та відповідає очікуванням громади щодо якості та обсягу соціальних послуг. ; The article considers the mechanism of social services reforming in terms of decentralization of power in Ukraine.It is proved that the introduction of a new model of social services in Ukraine is impossible without reforming of different sectors of the economic system of the country and the implementation of existing managerial capacity of modern management systems at all levels of government. The model of the social services mechanism reforming, which comprises the complex of instruments and methods of social reforms implementing, is given.It is shown that the main purpose of such a mechanism introducing should act a maintenance of steady development of social sphere and social services system by strengthening its ability to adapt to constantly changing economic, geopolitical, legal terms within the model that meets the needs and the expectations of the community regarding the quality and scope of social services.The author believes that presented mechanism should ensure implementation of principles of management and coordination of social services in Ukraine by strengthening the accountability of management (providers, ...

Creation of new institutions, organizational structures and instruments of governance is one of the administrative reform directions in Ukraine. Recently, when addressing this issue, Ukrainian experts have more and more frequently mentioned the term of «Foresight». The notion entered the Ukrainian scientific community (including public administration field) not long time ago. So, in order to assess the real situation and determine the prospects of regional Foresight in the system of public administration the author conducted a survey involv-ing local government experts. Its purpose was to draw attention of the experts working in local government bodies to Foresight technology, as well as to provide state assessment, conceptual-ization of regional Foresight directions (vectors, focus, principles) and consider the possibilities of its implementation (problems, initiators, sources of funding, possible threats) in Ukraine.Applying some elements of Foresight technology, we tried to define some future prospects of regional Foresight in Ukraine and tried to form two roadmaps on this basis.The analysis of domestic and foreign scientific background revealed some results highlight-ed in a number of proposals and recommendations on Foresight researches in general.In addition, on the basis of the obtained material and using a dual choice approach, the au-thor developed some scientific and practical recommendations. We also proposed a selection of promising regional Foresight foci, and made certain cautions about the terms of its inefficient use. ; Одним из направлений административной реформы в Украине является создание новых институтов, организационных структур и инструментов осуществления государ-ственного управления. В последнее время, поднимая этот вопрос, отечественные специа-листы все чаще вспоминают термин форсайт. Это понятие вошло в украинское научное пространство (в частности в сферу публичного управления) не так давно, поэтому для оценки реального состояния и определения перспектив применения регионального ...

Abstrak: Artikel ini akan menjawab pertanyaan bagaiaman pemerintahan Islam mendapatkan kewenangan dalam pendistribusian dan pemanfaatan tanah Negara, begitu juga dengan pelbagai prasyarat perkembangan ekonomi. Dengan merujuk kepada karya genre fikih, penulis mengemukakan bahwa Nabi Muhammad Saw. dan para khalifah mendapatkan kewenangan mereka berdasarkan ketentuan hukum Islam untuk menjalankan roda pemerintahan, memimpin rakyat dan menegakkan hak-hak sipil termasuk hak untuk memiliki tanah pertanian dan perumahan dalam rangka memenuhi kebutuhan rakyat. Lebih lanjut menurut penulis, pemerintah berkewajiban untuk mengatur pengalokasian hak, distribusi dan pemanfaatan tanah yang lebih intensif untuk memaksimalkan fungsi tanah sebagai asset negara dan rakyat sehingga kebutuhan pemakai bisa terpenuhi. Dengan demikian, kebijakan pemerintahan Islam tidak hanya tertuju pada kesejahteraan ekonomi tetapi juga dalam pembangunan pemukiman rakyat. Abstract: The Government Authority in the Distribution and Utilization of State Land in Islam. This article will answer how the Islamic government gains the authority in the distribution and utilization of state land as well as the requirements for the economic development. By delving into the works in Islamic jurisprudence genre, the author maintains that the Prophet Muhammad and the caliphs received the legality from the Islamic law to rule the country and the people, and to preserve civil rights including the right to own agricultural land and housing in order to meet people's needs. Furthermore, he asserts that the government is obliged to regulate the allocation of rights, distribution and intensive use of land in order to empower land as asset of the state and the society and thus the consumer needs are fulfilled. Thus, the Islamic government policy is not only confined in providing economic welfare but also in land and housing.Kata Kunci: hukum Perdata Islam, pemerintah, tanah negara

The aim of the article is to analyze the role of multicultural education programs in moral development of schoolchildren in the USA. It is noted that one of the top priority tasks of school is the development of such traditional American values as freedom, democracy, racial and national tolerance and others. For this purpose some changes in educational programs are being made. It is highlighted that implementation of courses and programs of multicultural education has become an important part of the educational process. These programs are of interdisciplinary character and they are integrated into educational programs of moral and social disciplines. According to their aims and priorities all courses and programs of multicultural education are divided into three groups: content-oriented, person-oriented, and socially-oriented. The analysis of the results of their implementation makes it possible for the author to conclude that integration of the programs of multicultural education into the educational process makes great contribution to the moral development of American schoolchildren. ; Проаналізовано роль програм полікультурного виховання в моральному розвитку школярів у США. Зазначено, що одним із першочергових завдань школи є прищеплення традиційних американських цінностей: свобода, демократія, расова та національна толерантність тощо; з цією метою вносяться зміни до навчальних програм. Наголошено, що важливим елементом навчально-виховного процесу стало впровадження спецкурсів і програм полікультурного виховання, які мають міждисциплінарний характер і впроваджуються в навчальні програми дисциплін духовно-морального та суспільного циклу. Відповідно до цілей та пріоритетів всі спецкурси і програми полікультурного виховання розподілені на три групи: орієнтовані на зміст навчальних програм курси, особистісно орієнтовані програми та соціально орієнтовані програми. Вказано, що інтеграція програм полікультурного виховання в навчальний процес відіграє важливу роль у моральному становленні американських школярів.