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the article deals with individual issues of the procedure for assigning and directly building the psychological profile. Provided reasoned provisions for the distinction between such concepts as "the conclusion of a specialist" and "expert's opinion", which are based on the norms of the existing criminal procedural legislation and the provisions of other normative acts of Ukraine regarding the recognition of their evidentiary status. The author identifies two stages in the process of constructing the psychological profile of an unknown criminal: 1) analytical and 2) synthetic. Based on the above provisions, the researcher reveals the nature and structure of the expert's conclusion regarding the psychological profile of the person of the unknown criminal. ; в статье рассмотрены отдельные вопросы процедуры назначения и непосредственно процесса построения психологического профиля. Аргументированы положения относительно разграничения понятий «заключение специалиста» и «заключение эксперта», в основе которых лежат нормы действующего уголовного процессуального законодательства и положения других нормативных актов Украины относительно признания их доказательного статуса. Автором выделены два этапа процесса построения психологического профиля личности неизвестного преступника: 1) аналитический и 2) синтетический. Исходя из приведенных положений, исследователем раскрыты сущность и структура заключения специалиста относительно психологического профиля личности неизвестного преступника. ; у статті розглянуто окремі питання процедури призначення та безпосередньо процесу побудови психологічного профілю. Наведено аргументовані положення щодо проведення розмежування між поняттями «висновок спеціаліста» та «висновок експерта», в основу яких покладено норми чинного кримінального процесуального законодавства, положення інших нормативних актів України стовно визнання їх доказового статусу. Автором виокремлено два етапи процесу побудови психологічного профілю особи невідомого злочинця: 1) аналітичний та 2)синтетичний. Виходячи із наведених положень дослідник розкрив сутність та структуру висновку спеціаліста щодо психологічного профілю особи невідомого злочинця.

The object of this paper, pretends to focus on the deployment of peace forces under the umbrella of the new Regional Organizations by analyzing as an study case of UNASUR (Union of South American Nations). In this sense, the problem is focused on determining the feasibility –both legal and practical– that UNASUR, as new Regional Organization, could deploy in the future, peacekeepers –in accordance with the current legislation– to emerging scenarios. For the author, a correct consolidation of this new Regional Organization, United Nations may allow, in the future, the use of the rules of Chapter VIII (Regional Arrangements), to order the deployment and intervention of UNASUR- Peace Forces in some strategic scenarios, more or less in the same way as it has been done with other Regional Organizations, including NATO and the OAS. ; El objeto del trabajo que, a continuación se presenta, pretende centrarse en el "Despliegue de Fuerzas de Paz al Amparo de Nuevos Referentes Regionales: Análisis del caso de la UNASUR (Unión de Naciones Suramericanas)". En este orden de ideas, el Problema a Investigar se centra en determinar la factibilidad –tanto Jurídica como Práctica– que UNASUR, en su calidad de nuevo Referente o Acuerdo Regional, pudiera desplegar, en lo venidero, Fuerzas de Paz –en conformidad a la normativa vigente– hacia distintos escenarios emergentes. A juicio del autor, con una adecuada consolidación de este nuevo Referente Regional, Naciones Unidas podría, en lo venidero, hacer uso de su normativa del Capítulo VIII (Acuerdos Regionales), con el propósito de encomendar a la UNASUR el despliegue e intervención de Fuerzas de Paz, en determinados escenarios estratégicos, al igual como lo ha realizado con otras Organizaciones Regionales, entre ellas la OTAN y la OEA.

The article deals with both ideological context as well as selective mode of the «Decommunization» Laws, and their direct relation to the ethnocentric politics of memory. The author argues that «Decommunization» is an effort of the new Ukraine's political elite to be legitimized, but under enduring economic crisis and war conflict in East Ukraine the chosen option proves to be a way for a radical construction of the national identity. This kind of consolidation, from the one hand, threatens to disintegration of socially, ethnically and regionally heterogeneous Ukrainian society and, from the other hand, it might sharply strike on the image of the country which is considered to become a subject for European integration. ; В статье показан идеологический контекст и избирательный характер «декоммунизационного» законодательства, его непосредственное отношение к этноцентричной политике памяти. Автор доказывает, что «декоммунизация» является попыткой легитимации новой политической элиты Украины, которая в условиях продолжающегося экономического кризиса и военного конфликта на Востоке страны сделала выбор в пользу радикального конструирования национальной идентичности. Подобная модель консолидации опасна тем, что, с одной стороны, она дезинтегрирует социально-, этнически и регионально неоднородное украинское общество, а с другой стороны, наносит серьезный удар по внешнеполитическому имиджу Украины как субъекта евроинтеграции. ; У статті показано ідеологічний контекст та вибірковий характер «декомунізаційного» законодавства, його прямий стосунок із етноцентричною політикою пам'яті. Автор доводить, що «декомунізація» є спробою легітимації нової політичної еліти України, котра за умов поточної економічної кризи та військового конфлікту на Сході країни обрала радикальний спосіб конструювання національної ідентичності. Така модель консолідації небезпечна тим, що, з одного боку, деінтегрує соціально-, етнічно- й регіонально неоднорідне українське суспільство, а з іншого, завдає суттєвого удару по зовнішньополітичному іміджу України як суб'єкта євроінтеграції.

This paper debates about the educational goals' redefinition by through the dialectical relationship between educational research, education and training policies, and school. A reflection on the "four pillars" of learning is currently very important (UNESCO, 1996) starting from the critical analysis of the Delors Report, to re-enable it for the growing and diversified needs of the world of education.In this context, the author discusses some relevant issues about the virtues learning that urges the school and the family to a synergistic and proactive dialogue, and to consciously take educational co-responsibility (Miur, 2006).This dialogue represents the cultural, social and ethical background for "learning to live together", "to learn to know" and ultimately to "learn to learn" (Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council, 2006).In this perspective, the present contribution intends to emphasize the priority of creating inclusive learning contexts that will enhance the individual potential for a school aimed at the development of social cohesion and human capacities. ; Il presente lavoro discute la ridefinizione degli obiettivi dell'educazione attraverso la relazione dialettica tra ricerca educativa, politiche di istruzione e formazione, e scuola.È attualmente indispensabile, infatti, una rinnovata riflessione relativa ai "quattro pilastri" dell'apprendimento (UNESCO, 1996), mediante un'analisi critica del Rapporto Delors, tale da verificarne la riattualizzazione in vista delle crescenti e diversificate esigenze del mondo dell'educazione. Vengono discusse, in questa sede, alcune questioni rilevanti, in particolare,in merito all' "insegnamento dei valori", che sollecita la scuola e la famiglia ad un dialogo sinergico e proattivo, e ad assumere consapevolmente la corresponsabilità educativa (Miur, 2006). Tale dialogo rappresenta lo sfondo culturale, sociale ed etico per "imparare a vivere insieme", per "imparare a conoscere" e, in definitiva, per "imparare ad imparare" (Raccomandazione del ...

Introduction. With the development of socio-economic relations, there is a need to rethink the essence of social incentives in terms of creating conditions for an adequate standard of living, since the impact of social security on the behaviour and activities of people is multifaceted and complex. Social security belongs to the socio-economic sphere of life.Purpose is to identify areas for mobilizing social incentives for effective economic development.Methods. Methods used in the article: theoretical analysis and synthesis of the material.Results. The prospects of mobilizing the main money in a market economy are studied, and the main solvent demand is the money of the population. The author proves that if we want to develop dynamically, then we first need to accelerate the effective demand of the population, and for this, the entire economy of the country should turn to face the person.Originality. It is proposed to create conditions for the citizens of Ukraine to earn more, namely: through the promotion of social policy, whose task is to always push the size of minimum wages and minimum pensions, all the time enriching the subsistence minimum, on which the size of the minimum wage and the minimum pension is oriented . It is proved that such a way of mobilizing incentives for development is particularly relevant, since we simply lack a conscious policy of raising the minimum wage.Conclusion. If we follow today's trends of state regulation of the socio-economic life of society, then the government's increasing role in regulating the social sphere is clearly visible. The state at the expense of the budget provides assistance to the disadvantaged - the disabled, the unemployed, the elderly - mainly on a targeted basis.

Introduction Patients with diabetes type 1 (DM1) struggle daily to achieve good glucose control. The last decade has seen a rush of research groups working towards an artificial pancreas (AP) through the application of a double subcutaneous approach, i.e., subcutaneous (SC) continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Few have focused on the fundamental limitations of this approach, especially regarding outcome measures beyond time in range. Methods Based on insulin physiology, the limitations of CGM, SC insulin absorption, meal challenge, and physical activity in DM1 patients, we discuss the limitations of the double SC approach. Finally, we discuss safety measures and the achievements reported in some recent AP studies that have utilized the double SC approach. Results Most studies show that a double SC AP increases the time in range compared to a sensor-augmented insulin pump and shortens the time in hypoglycemia. Despite these achievements, the proportion of time spent in hyperglycemia is still roughly 20–40%, and hypoglycemia is still present 1–4% of the time. The main factors limiting further progress are the latency of SC CGM (at least 5–10 min) and the slow pharmacokinetics of SC-delivered fast-acting insulin. The maximum blood insulin level is reached after 45 min and the maximum glucose-lowering effect is observed after 1.5–2 h, while the glucose-lowering effect lasts for at least 5 h. Conclusions Although using a double SC AP leads to significant improvements in glucose control, the SC approach has severe limitations that hamper further progress towards a robust AP. ; publishedVersion ; © The Author(s) 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

Resumen: Nadie puede dudar hoy sobre el españolismo de Rubén Darío después de conocer a fondo la obra en verso y en prosa del ciudadano de la lengua española —y transformador armonioso e imperecedero de la misma— que fue el autor de Cantos de vida y esperanza, Los Cisnes y otros poemas (1905). Este poemario cimero, como es sabido, suscitó esta certeza de Jorge Guillén, cuando insurgían las vanguardias españolas e hispanoamericanas. Ese amor a España se había manifestado en el '98 cuando se solidarizó con sus valores culturales —léanse los del Siglo de Oro— frente a los estupendos gorilas colorados que les habían vencido militarmente y humillado políticamente. Pero tuvo su inmediato desarrollo con la presencia irradiante del propio Darío —a sus 32 años— en la misma España, que pasearía —al decir de Federico García Lorca— como su propia tierra. ; Abstract: No one can doubt today about the Spanishism of Rubén Darío after knowing in depth the work in verse and prose of the citizen of the Spanish language —and its harmonious and imperishable transformer— that was the author of Cantos de vida y esperanza, Los Cisnes y otros poemas (1905). This work aroused the certainty of Jorge Guillén, when the Spanish and Hispano-American vanguards appeared. That love for Spain had been manifested itself in '98 when it was in solidarity with its cultural values —i.e. those of the Golden Age— in front of the great "red gorillas" who had defeated them militarily and politically humiliated. But it had its immediate development with the radiant presence of Darío himself — at the age of 32 years old— in the very Spain, which he would walk, according to Federico García Lorca, as his own land.

Tekst analizuje zaangażowanie dyplomacji Unii Europejskiej w kwestie walki ze zmianami klimatu. W pierwszej kolejności omawia tło problemu, czyli jego wagę oraz wewnątrzunijne sposoby radzenia sobie z ograniczeniem zmian klimatu oraz dostosowywaniem do ich konsekwencji. W drugiej, przedstawia ewolucje stanowiska społeczności międzynarodowej wobec rzeczonej kwestii, w tym mechanizmy ONZ stworzone w celu koordynacji wysiłków na rzecz walki z tym z globalnym wyzwaniem. Najważniejszą częścią pracy jest analiza stanowisk i działań negocjacyjnych UE począwszy od Konferencji w Kopenhadze w 2009 roku, aż do wielkich przygotowań na COP21 w Paryżu. Autorka nie tylko uwidacznia najważniejsze cele unijnej dyplomacji wobec nowej umowy klimatycznej, ale także konfrontuje je z dążeniami pozostałych graczy prezentując najważniejsze argumenty zarówno unijnych sojuszników, jak i adwersarzy. Dopełnieniem powyższych ustaleń jest ocena dotychczasowej skuteczności Unii Europejskiej na polu globalnych negocjacji klimatycznych. ; This text analyzes the EU's commitment to climate change. It firstly discusses the background of the problem, its weight and intra-EU ways of dealing with climate change mitigation and adaptation. Secondly, it outlines the evolution of the international community's position on this issue, including the UN mechanisms designed to coordinate efforts to address this global challenge. The most important part of the work is an analysis of the EU negotiating positions and actions from the Copenhagen Conference in 2009 to the great preparations for COP21 in Paris. The author not only highlights the most important goals of EU diplomacy in relation to the new climate agreement, but also confronts them with the aspirations of the other players, presenting the most important arguments of both EU allies and adversaries. Completion of the above findings is the assessment of the effectiveness of the European Union in the field of global climate negotiations.

This research argues that in those areas where an overlap of processes and courts can be found, our administrative justice scheme corresponds to what the American author Robert Cover identified as a system of complex concurrency. It can be best understood as a vehicle for communication among social groups with opposing interests and world views in conflict. This means that, despite what an analysis from a dogmatic perspective might suggest, there are no technical or "correct" solutions for the coordination of concurrency in the field of administrative litigation in our country. By contrast, areas of concurrency will change without restriction, depending on what are the most prominent political and social conflicts at a particular time, either through the demand for access to certain jurisdictional remedies or requiring the creation of new fora. ; Esta investigación sostiene que en aquellos ámbitos contencioso-administrativos en los que se puede observar una superposición de procesos y órganos jurisdiccionales, nuestro esquema de justicia administrativa corresponde a lo que el autor estadounidense Robert Cover identifica como un sistema de concurrencia compleja de jurisdicciones, y puede ser mejor entendido como un vehículo para la comunicación entre grupos sociales con intereses antagónicos y visiones del mundo en conflicto. Esto se traduce en que, pese a lo que un análisis desde una perspectiva dogmática podría sugerir, no existen respuestas "correctas" para la coordinación de la concurrencia en el ámbito del contencioso-administrativo en nuestro país. Por el contrario, las áreas de concurrencia cambiarán sin restricción en función de los conflictos políticos y sociales más destacados en un momento particular, ya sea mediante la demanda de acceso a determinadas vías jurisdiccionales de impugnación por parte de ciertos grupos o exigiendo la creación de nuevas vías.

Ciertos problemas de la literatura latinoamericana entrañan una discusión teórica que no siempre acompaña su crítica y que, al mismo, sostienen y alienten buena parte de los planteos más comunes a la hora de abordar sus textos: ¿cómo es la relación entre texto y autor, entre literatura y mundo? ¿Varía esa relación según sea latinoamericana o europea la literatura en cuestión? Hoy la idea de una «literatura mundial» o de una «república mundial de las letras» vuelve a poder en juego esa relación no sólo teórica y geográfica sino política. Que buena parte de la crítica desatienda que toda universalización de un problema debe buena parte de su eficacia a redes precisas de estandarización de ciertos temas, impide muchas veces considerar las condiciones concretas de esa discusión que, en América Latina, no sólo afectan su historia crítica sino que enlazan, singularmente, poesía, historia y justicia. ; Some problems of Latino American literature involves a theory discussion not always includes in its critics. These issues, habitually, support and encourage a lot of commons concerns for the readers: how is the relation between text and author, between world and literature? Is this relation changes when the literature is Latino American or European? Nowadays, the idea of a «world literature» or a «World Republic of Letters» brings into play those matters not only in its theoretical aspect but in its political and geographical too. That a good part of critics disregard that any universalization of a problem owes much of its effectiveness to precise networks of standardization of certain topics, prevents to consider the particular conditions of that discussion in Latin America, where these issues affects its critical history and connects, in a singular way, poetry, history and justice.

The aim of this article is to explore the conceptual bases and methodological issues involved in the codification process of Estonia׳s intellectual property law and outline the main results. The conceptual bases of this codification consist of evolutionary development, a comparative-law approach, stakeholder involvement and regulatory impact assessment. The reform draws on the existing regulatory framework (existing IP law), developed further by the identification and use of the best regulatory practices of other countries and model laws. Stakeholder involvement and regulatory impact assessment are used to improve the draft law and make it compatible with Estonian socio-economic conditions. This article summarises the results of the extensive work from 2012 to 2014 that resulted in the draft Copyright and Related Rights Act, the draft Industrial Property Code and the draft Act Implementing the Copyright and Related Rights Act and the Industrial Property Code with the relevant annexes. The analysis focuses on the Estonian codification project as a case study. The author relies on traditional research methods from social science and draws on comparative and dogmatic analysis conducted during the codification, using empirical socio-economic data acquired through stakeholder involvement and impact assessment. The article also reflects the author׳s personal experience, insights and intimate knowledge of the codification process gained through management and coordination of the project and in acting as a head of the expert group on the codification of IP law under the auspices of the Ministry of Justice of Estonia. The Estonian example could serve as a comparative model for countries aiming to modernise their IP laws within the EU acquis and international legal framework.

This research is devoted to studying the impact of international financial aid on economic growth in Europe after the Second World War. The aim of the investigation is the identification of regularities of post-war recovery of European economies in the second half of the twentieth century and the assessment of international financial aid's role in the economic growth stimulation.The author summarizes domestic and foreign researchers' achievements of studying the issue of the Marshall Plan and its importance for modern Ukraine, and differentiates the classic, capitalistic and modern stages of post-conflict reconstruction of the national economies.The relation between the amount of financial assistance from US government to 14 European countries and the growth of GDP in 1947–1952 is studied with the help of correlation and regression analysis and their significant linear dependence is determined. The issue of institutional support of international financing program of economic recovery of Europe has not been left without attention. ; Дослідження присвячено вивченню питання впливу міжнародної фінансової допомоги на економічне зростання країн Європи після Другої світової війни. Метою дослідження є виявлення закономірностей післявоєнного відновлення європейських економік у другій половині ХХ ст., а також оцінка ролі міжнародної фінансової допомоги у стимулюванні економічного зростання.Автором узагальнено існуючі здобутки вітчизняних та зарубіжних дослідників щодо вивчення питання плану Маршалла та його значення для сучасної України, а також розмежовано класичний, капіталістичний та новітній етапи постконфліктного відновлення національних економік.За допомогою інструментів кореляційно-регресійного аналізу вивчено взаємозв'язок між обсягом фінансової допомоги від уряду США 14 європейським країнам та приростом ВВП у 1947–1952 роках, та встановлено їх помітну лінійну залежність. Не залишилося поза увагою питання інституціонального забезпечення міжнародного фінансування програми економічної відбудови Європи.

© The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Surveys in Geophysics 38 (2017): 1529–1568, doi:10.1007/s10712-017-9428-0. ; Trade-wind cumuli constitute the cloud type with the highest frequency of occurrence on Earth, and it has been shown that their sensitivity to changing environmental conditions will critically influence the magnitude and pace of future global warming. Research over the last decade has pointed out the importance of the interplay between clouds, convection and circulation in controling this sensitivity. Numerical models represent this interplay in diverse ways, which translates into different responses of trade-cumuli to climate perturbations. Climate models predict that the area covered by shallow cumuli at cloud base is very sensitive to changes in environmental conditions, while process models suggest the opposite. To understand and resolve this contradiction, we propose to organize a field campaign aimed at quantifying the physical properties of trade-cumuli (e.g., cloud fraction and water content) as a function of the large-scale environment. Beyond a better understanding of clouds-circulation coupling processes, the campaign will provide a reference data set that may be used as a benchmark for advancing the modelling and the satellite remote sensing of clouds and circulation. It will also be an opportunity for complementary investigations such as evaluating model convective parameterizations or studying the role of ocean mesoscale eddies in air–sea interactions and convective organization. ; The EUREC4A project is supported by the European Research Council (ERC), under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement No. 694768), by the Max Planck Society and by DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, German Research Foundation) Priority Program SPP 1294.

La autora estudia la naturaleza del nuevo sistema de seguridad europea, comenzando por el análisis de fa política europea común de seguridad y defensa (PECSD), y sus relaciones de sustitución respecto del esquema de la Unión de Europa Occidental. Analiza también las relaciones entre esta nueva ¡jolítica, fa OTAN y el Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU. Es de especial interés la mención al hecho de que no se ha plani ficado la existencia de un ejército europeo común sino de una fuerza multinacional de reacción rápida. Efectúa también una mención histórica desde los primeros intentos de una defensa común hasta las políticas actuales. El artículo finaliza con la exposición del nuevo concepto estratégico de la defensa común europea , y las princi pales tendencias que al respecto existen en la UE incluyendo la persistencia de la primacía de los intereses nacionales. ; The author studies the nature of the European Security System, hegin­ ning with an analysis of the actual European políc y for security and defence (PECSD and its relatioÍ1s with the scheme of Western Europe's union. She a/so analyses the relations hetween these newpolicies, NATO, and the UN's Securit yCouncil. Her argument on the fact that the existen­ ce of an European Army has not h_een planned as such hut in the form of a multinational task force far fast response, is particular/ y ínterestíng. A historical mentían of the first attempts to huild policies of common defence, up to contemporary polícies is made. The article concludes with a presentatíon of the new concepts of Common European Defence and of the main opínions around this strategic concept into the EU , and those that defend the persistence of national ínterests.

ResumenPartiendo de reflexiones historiográficas sobre al transición del Antiguo Régimen a la Modernidad, este trabajo retoma la situación de los «naturales de Indias» desde un análisis sociopolítico y jurídico a partir de la erección de la Audiencia de Buenos Aires en 1785, para desembocar en el horizonte político abierto a partir del proceso revolucionario. El objetivo es analizar las prácticas de la administración de justicia, ahondando en una extensa investigación realizada, en la que nos preguntamos si los castigos y penas aplicadas a los indígenas fueron el corolario de procesos penales, si pusieron en evidencia el funcionamiento de redes sociales preexistentes, y cuál fue el impacto de la revolución en esos aspectos. Nos preocupa, también volver sobre dicha investigación para dejar planteado otra inquietud: el tiempo, el discurso, el registro; y la situación «indígena».Palabras claves: Bicentenario - el discurso - el registro - la situación indígena. AbstractFrom reflections on historiography of the transition from the Old Regime to the Modern Age, the author returns to the status of «Indigenes» from a legal and political analysis from the establishment of the Audience of Buenos Aires in 1785, to lead to the open political horizon from the revolutionary process. The objective is to analyze the practices of the administration of justice, leading of an extensive investigation, in which we wonder if the punishment and penalties applied to the indigenes were the corollary of criminal proceedings, if it was put into evidence the operation of pre-existing social networks , and what was the impact of the revolution in these areas. We are concerned also about the investigation back to leave raised another concern: the time, the speech, the registration and the «Indigene» situation.Keywords: Bicentenary - the speech - the record - the indigene situation.