Suchergebnisse

Questionando os indicadores : necessidades, demandas e risco -- Experiências latinoamericanas em política habitacional -- O Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida : diferenças e semelhanças regionais -- O Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida : desenho, construção e trabalho social

Objective: To analyze the social participation from the perception held by the social actors who discuss and suggest paths towards Brazil's Food and Nutrition Security Policy. Methods: Research carried out using the case study methodology, in the period from January to November 2015, in nine municipalities of the state of Maranhão, by means of interviews applied to 38 counselors and members of the intersectoral chambers for food and nutrition security, of which 22 represented the civil society and 16 the public sector. The analytical category "social participation" guided the data analysis. Results: Social participation was understood as "a mechanism of dialogue and conflict", "exercise of social control", "tool for achievement of the right and realization of society's desires" and "strategy to ensure the return of political propositions to the community". Conclusion: The actors perceive social participation as a means of ensuring the construction of the Food and Nutrition Security Policy and the achievement of the right to food by the population, although they also point out limitations on its effective exercise, a fact that will have an impact on other policies, such as the health policy. ; Objetivo: Analizar la participación social a partir de la percepción de los actores sociales los cuales discuten e indican caminos para la Política de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (SAN). Métodos: Investigación realizada a través del método de estudio de caso en el período entre enero y noviembre de 2015 en nueve municipios de Maranhão con la aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas a 38 consejeros y miembros de las cámaras intersectoriales de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional siendo 22 de la sociedad civil y 16 del poder público. La categoría analítica "participación social" ha orientado el análisis de los datos. Resultados: La participación social ha sido vista como el "mecanismo de dialogo y conflicto", el "ejercicio del control social", el "instrumento para el alcance del derecho y realización de los anhelos ...

In the twentieth century, tourism was the object of attention in public policies of central governments in different countries. In the 21st century, due to the decentralization process, tourism has also become a sector of interest for subnational governments in favor of local and regional development. This article aims to analyze the environmental issue in the tourism policy planned by a subnational government in a federated state. For this, the documentary method was applied, whose collected data were compared in light of specialized literature. As a result, the priorities and issues considered important by government in a tourism policy were identified based on an analytical framework of 15 types of objectives and 22 forms of governmental action. In the analyzed situation, it was observed that the environmental issue is not something central in the current policy, which can cause concern for the sustainability of tourism beyond the economic dimension. Finally, the analytical framework employed makes it possible to understand the intentionality and comprehensiveness of a tourism policy. ; No século XX, o turismo foi objeto de atenção em políticas públicas de governos centrais de diferentes países. No século XXI, devido ao processo de descentralização, o turismo passou a ser também um setor de interesse de governos subnacionais em prol do desenvolvimento local e regional. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a questão ambiental na política pública de turismo planejada por um governo subnacional em um estado federativo. Para tanto, foram aplicados o método documental cujos dados coletados foram cotejados a luz da literatura especializada. Como resultados, identificou-se as prioridades e as questões consideradas importantes por um governo em uma política pública de turismo a partir de um esquema analítico de 15 tipos de objetivos e 22 formas de atuação governamental. Na situação analisada, observou-se que a questão ambiental não é algo central na política vigente, o que pode tornar preocupante a sustentabilidade do turismo para além da dimensão econômica. Por fim, o esquema analítico empregado possibilita compreender a intencionalidade e a abrangência de uma política pública de turismo. ; En el siglo XX, el turismo fue objeto de atención en políticas públicas de gobiernos centrales de diferentes países. En el siglo XXI, debido al proceso de descentralización, el turismo pasó a ser también un sector de interés de gobiernos subnacionales a favor del desarrollo local y regional. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la cuestión ambiental en la política pública de turismo planeada por un gobierno subnacional en un Estadofederativo. Para eso, fue aplicado el método documental cuyos datos colectados fueron cotejados a la luz de la literatura especializada. Como resultados, se identificó las prioridades y las cuestiones consideradas importantes por un gobierno en una política pública de turismo a partir de un esquema analítico de 15 tipos de objetivos y de 22 formas de actuación gubernamental. En la situación analizada, se observó que la cuestión ambiental no es algo central en la política vigente, lo que puede volver preocupante la sustentabilidad del turismo más allá de la dimensión económica. Por fin, el esquema analítico aplicado posibilita comprender la intencionalidad y la amplitud de una política pública de turismo.

Apresenta-se a resenha crítica da obra A mediatização da política na era das redes sociais recentemente lançada em Portugal. Tecemos comentários sobre a sua importância para os estudos nos processos de mediatização da política. ; We present the recent book A mediatização da política na era das redes sociais. Following the author, we try to comment the book and its importance in the mediatization studies' context inside the politics.

The notion of 'epistemic community' is crucial for the characterization of observability, a cornerstone for Bas van Fraassen's constructive empiricism. As a matter of fact, 'observable' is, to him, a short for 'observable-by-us'. In this work, it will be shown that the alleged rigidity of the author of 'The Scientific Image', apparently not very keen to admitting changes in the epistemic community (constituted - according to him - by the human race), is actually an assumption of modesty and good judgment; it means recognizing that scientific enterprise is just a human activity, among many others.

This essay wishes to debate the concept of History in Karl Marx's work, in opposition to the "end of History" theory proposed by Francis Fukuyama. In a historic setting that involved the end of the communist era in the Soviet Union and in Eastern Europe, the American author introduces his ideas about the victory of liberal democracy being the culminating point in the history of humanity. Well, to what extent is it possible to consider a system like the one advocated by Fukuyama as the ultimate goal of mankind? Furthermore, to what extent can we consider that there actually is a goal that humanity is seeking to achieve? This essay intends to answer these questions through a Marxist understanding of History.

Epistemology is the science related to the practice of knowledge, for which the method is fundamental to scientific knowledge. This article focuses on the problematic of the epistemology of space production theory and its philosophical importance in Social Sciences. Objectively, we seek to draw notes on the epistemology of Henri Lefebvre's space production theory with emphasis on its significance to Geography. To do so, we will turn to the reading of his work of the same name La producción del espacio, as well as a review of relevant literature and information already published and available in print or electronic media about episteme, the concept of space and its capitalist production, of the urban and of Lefebvre's own theory. In short, the theory discussed it is part of a production about the city,the space and the urban that carries with it the marks of observation and interpretation of its time. Its author sought, through his method and methods of procedure, to construct a simultaneously descriptive, analytical and global knowledge project that would result in a theory about an urban space production.

Recognition is a normative concept. By recognizing someone as having certain characteristics or capabilities, we recognize their normative status and we are taking responsibility for treating them in a certain way. Non-recognition, in this case, can mean deprivation of rights and marginalization; in a democracy may preclude individuals or groups from enjoying the democratic egalitarian ideal, for example. Over the past three decades, reflection on this category has deepened and taken on greater importance in the debate between liberalism and communitarianism parallel to the demands, sometimes for the achievements, of groups and minorities (LGBTQIA, people with special needs, feminist, indigenous, ethnic, etc.) who feel unrecognized and engage in political movements through struggles for recognition. We will return here to the development of Axel Honneth's concept of "ethical life" in 'Struggle for Recognition' (1992), a fundamental work for reflection on the theme. The author places his theory in the middle between Kantian morality and communitarian ethics: his conception is formal for he understands that universal norms are conditions of some possibilities, but they are substantive for they are guided by the end of human self-realization.

In the present articles we will analyze the way in which Dieter Henrich interprets the aesthetic conception of Hegel. As we shall see, the author considers that, during the last years of his life, Hegel revised his position contrary to modern art and developed a favorable interpretation of it. Henrich discovers in Hegel's intuitions about objective humor an appropriate starting point for thinking about a non-sovereign conception of subjectivity and for developing an affirmative aesthetic of truth. To do this, however, he not only departs from the assumptions of Hegelian aesthetics but also projects traditional categories on modern art and contemporary art. For this reason, after reviewing Henrich's critiques of reflexive theories of consciousness and reconstructing the way in which he understands the relation between art and subjectivity, we will delineate some considerations concerning the difficulties that are contained in his tendency to ignore the radical autonomy of modern art. As we will argue, Henrich denies the critical moments of modernity by neutralizing his possible excesses and constructs a theory of modern art that can no longer be faithful to its constitutive ambiguity.

This paper analyses the problems of the rule of law in today's legal and constitutional discourse. The criticisms the rule of law principle is subjected to, which contribute to its downgrading and to changes in the legal standards that had been progressively achieved, are especially examined, namely, the so-called hyper-protection of fundamental rights and the difficult harmonization with the idea of efficiency. Furthermore, the author identifies the de facto conditions that accentuate the identified problems, such as the systemic deficit of the European Union and the jurisdictional deficit that has become evident since the economic crisis. ; O artigo analisa a problemática do Estado de Direito no discurso jurídicoconstitucional contemporâneo. Reflete-se, em particular, sobre as críticas a que o princípio está hoje sujeito, que conduzem à relativização e mudança dos "standards" de juridicidade progressivamente sedimentados, designadamente, o alegado excesso de garantismo e a difícil compatibilização com as ideias de eficácia e a eficiência. Por fim, identificam-se várias condições de facto que acentuam os problemas identificados, como o défice sistémico existente no quadro da União Europeia e o défice de juridicidade que se tornou evidente com a crise económica.

O desenvolvimento do ensino superior é uma questão importante para o desenvolvimento social e para o desenvolvimento de uma sociedade do conhecimento. No Brasil, como na França, o ensino superior passou por um processo de massificação ao longo dos últimos anos e alguns identificam esse processo como democratização. Se a democratização do acesso ao ensino superior é incontestável, não se pode dizer o mesmo sobre a democratização do acesso ao saber, marcado, ao contrário, pela desigualdade. Em verdade, depois que entram na universidade, os estudantes de primeiro ano, cujo nível é muito heterogêneo, enfrentam, frequentemente, grandes dificuldades. Na França, os numerosos fracassos e reorientações que ocorrem no primeiro ano testemunham a dificuldade da passagem do ensino médio para o superior. Com base em pesquisas empíricas, mostrei que os estudantes que não conseguem se afiliar a seu novo universo fracassam, pois o sucesso universitário passa pela aprendizagem de um verdadeiro ofício de estudante. A passagem do ensino médio ao superior é acompanhada por mudanças importantes em sua relação com o saber: as regras não são as mesmas, elas são mais sofisticadas, complexas, simbólicas e devem ser rapidamente assimiladas pelos novos estudantes. Partindo desse contexto, o artigo discute a possibilidade de uma pedagogia da afiliação, e apresenta duas experiências bem-sucedidas: a escrita cotidiana e a aprendizagem da metodologia documental. Essas duas atividades, facilmente realizadas, são eficazes para fazer com que os novos estudantes entrem em seu novo mundo: o mundo das ideias. ; The development of higher education is a major asset for social development and for that of a society of knowledge, all over the world. In Brazil, as in France, a phenomenon of mass enrolment at university has occurred over the past few years. For some, it is a sign of the democratisation of higher education. The democratisation is real regarding enrolling at university, but access to knowledge is, conversely, marked by inequality. Indeed, first year students have extremely different levels of competence, and after they have enrolled at university, freshmen often experience serious difficulties. In France, students fail or are reoriented massively during their first year at university. This is an indication of how difficult the passage from high school to university is. The author rests his studies on empirical research, and demonstrates that the students who have not managed to affiliate to their new world fail or drop out, as success in higher education implies learning the job of being a student. The passage from high school to university comes with substantial changes in the students' relations to knowledge. The rules differ, they are more sophisticated, more complex and more symbolic and have to be rapidly assimilated by the new students. The author raises the question of a pedagogy of affiliation, illustrating his purpose with two examples of successful experiments that he carried out: having the students write a diary on a daily basis on the one hand, having them learn the methodology of library work on the other hand. These two activities are easily carried out and are efficient in helping freshmen successfully enter their new world: the world of ideas. ; Résumé Le développement de l'enseignement supérieur est, partout dans le monde, un enjeu pour le développement social et pour celui d'une société de la connaissance. Au Brésil comme en France, l'enseignement supérieur a connu un phénomène de massification au cours des dernières années, certains parlant même de démocratisation. Si la démocratisation à l'entrée de l'enseignement supérieur est incontestable, il n'en est pas de même pour la démocratisation de l'accès au savoir, marqué au contraire par l'inégalité. En effet, une fois entrés à l'université, les étudiants de première année, dont le niveau est très hétérogène, connaissent souvent de grandes difficultés. En France, les nombreux échecs et les réorientations en première année témoignent de la difficulté du passage entre enseignement secondaire et enseignement supérieur. L'auteur, s'appuyant sur des recherches empiriques, montre que les étudiants qui ne parviennent pas à s'affilier à leur nouvel univers échouent, la réussite universitaire passant par l'apprentissage d'un véritable métier d'étudiant. Le passage du secondaire au supérieur s'accompagne de changements importants dans leur relation au savoir: les règles ne sont plus les mêmes, elles sont plus sophistiquées, plus complexes, plus symboliques, et doivent être rapidement assimilées par les nouveaux étudiants. Enfin, l'auteur s'interroge sur la possibilité d'une pédagogie de l'affiliation, et donne deux exemples qu'il a lui-même expérimentés avec succès : l'écriture quotidienne, d'une part, l'apprentissage de la méthodologie documentaire, d'autre part. Ces deux activités, faciles à mettre en œuvre, sont efficaces pour faire entrer les nouveaux étudiants dans leur nouvel monde: celui des idées.

Founded on the literary work Falling out of time, by David Grossman, the purpose was to indicate the creation of a space in language, through it, in the fracture of literature itself: a there, an over there, a some where language can take the author, characters, and readers to a space-place encounter expressed therein, in the words and silences. Literature as an intensive language, which, instead of seeking to say of the space-place-there as something outside, creates the space-place-there in the sharpening-folding of language itself, as it is its own raw material, the matter of expression of this space. Based on Deleuze and Pellejero's propositions about the political power of literature, address the opening of languages to less informative and more expressive aspects in teaching activities and, maybe, offering students themselves the possibility of providing us with visions – creating, resisting, acting with a will to art (Oneto) – others spaces-geographies not yet responsive to us, perhaps allowing us to invent possible others, other manners of witnessing (Vilela), other potentialities of literature in education, other manners of inhabiting space as Massey urges us to do. ; A partir da obra literária Fora do tempo, de David Grossman, apontar a criação do espaço na linguagem, através dela, na fratura dela mesma: um lá, um onde a linguagem pode levar autor, personagens e leitores até o encontro do espaço-lugar expresso ali, nas palavras e nos silêncios. A literatura como linguagem intensiva que, ao invés de buscar dizer de um espaço-lugar-lá como algo fora dela, cria espaço-lugar-lá no burilamento-dobra da própria linguagem, ela mesma sendo matéria-prima, matéria de expressão, desse espaço. A partir das proposições de Deleuze e Pellejero acerca da potência política da literatura, lidar com o abrir das linguagens para vertentes menos informativas e mais expressivas nas atividades de ensino e, talvez, permitindo aos alunos a possibilidade deles nos darem a ver – criarem, resistirem, agirem com vontade de arte (Oneto) – outros espaços-geografias ainda não sensíveis a nós, permitindo-nos, também talvez, a invenção de outros possíveis, outras maneiras de testemunhar (Vilela), outras potências da literatura na educação, outras maneiras de habitar o espaço, como nos incita Massey.

The commercialization of products of animal origin in Brazil, by virtue of specific legislation, is preceded by previous industrial and sanitary inspection. Such inspection is performed by the Federal Inspection Service in establishments that carry out interstate or international commerce; by the State Inspection Services in those that carry out inter-municipal trade; and by the Municipal Inspection Services in those that carry out local trade. Independently of this obligation, it is the exclusive responsibility of the establishments to assure the quality and appropriateness for consumption of the products elaborated by them, leaving to the public authority the prerogative to authorize the regular ones and prevent irregularities from reaching consumers' table, punishing the offenders when it is the case. The operation started by the federal police called "weak meat", had as scope the information that abattoirs would be marketing deteriorated or otherwise unsuitable for consuming beef, constituting a criminal process and with the participation of public agents responsible for Inspection in these establishments. The objective of this debate was to evaluate the possible circumstances that motivated the fact in the interpretation of the author, as a result of his technical knowledge as Veterinarian PhD in Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, without considering official information for which it did not have access. ; A comercialização de produtos de origem animal no Brasil, por força de legislação específica, deve ser precedida de prévias inspeções industrial e sanitária, exercidas pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal, nos estabelecimentos produtores que realizam comércio interestadual ou internacional, pelos Serviços de Inspeção Estaduais, naqueles que realizam comércio intermunicipal, ou pelos Serviços de Inspeção Municipais, nos que realizam comércio local. Independentemente desta obrigatoriedade, cabe exclusivamente aos estabelecimentos produtores a responsabilidade pela qualidade e propriedade para consumo dos produtos por elas elaborados, ficando o poder público com a prerrogativa de chancelar os regulares e impedir que os irregulares possam chegar a mesa dos consumidores, punindo os infratores quando for o caso. A operação deflagrada pela Polícia Federal denominada de "carne fraca" teve como escopo a informação de que frigoríficos estariam comercializando carne bovina deteriorada ou de outra forma imprópria para o consumo, o que se constitui um processo criminoso com a participação dos agentes públicos responsáveis pela inspeção nestes estabelecimentos. O objetivo deste debate foi o de avaliar, ante as notícias veiculadas pelos meios de comunicação, as possíveis circunstâncias que motivaram o fato na interpretação do autor, fruto de seu conhecimento técnico como Médico Veterinário Doutor em Higiene Veterinária e Processamento Tecnológico de Produtos de Origem Animal, sem considerar informações oficiais às quais não teve acesso.