Suchergebnisse

ABSTRACTTraffic accidents that occur on the road in general are always associated with errors and negligence by road riders. When in fact there are still many traffic accidents that occur due to damaged roads. The responsibility of road operators by the Government especially for road facilities is not only as if for public services but is a responsibility that was born from the Act and if not implemented can have serious legal consequences. The Government and the Regional Government in question are for the government in the administration of public roads and National roads carried out by the Minister while for the regional governments in the administration of provincial roads carried out by the Governor. So that we all know our rights and obligations are on the highway and know who is responsible for the highways that we often pass and we have financed the funds according to the taxes we pay. The road operator must immediately and properly repair damaged roads that can result in traffic accidents. The responsibility of the government as the operator of the road has a legal basis that is under the umbrella of Law Number 22 Year 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation. The method used in this study uses a normative juridical approach that refers to the applicable laws and regulations. In this case, the government is obliged to provide and improve the regulation of traffic facilities and infrastructure, provide the allocation of funds for the prevention and handling of traffic accidents as well as the obligation to carry out routine and or routine maintenance activities on roads and make efforts in preventing motor vehicle accidents due to damage roads by marking or signs and lighting to indicate the location of damaged / perforated roads.Keywords: Government Responsibility, Road Damage, Motor Vehicle Accidents

Copyright is the sum of personal non-property (moral) and property (material) rights established by the legislation as a work, which are considered to be the result of human creative activity, ie mental labor, and are objectively established on the owner of the products. In case of violation of these rights, the perpetrator bears administrative or criminal liability, as well as civil liability.

Secondary cities are rapidly growing areas in low- and middle-income countries that lack data, planning, and essential services for sustainable development. Their rapid, informal growth patterns mean secondary cities are often data-poor and under-resourced, impacting the ability of governments to target development efforts, respond to emergencies, and design sustainable futures. The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 focuses on inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable cities and human settlements. SDG Indicator (SDGI) 11.3.1 calculates the ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate to enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization. Our paper compares three cities—Denpasar, Indonesia ; Kharkiv, Ukraine ; and Mekelle, Ethiopia—that were part of the Secondary Cities (2C) Initiative of the U.S. Department of State, Office of the Geographer and Global Issues to assess SDGI 11.3.1. The 2C Initiative focused on field-based participatory mapping for data generation to assist city planning. Urban form and population data are critical for calculating and visually representing this ratio. We examine the spatial extent of each city to assess land use efficiency (LUE) and track changes in urban form over time. With limited demographic and spatial data for secondary cities, we speculate whether SDGI 11.3.1 is useful for small- and medium-sized cities.

The genus Marshallia is made up by seven to ten species of perennial herbs growing mainly in open habitats, whereas the genus Balduina is represented by three sympatric species; two perennial herbs and one annual, growing in open pine forest habitats. Both genera belong to the family Asteraceae, tribe Helenieae, and are endemic to the southeast United States, in North America. Cytogenetic studies concerning these two genera are scarce and genome size data is lacking for both. The main goals of this study were to (i) generate novel insights into the evolution of the genome size and (ii), contribute to filling existing gaps on our knowledge of the Asteraceae family from this point of view. Nuclear DNA contents range from 11.42 pg/2C in Marshallia trinervia to 31.58 pg/2C in Marshallia mohrii. The combination of genome size with chromosome data (and inferred cytotypes) suggests the existence of multiple cytotypes, and provides interesting insights into the potential impact of polyploidy in the evolution of these genera in general, and the shaping of genome size diversity, in particular. ; This work was supported by the Catalan Government under Grant 2017SGR1116. J.P. benefited from a Ramón y Cajal fellowship supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (RYC-2017-2274) ; INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant material Nuclear DNA content assessments Chromosome counts Phylogenetic tree and data mapping RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES

International audience ; Background: Preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) before 34 weeks of gestation complicates 1% of pregnancies and accounts for one-third of preterm births. International guidelines recommend expectant management, along with antenatal steroids before 34 weeks and antibiotics. Up-to-date evidence about the risks and benefits of administering tocolysis after PPROM, however, is lacking. In theory, reducing uterine contractility could delay delivery and reduce the risks of prematurity and its adverse short- and long-term consequences, but it might also prolong fetal exposure to inflammation, infection, and acute obstetric complications, potentially associated with neonatal death or long-term sequelae. The primary objective of this study is to assess whether short-term (48 h) tocolysis reduces perinatal mortality/morbidity in PPROM at 22 to 33 completed weeks of gestation.Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, superiority trial will be performed in 29 French maternity units. Women with PPROM between 220/7 and 336/7 weeks of gestation, a singleton pregnancy, and no condition contraindicating expectant management will be randomized to receive a 48-hour oral treatment by either nifedipine or placebo (1:1 ratio). The primary outcome will be the occurrence of perinatal mortality/morbidity, a composite outcome including fetal death, neonatal death, or severe neonatal morbidity before discharge. If we assume an alpha-risk of 0.05 and beta-risk of 0.20 (i.e., a statistical power of 80%), 702 women (351 per arm) are required to show a reduction of the primary endpoint from 35% (placebo group) to 25% (nifedipine group). We plan to increase the required number of subjects by 20%, to replace any patients who leave the study early. The total number of subjects required is thus 850. Data will be analyzed by the intention-to-treat principle.Discussion: This trial will inform practices and policies worldwide. Optimized prenatal management to improve the prognosis of infants born preterm could benefit about 50,000 women in the European Union and 40,000 in the United States each year.

International audience ; Background: Preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) before 34 weeks of gestation complicates 1% of pregnancies and accounts for one-third of preterm births. International guidelines recommend expectant management, along with antenatal steroids before 34 weeks and antibiotics. Up-to-date evidence about the risks and benefits of administering tocolysis after PPROM, however, is lacking. In theory, reducing uterine contractility could delay delivery and reduce the risks of prematurity and its adverse short- and long-term consequences, but it might also prolong fetal exposure to inflammation, infection, and acute obstetric complications, potentially associated with neonatal death or long-term sequelae. The primary objective of this study is to assess whether short-term (48 h) tocolysis reduces perinatal mortality/morbidity in PPROM at 22 to 33 completed weeks of gestation.Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, superiority trial will be performed in 29 French maternity units. Women with PPROM between 220/7 and 336/7 weeks of gestation, a singleton pregnancy, and no condition contraindicating expectant management will be randomized to receive a 48-hour oral treatment by either nifedipine or placebo (1:1 ratio). The primary outcome will be the occurrence of perinatal mortality/morbidity, a composite outcome including fetal death, neonatal death, or severe neonatal morbidity before discharge. If we assume an alpha-risk of 0.05 and beta-risk of 0.20 (i.e., a statistical power of 80%), 702 women (351 per arm) are required to show a reduction of the primary endpoint from 35% (placebo group) to 25% (nifedipine group). We plan to increase the required number of subjects by 20%, to replace any patients who leave the study early. The total number of subjects required is thus 850. Data will be analyzed by the intention-to-treat principle.Discussion: This trial will inform practices and policies worldwide. Optimized prenatal management to improve the prognosis of infants born preterm could benefit about 50,000 women in the European Union and 40,000 in the United States each year.

International audience ; Background: Preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) before 34 weeks of gestation complicates 1% of pregnancies and accounts for one-third of preterm births. International guidelines recommend expectant management, along with antenatal steroids before 34 weeks and antibiotics. Up-to-date evidence about the risks and benefits of administering tocolysis after PPROM, however, is lacking. In theory, reducing uterine contractility could delay delivery and reduce the risks of prematurity and its adverse short- and long-term consequences, but it might also prolong fetal exposure to inflammation, infection, and acute obstetric complications, potentially associated with neonatal death or long-term sequelae. The primary objective of this study is to assess whether short-term (48 h) tocolysis reduces perinatal mortality/morbidity in PPROM at 22 to 33 completed weeks of gestation.Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, superiority trial will be performed in 29 French maternity units. Women with PPROM between 220/7 and 336/7 weeks of gestation, a singleton pregnancy, and no condition contraindicating expectant management will be randomized to receive a 48-hour oral treatment by either nifedipine or placebo (1:1 ratio). The primary outcome will be the occurrence of perinatal mortality/morbidity, a composite outcome including fetal death, neonatal death, or severe neonatal morbidity before discharge. If we assume an alpha-risk of 0.05 and beta-risk of 0.20 (i.e., a statistical power of 80%), 702 women (351 per arm) are required to show a reduction of the primary endpoint from 35% (placebo group) to 25% (nifedipine group). We plan to increase the required number of subjects by 20%, to replace any patients who leave the study early. The total number of subjects required is thus 850. Data will be analyzed by the intention-to-treat principle.Discussion: This trial will inform practices and policies worldwide. Optimized prenatal management to improve the prognosis of infants born preterm could benefit about 50,000 women in the European Union and 40,000 in the United States each year.

Chronic inflammation induces autoimmune disorders and chronic diseases. Several natural products activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling, attenuating inflammatory responses. Ergosta-7,9(11),22-trien-3β-ol (EK100) isolated from Cordyceps militaris showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity, but those mechanisms are still unclear. This study is the first to investigate EK100 on antioxidant Nrf2 relative genes expression in LPS-stimulated macrophage-like cell lines. The results showed that EK100 reduced IL-6 (interleukin-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α production. EK100 also attenuated a mitogen-activated protein kinase/activator protein-1 (MAPK/AP-1) pathway and interleukin-6/Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (IL-6/JAK/STAT) pathway in LPS-stimulated cells. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor CLI-095 and MAPK inhibitors can synergize the anti-inflammatory response of EK100 in LPS-stimulated cells. Moreover, EK100 activated Nrf2/HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1) signaling in LPS-stimulated murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells, murine microglial BV2 cells, and human monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells. However, Nrf2 small interfering RNA (Nrf2 siRNA) reversed EK100-induced antioxidative proteins expressions. In conclusion, EK100 showed anti-inflammatory responses via activating the antioxidative Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and inhibiting TLR4 related MAPK/AP-1 induced IL-6/JAK/STAT pathways in the LPS-stimulated cells in vitro. The results suggest EK100 acts as a novel antioxidant with multiple therapeutic targets that can potentially be developed to treat chronic inflammation-related diseases.

Funding Information: Funding. This work was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy EXC 2075 - 390740016 (Project PN2-3A), the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (INTERACT Project, Grant agreement No. 803035), and the Academy of Finland (Hi-Fi BiNDIng Project, #333149). ; Non peer reviewed

Preprint. ; In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, restrictions on economic activities have resulted in a sharp rise of unemployment. The purpose of this research is to explore mental disorders associated with COVID-19 related unemployment using a large, nationally representative dataset, the 2020 COVID-19 Household Pulse Survey. ANOVA with post hoc tests (Tukey HSD) are utilized to reveal the mean difference of mental disorders between various employment status, as well as between reasons of unemployment. Binary logit model is used to investigate the potential effect of different reasons of unemployment on mental disorders. Individuals who were not working during the pandemic due to involuntary reasons had higher probabilities of mental disorders than those who were working and those who voluntarily separated from work. Among respondents who were not working due to COVID-19 related reasons, respondents whose employer went out of business were the most likely to experience mental disorders. Household job uncertainty in the next four weeks positively contributed to mental disorders. Government should consider measures to contain the spread of virous while keeping as many people employed as possible. Government should also consider providing adequate financial and counseling assistance to individuals who are in the greatest need for such support. ; Includes bibliographical references.

Ergosta-7, 9 (11), 22-trien-3β-ol (EK100) was isolated from Cordyceps militaris, which has been used as a traditional anti-inflammatory medicine. EK100 has been reported to attenuate inflammatory diseases, but its anti-inflammatory mechanism is still unclear. We were the first to investigate the effect of EK100 on the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor of the κ light chain enhancer of B cells (NF-κB) signaling in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled NF-κB reporter gene of Drosophila. EK100 suppressed the release of the cytokine and attenuated the mRNA and protein expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. EK100 inhibited the inhibitor kappa B (IκB)/NF-κB signaling pathway. EK100 also inhibited phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Protein kinase B (Akt) signal transduction. Moreover, EK100 interfered with LPS docking to the LPS-binding protein (LBP), transferred to the cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), and bonded to TLR4/myeloid differentiation-2 (MD-2) co-receptors. Compared with the TLR4 antagonist, resatorvid (CLI-095), and dexamethasone (Dexa), EK100 suppressed the TLR4/AKT signaling pathway. In addition, we also confirmed that EK100 attenuated the GFP-labeled NF-κB reporter gene expression in Drosophila. In summary, EK100 might alter LPS docking to LBP, CD14, and TLR4/MD-2 co-receptors, and then it suppresses the TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and Drosophila.

Preprint ; Much of the body of literature on LGBT+ populations within the United States place urban areas and so-called "gayborhoods" as goals and eventualities, paralleling early U.S. studies on immigration. Using a multi-stage, mixed-methods approach, consisting of secondary analysis of the Pew 2013 Study of LGBT Persons (N=1,197) and in-depth interviews (35 gay men, 2 trans-identifying individuals, 1 heterosexual woman, and 2 lesbians), we found that rural LGBT+ residents engaged in both short-term and long-term travel to mitigate feelings of being spatially segregated from the loci of gay social life--what Ghaziani (2019) refers to as cultural archipelagos. However, rural residents also used their geographical location to resist dominant narratives about LGBT+ life. Some of our respondents felt that living in rural areas better situated them to be activists and advocates for LGBT+ rights, while others simply did not feel they could be comfortable within more urban contexts. These findings suggest that rural LGBT+ residents may have delinked their sexual selves with their cultural and political selves, thus illustrating the plurality of rural queer voices that exists. As we also argue, while residence category should be considered as influencing one's experience, care must be used to avoid overly deterministic accounts. Finally, this paper extends earlier work by Brekhus (2003), Mattson (2015), Ghaziani (2019) by presenting the meaningfulness of travel to and from queer cultural strongholds.

CONTENTS / İÇİNDEKİLER Boards and Committees / Kurullar ve Komiteler iii Contents / İçindekiler v Evolution of Income Inequalities Among World Economies 1 Archana KUMARI The Permanent Income Hypothesis: Evidence from Ghana / Sürekli Gelir Hipotezi: Gana'dan Kanıt 3 Sherif Abdul RAHAMAN Impacts of Climate Change on Household Income Level of the Farmers: Evidence from Turkey / İklim Değişikliğinin, Çiftçilerin Hanehalkı Gelir Düzeyine Etkileri: Türkiye Örneği 5 Mozharul ISLAM The Barriers of Income Equality: Comparison of Turkish and British Investments within the Telecommunication Sector 8 Hakan SATIROĞLU Ten Years of Reign: The Rise, Dominance and Fall of Nokia and Its Impacts on Finnish Economy / On Yıllık Hükümranlık: Nokia'nın Yükselişi, Hakimiyeti, Düşüşü ve Finlandiya Ekonomisi Üzerindeki Etkileri 10 Naci İbrahim KELEŞ, Mahsum ÖKMEN, Merve SEVEN Safe Haven or Risk Hazard? Bitcoin, Gold and S&P 500 Before and During the Covid-19 12 Işık AKIN Turkey's Growth Model and Institutional Complementarities / Türkiye'nin Büyüme Modeli ve Kurumsal Tamamlayıcılık 14 Emre ÜNAL, Fatih ADLI Finansal Krizlerde Bulaşma ve 2008 Krizinin Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelere Etkisi / Contagion in Financial Crisis and the Effects of the Financial Crises on Selected Emerged and Emerging Economies 17 Büşra ÖZDEMİR, Eşref Uğur ÇELİK Ülkelerin Sahip Olduğu Teknoloji Düzeyi Ekonomik Başarının Kaldıracı Mı? Gelişmiş Ülkeler Örneği / Is the Level of Technology that Countries have the Leverage of Economic Success? Developed Countries Example 20 Ali ÇELİK, Nuran AKDAĞ Matematiksel Temelli Sosyal Anlaşma: Ücret Politikası / Mathematical Based Social Contract: Wage Policy 22 Emre ÜNAL, Doğan FURKAN The Effects of Trade Volume, Volatility and Market Share on Bid-Ask Spreads in Bitcoin Exchanges / İşlem Hacmi, Oynaklık ve Pazar Payının Bitcoin Borsalarında Alım-Satım Marjı Üzerine Etkileri 24 Hakan BAL Türkiye ve ABD'deki İşveren Katkılı Özel Emeklilik Planlarının Çalışanlara Sağladıkları Teşvik ve Avantajlar Açısından Karşılaştırılması / Comparison of Employer Contributed Pension Plans İGES in Turkey and 401(k) in the US 27 Bülent İLHAN Interest Rate Risk and Its Determinants in the Banking Sector: BIST Banks 30 Ahmet KORKMAZ Liquidity Timing Ability of Fund Managers under Changing Market Dynamics / Değişen Market Dinamiklerine Göre Fon Yöneticilerinin Likidite Zamanlama Yeteneği 32 Hale YALÇIN, Sema DUBE

xi, 49 p. ; Mental health is a priority of WHO's European Programme of Work, 2020–2025 (EPW). The EPW's Mental Health Coalition flagship initiative focuses on transforming attitudes around mental health, expediting mental health reforms and accelerating progress towards universal health coverage for people with mental health conditions. The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the critical importance of mental health and elevated it to the global discussion forum. In light of this, it was considered timely to hold an international meeting that will generate clear proposals and garner high-level political commitment to place mental health policy implementation at the heart of the economic and social recovery process, taking stock of the lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic and building on the shared experience of years of mental health reform. This report provides summaries of the presentations and discussions at the meeting, and includes the Athens Mental Health Summit Declaration.

Chronic inflammation induces autoimmune disorders and chronic diseases. Several natural products activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling, attenuating inflammatory responses. Ergosta-7,9(11),22-trien-3β-ol (EK100) isolated from Cordyceps militaris showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity, but those mechanisms are still unclear. This study is the first to investigate EK100 on antioxidant Nrf2 relative genes expression in LPS-stimulated macrophage-like cell lines. The results showed that EK100 reduced IL-6 (interleukin-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α production. EK100 also attenuated a mitogen-activated protein kinase/activator protein-1 (MAPK/AP-1) pathway and interleukin-6/Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (IL-6/JAK/STAT) pathway in LPS-stimulated cells. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor CLI-095 and MAPK inhibitors can synergize the anti-inflammatory response of EK100 in LPS-stimulated cells. Moreover, EK100 activated Nrf2/HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1) signaling in LPS-stimulated murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells, murine microglial BV2 cells, and human monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells. However, Nrf2 small interfering RNA (Nrf2 siRNA) reversed EK100-induced antioxidative proteins expressions. In conclusion, EK100 showed anti-inflammatory responses via activating the antioxidative Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and inhibiting TLR4 related MAPK/AP-1 induced IL-6/JAK/STAT pathways in the LPS-stimulated cells in vitro. The results suggest EK100 acts as a novel antioxidant with multiple therapeutic targets that can potentially be developed to treat chronic inflammation-related diseases.